The brilliant Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev was distinguished throughout his life by the desire to understand the unknown. This desire, as well as the deepest and most extensive knowledge, combined with unmistakable scientific intuition, allowed Dmitry Ivanovich to develop a scientific classification of chemical elements - the Periodic System in the form of his famous table.
D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic system of chemical elements can be imagined as a large house in which absolutely all the chemical elements known to man “live together.” To be able to use the Periodic Table, you need to study the chemical alphabet, i.e., the signs of chemical elements.
With their help, you will learn to write words - chemical formulas, and on their basis you will be able to write sentences - equations of chemical reactions. Each chemical element is designated by its own chemical sign, or symbol, which, along with the name of the chemical element, is written in D.I. Mendeleev’s table. At the suggestion of the Swedish chemist J. Berzelius, the initial letters of the Latin names of chemical elements were adopted in most cases as symbols. Thus, hydrogen (Latin name Hydrogenium - hydrogenium) is denoted by the letter H (read "ash"), oxygen (Latin name Oxygenium - oxygenium) - by the letter O (read "o"), carbon (Latin name Сarboneum - carboneum) - by the letter C ( read "tse").
The Latin names of several more chemical elements begin with the letter C: calcium (
Calcium), copper (Cuprum), cobalt (Cobaltum), etc. To distinguish them, I. Berzelius proposed adding one of the subsequent letters of the name to the initial letter of the Latin name. Thus, the chemical sign for calcium is written with the symbol Ca (read “calcium”), copper - Cu (read “cuprum”), cobalt - Co (read “cobalt”).
The names of some chemical elements reflect the most important properties of the elements, for example, hydrogen - which produces water, oxygen - which produces acids, phosphorus - which carries light (Fig. 20), etc.
Rice. 20.
Etymology of the name of element No. 15 of the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev
Other elements are named after celestial bodies or planets of the solar system - selenium and tellurium (Fig. 21) (from the Greek Selene - Moon and Telluris - Earth), uranium, neptunium, plutonium.
Rice. 21.
Etymology of the name of element No. 52 of the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev
Some names are borrowed from mythology (Fig. 22). For example, tantalum. This was the name of the beloved son of Zeus. For crimes against the gods, Tantalus was severely punished. He stood up to his neck in water, and branches with juicy, fragrant fruits hung over him. However, as soon as he wanted to drink, the water flowed away from him; as soon as he wanted to satisfy his hunger, he stretched out his hand to the fruits - the branches deviated to the side. Trying to isolate tantalum from ores, chemists experienced no less torment.
Rice. 22.
Etymology of the name of element No. 61 of the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev
Some elements were named after different states or parts of the world. For example, germanium, gallium (Gaul is the ancient name for France), polonium (in honor of Poland), scandium (in honor of Scandinavia), francium, ruthenium (Ruthenium is the Latin name for Russia), europium and americium. Here are the elements named after cities: hafnium (in honor of Copenhagen), lutetium (in the old days Paris was called Lutetium), berkelium (in honor of the city of Berkeley in the USA), yttrium, terbium, erbium, ytterbium (the names of these elements come from Ytterby - small city in Sweden where the mineral containing these elements was first discovered), dubnium (Fig. 23).
Rice. 23.
Etymology of the name of element No. 105 of the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev
Finally, the names of the elements immortalize the names of great scientists: curium, fermium, einsteinium, mendelevium (Fig. 24), lawrencium.
Rice. 24.
Etymology of the name of element No. 101 of the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev
Each chemical element is assigned in the periodic table, in the common “house” of all elements, its own “apartment” - a cell with a strictly defined number. The deeper meaning of this number will be revealed to you as you further study chemistry. The number of floors of these “apartments” is also strictly distributed - the periods in which the elements “live”. Like the serial number of an element (the “apartment” number), the period (“floor”) number contains the most important information about the structure of the atoms of chemical elements. Horizontally - “storeys” - the Periodic Table is divided into seven periods:
- The 1st period includes two elements: hydrogen H and helium He;
- The 2nd period begins with lithium Li and ends with neon Ne (8 elements);
- The 3rd period begins with sodium Na and ends with argon Ar (8 elements).
The first three periods, each consisting of one row, are called small periods.
Periods 4, 5 and 6 each include two rows of elements; they are called large periods; The 4th and 5th periods contain 18 elements each, the 6th - 32 elements.
The 7th period is unfinished, so far it consists of only one row.
Pay attention to the “basement floors” of the Periodic Table - 14 twin elements “live” there, some similar in their properties to lanthanum La, others to actinium Ac, which represent them on the upper “floors” of the table: in the 6th and 7th -th periods.
Vertically, chemical elements “living” in “apartments” with similar properties are located below each other in vertical columns - groups, of which there are eight in D.I. Mendeleev’s table.
Each group consists of two subgroups - main and secondary. The subgroup, which includes elements of both short and long periods, is called the main subgroup or group A. The subgroup, which includes elements of only long periods, is called a secondary subgroup or group B. Thus, the main subgroup of group I (group IA) includes lithium , sodium, potassium, rubidium and francium are a subgroup of lithium Li; a side subgroup of this group (IB group) is formed by copper, silver and gold - this is a subgroup of Cu copper.
In addition to the form of D.I. Mendeleev’s table, which is called short-period (it is shown on the flyleaf of the textbook), there are many other forms, for example, the long-period version.
Just as a child can construct a huge number of different objects from the elements of the Lego game (see Fig. 10), so from chemical elements nature and man have created the variety of substances that surround us. Another model is even more clear: just as 33 letters of the Russian alphabet form various combinations, tens of thousands of words, so 114 chemical elements in various combinations create more than 20 million different substances.
Try to learn the laws of the formation of words - chemical formulas, and then the world of substances will open before you in all its colorful diversity.
But to do this, first learn the letters - symbols of chemical elements (Table 1).
Table 1
Names of some chemical elements
Key words and phrases
- Periodic table of chemical elements (table) by D. I. Mendeleev.
- Periods large and small.
- Groups and subgroups - main (A group) and secondary (B group).
- Symbols of chemical elements.
Work with computer
- Refer to the electronic application. Study the lesson material and complete the assigned tasks.
- Find email addresses on the Internet that can serve as additional sources that reveal the content of keywords and phrases in the paragraph. Offer your help to the teacher in preparing a new lesson - make a report on the key words and phrases of the next paragraph.
Questions and tasks
- Using dictionaries (etymological, encyclopedic and chemical terms), name the most important properties that are reflected in the names of chemical elements: bromine Br, nitrogen N, fluorine F.
- Explain how the names of the chemical elements titanium and vanadium reflect the influence of ancient Greek myths.
- Why is the Latin name for gold Aurum (aurum) and silver - Argentum (argentum)?
- Tell the story of the discovery of a chemical element of your choice and explain the etymology of its name.
- Write down the “coordinates”, i.e. the position in the Periodic Table of D.I. Mendeleev (element number, period number and its type - large or small, group number and subgroup - main or minor), for the following chemical elements: calcium, zinc , antimony, tantalum, europium.
- Distribute the chemical elements listed in Table 1 into three groups based on the “pronunciation of the chemical symbol.” Could doing this activity help you remember chemical symbols and pronounce element symbols?
Learning new material .
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev- a brilliant Russian scientist who managed to create a strictly scientific classification of chemicals. elements, which is the Periodic Table. It contains all the chemical elements known to science, the entire diversity of the surrounding world is built from elements, the elements in this table are usually designated by chemical signs or symbols. In order to use the table, you need to know the “chemical language” or “chemical alphabet”. There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, and 109 in the chemical alphabet.
In this message you will learn how to correctly designate chemical elements.
Signs of chemical elements.
So, in your opinion, it is easiest to write a chemical phenomenon with signs, but what kind?
The same problem faced the chemists of the Middle Ages.
At that time, scientists, they were called, as you remember, alchemists, knew 10 chemical elements - seven metals (gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury) and three non-metals (sulfur, carbon and antimony).
Alchemists believed that chemical elements were associated with the stars and planets, and assigned astrological symbols to them.
Gold was called the Sun, and was designated by a circle with a dot.Copper is Venus; the symbol of this metal was the “Venus mirror”. Alchemists did without chemical formulas for a very long time. Strange symbols were in use, with almost every chemist using his own system of notation for substances. It was very inconvenient. There was real confusion: the same chemical reactions were written with different signs. It was necessary to introduce a unified notation system.
In the 18th century, a system of designating elements (of which there were already three dozen known at that time) took root in the form of geometric shapes - circles, semicircles, triangles, squares.
The symbols for chemical elements currently used were introduced by the Swedish chemist Jens Jakob Berzelius.
Each element has its own symbol, understandable to scientists from any country. The first, uppercase, letter of a symbol is always the first letter of the full Latin name of the element. If the names of several elements begin with such a letter, then another letter is added to the first one.
For example: Oxygen – Oxуgenium – O
Carbon – Сarboneum – C
Calcium – Сalcium – Ca
The characters are pronounced according to the letter of the Latin alphabet.
For example: oxygen – O – “o”
nitrogen – N – “en”
Others are read in Russian.
For example: calcium – Ca – “calcium”
Sodium – Na – “sodium”
You don't need to memorize all the elements. But for our further work, a number of elements need to be learned.
All of them are written down in the textbook on page 35. All elements can be divided into metals and non-metals.
Etymology of the names of chemical elements:
Let's consider the etymology of the names of chemical elements, i.e. origin of their names.
The name reflects the most important property of a simple substance formed by this element: hydrogen – “giving birth to water”, phosphorus – “carrying light”
Myths of the ancient Greeks: promethium - prometheus, tantalum - tantalum
- geographical names
Geographical names: states – gallium, germanium, polonium, ruthenium; cities - lutetium (Paris), hafnium (Copenhagen).
- astronomical names
Astronomy: selenium - moon, tellurium - earth, uranium, neptunium
- names of scientists
Names of great scientists: fermium, curium, einsteinium, mendelevium
Structure of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements by D.I. Mendeleev
Now we will look at perhaps the most important document, a “tip” for any chemist. Open the flyleaf of your textbook, and also use the tables that are on your desks. In front of you is the table “Periodic Table of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.” As you can see, they are slightly different, but not significantly. The periodic table is the Big House of Chemical Elements, which was built in 1869 by D.I. Mendeleev.
GROUPS, each of which consists of a main (elements on the left) and a secondary (elements on the right) subgroup. Each element has its own separate “apartment” with a serial number.Some "entrances" are groups , have common names reflecting their general properties: alkali metals, halogens, noble or inert gases .
In addition, separately below, in the “basement,” there are lanthanides and actinides, which are very similar to lanthanum, and others to actinium.
The table also reflects the element’s belonging to a specific group: metal, non-metal or transition element.
The periodic table of elements was the first natural classification of chemical elements, showing that they are interrelated with each other, and also served as a basis for further research.
When Mendeleev compiled his table based on the periodic law he discovered, many elements were still unknown. Like, for example, the three elements of the 4th period. Presumably the elements were called ekaboron (its properties should resemble boron), ekaaluminum, ecasilicium. Within 15 years, Mendeleev's predictions were confirmed. French chemist Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered gallium, which has all the properties of eka-aluminium, L.F. Nilson discovered scandium, and K.A. Winkler discovered the element germanium, which has the properties of eca-silicon.
The discovery of Ga, Sc, Ge is proof of the existence of the periodic law. The periodic system was also of great importance in establishing the valency and atomic masses of some elements, correcting some of them. Transuranium elements have now been created based on the periodic law.
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>> Chemistry: Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev. Chemical element signs
The brilliant Russian chemist D.I. Mendeleev was distinguished throughout his life by an eternally young and ardent desire to understand the unknown. This desire, as well as the deepest and most extensive anakayas, combined with an unmistakable scientific intuition, allowed Dmitry Ivanovich to create a harmonious and strictly scientific classification of chemical elements, his famous Periodic system.
The periodic table can be imagined as a large house in which absolutely all the chemical elements known to man “live together.” To be able to use the Periodic Table, you need to study the chemical alphabet, that is, the signs of chemical elements. With their help, you will learn to write words - chemical formulas, and on their basis you will be able to write sentences - equations of chemical reactions.
Each chemical element in Mendeleev's Periodic Table (table) is designated by its own chemical sign, or symbol. As a symcolon. at the suggestion of the Swedish chemist J. Berzelius, the initial letters of the Latin names of chemical elements were adopted in most cases. Thus, hydrogen (Latin name - hydrogenium) is denoted by the letter H (read "ash"), oxygen (Latin name - oxygenium) - by the letter O (read "o"), carbon (Latin name carboneum) - C (read "ce") .
The Latin names of several more chemical elements begin with the letter C: calcium (Calcium), copper (Cuprum), cobalt (Coballum), etc. To distinguish them. Bertzglius proposed adding one of the subsequent letters of the name to the initial letter of the Latin name. So. The chemical sign for calcium is written with the symbol Ca (read "calcium"), copper - Si (read "cuprum"), cobalt - Co (read "cobalt").
In ignorance of some chemical elements, the most important properties of the earth are reflected, for example, hydrogen - which produces water, oxygen - which produces acids, phosphorus - which carries light.
Other elements are named after the planets of the solar system - selenium and tellurium (from the Greek Selene - Moon and Tellu-ris - Earth), uranium, plutonium.
Some ignorance is borrowed from mythology. For example, tantalum. This was the name of the beloved son of Zeus. For crimes against the gods, Tantalus was severely punished. He stood up to his neck, and branches with sap hung down on him. aromatic fruits. However, as soon as he wanted to drink, the water flowed away from him; he just wanted to satisfy his hunger and stretched out his hand to the fruits - the branches deviated to the side. Trying to isolate tantalum from steering wheels. The chemists experienced no less torment.
Some elements were named after different states or parts of the world. For example, germanium, gallium (Gaul is the ancient name for France), polonium (in honor of Poland), scandium (in honor of Scandinavia), francium, ruthenium (Ruthenium is the Latin name for Russia), europium and americium. Here are the elements that are named after cities: hafnium (in honor of Copenhagen), lutetium (as Paris was called in the old days), berkelium (in honor of the city of Berkeley in the USA), yttrium, terbium, erbium, ytterbium (the names of these elements come from Ytterby - small town in Sweden where a mineral containing these elements was first discovered).
Finally, the names of the great scientists are immortalized in the names of the elements: curium, fermium, einsteinium, mendelevium, lawrencium.
Each chemical element is assigned in the periodic table, in the common house of all elements, its own apartment with a strictly defined number. The deeper meaning of this number will be revealed with further study of chemistry. The number of floors of these apartments is also strictly distributed - the periods in which the elements “live”. Like the serial number of an element (the “apartment” number), the period (“floor”) number contains the most important information about the structure of the atoms of chemical elements. Horizontally - “number of storeys” - the Periodic Table is divided into seven periods:
Period I includes two elements: hydrogen H and helium He;
Period II begins with lithium Li and ends with neon Ne (8 elements);
Period III begins with sodium Na and ends with argon Ar (8 elements).
The first three periods, each consisting of one row, are called small periods.
Periods IV, V, VI each include two rows of elements and are called large periods; periods IV and V contain 18 elements each, VI - 32 elements;
The VII period is unfinished, so far it consists of one row.
Pay attention to the “basement floors” of the Periodic System - 14 twin elements “live” there, surprisingly similar in their properties, some to lanthanum (La), others to actinium (Ac), which represent them on the upper “floors” of the system: in VI and VII periods.
Vertically, chemical elements living in “apartments” with similar properties are located below each other in vertical sgoyabet - groups, of which there are eight in the periodic table.
Each group consists of two subgroups - the main and secondary ones. The subgroup, which includes elements of both small and large periods, is called the main subgroup. The subgroup, which includes elements only of large periods, is called a secondary subgroup. Thus, the main subgroup of group I includes lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and francium - this is the lithium subgroup 1L; a secondary subgroup of this group is formed by copper, silver and gold - this is the Cu subgroup of copper.
In conclusion, we note that just like the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, which, when combined in various combinations, form tens of thousands of words, so 109 chemical elements in various combinations create the entire wealth of the world of substances, which now numbers more than 10 million items.
Try to learn the laws of formation of words - chemical formulas, and then the world of substances will open before you in all its colorful diversity.
But to do this, first learn the following letter symbols of chemical elements (Table 1).
1. Periodic table of chemical elements by D. P. Mendeleev. 2. Periods large and small.
3. Groups and semi-groups - main and secondary.
4. Symbols of chemical elements.
Tasks
Using dictionaries (etymological, encyclopedic and chemical terms), name the most important properties reflected in the names of chemical elements: bromine (Br), nitrogen (Ni), fluorine (P).
Consider how the names of the chemical elements titanium and vanadium reflect the influence of ancient Greek myths.
Why was gold called aurum (Li), and silver was called argentum (Ae)?
Tell the story of the discovery of a chemical element of your choice and explain the etymology of its name.
Write down the “home address”, that is, the position in the Periodic Table of D.I. Mendeleev (period number and its type - large or small, group number and type of subgroup - main or secondary, element number), for the following chemical elements: calcium, zinc , antimony, tantalum, europium.
Creative assignments for grade 8, chemistry lessons, lesson notes for all subjects
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