The meaning of syntactic homonymy in the dictionary of linguistic terms. Syntactic synonymy and homonymy Syntactic homonyms examples

One can say about homonyms that they are written about everywhere, but in such small quantities that you yourself become a treasure hunter. Homonymy is the wealth of the Russian language, it is another “fount of knowledge” and, in my opinion, insufficiently researched and studied.

Homonyms (from the Greek homos - identical and onyma - name) are words that are pronounced and written the same, but have different, unrelated lexical meanings.

The formation of homonyms in a language occurs in different ways. In some cases, homonyms arise as a result of the breakdown of polysemy.

It is not so easy to determine where the boundaries of polysemy end and the boundaries of homonymy begin.

There are, however, recommendations for distinguishing between these linguistic phenomena. To differentiate, it is important to be able to briefly define the meaning of words.

For example: tour-circle, stage of something (waltz tour) and mountain goat tour. These are homonyms, but the word bureau is now the name of some institutions, as well as collegial bodies that lead the activities of any organization or institution. Initially, the word bureau was used to refer to thick woolen fabric.

Then the name was transferred to a table covered with such cloth, and a little later to a specially shaped desk with drawers and a lid. Then the word bureau began to designate a room with office furniture, and after this, people working in office offices. And only after that did those two meanings of the word bureau appear.

If similar-sounding words form different word-formation series, then such words are homonyms. However, once you put words that were given as homonyms through this purgatory, you can see that the litmus test of identification does not always work. And this is further evidence of the close connection between such interesting linguistic phenomena as polysemy and homonymy.

Homonyms can also appear as a consequence of external non-linguistic conditions, for example, due to the development of industry, crafts, science, etc.

For example: the word paper once meant “cotton” and “writing material”. A change in the method of preparing paper led to the formation of the homonym paper “writing material” and paper “cotton” (cf.: the modern expression cotton fabric).

In some cases, homonymy is a consequence of certain phonetic processes.

For example: the coincidence in the pronunciation of [e] and [ъ] in the sound [e] led to the appearance of the homonymous pair lechu (from fly) and lechu (from treat, Old Russian l'chiti).

Finally, the reason for the appearance of homonyms can be borrowing.

For example: in a pair, onion “weapon” and onion “plant”, the second word represents a borrowing from the Old German language, and the first is a common Slavic word. Initially, these words were not homonyms, since the original word contained the nasal [Q], but when the nasal [Q] changed into the pure sound [y], a new pair of homonyms appeared in the language.

Words that come from other languages and do not have sound correspondences in Russian can also become homonyms:

Kok is Dutch. Cook on the ship.

Kok - French. Type of hairstyle.

Gazelle - Arabic. Special couplet form.

gazelle - French An animal from the antelope family.

vulture - Greek Large bird of prey.

Grif - German. Detail of stringed musical instruments.

vulture - French Brand, stamp.

Now, having become familiar with the emergence and birth of new homonyms, it would not hurt to become familiar with what types of homonymy exist. There are complete and partial homonymy of a word. Words that coincide with each other in all their forms are called complete homonymy. Words that have the same grammatical forms are called partial homonyms.

Full homonymy includes lexical homonyms - these are words that are the same in sound and spelling in all their forms and different in meaning (smooth - smooth surface; satin - embroidery).

Partial or incomplete homonymy is characterized by the fact that words with different meanings do not coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms. One of the partial homonyms are homoforms-grammatical homonyms. Homoforms are common among adjectives, participles and ordinal numbers, which have become nouns.

my native lands are my native lands;

future tense is our future;

second place - applied for second.

The coincidence of words in this case is explained by grammatical reasons and is found only in one or more forms.

For example: I sing (to sing) and I sing (to drink).

Often, homoforms refer to different parts of speech: saw (noun) and saw (verb).

Homophones, or so-called phonetic homonyms, are words that sound the same but have different spellings.

For example: Gray wolf in a dense forest

I met a red fox.

Also a type of homonyms are homographs, or graphic homonyms - words that are spelled the same, but pronounced differently, mainly depending on the stress.

For example: p[i]li (past tense of the verb to drink) - saw[i] (imperative mood of the verb to saw).

Paronyms should be distinguished from homoforms and homographs, i.e. words are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

For example: addressee (the one to whom it is addressed) - addressee (the one who sends) diplomat (official) - diplomat (person who has received a diploma) contact (connection) - contract (agreement)

Sometimes, in order to achieve a comic effect, masters of literature deliberately “butt heads” with two words that sound the same but have different meanings. Thus, using the words incline “to change according to cases” and incline - “obsequiously bow down,” the writer Sergeev-Tsensky in the novel “The Sevastopol Strada” creates the following dialogue:

“Where are you coming from so late?” the king asked him.

-From the depot, Your Imperial Majesty! - the cadet answered loudly.
- Fool! Is the depot bowing! - the king shouted.
- Everyone bows to your imperial majesty! - the cadet barked even louder. homonym semantic meaning lexical form

The king liked this answer. He generally loved it when people bowed to him..."

M.V. Lomonosov, warning writers against possible semantic confusion, advised:

“...One must be careful not to put double-meaning sayings in doubtful understanding,” and explained with the following example: “He reveres Virgil,” which can be understood in two ways: 1) “He will read Virgil a little,” 2) “He reveres Virgil ..."

Homonymy at the level of word composition, or homomorphy, is interesting. Prefixes can be homonymous. Thus, there is a homonym prefix for, which gives verbs completely different meanings.

- start an action (sing)
- place something on the other side (throw it)
- do something incidentally, in passing (run in)
- to cover something (to sow)
- bring to an undesirable state (speak)
- to obtain, to receive something (to deserve), etc.

There is a homonym-suffix nick (teapot - object; forester - attitude to the profession).

There are also homonyms of the ending: - a (river zh.r. shores m.r., R.p. shores plural, I.p. wide cr.f.adj., zh.r. flowed gl. past. vr., etc.)

Homonymy is a multi-level phenomenon, i.e. inherent in many levels of our language. We have already become acquainted with lexical, phonetic, graphic, grammatical homonyms and with such a phenomenon as homomorphy. There are also phraseological homonyms.

For example: to give your word - to promise; give the floor - provide an opportunity to speak at a meeting.

This not very well-known phraseological unit cannot escape the verb, means “to be hanged, to perish” and, by the way, has nothing to do with the verb. This phrase requires explanation only because it contains the now obsolete word verb “gallows”. Thus, the literal expression “not to avoid the verb” means “not to pass, not to avoid the gallows.”

As for the noun verb “gallows”, it arose on the basis of the word verb as the name of the letter “G”. The gallows received its new name from the capital letter “G” due to the similarity of the shape of these (in all other respects completely different from each other) items.

And now the more well-known expression “to hell with the middle of nowhere.” Now this expression means “very far, no one knows where, into the wilderness.” In its origin, it is most likely an extension of the answer to the same truly constant, “forbidden” question: where? The modern form, as is usually believed and as V. Dahl believed, is a reworking of the older expression to hell with kulichki, which arose as a result of the substitution of the word kulichki, which had become narrowly dialectal, “forest clearings, islands in the swamp” with the consonant noun kulichki “kulichiki, Easter”. As a result of this, the phraseological unit acquired (now, however, very weakly realized) widespread expressiveness of the combination of contradictory concepts: to go “to hell in the middle of nowhere,” and therefore to Easter - it goes without saying to go or go God knows where, - after all, the concept of the devil and the religious holiday of Easter are completely incompatible.

The sharp punning quality of this expression (cf. a beluga roaring, a white crow, a living corpse, sleeves from a vest, etc.) has faded because in modern language there is no longer the word kulichiki in the meaning of “Easter” and the diminutive is almost never used form from the word Easter cake.

Like many phenomena of the Russian language, homonyms have their admirers and detractors. Some consider them to be the scourge of the language (this is such an obsession, they say, an absurdity where the devil himself will break his leg. How are you supposed to understand even such a phrase: “She grabbed her braid.” For her hair or for what they mow the grass with? Down with homonyms!) . There are also those who accept them because “where can you go?” Whether you like it or not, you have to put up with it. Still others see in homonyms a sign of linguistic power and development and, polemicizing with their opponents, note, not without irony: “And you, dear ones, don’t fuss, don’t rush. From the speech situation, from the context, you can always understand what the woman grabbed onto. This not a problem and not a topic of conversation."

But those who openly admit their love for homonyms are punsters, lovers of verbal effects and wordplay. There is plenty of room for them to roam here. The technique of double (or multiple interpretation) is extremely widely known and is constantly used in various modifications.

Its simplest variety is a PUN, a joke based on the same sound but different meaning of words.

Y. Kozlovsky has a wonderful book “On words that are diverse, identical, but different.” Which contains the following verses:

Beaver, the Fox has no soul,

Dropped in for a cup of tea

And he politely asked: “Are you in the way?”

The fox responded: “Oh, what are you saying, my friend, on the contrary!”

And she sat down in the soft chair opposite,

And he stirred the tea with a spoon.

The bear carried it, walking towards the market,

A jar of honey for sale,

Suddenly Mishka is about to be attacked -

The wasps decided to attack.

Teddy bear with an army of aspen

He fought with a torn aspen.

Could he not fly into rage?

If the wasps climbed into the mouth,

They stung anywhere,

They got it for this.

Freckles cannot be demolished

Doesn't disappear from the nose

I, without sparing soap,

I washed my nose patiently,

It would depend on the soap

I would wash my freckles.

The greatest masters of words, and the first of them - Pushkin, were not averse to juxtaposing homonyms, striking sparks of cheerful ambiguity from them:

The defender of liberty and rights in this case is completely wrong.

You puppies! Follow me:

We'll be your equal,

Look, don't talk,

Otherwise I’ll beat you up.

So in the book “Vremnik of the Pushkin Commission” (1939) we read about how P. Merimee, translating “The Queen of Spades” by A.S. Pushkin, used instead of the word took a drag - “smoking, deeply inhaled tobacco smoke,” the phrase tightened the sash , i.e. “he took a drag, pulling on his sash.”

A.S. Pushkin wrote this in “The Queen of Spades”:

"Tomsky lit his pipe, took a drag and continued."

And from P. Merime:

"Tomsky lit a cigarette, tightened his sash and continued."

Lev Pushkin pointed out this inaccuracy to Prosper Morima in 1851. And subsequently it was eliminated.

And here is a pun by D. Minaev:

The realm of rhymes is my element,

And I write poetry easily;

Without hesitation, without delay

I'm running to line from line

Even to the Finnish brown rocks

I'm making a pun.

Another example from fiction: “According to my usual habit, I, of course, could not resist making fun of him...

Bah! What dullness! - I exclaimed, looking him straight in the eyes. Orphan!" (O. Kozhukhova "Early Snow").

Puns are easily built on the collision of homonymous words. Compare, for example: publish - emit (sighs) and publish - print; vice-flaw and vice-disease; mandarin-citrus fruit and mandarin-official in pre-revolutionary China. Here are a few puns using these homonyms: “He only lets out sighs. And these sighs... he makes” (E. Ilyin); “In the end, all his vices resulted in one: a heart defect.” (L. Stulov)

With such a car he is a person:

He supplies everything alone!

All markets are under his crown!

He is the king of nylon, the Shah of perlon

And tangerine tangerines!" (L. Galkin)

The first pun is based on the collision of words of different origins: Greek Eureka! And Russians Eh! Lie!, the second - on the consonance of words with different meanings (immediate - mediocre), the third - taking into account homonymy (see the light - publish, light - society).

And in the end I want to show you my personal achievement in finding phrases with homonyms and puns (I advise you to try it too, it turns out very well, and it’s just interesting). So in the movie “Operation “Y” and other adventures of Shurik,” when Dub takes a ticket:

- Ticket number 5. Reception!
- I'm sorry, what? - the professor did not understand.
“Ticket number 5, and with it a task,” explains Dub.

These relatives are homophones, well, it’s really interesting! You don’t even know where you will lose it or where you will find it.

And also: “The clock strikes twelve times.” How can you interpret this phrase? First: someone beat them twelve times; second: they tapped out a certain amount of time. Here, as mentioned above, we can understand the meaning of the expression only through the context.

Everything that has been said about homonymy is a small fraction of what could be said. And all this in such a small volume can be useful to you at school, because by giving a brief reference and pushing the children to study the topic, they will become treasure hunters like me, and maybe you too, if you want.

Literature

1. Modern Russian language 1 N.M. Shansky, V.V. Ivanov
2. Modern Russian language (lexicology) M.I. Fomina
3. Modern Russian language ed. Beloshpakova
4. A.T. Arsiriy Interesting materials M.: "Prosv." 1995
5. Textbook for teachers. institutes Russian language 1 M.: "Prosv." 1989
6. Ya.A. Kozlovsky Fun adventures are not just for fun. M.: "Children's literature" 1979
7. V.I. Maksimov Precision and expressiveness of the word. L.: "Prosv." 1968
8. Russian language. A guide for applicants to universities, 3rd ed. 1996
9. E.A. Vartanyan Journey into the word
10. N.M. Shansky In the world of words, 3rd ed. M.: "Prosv." 1985

Homonymy(Greek homonymia‘eponymousness’) is a sound coincidence of linguistic units of different meanings (cf. Russian. floor ‘indoor flooring’ and floor ‘a set of biological characteristics’, mat ‘losing position in chess’ and mat ‘soft bedding’). Homonymy is considered a universal phenomenon, since it is observed in all languages of the world (cf. French. la balle 'ball' and la balle ‘bullet’, German. die Mutter 'mother' and die Mutter 'nut', English, light ‘easy’ and light 'light'). Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is opposed to polysemy. If polysemy is based on the connectedness of the meanings of a word, their semantic “kinship,” then homonymy is based on their gap, the indeducibility of one from the other. Homonymy has several types:

1) lexical homonymy: sound coincidence of linguistic units of different meanings belonging to the same part of speech (cf. force ‘to force someone to do something’ and force ‘to block, to close with something’; English, light ‘easy’ and light 'light');
2) grammatical homonymy: sound coincidence in certain grammatical forms of linguistic units of different meanings (cf. bake noun and bake - verb, I drive - drive And I drive - 1st sheet, unit hour, present vr. from the verb carry ; English, ring 'ring' and ring ‘call’; franc .Jean - proper name and verb construction j*enparle ; German das Messer (cf. r.) ‘knife’ and der Messer (male) ‘land surveyor’);
3)word-formation homonymy: sound coincidence of morphemes with different word-formation meanings (cf. suffix -ets in a diminutive meaning in a word frost and in the agentive form in the names of the persons performing the action: reader)
4) syntactic homonymy: sound coincidence of different syntactic structures (cf. reading Mayakovsky - parent of the subject and parent of the object);
5) phonetic homonymy: sound coincidence of linguistic units of different meanings that have different spellings (cf. meadow And onion , genus And mouth ; English, die 'to die' and dye 'paint');
6) graphic homonymy: graphic coincidence of linguistic units that have different pronunciations (cf. Russian. flour - flour, castle - lock).

Homonymy is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Depending on the nature of sound matches and the degree of their completeness, homonyms are distinguished:

lexical homonyms are words that have the same sound, but do not have common elements (semes) of meaning and are not associated associatively (cf. marriage ‘flaw’ and marriage 'marriage'). Lexical homonyms are homonyms in the proper sense of the word. Depending on the degree of coincidence of word forms, full and partial homonyms are distinguished. Full homonyms coincide in all grammatical forms (cf. Russian. key ‘spring’ and key ‘metal lock device’). Partial homonyms coincide only in a number of grammatical forms (cf. Russian. fist ‘hand with clenched fingers’ and fist ‘a rich peasant owner exploiting the labor of others’: no coincidence in the form of wines. p.un. and many more h.; onion ‘garden plant’ and onion ‘weapon’: coincidence only in unit forms. h.). These partial homonyms are also called homoforms;

Homophones are words that have the same sound but have different spellings (cf. Russian. fruit - raft , cat - code ; French voie 'road' and voix ‘voice’, etc.);

Homographs are words that have the same spelling but have different sounds (cf. road - road , already - already and etc.).

The appearance of homonyms in a language is caused by various reasons:

1) the most common reason is changes in the phonetic system of the language, leading to sound coincidences (cf., for example, the appearance of homonyms in the Russian language I'm flying treat and treat 1 l. units hour, present vr. from the verb fly, caused by the loss in the phonetic system of the Russian language of the sound and, accordingly, the letter “to “yat””, which were included in the root morpheme of the verb treat ); 2) a break in the original unified semantics of a polysemantic word, i.e. the collapse of polysemy (cf. Russian. light ‘radiant energy’ and light 'Universe'); 3) the formation of a new word or a new form of a word on the basis of an existing one (cf. Russian. fortification 'big city' and fortification ‘place of an ancient settlement’); 4) borrowing words (cf. marriage ‘flaw’, borrowed from German Brack ‘defective product, defect’ via Polish and marriage ‘marriage’ from Russian. take);
5) random coincidences (cf. key ‘spring’, etymological connection with the verb bubble And key ‘metal device for a lock’ - with a noun stick).

The emergence of homonyms in a language is a rather complex and lengthy process, especially when there is a gap, a divergence in the meanings of a polysemantic word. The difficulty lies in the fact that the loss of common elements of meaning occurs gradually, as a result of which it is difficult to find the line between a completed and an unfinished process of decay of meanings. That is why the meanings of the same word in different dictionaries can be qualified either as a phenomenon of polysemy or as a phenomenon of homonymy (cf., for example, the interpretation of the word language in the dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegov, where it is considered as a homonym, therefore there is a distinction between Language 1, among the meanings of which the first meaning is 'organ in the oral cavity...' and Language 2, the first meaning of which is 'system of means... , which are a means of communication"; and in the Small Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which both meanings are interpreted as the meanings of one polysemantic word). The problem of distinguishing between the phenomena of homonymy and polysemy "ultimately rests on the question of how accurate the descriptions of lexical values." The following are most often put forward as objective criteria for finding this edge:

1) a polysemantic word necessarily has a meaning component (seme) or an associative feature that unites all the other meanings included in it, i.e. its lexical-semantic variants (cf. hero ‘a person who has accomplished a feat’ and hero ‘the main character of a literary work’: the general seme is ‘man’), but homonyms do not have such a connecting seme (cf. interfere ‘to be a nuisance’ and interfere 'stir');
2) homonyms are characterized by a divergence of word-formation series caused by a divergence of word meanings (cf. braid ‘agricultural implement’ and its word formation mow, mowing, mowing etc. And braid ‘hairstyle’ with word formation braid, pigtail );
3) homonyms, as a rule, are characterized by different compatibility (cf. the consignment ‘bringing people together’: leftist, democratic, reactionary party etc. And the consignment 'a game': unfinished, effective, postponed game etc.);
4) homonyms are characterized by the absence of synonymous relations between their synonyms, i.e. words are homonyms if their synonyms do not form a synonymous series (cf. marriage ‘flaw’ and its synonymous series: flaw, flaw , poor quality etc. And marriage 'marriage': marriage etc.).

Other criteria (for example, antonymic, etymological) have less discriminating power, but if necessary they can also be used.

Kobozeva I. M. Linguistic semantics. M., 2007. P. 169.

Seminar No. 4

Syntactic synonymy and homonymy
№ 1 Sentences are given that allow two interpretations. Reveal the double meaning of these sentences by paraphrasing. (see example "Nellie's Poems") Explain the reason for the ambiguity contained in these sentences.

I. 1. On the other side of the street I saw my friend Andrei. 2. For tea we ordered cakes with nuts. 3. This Sunday they came to Olga and me. 4. Some student friends invited us to visit. 5. We have prepared a reissue of popular novels about love by the famous French writer. 6 French businessmen responded to the misfortune (,). 7. He knows how to make himself listen. 8 Peter was invited to the company as a director. 9. Our friends returned from a business trip to Budapest. 10.I knew him as a little boy.11. She can't read this.

II. 1. Purple hands on the enamel wall Half-asleeply draw sounds in a ringing-sounding silence (Br.). 2. A shadow casts an object, a shadow casts people (Voznesensky). 3. And the bird whistle replaced peace everywhere (W. Shakespeare, trans. B. Pasternak). 4. and the wild smells of stray animals replaced the smell of flowers and herbs (Hum.) 5. Eurystheus sent for the belt of Hercules (Kun) 6. The hostesses are drinking coffee in the room. (Kupr.) 7. And closer, closer and closer the young Georgian voice sounded... (L.) 8. The outcast had wandered for a long time in the desert of the world without shelter. (L.) 9. A seller of dried roach stuck out between the boxes. (Cat.) 10. Three officers and three cadets in sheepskin coats climbed out of the dugout with lanterns. (Bulg.).

№ 2 . Choose syntactic synonyms for these sentences. How should the syntactic structure of these sentences be changed to obtain synonymous sentences?

1. Grushnitsky and his gang rage every day in the tavern. (L.). 2. I met her by chance... (Sev.) 3. The carriage was not visible. (Ald.) 4. The cafe was visited mainly by philosophers. (Past.) 5. Nikolushka had nowhere to rush. (A.N.T)

№ 3 The following models of word forms (syntaxemes) are given. Under certain conditions, word forms a) and b), combined under one number, can be synonymous. Come up with 5 sentences (according to the number of numbers in the task), in the syntactic structure of which word form a) could be changed to word form b) without damaging the meaning.

a) by + noun. in D.p. b) in + noun in V.p.
a) under + noun. in V.p b) under + noun in T.p.
a) o+ noun. in P.p b) about + noun. in V.p.
a) from+ noun. in R.p. b) noun in T.p.
a) on+ noun. in P.p b) noun in T.p.

№ 4 .Highlight the main meanings of word forms (syntaxemes) from + R.p. noun. To do this, transform phrases with the genitive case into some other syntagm so that the meaning of the phrase is preserved. Divide the phrases into groups depending on the meaning of this construction.

Sample:

^ Light from a lamp- Lamp - source Sveta. Here from + R.p, has the meaning source. Source: light from a lamp.

Boredom from idleness– Idleness cause boredom. Here from + R.p. the reasons matter. Reason: boredom from idleness.

a button from a coat, a path from a temple, a key to a door, a cure for love, the smell of lilacs, warmth from a fireplace, time from midnight, shade from trees, a lid from a teapot, a talent from God, a prescription from a doctor, mistakes from absent-mindedness, benefits from occupations, a musician by nature, crop failure due to drought, a letter from parents, benefits from an enterprise, a path from the sea, a remedy for colds, a giant from birth.

What are the construction values from + R.p. were not presented in examples? Refer to the book by G.A. Zolotov “Syntactic Dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax" (M, 2001.)

№ 5 Transform these sentences into phrases that correspond to the model with noun + noun in R. p. What meanings of the construction with the genitive case of a noun without a preposition allow you to see the transformations you have obtained?

1.The wheels squeak. 2. The child is crying.

3. The house belongs to the father.4. The books belong to a friend.

5. The door is part of the house. 6. The cover is part of the magazine.

7.Wine in a glass.8. Milk in a glass.

9.Cats are curious.10. The girl is beautiful.

11. The cargo has been sent.12. The textbook has been published.

№ 6 .In the following sentences, the instrumental case of the noun has different meanings. Highlight the main meanings of the instrumental case. To do this, transform the turnover from T.p. into some other syntactic construction while preserving the meaning. (For example: He cracked a nut with tongs- He cracked a nut using forceps. In this case, the instrumental meaning of T.p. appears). Group the sentences depending on the meaning of the syntactic construction with T.p. Compare your results with the meanings of the non-prepositional noun in Tp. in the dictionary G.A. Zolotov. (G.A. Zolotova “Syntactic Dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax”, M, 2001).

1. The car immediately rushed off at full speed, like a fan turning around, she threw the lights (...) 2. It smells like wormwood - alive and dead with water. 3.Trees, wrapped frost and snow, flash blue diamonds. 4. Unclean sulfur dregs dawn began.5 Ahead lay the village of Makhmytka, - in his youth, student, I went here (…) 6. Conductor a monument stood in the doorway, motionless, with a napkin in his hands. 7. The winds washed white snowstorms, the fields were covered with white powders, snowdrifts, smoked gray smoke huts 8. The horns of suburban trams have already disappeared, they are already running away sheep the village huts are squealing like dogs. (Piln.) 9.(..) The air was filled with electricity. (L.)10. Having descended into the middle of the city I went boulevard, where I met several sad groups slowly climbing up the mountain. (L.)11. (...)Now I just want to be loved ones, and even then very few.(L.) 12. (…)Her thick hair was gathered under a nightcap trimmed lace. (L.) 13. The Cossack decided to take advantage respite and moved quarry.(Babel)14. The old man was Argentinean consul and chairman of the exchange committee. (Babel)15. Our convoy is noisy rearguard stretched along the highway. (Babel) 16. I’m walking wet meadow, Sorrows torment me (Solo.) 17. Soul The creator rewarded you with pure and kindness (Solo.). 18. He goggled, waved weapons, assuring that this is the eighth leopard that he will kill... (Hum.) 19. The ship's cook, armed with an ax, began to chop off its (shark) head (Hum.).

№ 7. Words that can be used for conversions are given. :

sell, above, contain, consume, win, obey, belong, study, accommodate, visit.

Make conversion pairs with these words.

Come up with sentences of the same meaning with conversions as the predicate. Explain why sentences with conversions have the same meaning.

Sample: Verb afraid has a conversion frighten. Offer I'm afraid of the tiger means the same as sentence The tiger scares me. Verbs to fear and frighten reflect the same situation , but each participant in the situation is chosen as the subject and object.

^ To be afraid = to frighten

X Y Y X

I'm a tiger tiger me
№ 8 Indicate the syntactic actants of predicates (predicates). Convert active structures to passive ones (I). Convert passive structures to active ones(II) . Analyze the members of the resulting pairs of sentences. What actants can be included in the subject position in passive constructions? Record the results obtained in tables (see sample).

Sample:

^ The architect built the house.

The house was built by an architect.

I. 1.The wind shakes the trees. 2. The frost covered the lake with ice. 3. The sun illuminated the clearing.4. Time destroys ancient buildings. 5. Snow covered the ground. 6. Rainfalls wash away railway embankments.7. Lightning split the tree. 8. The ship took us to the island.

II. 1.The columns of the building are connected by an arch. 2.The river and lake are connected by a canal. 3. The whole room was lit up by a burning candle. 4. The city was shrouded in thick fog. 5. The windows of the old house are closed with shutters. 6.The walls of the cathedral were painted by a famous artist.7. The square was illuminated with lights.

Lexemes that are homonymous in word form, but differ in syntactic role: mothers(imp., plural) answer - mothers(d.p., units) answer.

- Violation of the connection between members of a simple sentence - Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate. Examples of errors: The viewing exhibition is open daily. Correct: The viewing exhibition is open daily...
Russian spelling rules
- members of a sentence denoting real actants...
- in semiotics, relationships between signs...
Explanatory translation dictionary
- transformation of the syntactic pattern of a sentence, replacement of one syntactic construction with another or regrouping of sentence members without violating the semantic structure of the phrase and shifting the logical stress...
Explanatory translation dictionary
- transformation of the syntactic structure of a sentence or one syntactic type of sentence into another...
Explanatory translation dictionary
- A type of dialectisms that have a different compatibility than their equivalents in the literary language: lived on the river - lived near the river, retire - retire...
Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography
- Clear to everyone - clear to everyone, commitment to science - commitment to science. Word-forming doublets. Beretik is a birch forest, rivulet is a rivulet. Stylistic doublets...
- Constructions that are similar in meaning, but expressed by different syntactic units. Usually formed by subordinate clauses and members of a simple sentence, most often by isolated phrases...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- Linguistic categories that express the dependence of some forms in a statement on others. Case of nouns; case, number and gender of adjectives...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- Relationships between the components of a phrase and relationships between members of a sentence...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- see synonymous constructions...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- 1) Complex sentences, which include complex sentences. The room we entered was separated by a barrier, and I did not see who my mother was talking to or humbly bowing to...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- A type of dialectisms that have a different compatibility than their equivalents in the literary language: lived on the river - lived near the river, retire - retire...
- Lexemes that are homonymous in word form, but differ in syntactic role: mothers answer - mothers answer...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- A type of speech errors consisting of incorrect construction of phrases, simple and complex sentences, texts...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- Structures in which the supposed agent is characterized by generality, and not by unknown, indeterminacy, as in artistic and colloquial speech: In biology, the concept of ecosystem is often used...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"syntactic homonyms" in books

Syntactic thoughts

From the book Kolyma notebooks author Shalamov Varlam

Syntactic thoughts A lot of attention is needed to briefly comprehend the meaning of punctuation marks in the great Russian language. Any small bird could earnestly, on the fly, plant familiar quotation marks around jagged quotes. And we were put in solitary confinement, and in places, almost

4.3. Syntactic tracing papers

From the book Language of the Russian emigrant press (1919-1939) author Zelenin Alexander

4.3. Syntactic tracings W. Weinreich proposed to distinguish single-word borrowings from the phenomena of interference, which involve complex words or phrases (phrases). Firstly, he mentions the so-called “loan translations”: all elements

Syntax errors

From the book Business Correspondence: a textbook author Kirsanova Maria Vladimirovna

Syntactic errors 1. Errors associated with inconsistencies in context and word order. Let's consider three examples: 1) By December 20, the Progress plant fulfilled the plan; 2) The Progress plant fulfilled the plan by December 20; 3) By December 20, the Progress plant fulfilled the plan. In the first sentence

XLVIII. Parallel syntactic structures

From the book Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

XLVIII. Parallel syntactic constructions § 211. Participial phrases 1. In the modern literary language, the -schy forms of verbs of the perfect form (with the meaning of the future tense) are not used, for example: “he who decides to compose”, “who tries to assure”, “who is able to

XLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS

From the book Handbook of Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

XLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS The syntactic structure of the Russian language creates a number of special constructions, which are characterized by the commonality of the content contained in them with different grammatical formats. For example: a student passed the tests - student,

Homonyms

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OM) by the author TSB

6.42. Meaning, morphological features and syntactic functions of the verb

author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.42. Meaning, morphological features and syntactic functions of a verb A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object as a process. When they say that a verb denotes an action, they mean not only mechanical movement (walks, runs), but also

6.81. Prepositions and their syntactic functions

From the book Modern Russian Language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.81. Prepositions and their syntactic functions Prepositions refer to auxiliary parts of speech that connect members of a sentence. Unlike conjunctions, prepositions connect heterogeneous words in a sentence, i.e. express subordinating connections. They can't tie

2.1. Syntax rules

From the book Programming in Prolog author Kloksin U.

2.1. Syntactic Rules The syntactic rules of a language describe the acceptable ways to connect words. According to the norms of the English language, the sentence “I see a zebra” (“I see a zebra”) is syntactically correct, in contrast to the sentence “zebra see I a” (“zebra sees

1.1.3. Syntactic emphases

From the book Programming for Linux. Professional approach by Mitchell Mark

1.1.3. Syntax Highlights In addition to formatting code, Emacs makes files written in C/C++ easier to read by color-coding various syntax elements. For example, keywords can be highlighted in one color, names of built-in data types in another, and

Syntax patterns

From the book Firebird DATABASE DEVELOPER'S GUIDE by Borri Helen

Syntax patterns Some code snippets represent syntax patterns, that is, code patterns that demonstrate the required and optional elements of the syntax of SQL statements or command line commands. For syntax patterns

Syntax problems

From the book How Functions That Are Not Methods Improve Encapsulation by Meyers Scott

Syntactic Problems It is possible that you, like many people with whom I have discussed this problem, have an idea as to the syntactic meaning of my statement that neither methods nor friends are preferable to methods. It is possible that you even “bought” my

3.6. Homonyms

From the book Advertising text. Methodology for compilation and design author Berdyshev Sergey Nikolaevich

3.6. Homonyms Synonyms are closely related to antonyms due to their ability to form synonymous series and the effect of polysemy of words. However, we should talk about the polysemy of words in more detail, and for this you need, first of all, to get acquainted with

Syntactic means of utterance

From the book Lectures on General Psychology author Luria Alexander Romanovich

Syntactic means of utterance Not every combination of two or more words creates a meaningful system or sentence. Linguistics knows a number of objective means that a language has that turns a combination of words into a meaningful utterance. In developed

Complex syntactic structures

From the book Language and Consciousness author Luria Alexander Romanovich

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The article examines one of the types of systemic relations between constructions and idioms – homonymy. The main structural, semantic and functional features of homonymous idiom constructions and the special role of the context, which largely shapes this type of systemic relations of phraseological constructions, have been identified.

Journalism. 2011, No. 1 57 Syntactic homonyms are understood in linguistic literature as “syntactic<...>homonyms.<...>Key words: homonymy, idiom constructions, context, syntactic homonyms, discourse.<...>In our opinion, the following idiom constructions can also be classified as syntactic homonyms.<...>relations that allow such idiom constructions to be qualified as syntactic homonyms.

Teaching homonymous grammatical structures to philology students in the process of foreign language reading (based on the material of grammatical structures with the haben/sein/werden component) monograph

The monograph examines teaching reading grammar to students at a non-linguistic university using homonymous grammatical structures with the haben/sein/werden component, and characterizes the grammatical categories of text coherence and grammatical homonymy.

Boundaries of homonymy and polysemy, criteria for their delimitation, syntactic (grammatical) type of homonymy<...>The term syntactic homonymy is commonly used.<...>The phenomenon of syntactic homonymy attracts the attention of many scientists.<...>Thus, what is represented here is lexical rather than syntactic homonymy.<...>Syntactic homonymy in a simple sentence / N.P. Kolesnikov.

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Preparation for the Final State Certification in the specialty "Theoretical and Applied Linguistics"

This methodological manual is intended for 5th year undergraduate and 6th year undergraduate students studying in the specialty Theoretical and Applied Linguistics. The final state certification of a linguist (IGA) includes state exams in the first foreign language and language theory, as well as the defense of a final qualifying thesis.

Sentence as a unit syntactic analysis. 33. Syntactic synonymy and homonymy.<...>Types of syntactic homonymy. 34. Syntactic connections and relationships, their types. 35.<...>Syntactic synonymy and homonymy. Types of syntactic homonymy.<...>Such homonymy is called lexico-syntactic.<...>Determine the type of syntactic homonymy in sentences.

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No. 4 [Bulletin of Kalmyk University, 2016]

The journal publishes the results of scientific research in biology, history, pedagogy, physics, mathematics, philology, philosophy, economics, law, agricultural and technical sciences. Along with the results of scientific research, the journal systematically publishes reviews, personalities, and chronicles the scientific life of Kalmyk State University.

Key words: functional homonymy, syntactic homonymy, structural homonymy, predicative homonyms<...>Ibragimov (syntactic homonymy) and other scientists, who also consider the problems of homonymy.<...>syntactic homonyms, proposed by A.<...>As for syntactic homonyms, they, one might say, were not considered in detail in syntactic<...>Under syntactic By homonyms we understand implementations of such models that have the same syntactic

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Fundamentals of linguistics textbook. allowance

The textbook includes general information about seminar classes, seminar lesson plans, a glossary, test questions for sections, tests to control students’ independent work, a list of abstract topics, questions for the test, a list of literature recommended for mastering the discipline.

What types of homonyms do you know?<...>12 List the types of homonyms. 13 What are the synonyms?<...>: a) full homonyms; b) homoforms; c) homophones; d) partial homonyms. 8.190 ... called homonyms<...>, coinciding in a number of grammatical forms: a) partial homonyms; b) in-line homonyms; c) full homonyms<...>Complex purely relational languages are languages in which syntactic relations are expressed in their pure form.

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Stylistics of the Russian language and culture of speech. Lexicology for speech actions textbook. allowance

M.: FLINTA

In this manual, the vocabulary of the Russian language is considered from two perspectives - from the point of view of a person 1) perceiving written or oral messages and 2) creating speech works in oral or written form. The study of lexical means associated with understanding other people's statements and creating one's own speech works contributes to the effectiveness of communication between communicants. The lexical material of the manual forms the ability to see the universal and specific in languages, compare the lexical capabilities of languages according to different parameters, and highlight the national-cultural component in the semantic space of the language.

<...> <...>The periphery of the category of homonymy consists of homoforms, homophones, homographs and syntactic homonyms.<...>Syntactic homonymy also plays an important role in the process of understanding, i.e. non-distinction in one syntactic<...>The periphery of the category of homonymy consists of homoforms, homophones, homographs and syntactic homonyms.

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M.: PROMEDIA

The object of study of this article is the English terminology of banking. The purpose of the study is to highlight the criteria for distinguishing the concepts of polysemy and homonymy within the framework of terminology using the example of a study of polysemantic English banking terms. The article provides a brief overview of the interpretations and definitions of the concepts of polysemy and homonymy, proposed by authoritative lexicologists and terminologists, examines various parameters for the classification of homonyms, and also examines the main sources of the phenomenon of polysemy in terminology.

Considering the problem of homonymy, R.Z.<...>Akhmanova identifies the following types of homonyms: absolute (full) homonyms, grammatical homonyms, etymological<...>homonyms, derivative, or historical, homonyms, simple, or root, homonyms, syntactic homonyms<...>, partial homonyms.<...>Flat (homonymy): 1.

Information technologies in linguistics textbook. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The textbook outlines the basics of the course “Information Technologies in Linguistics”, provides tasks for organizing students’ independent work and a glossary that includes the necessary concepts of the course. For teachers and students of philological and linguistic specialties.

sense. automatic resolution of polysemy or removal of homonymy, understood as choosing the correct<...>analysis at all language levels. l lexical homonymy: coincidence of sound and/or spelling of words,<...>(most common type of homonymy): coincidence of word forms of two different lexemes, for example, soap - verb to wash<...>homonymy: ambiguity of a syntactic structure that has multiple interpretations, e.g.: These types<...>What types of homonymy does this text illustrate? I was mowing the grass with a scythe, The rain suddenly began to fall.

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No. 3 [Scientific thought of the Caucasus, 2008]

The results of fundamental research by scientists from universities and other scientific institutions in various fields of knowledge and culture are reflected.

Representing a peripheral phenomenon in the general system of language, syntactic homonymy, however,<...>In this article we adhere to the third point of view on syntactic homonymy, which, in our opinion<...>whole) is due to the possibility of a double interpretation of the syntactic structure, i.e. syntactic homonymy<...>Some issues of syntactic homonymy (problems of synchronous learning of the grammatical structure of a language)<...>, syntactic homonymy, dehomonymization.

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LEXICOGRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL INCONSISTENCES BETWEEN THE AZERBAIJANIAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES [Electronic resource] / Heydarova // Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: Linguistics and intercultural communication.- 2014.- No. 1.- P. 107-111.- Access mode: https://site/efd/508240

The article provides an analysis of the term “grammatical homonyms” and considers the syntactic method of reflecting the principle of grammatical homonyms in the “Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary”. This principle is assessed by the author as a way to solve the issue of morphological inconsistency between unrelated languages - Azerbaijani and Russian - based on the criteria of Russian grammar. It is relevant for translating the units under study into Russian. According to the author, the examples given in the article are optimal for solving this issue.

Abstract: the article provides an analysis of the term “grammatical homonyms” and considers the syntactic method of reflection<...>Vinogradov: “grammatical homonymy, which finds its external expression only in syntactic differences<...>Unlike lexical homonyms, grammatical homonyms refer to different parts of speech.<...>Analysis of etymologically similar homonyms presented in the dictionary from the perspective of syntactic norms of Azerbaijani<...>Words in such syntactic positions act as a single member of the sentence.

Corpus instruments in grammatical studies of the Russian language [monograph], Corpus Instruments for Russian Grammar Studies

Russian corpus linguistics is presented in two directions in the book. The first part contains a description of the approaches and methods of annotation of the National Corpus of the Russian Language (http://ruscorpora.ru), including the marking of lexical-grammatical, lexical-semantic, semantic-syntactic and word-formation information. In addition, the procedures for evaluating tools for automatic text marking (morphological and syntactic parsers) and the ideology of creating two frequency corpus dictionaries, general and lexico-grammatical, are described. The second part presents the results of studies of the grammar and vocabulary of the Russian language using quantitative corpus methods: the study of grammatical, constructional and semantic profiles of language units, including verbs and verbal prefixes, nouns and spatial constructions.

This is homonymy at the level of inflection (grammatical homonymy).<...>removed by grammatical homonymy.<...>Homonymy. 2.1.<...>homonymy.<...>Since automatic resolution of homonymy allows for a certain error, homonyms included in

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The pronoun this and its functional homonyms monograph

M.: FLINTA

The monograph is devoted to the actual problem of the functioning of the homocomplex in simple, complex sentences and text (complex syntactic whole) in the aspect of transitivity and syncretism. The theoretical basis of the study is the structural-semantic direction, developing classical Russian linguistics, helping to deeply and fully present the multidimensional analysis of the homocomplex it.

Babaytseva The pronoun is and its functional homonyms V.V.<...>homonyms of the Russian language. - M., 2004. . . . . ..<...>The differentiation of functional homonyms is determined by their syntactic function.<...>) connections between functional homonyms, as well as connections between the pronoun this is the source of homonymy -<...>and members of the group of functional homonyms.

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General lexicology

Publishing and Printing Center of Voronezh State University

The purpose of the teaching aid is to give students an in-depth understanding of the systematic nature of the organization of the lexical-semantic level of language by solving linguistic problems and performing exercises

<...>Practice describing syntax by Unit syntactic level has traditionally been recognized as syntactic<...> <...>Lexico-syntactic compatibility.<...>

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General lexicology

Publishing and Printing Center of Voronezh State University

A lexical substitution rule is applied to the syntactic scheme, filling in syntactic positions<...>Unit syntactic level has traditionally been recognized as a syntactic construction.<...>Main classes of homonyms. 1.<...>Syntactic compatibility.<...>Lexical compatibility of homonyms and linguistic status of homonymy / M.P.

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No. 1 [Modern humanities research, 2019]

Prompt publication of articles by graduate students and applicants for dissertation defense.

morpheme; lexical homonymy, which includes all forms of play with words; syntactic homonymy, implying<...>Homonymy as a mechanism for creating a language game is divided into three types: decomposition of word form, homonymy of syntactic<...>Word form decomposition is the most popular technique in syntactic homonymy.<...>Homonymy of syntactic constructions involves coincidences in the syntactic construction (sentence<...>Syntactic homonymy is quite rare in English.

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Conversion in word formation: usage and occasionality monograph

Rostov n/d.: Southern Federal University Publishing House

The monograph is devoted to the study of one of the pressing problems of language theory - conversion in word formation through the prism of its relationship to the language system. Types of conversion are identified, which are deeply analyzed not only in the lexicographical aspect, i.e. in the language system, but also in speech using the example of works of art. In order to achieve a higher degree of reliability and objectivity of the results of the work, the problem is studied on the material of two typologically different languages (characterized by the synthetism of Russian and the analyticism of French), as well as on the material of works of Russian and French fiction. As a result of the study of the types of usual and occasional conversion in word formation, not only its integral, but also differential features are established in the language of the synthetic and the language of the analytical type. The book contains an appendix - tables reflecting the degree of prevalence of types of conversion in Russian and French.

Conversion versus homonymy……..……..48 CHAPTER 2.<...>In the “Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary”, words united by homonymic relations are lexical homonyms<...>When comparing conversion with homonymy, we will rely on this definition of homonyms.<...>Defining them as homonyms contradicts the understanding of homonymy as set out in this textbook<...>the emergence of lexical homonyms in the language.

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Competition in language and communication collection. articles

The collection is devoted to the processes of interaction and competition between languages in history and modernity, as well as manifestations of competition in the internal life of a language, in its structure and vocabulary, in modern sociocultural and communicative practices and texts. The authors of the collection are participants in the international conference of the same name, held at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State University for the Humanities in October 2014.

Semantic and stylistic criteria for their evaluation. syntactic homonymy arising in anaphoric<...>Before us is a typical case of syntactic homonymy, the possibility of a double arrangement of connections between members<...>Thus, it turns out that syntactic homonymy is, in principle, a problem for the listener.<...>As already noted, there are standard, proven methods for removing syntactic homonymy that arises<...>: the ability to change syntactic compatibility depending on the gender of the person named; 2nd syntactic

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Work study programs in a cycle of linguistic disciplines (specialty “Journalism”).

Omsk State University

On homonymy and related phenomena // Vinogradov V.V. Selected works.<...>Homonymy in the light of the problem of word identity. Types of homonyms and ways of their occurrence.<...>Homonymy and polysemy (possible criteria for differentiation).<...>Homonymy in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. 12.<...>The difference between homonymy and polysemy of a word. Types of homonyms. Stylistic use of homonyms. 13.

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The word on the air: about the language and style of radio broadcasts: pronunciation in radio and television speech reference. allowance

Radio and television are called upon to bring to the broad masses not only advanced ideas and scientific knowledge, but also the high culture of the language. Serious demands are placed on the literariness of spoken speech, on the correctness and uniformity of pronunciation. It was this circumstance that prompted the need to create a special manual for radio and television workers - correspondents, reporters, essayists, columnists, announcers, readers, actors who have to speak at the microphone and for whom problems of pronunciation and stress are problems of their daily work. Also, the proposed book is addressed to editors and directors of radio and television programs, students of radio and television departments of journalism faculties, teachers, lecturers, agitators - everyone who, perhaps, is not directly related to the practice of radio and television, but by profession or public activities related to the field of oral public speech.

PHONETIC, LEXICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC HOMONYMY For every radio and television journalist<...>There are several types of homonyms.<...>homonymy.<...>On syntactic homonymy in the Russian language // Russian language at school. - 1960. - No. 3. Kolesnikov N.<...>Phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic homonymy ....................................

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Modern Russian literary language textbook. manual for students in specialty 050301.65 Russian language and literature

FSBEI HPE "ShGPU"

The manual provides work on mastering the material of the main language levels in both theoretical and practical aspects. Each section maintains a single structure that organizes preparation for practical classes, and also includes materials for testing knowledge and skills and for independent work. Such a systemic organization ensures unity and interaction in the approach to university study of an academic discipline, when different sections are taught by different teachers. In addition, a holistic approach to the construction of the manual ensures due unity of requirements for the knowledge and skills of students at the level of intermediate and final control. Therefore, the connection between the last and fourth section (“Evaluation Fund for the Final State Exam”) with the three previous ones is quite obvious. The manual is distinguished by a modern approach to the material proposed for language analysis; it was tested in educational work with students of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Shuya State Pedagogical University. The list of references, which reflects classic and new works of domestic linguists, also seems relevant.

Lexical homonyms, their types, reasons for the appearance of homonyms in the language. 3.<...>Determine the type of homonymy.<...>Determine the type of homonymy.<...>Homonymy of words; ways of occurrence of homonyms in the Russian language. 9. Types of homonyms.<...>Homonymy of words; ways of occurrence of homonyms in the Russian language. 47. Types of homonyms.

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Theoretical course of the Russian language in primary school method. instructions for 2-4 year students of the Faculty of Pedagogics. education and biology

Kalmyk State University

These guidelines will help students organize independent work on studying the theoretical course of the Russian language in elementary school. For each specific topic, there are theoretical questions and practical tasks for independent work.

Define the term “homonyms”. 2. What words are called full/partial homonyms? 3.<...>What is the difference between homonymy and polysemy? 4. What are the types of homonymy?<...>Are there homonyms for the words doctor, is, language, light, union? Task 2.<...>Select actual lexical homonyms for these words.<...>Synonymy, homonymy of endings Practical tasks 1. Indicate the endings.

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Corpus linguistics textbook. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The textbook “Corpus Linguistics” is addressed to bachelor students studying in the “Applied Philology” program within the framework of the direction 032700 “Philology”. The publication contains a detailed program of the lecture course and brief lecture notes, assignments for independent work, a glossary, lists of recommended literature, as well as an appendix that includes texts that are difficult to access for various reasons. The main purpose of the manual is to help students master the lecture course on corpus linguistics and organize independent work.

<...>Syntactic markup describes syntactic connections between lexical units and various syntactic<...>Lexical homonyms are not distinguished.<...>Syntactic markup. Types of syntactic markup.<...>Lexical homonyms are not distinguished.

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Practical and functional stylistics of the Russian language textbook

The manual was prepared on the basis of a sample curriculum for the discipline “Practical stylistics of the Russian language” (compiled by I. B. Golub, Ph.D., Prof., G. V. Vekshin, Ph.D., Associate Professor) and “Functional stylistics of the Russian language” (compiled by N. S. Valgina, Ph.D., Prof.), supplemented with information on publications in subsequent years and practical materials

Lexical synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, polysemy. Types of lexical synonyms.<...>The relationship of paronyms to antonyms, synonyms, homonyms.<...>What is homonymy? Name the phenomena related to it. 17.<...>Give examples of polysemy and homonymy of phraseological units. 47.<...>Polysemantic words and homonyms. 6. Homonymy and related phenomena. 7. Paronyms and paronomasia.

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Fundamentals of the theory of the target language. Theoretical grammar of the English language. Lexicology. method. instructions for practice classes

Homonyms are different words that have the same sound composition.<...>It is important to distinguish homonyms from polysemantic words.<...>Homonyms come in different types.<...>Of particular interest are lexical or root homonyms, which are sometimes called homonyms proper<...>lexical homonyms (meadow and onion).

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The article examines existing sign language interpretation systems and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. The main disadvantage of these systems is the absence of a semantic analysis unit for the source text, aimed at solving the problem of polysemy of words in the language. The article provides a general scheme for translation from Russian into Russian sign language, which consists of analysis of the source text, translation into sign speech and visualization of sign speech. A source text analysis unit has been developed taking into account the semantic component of the Russian language, the work of which is based on the dictionary of V.A. Tuzova. The article describes an algorithm for semantic analysis. A scheme of semantic analysis of a noun is given. Text analysis is completed when each word has only one semantic description, thus solving the problem of ambiguity. The highest priority areas for modifying the semantic analysis module include the following: expanding the base of gestures, analyzing complex sentences, adding consideration to the analysis algorithm of the specifics of the Russian sign language. The text is translated into sign language, which is carried out using the analysis of syntactic structures of the Russian language and Russian sign language. Based on this analysis, the correspondence of syntactic structures is determined, in which complex sentences are broken down into simpler ones. During the transformation, the original sentence undergoes certain additional modifications. In particular, the participle is replaced by the corresponding verb. This transformation applies to both agreed participles. To indicate the identity of the objects mentioned, pronouns are introduced. Then a standard sentence scheme is formed in spoken Russian sign language: subject, definition, circumstance, predicate, object. A corresponding library has been developed for defining syntactic structures

analysis, homonyms, syntactic constructions, alternatives DOI: 10.17212/1814-1196-2016-1-106-119 * Article<...>Homonymy is a coincidence in the sound and spelling of different words: weasel is an animal and weasel is a manifestation<...>Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language O.S.<...>Akhmanova contains more than 2000 dictionary entries containing groups or pairs of homonyms.<...>In some cases, the problem of resolving homonymy is solved on the basis of morphological analysis data.

The Bulgarian clitics se and si are distinguished by their high polyfunctionality, due to their different morphological status and combinability potential. They can act as pronouns, as word-forming and formative particles, and the clitic si can also act as a modal and intensifying particle. In most of their functions, se and si are characterized by a certain linear syntagmatic freedom: they are (weakly) separable and capable of clustering in a chain of predicate clitics. This is a significant factor for the emergence of ambiguous statements. The article offers an overview of all the functions of the Bulgarian clitics se and si and demonstrates the conditions for the emergence of an ambiguous reading, taking into account both the predicate-argument structure of the statement and the intra-cluster combinatorics of the clitics in question

. No. 1 Voprosy Jazykoznanija BULGARIAN REFLECTIVE CLITS CE AND SI: HOMONYMY, POLYSEMY, SYNTAX* Elena<...>Clitics se: morphological homonymy and polyfunctionality 1.1.<...>Clitics si: morphological homonymy and polyfunctionality The problem of disambiguation and homonymy<...>In these cases, you need to contact syntactic behavior of the element: for various dative homonyms<...>This will make it possible to remove the homonymy or, at least, narrow its scope. 2.2.

Theoretical grammar of the German language. Morphology textbook

St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Publishing House. university

The textbook examines the basics of the morphology of the modern German language: word structure, principles and means of inflection, grammatical aspects of word formation, part-verbal classes of words with their inherent grammatical categories. The grammatical theory is presented in relation to the German language in the context of modern functional communicative linguistics. The content of the textbook corresponds to the work program of the academic discipline “Theoretical Grammar” and the current requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education.

Functional homonymy of tense forms Grammatical homonymy occurs when the same grammatical<...>Homonymy and polysemy of formative affixes in the German language In contrast to homonymy and polysemy at the level<...>He believed that it was "best to avoid" such expressions as "morphological homonyms", "syntactic<...>homonymy" [Vinogradov 1960: 5].<...>He used the term “homonymy” in relation to “lexical homonymy”, i.e. in relation to “different lexical

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Linguistic phenomena in a systemic and textual approach: a textbook

Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov

A number of linguistic phenomena at different levels of the system hierarchy are considered: the problematic of meaning and sense, the functional-semantic category of modality, the category of evidentiality and the mechanism of lexical-syntactic coordination. Each section contains discussion questions and practice assignments.

Polysemy and homonymy Monosemy is the unambiguity of a word.<...>Polysemy should be distinguished from homonymy.<...>Ways to distinguish polysemy from homonymy The problem of distinguishing polysemy and homonymy is primarily<...>Define homonymy. Name the sources of homonymy. 6. What types of homonyms exist?<...>How is polysemy different from homonymy? 8. Determine the type of homonyms presented in the sentences. 1.

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Spatial-adversative semantics of a word: lexical and grammatical expression [monograph]

M.: FLINTA

The focus is on the problem of the interaction of lexical and grammatical principles in the so-called spatially adversative words - against, opposite and away. The transformation of the spatial meaning of opposition into adversative is considered by the author in two aspects - diachronic and synchronous. In terms of diachrony, this is the historical process of formation of an adversative meaning in etymologically related words that originate from the Proto-Indo-European root word *pro. The semantic transformation of the words in question is the basis for their further lexical, grammatical and functional transformations. In terms of synchrony, we are talking about the ability of these words to express both spatial and adversative meanings in modern Russian, which leads to a change in their grammatical characteristics and the creation of functional homonyms.

The last example is from the Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language by O.M.<...>Dictionary of homonyms. – M., 1974. 4. Boryś Wiesław.<...>On homonymy and related phenomena // VYa. – 1960. – No. 5. 81.<...>Speech capabilities of text homonymy. – M., 1990. 128. Lapteva O.A.<...>Homonyms in dictionaries and homonymy in language // Questions of theory and history of language. Sat. Art. in honor of prof. B.A.

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Publishing house OGTI

These methodological recommendations are intended for part-time students studying the section “Modern Lexicology and Phraseology”. Recommendations for completing tests will help students deeply and firmly assimilate theoretical material, apply theoretical information in practice, and develop initial skills in linguistic text analysis.

Use of syntactic figures (anaphora, gradation, inversion, epiphora, parallelism). 3.<...>Bound (non-free) meanings are divided into syntactically conditioned, structurally limited<...>Syntactically conditioned is the meaning of a word that appears only in a certain<...>syntactic position: position of the predicate, address or definitions of different types.<...>Table 5 Homonyms Conceptual content Classification of homonyms Copyright JSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency

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The article examines the process of formation of foreign language lexical-syntactic competence as a means of overcoming language interference. The author clarifies the definitions of foreign language lexical and syntactic competence; systematizes typical errors at the lexical and syntactic levels generated by the interfering influence of the native language; offers a system of exercises to eliminate typical lexical and syntactic errors of students; shows the connection between lexical and syntactic implementations of language with mentality and cognitive perception of life by representatives of different linguistic cultures according to the parameters activity/passivity, pragmatism/fatalism.

Cognitive perception, errors, exercises, definition, homonyms.<...>removing the ambiguity of the so-called “false friends of the translator”, which denote interlingual homonyms<...>A special case of “false friends of the translator” is pseudo-internationalisms, that is, interlingual homonyms<...>Often these are homonyms, lexical-semantic variants (hereinafter referred to as LSV) whose meanings completely coincide<...>situations/events); – the ability to choose the correct LSV meaning of a word in exercises for translating interlingual homonyms

Lexicology of modern English, textbook. allowance

The language material presented in the book is partly drawn from domestic and foreign lexicological and lexicographic literature, and partly is the result of the author’s own observations. The presentation of the course is illustrated with literary examples taken mainly from English literature of the 20th century, since the author sought to describe the vocabulary of the English language in its modern state. Translation is not given for all examples, since it is assumed that the reader already has a significant vocabulary and some translation skills.

The new word differs from the original one in its paradigm, syntactic functions, syntactic<...>function and syntactic connections of the word.<...>HOMONYMY 1. Homonymy and polysemy. 2. Classification of homonyms. 3. Origin of homonyms. 1.<...>word connections, i.e. its syntactic compatibility.<...>Table 5 Classification scheme for homonyms Full homonymy Partial homonymy Lexical spring, -s, p.

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Information and communication technologies in school teaching of the Russian language and preparation for the Unified State Exam, educational method. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual proposes a system of preparation for the Unified State Exam using information and communication technologies and defines the basic concepts of applied Russian studies. The authors have developed an elective course program for high school students who have chosen a humanitarian major. A teacher of Russian language and literature gets the opportunity to work according to the proposed program, relying on the lesson plans and materials for independent work provided by the authors.

<...>Of course, lexico-semantic variants of a verb and homonyms differ from each other in syntactic<...> <...>Syntactic dictionary. M., 1988.<...>Of course, lexico-semantic variants of a verb and homonyms differ from each other in syntactic

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Linguistic tasks textbook. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual includes more than 1,200 original linguistic problems based on material primarily from Russian, as well as Western European (English, German, French, Spanish) and foreign Slavic languages. Particular attention is paid to the “speech environment” of a person: colloquial speech, folklore, fiction, etc. Many tasks are entertaining. The presented tasks are grouped into the following seven sections: “The nature of language. Language as a system of signs”, “Functioning of language in society”, “Phonetics and phonology”, “Lexicology”, “Grammar”, “Typological and genealogical classification of languages”, “Writing, spelling, punctuation”.

Formulate your own definition of syntactic homonymy and indicate the reasons causing it<...>Indicate what causes this syntactic homonymy.<...>In which word are examples of homonymy most common?<...>Formulate your own definition of syntactic homonymy and indicate the reasons causing it<...>Indicate what causes this syntactic homonymy.

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Linguistic term: the problem of quality (Experience in compiling a “Comprehensive Dictionary of Functional Grammar Terms”) monograph

M.: FLINTA

The monograph is a study of a certain part of scientific discourse, based on the material of terminological systems of functional grammar. Dedicated to modern theoretical and applied problems of terminology, primarily linguistic. For the first time, the functionally important concept of the scale of the degree of formation of the quality of a term and terminological system is introduced, containing the idea of gradualism of a special nominative sign of science. The methodology for entering and applying the scale itself was tested in the “Comprehensive Dictionary of Functional Grammar Terms.”

<...>“Interscientific terminological homonymy” is interpreted by B.N.<...>Under homonymy, from the point of view of B.A.<...>Let us consider the phenomenon of homonymy in more detail. V.P.<...>Under homonymy, from the point of view of B.A.

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Vocabulary of modern Russian language textbook. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual guides students towards mastering the theoretical material of the course through key words and terms; The alphabetical list of terms includes about 1000 units, but the main ones are only 100. Individual articles of the manual provide detailed information about the phenomenon, its functional use, illustrations, literature and relevant dictionaries are provided. Applications allow you to differentiate material depending on programs and learning objectives.

homonyms).<...>homonyms).<...>homonymy 270 homonymy of affixes 270 word-formation conversions 271 zero morpheme 271 morphological-syntactic<...>integer 381 complex syntactic whole of homogeneous composition 381 complex syntactic whole of heterogeneous composition<...>tracing paper 150 syntactic compatibility of words 249 syntactically determined meaning 99, 100, 111 syntactic

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Modern problems of the Russian language. Word formation and morphology of textbooks. allowance

The textbook attempts to highlight controversial and difficult issues of word formation and morphology of the Russian language, presents the most acceptable interpretation options for word-formation analysis, presents techniques that allow at the methodological level to determine the part-verbal status of a specific lexical unit in contextual conditions, as well as to identify the lexico-grammatical category of a given parts of speech. The exercises given in the Appendices will help you consolidate your acquired skills.

Such pairs of words have received different names - conversions, grammatical homonyms, functional homonyms<...>Functional homonyms (units of sub-speech polycomplexes). homonymy/polysemy of grammatical forms<...>factor (performed by a syntactic function in a sentence); thirdly, the distinction between polysemy and homonymy<...>These functional homonyms also differ from each other in terms of syntactic functions in the sentence: comparative<...>functions and syntactic connections.

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Derivational suffixal formants forming reflected polysemy (based on verbal nouns) monograph

M.: FLINTA

Using verbal nouns as an example, the monograph describes for the first time all derivational suffixal formants that form the reflected polysemy of lexical derivatives of the mutation type, syntactic derivatives of the transposition type and nouns that are in some meanings lexical derivatives of the mutation type, and in others - syntactic derivatives of the transposition type. All morphonological phenomena accompanying the formation of polysemantic verbal nouns are noted.

Polysemy can never become homonymy and vice versa” [Abaev 1957, 3: 42].<...> <...>Polysemy and homonymy [Text] / M.G. Arsenyeva, T.V. Stroeva, A.P.<...>(original), or primary syntactic function, and secondary syntactic function.<...>Polysemy and homonymy [Text] / M.G. Arsenyeva, T.V. Stroeva, A.P.

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On the problem of linguistic analysis of slang in the task of automated search for threats to spread drug addiction in virtual social networks [Electronic resource] / Savva, Eremenko, Davydova // Information systems and technologies .- 2015 .- No. 6 .- S. 68-75.- Access mode. : https://site/efd/486498

The article provides an analysis of approaches to text processing. The peculiarities of slang in the field of drug addiction have been identified, according to which conclusions have been made about the need to develop a linguistic processor for processing slang. The problem of obfuscation of text messages of participants in virtual social networks is considered in order to complicate the linguistic analysis of these messages promoting the use of narcotic drugs.

In this regard, the problem of homonymy and the processing of set expressions is especially acute, since simple<...>Another area of application of statistical methods is the removal of homonymy.<...>noted in , creating text corpora for training a model would be more labor intensive than manually removing homonymy<...>In addition, there are frequent cases of semantic homonymy; − the presence of collocations (word combinations that have<...>Thus, the solution to this problem is to develop an appropriate linguistic processor, and homonymy

SUBSTANTIFIED FORMS IN THE POSITIONAL SPACE OF PARTICIPLE: ON THE PROBLEM OF GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTIC STATUS [Electronic resource] / Zamyatina, Syzranova // News of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Humanities.- 2015.- No. 1.- P. 126-138.- Access mode: https://site/efd/550381

Relevance and goals. Substantivized participles give rise to discussions related to their grammatical status and semantic structure. The purpose of the work is to identify the specifics of the categorical meaning of number and the implementation of the semantic components of the full participial form in the position of the syntactic actant Materials and methods. The material for the article was modern dictionaries and data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The main research methods are observation and analysis. Results. The specificity of the use of the plural of substantivized participles is revealed in the non-distinction of the generic affiliation of the original form, which is qualified as the seme of “collectivity”. Isolated cases of complete substantivization of participial forms are associated by the authors of the article with the complete loss of verbal semantics, and the numerous use of participles in the position of syntactic actants indicates the ability of these linguistic units to realize a universal semantic nature, including both verbal and nominal (adjective and substantive) meaning. Conclusions. Full participial forms, occupying the positions of syntactic actants, realize the substantive component of their semantic nature, without going beyond the framework of the verb word.

semantic components; in some (few) cases, participial forms disintegrate into homonyms<...>Zaliznyak (hereinafter referred to as GS) and the Dictionary of Grammatical Homonyms by O. M. Kim and I. E.<...>article); GS – 124 lexemes (including 28 pairs by grammatical gender); SGO – 174 lexemes in 106 rows of homonyms<...>verbal connections, which allows us to assume the presence of complete substantivization and the fact of the emergence of homonyms<...>Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language / O. M. Kim, I. E.

Russian language with basic linguistics

Publishing house TSPU named after L.N. Tolstoy

The textbook covers the main problems of linguistics. The manual gives a holistic understanding of the language system, the laws of its functioning, levels and units of the system. In expanded form, it presents two sections of the modern Russian language: phonetics and lexicology. The textbook can be used by students of higher educational institutions studying in the undergraduate system when mastering the following disciplines: “Introduction to Philology”, “Phonetics of the Modern Russian Language”, “Lexicology of the Modern Russian Language” (directions: 050100 “Pedagogical Education” (profile “ Russian language"), 032700 "Philology" (profiles "Domestic Philology", "Foreign Philology"), 035300 "Arts and Humanities" (profile "Philosophy"); “Fundamentals of linguistics” (direction 050700 “Special (defectological) education”).

Publishing house of NSTU

The textbook contains a system of tasks aimed at developing practical skills, consolidating and expanding theoretical knowledge in the “Morphology” course, diagrams and samples of morphological analysis, and sample test options. The manual includes the topics “Noun”, “Adjective”, “Numeral” and “Pronoun”.

units, grammatical homonyms, dictionaries of morphemes, etc.<...>Homonymy of adjectives with other parts of speech 3.1. Find word forms that have homonyms.<...>Distinguishing grammatical homonyms 5.1.<...>Determine the type of syntactic connection, syntactic function.<...>Note cases of grammatical homonymy. Options 1.homonym

M.: Moscow State University of Printing Arts

This publication is devoted to the problem of ways to represent the modality of disapproval within speech activity, which is relevant for modern linguistics. It describes and analyzes the linguistic means of expressing the negative, condemning, critical attitude of the author of speech (text) to reality in its diverse manifestations (person, phenomenon, event, etc.), that is, in a sentence-statement. The research material was the language of fiction and journalism.

In these examples, the phenomenon of syntactic homonymy is realized, which is eliminated in speech activity with the help<...>characteristics (syntactic homonymy), as well as from external reasons dictated by the specifics of communication<...>The original word and the transformant are functional homonyms, the group of functional homonyms is<...>homonymy: cf.: What a people!<...>Semantics of interjections in the aspect of functional homonymy / L.V.

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Modern Russian language. Lexicology: theory, training, control of studies. allowance

M.: FLINTA

The manual presents a complex of educational, scientific and methodological materials intended for studying the course “Modern Russian Language. Lexicology". It contains the necessary theoretical information on the main sections, a system of training and control tasks that can be used both for work in practical classes and for independent study. New theoretical approaches to language learning are highlighted (cognitive, pragmatic, linguocultural). The language material of modern media was used, which most fully reflects active processes in vocabulary and phraseology.

South Ural State Institute of Fine Arts named after P.I. Tchaikovsky

The manual introduces students to the subject and objectives of the science of language, the structure and problems of modern linguistics, the main sections, theoretical concepts and categories of linguistics. Each topic is revealed through questions for self-preparation and self-control, practical tasks, visual diagrams and tables.

Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon, the reasons for its occurrence. 7.<...>The difference between polysemy and homonymy. Types of polysemy. Types of homonyms. Antonymy. Types of antonyms. 10.<...>What is homonymy? Compare the phenomena of polysemy and homonymy. 75. What types of homonyms do you know?<...>Smirnitsky, by syntactic function, by origin. 96.<...>Paronymy should be distinguished from homonymy.

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Speech culture textbook. allowance

The necessary theoretical material aimed at developing communicative competence is presented: basic issues related to the organization and effectiveness of verbal communication; normative and communicative, ethical aspects of speech culture; basics of public speaking skills; Features of official business writing. A significant place in the manual is occupied by workshops, tasks for independent work, as well as applications with tables and diagrams. The manual has been compiled in accordance with the State educational standards of higher professional education and the requirements for the level of training in the discipline “Culture of Speech”

The educational manual presents theoretical material for the course “Lexicology of the Modern Russian Language,” assignments and exercises for practical classes and individual work. The publication is intended for both classroom and independent study of students studying in the direction of “Philological Education”, profile “Russian Language and Literature”. Exercises and tasks are aimed at developing the skills to recognize and interpret linguistic facts, evaluate and consciously use linguistic means in accordance with the goals and conditions of communication. The manual may also be of interest to student journalists, graduate students and teachers of the Russian language.

Definition of homonymy. Reasons for homonymy. 2. Classification of homonyms. 3.

The article examines the functions of humor in Japanese culture, which are very different from those that it performs in European or American cultures. In the minds of the Japanese, the semantic fields of national Japanese and foreign humor are differentiated. For the Japanese, laughter and humor are always a means of creating a bright and pleasant communication environment. Laughter in Japanese culture has a positive connotation. Japanese humor is generated not by a game of the mind, but by observation, thanks to which a slight change in the angle of view reveals a comic situation. Japanese laughter is caused by objective humor associated with a funny situation and based on language play. In the Japanese language, all its levels can and are actively played out: graphics, phonetics, grammar. The determining role of context in Japanese culture, the wealth of phonetic, lexico-grammatical, and finally graphic means of the Japanese language, combined with a complex system of forms of politeness, create truly inexhaustible opportunities for language play. Compared to European humor, Japanese humor is more good-natured; it is not characterized by causticity, hostility or rudeness. Under the influence of active contacts with representatives of European culture, laughter situations in Japan are beginning to change. The article also examines laughter situations characteristic of Japanese culture and analyzes the specifics of Japanese humor and language games.

is based on native Japanese lexical material - polysemy and homonymy actively manifest themselves in this language<...>and due to the fact that in Japanese text the absence of spaces between words creates fertile ground for syntactic<...>homonymy, which is also very common in Russian language humor (cf.<...>significant phonetic changes, as a result of which many Japanese homonyms appear in borrowings