Hiking statistics by month and region
Statistics of the number of trips by month
I sampled 2,500 hikes from 20 hiking clubs. It turned out that...
Summer accounts for 66% of hikes for the entire year. It’s no surprise that summer is the best time to vacation with a backpack. Firstly, warm and dry; secondly, there is the opportunity to take a vacation to travel.
in autumn There are few hikes, because school, study, work begin, and the weather gets worse.
in winter ski tours or accommodation at recreation centers, combined with radial excursions without heavy backpacks and equipment, predominate. Winter accounts for 6% of all trips.
in spring I can’t bear to sit at home, so I get my equipment and plan trips. The weather in Crimea, Cyprus and the Caucasus is already above zero, which allows you to make simple treks without fear of freezing at night in your sleeping bag. March is 5% of the total statistics.
In April– sudden pause (3%), as tourists save time and money for the May holidays. The end of April is a sharp start to the season of hiking in the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Sayan Mountains, and Altai with the capture of the May Day holidays. Those who want warmth go along the Turkish Lycian Trail or trek through the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Also at the end of April there are many offers where you can go with children. Everyone is looking forward to the end of April - both adults and children. Life is gaining momentum.
May is distinguished by a fourfold increase in the number of trekking and hikes - 13% of the total statistics. Campsites are opening, and tourist centers are ready to accommodate tourists. The May hikes are supplemented by hikes starting in late April to cover the holidays.
The top five most visited regions look like this:
– First place. Caucasus – 29%. Elbrus and Kazbek attract hikers with their beauty.
– Second place. Crimea – 15%. The proximity of the sea and the mild climate make this peninsula unique and seemingly created for week-long excursions.
– Third place. North-West – 11%. Residents of the Leningrad region and Karelia are lucky with nature: there are more rivers and lakes here than in the Central District. In the Moscow region there is nowhere to go.
– Fourth and fifth places. Altai, Baikal and Siberia – 7% each. It’s expensive to get there from Moscow and St. Petersburg, but it’s worth it. Beautiful nature, but not as many tourists as in other places.
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Excerpt describing the West Bank
– My friend, what have you done in Moscow? Why did you quarrel with Lelya, mon сher? [my dear?] “You are mistaken,” said Prince Vasily, entering the room. “I found out everything, I can tell you correctly that Helen is innocent before you, like Christ before the Jews.” - Pierre wanted to answer, but he interrupted him. “And why didn’t you address me directly and simply as a friend?” “I know everything, I understand everything,” he said, “you behaved as befits a person who values his honor; It may be too hasty, but we won’t judge that. Just remember the position in which you place her and me in the eyes of the whole society and even the court,” he added, lowering his voice. – She lives in Moscow, you are here. Remember, my dear,” he pulled him down by the hand, “there is one misunderstanding here; I think you feel it yourself. Write a letter with me now, and she will come here, everything will be explained, otherwise I’ll tell you, you can get hurt very easily, my dear.Prince Vasily looked at Pierre impressively. “I know from good sources that the Empress Dowager takes a keen interest in this whole matter.” You know, she is very merciful to Helen.
Several times Pierre was going to speak, but on the one hand, Prince Vasily did not allow him to do so, on the other hand, Pierre himself was afraid to start speaking in that tone of decisive refusal and disagreement in which he firmly decided to answer his father-in-law. In addition, the words of the Masonic charter: “be kind and friendly” came to his mind. He winced, blushed, stood up and fell down, working on himself in the most difficult task in his life - to say something unpleasant to a person’s face, to say something that was not what this person, no matter who he was, expected. He was so accustomed to obeying this tone of Prince Vasily’s careless self-confidence that even now he felt that he would not be able to resist it; but he felt that his entire future fate would depend on what he said now: whether he would follow the old, former road, or along that new one, which was so attractively shown to him by the Masons, and on which he firmly believed that will find rebirth to a new life.
“Well, my dear,” said Prince Vasily jokingly, “tell me: “yes,” and I will write to her on my own behalf, and we will kill the fat calf.” - But Prince Vasily did not have time to finish his joke, when Pierre, with a fury in his face that reminded him of his father, without looking into the eyes of his interlocutor, said in a whisper:
- Prince, I didn’t call you to my place, go, please, go! “He jumped up and opened the door for him.
“Go,” he repeated, not believing himself and rejoicing at the expression of embarrassment and fear that appeared on Prince Vasily’s face.
- What happened to you? You are sick?
- Go! – the trembling voice spoke again. And Prince Vasily had to leave without receiving any explanation.
A week later, Pierre, having said goodbye to his new friends, the Freemasons, and leaving them large sums of alms, left for his estates. His new brothers gave him letters to Kyiv and Odessa, to the Freemasons there, and promised to write to him and guide him in his new activities.
The affair between Pierre and Dolokhov was hushed up, and, despite the sovereign’s then strictness regarding duels, neither both opponents nor their seconds were harmed. But the story of the duel, confirmed by Pierre’s breakup with his wife, became public in society. Pierre, who was looked upon condescendingly and patronizingly when he was an illegitimate son, who was caressed and glorified when he was the best groom of the Russian Empire, after his marriage, when brides and mothers had nothing to expect from him, lost greatly in the opinion of society, especially that he did not know how and did not want to curry public favor. Now he alone was blamed for what had happened, they said that he was a stupid jealous person, subject to the same fits of bloodthirsty rage as his father. And when, after Pierre’s departure, Helen returned to St. Petersburg, she was not only cordially, but with a touch of respect for her misfortune, received by all her acquaintances. When the conversation turned to her husband, Helen adopted a dignified expression, which she, although not understanding its meaning, with her characteristic tact, adopted for herself. This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. Prince Vasily expressed his opinion more openly. He shrugged his shoulders when the conversation turned to Pierre, and, pointing to his forehead, said:
– Un cerveau fele – je le disais toujours. [Half-crazy – I always said that.]
“I said in advance,” Anna Pavlovna said about Pierre, “I said then and now, and before everyone else (she insisted on her primacy), that he is a crazy young man, spoiled by the depraved ideas of the century.” I said this back then, when everyone admired him and he had just arrived from abroad, and remember, one evening I thought he was some kind of Marat. How did it end? I didn’t want this wedding then and predicted everything that would happen.
Anna Pavlovna continued to host such evenings on her free days as before, and those that she alone had the gift of arranging, evenings at which she gathered, firstly, la creme de la veritable bonne societe, la fine fleur de l" essence intellectuelle de la societe de Petersbourg, [the cream of real good society, the color of the intellectual essence of St. Petersburg society,] as Anna Pavlovna herself said. In addition to this refined choice of society, Anna Pavlovna’s evenings were also distinguished by the fact that every time at her evening Anna Pavlovna served her some new, interesting face to society, and that nowhere, as at these evenings, was the degree of the political thermometer at which the mood of the court legitimist St. Petersburg society stood so clearly and firmly expressed.
At the end of 1806, when all the sad details had already been received about Napoleon’s destruction of the Prussian army near Jena and Auerstette and about the surrender of most of the Prussian fortresses, when our troops had already entered Prussia, and our second war with Napoleon began, Anna Pavlovna gathered at her place evening. La creme de la veritable bonne societe [The cream of real good society] consisted of the charming and unhappy Helene, abandoned by her husband, from MorteMariet, the charming Prince Hippolyte, who had just arrived from Vienna, two diplomats, an aunt, one young man who enjoyed living room with the name simply d "un homme de beaucoup de merite, [a very worthy person], one newly granted maid of honor with his mother and some other less noticeable persons.
The person with whom Anna Pavlovna treated her guests like a novelty that evening was Boris Drubetskoy, who had just arrived as a courier from the Prussian army and was an aide-de-camp to a very important person.
The temperature of the political thermometer indicated to society this evening was the following: no matter how much all European sovereigns and commanders try to pander to Bonaparte, in order to cause me and us in general these troubles and sorrows, our opinion about Bonaparte cannot change. We will not stop expressing our unfeigned thoughts on this matter, and we can only say to the Prussian king and others: so much the worse for you. Tu l "as voulu, George Dandin, [You wanted this, Georges Dandin,] that's all we can say. That's what the political thermometer indicated at Anna Pavlovna's evening. When Boris, who was supposed to be presented to the guests, entered the living room, Almost the entire company was already assembled, and the conversation, led by Anna Pavlovna, was about our diplomatic relations with Austria and the hope of an alliance with it.
Boris, in a smart adjutant uniform, matured, fresh and ruddy, freely entered the living room and was taken, as it should be, to greet his aunt and again joined the general circle.
Anna Pavlovna gave him her withered hand to kiss, introduced him to some faces unfamiliar to him and identified each one to him in a whisper.
– Le Prince Hyppolite Kouraguine – charmant jeune homme. M r Kroug charge d "affaires de Kopenhague - un esprit profond, and simply: M r Shittoff un homme de beaucoup de merite [Prince Ippolit Kuragin, a dear young man. G. Krug, Copenhagen chargé d'affaires, deep mind. G. Shitov , a very worthy person] about the one who bore this name.
During this time of his service, Boris, thanks to the concerns of Anna Mikhailovna, his own tastes and the properties of his restrained character, managed to put himself in the most advantageous position in his service. He was an adjutant to a very important person, had a very important mission to Prussia, and had just returned from there by courier. He had fully assimilated that unwritten subordination that he liked in Olmutz, according to which an ensign could stand without comparison above a general, and according to which, for success in the service, what was needed was not effort in the service, not labor, not courage, not constancy, but it was necessary only the ability to deal with those who reward service - and he himself was often surprised at his rapid successes and how others could not understand this. As a result of this discovery, his entire way of life, all his relationships with former acquaintances, all his plans for the future - completely changed. He was not rich, but he used the last of his money to be better dressed than others; he would rather deprive himself of many pleasures than allow himself to ride in a bad carriage or appear in an old uniform on the streets of St. Petersburg. He became close and sought acquaintance only with people who were higher than him and therefore could be useful to him. He loved St. Petersburg and despised Moscow. The memory of the Rostovs’ house and his childhood love for Natasha was unpleasant for him, and since leaving for the army he had never been to the Rostovs. In Anna Pavlovna's living room, in which he considered his presence to be an important promotion, he now immediately understood his role and allowed Anna Pavlovna to take advantage of the interest that lay in him, carefully observing each face and assessing the benefits and possibilities of rapprochement with each of them . He sat down in the place indicated to him near the beautiful Helen, and listened to the general conversation.
– Vienne trouve les bases du traite propose tellement hors d"atteinte, qu"on ne saurait y parvenir meme par une continuite de succes les plus brillants, et elle met en doute les moyens qui pourraient nous les procurer. “C”est la phrase authenticique du cabinet de Vienne,” said the Danish charge d”affaires. [Vienna finds the foundations of the proposed treaty so impossible that they cannot be achieved even with the most brilliant successes: and it doubts the means that can deliver them to us. This is a genuine phrase from the Vienna cabinet,” said the Danish charge d’affaires.]
“C"est le doute qui est flatteur!" said l"homme a l"esprit profond, with a subtle smile. [Doubt is flattering! - said a deep mind,]
“Il faut distinguer entre le cabinet de Vienne et l"Empereur d"Autriche,” said MorteMariet. - L"Empereur d"Autriche n"a jamais pu penser a une chose pareille, ce n"est que le cabinet qui le dit. [It is necessary to distinguish between the Viennese cabinet and the Austrian emperor. The Austrian Emperor could never think this, only the cabinet speaks.]
“Eh, mon cher vicomte,” Anna Pavlovna intervened, “l"Urope (for some reason she pronounced l"Urope, as a special subtlety of the French language that she could afford when speaking with a Frenchman) l"Urope ne sera jamais notre alliee sincere [Ah, my dear Viscount, Europe will never be our sincere ally.]
Following this, Anna Pavlovna brought the conversation to the courage and firmness of the Prussian king in order to introduce Boris into the matter.
Boris listened attentively to whoever was speaking, waiting for his turn, but at the same time he managed to look back several times at his neighbor, the beautiful Helen, who with a smile met her eyes several times with the handsome young adjutant.
Quite naturally, speaking about the situation in Prussia, Anna Pavlovna asked Boris to tell his journey to Glogau and the situation in which he found the Prussian army. Boris, slowly, in pure and correct French, told a lot of interesting details about the troops, about the court, throughout his story carefully avoiding stating his opinion about the facts that he conveyed. For some time, Boris captured everyone's attention, and Anna Pavlovna felt that her treat with a new product was received with pleasure by all the guests. Helen showed the most attention to Boris's story. She asked him several times about certain details of his trip and seemed quite interested in the situation of the Prussian army. As soon as he finished, she turned to him with her usual smile:
“Il faut absolument que vous veniez me voir, [It is necessary that you come to see me," she told him in such a tone, as if for some reasons that he could not know, this was absolutely necessary.
– Mariedi entre les 8 et 9 heures. Vous me ferez grand plaisir. [Tuesday, between 8 and 9 o'clock. You will do me great pleasure.] - Boris promised to fulfill her wish and wanted to enter into a conversation with her when Anna Pavlovna called him away under the pretext of her aunt, who wanted to hear him.
“You know her husband, don’t you?” - said Anna Pavlovna, closing her eyes and pointing at Helen with a sad gesture. - Oh, this is such an unfortunate and lovely woman! Don't talk about him in front of her, please don't talk about him. It's too hard for her!
When Boris and Anna Pavlovna returned to the general circle, Prince Ippolit took over the conversation.
He moved forward in his chair and said: Le Roi de Prusse! [The Prussian king!] and having said this, he laughed. Everyone turned to him: Le Roi de Prusse? - asked Ippolit, laughed again and again calmly and seriously sat down in the depths of his chair. Anna Pavlovna waited for him a little, but since Hippolyte decidedly did not seem to want to talk anymore, she began a speech about how the godless Bonaparte stole the sword of Frederick the Great in Potsdam.
“C"est l"epee de Frederic le Grand, que je... [This is the sword of Frederick the Great, which I...] - she began, but Hippolytus interrupted her with the words:
“Le Roi de Prusse...” and again, as soon as he was addressed, he apologized and fell silent. Anna Pavlovna winced. MorteMariet, a friend of Hippolyte, turned decisively to him:
– Voyons a qui en avez vous avec votre Roi de Prusse? [So what about the Prussian king?]
Hippolytus laughed, as if he was ashamed of his laughter.
- Non, ce n "est rien, je voulais dire seulement... [No, nothing, I just wanted to say...] (He intended to repeat the joke that he heard in Vienna, and which he had been planning to put all evening.) Je voulais dire seulement, que nous avons tort de faire la guerre pour le roi de Prusse. [I just wanted to say that we are fighting in vain pour le roi de Prusse. (Untranslatable play on words meaning: “over trifles.”)]
Boris smiled cautiously, so that his smile could be classified as mockery or approval of the joke, depending on how it was received. Everyone laughed.
“Il est tres mauvais, votre jeu de mot, tres spirituel, mais injuste,” said Anna Pavlovna, shaking her wrinkled finger. – Nous ne faisons pas la guerre pour le Roi de Prusse, mais pour les bons principes. Ah, le mechant, ce prince Hippolytel [Your play on words is not good, very clever, but unfair; we are not fighting pour le roi de Prusse (i.e. over trifles), but for good beginnings. Oh, how evil he is, this Prince Hippolyte!],” she said.
The conversation continued throughout the evening, focusing mainly on political news. At the end of the evening, he became especially animated when it came to the awards bestowed by the sovereign.
“After all, last year NN received a snuff box with a portrait,” said l “homme a l” esprit profond, [a man of deep intelligence,] “why can’t SS receive the same award?”
“Je vous demande pardon, une tabatiere avec le portrait de l"Empereur est une recompense, mais point une distinction,” said the diplomat, un cadeau plutot. [Sorry, a snuff box with a portrait of the Emperor is a reward, not a distinction; rather a gift.]
– Il y eu plutot des antecedents, je vous citerai Schwarzenberg. [There were examples - Schwarzenberg.]
“C"est impossible, [This is impossible," the other objected.
- Pari. Le grand cordon, c"est different... [The tape is a different matter...]
When everyone got up to leave, Helen, who had said very little all evening, again turned to Boris with a request and a gentle, significant order that he should be with her on Tuesday.
“I really need this,” she said with a smile, looking back at Anna Pavlovna, and Anna Pavlovna, with the sad smile that accompanied her words when speaking about her high patroness, confirmed Helen’s desire. It seemed that that evening, from some words spoken by Boris about the Prussian army, Helen suddenly discovered the need to see him. She seemed to promise him that when he arrived on Tuesday, she would explain this need to him.
Arriving on Tuesday evening at Helen's magnificent salon, Boris did not receive a clear explanation of why he needed to come. There were other guests, the countess spoke little to him, and only saying goodbye, when he kissed her hand, she, with a strange lack of a smile, unexpectedly, in a whisper, said to him: Venez demain diner... le soir. Il faut que vous veniez… Venez. [Come for dinner tomorrow... in the evening. I need you to come... Come.]
On this visit to St. Petersburg, Boris became a close person in the house of Countess Bezukhova.
The war was flaring up, and its theater was approaching the Russian borders. Curses against the enemy of the human race, Bonaparte, were heard everywhere; Warriors and recruits gathered in the villages, and contradictory news came from the theater of war, false as always and therefore interpreted differently.
The life of old Prince Bolkonsky, Prince Andrei and Princess Marya has changed in many ways since 1805.
In 1806, the old prince was appointed one of the eight commanders-in-chief of the militia, then appointed throughout Russia. The old prince, despite his senile weakness, which became especially noticeable during the period of time when he considered his son killed, did not consider himself entitled to refuse the position to which he had been appointed by the sovereign himself, and this newly discovered activity excited and strengthened him. He was constantly traveling around the three provinces entrusted to him; He was pedantic in his duties, strict to the point of cruelty with his subordinates, and he himself went down to the smallest details of the matter. Princess Marya had already stopped taking mathematical lessons from her father, and only in the mornings, accompanied by her nurse, with little Prince Nikolai (as his grandfather called him), entered her father’s study when he was at home. Baby Prince Nikolai lived with his wet nurse and nanny Savishna in the half of the late princess, and Princess Marya spent most of the day in the nursery, replacing, as best she could, a mother to her little nephew. M lle Bourienne, too, seemed to be passionately in love with the boy, and Princess Marya, often depriving herself, yielded to her friend the pleasure of nursing the little angel (as she called her nephew) and playing with him.
At the altar of the Lysogorsk church there was a chapel over the grave of the little princess, and in the chapel a marble monument brought from Italy was erected, depicting an angel spreading his wings and preparing to ascend to heaven. The angel's upper lip was slightly raised, as if he was about to smile, and one day Prince Andrei and Princess Marya, leaving the chapel, admitted to each other that it was strange, the face of this angel reminded them of the face of a deceased woman. But what was even stranger, and what Prince Andrei did not tell his sister, was that in the expression that the artist accidentally gave to the face of the angel, Prince Andrei read the same words of meek reproach that he then read on the face of his dead wife: “Oh, why did you do this to me?..."
Soon after the return of Prince Andrei, the old prince separated his son and gave him Bogucharovo, a large estate located 40 miles from Bald Mountains. Partly because of the difficult memories associated with the Bald Mountains, partly because Prince Andrei did not always feel able to bear his father’s character, and partly because he needed solitude, Prince Andrei took advantage of Bogucharov, built there and spent most of his time there. time.
Prince Andrei, after the Austerlitz campaign, firmly decided never to serve in military service again; and when the war began, and everyone had to serve, he, in order to get rid of active service, accepted a position under his father in collecting the militia. The old prince and his son seemed to change roles after the 1805 campaign. The old prince, excited by the activity, expected all the best from the real campaign; Prince Andrey, on the contrary, not participating in the war and secretly regretting it in his soul, saw only one bad thing.
On February 26, 1807, the old prince left for the district. Prince Andrei, as for the most part during his father’s absences, remained in Bald Mountains. Little Nikolushka had been unwell for the 4th day. The coachmen who drove the old prince returned from the city and brought papers and letters to Prince Andrei.
The valet with letters, not finding the young prince in his office, went to Princess Marya’s half; but he wasn’t there either. The valet was told that the prince had gone to the nursery.
“Please, your Excellency, Petrusha has come with the papers,” said one of the nanny’s girls, turning to Prince Andrei, who was sitting on a small children’s chair and with trembling hands, frowning, dripping medicine from a glass into a glass half filled with water.
- What's happened? - he said angrily, and carelessly shaking his hand, he poured an extra amount of drops from the glass into the glass. He threw the medicine out of the glass onto the floor and asked for water again. The girl handed it to him.
In the room there was a crib, two chests, two armchairs, a table and a children's table and chair, the one on which Prince Andrei was sitting. The windows were curtained, and one candle was burning on the table, covered with a bound book of music, so that the light would not fall on the crib.
“My friend,” Princess Marya said, turning to her brother from the crib where she stood, “it’s better to wait... after...
“Oh, do me a favor, you keep talking nonsense, you’ve been waiting for everything - so you’ve waited,” said Prince Andrei in an embittered whisper, apparently wanting to prick his sister.
“My friend, it’s better not to wake him up, he fell asleep,” the princess said in a pleading voice.
Prince Andrei stood up and, on tiptoe, approached the crib with a glass.
– Or definitely not to wake you up? – he said hesitantly.
“As you wish, that’s right... I think... as you wish,” said Princess Marya, apparently timid and ashamed that her opinion had triumphed. She pointed out to her brother the girl who was calling him in a whisper.
It was the second night that they both did not sleep, caring for the boy who was burning in the heat. All these days, not trusting their home doctor and waiting for the one for whom they had been sent to the city, they took this or that remedy. Exhausted by insomnia and anxious, they dumped their grief on each other, reproached each other and quarreled.
“Petrusha with papers from daddy,” the girl whispered. - Prince Andrei came out.
- Well, what is there! - he said angrily, and after listening to verbal orders from his father and taking the envelopes and his father’s letter, he returned to the nursery.
- Well? - asked Prince Andrei.
– Everything is the same, wait for God’s sake. “Karl Ivanovich always says that sleep is the most precious thing,” Princess Marya whispered with a sigh. “Prince Andrei approached the child and touched him. He was burning.
- Get out with your Karl Ivanovich! “He took the glass with the drops dripped into it and approached again.
– Andre, don’t! - said Princess Marya.
But he frowned angrily and at the same time painfully at her and leaned over the child with a glass. “Well, I want it,” he said. - Well, I beg you, give it to him.
Princess Marya shrugged her shoulders, but obediently took the glass and, calling the nanny, began to give the medicine. The child screamed and wheezed. Prince Andrei, wincing, holding his head, left the room and sat down on the sofa next door.
The letters were all in his hand. He mechanically opened them and began to read. The old prince, on blue paper, wrote the following in his large, oblong handwriting, using titles here and there.
Which gave them the name "West Bank" to distinguish it from the eastern bank, which was its main territory before the war. Jordan granted citizenship to the Arab residents of the West Bank, which some of them still retain, while the Jewish residents of the territories captured by Transjordan fled or were expelled by Transjordan to Israel. The unilateral annexation was condemned by many countries, including most members of the Arab League. The USSR recognized the legality of the annexation. In terms of international law, the West Bank was under Jordanian occupation. Any resolutions on such actions of Jordan as the occupation and annexation of the West Bank of Jordan, the expulsion of Jews, the destruction of dozens of synagogues, and others, from to the years. The UN was not adopted.
The area of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is 5,640 square kilometers, representing 27.1% (within 1949 borders) or 25.5% (including annexed territories) of Israel's territory.
Major historical events
- Until the 13th century BC. e. On the territory of the western bank of the Jordan River there were several city-states of various Canaanite peoples.
- During the XIII-XII centuries BC. e. these territories were taken over by Jewish tribes and have since become part of the Land of Israel. The name “Judea” was given to the territory that went to the tribe of the Jews (in Jewish terminology - the tribe of Judah).
- In the 11th century BC. e. this territory became part of the united kingdom of Israel, the capital of which was first the city of Hebron, and then became Jerusalem.
- After the collapse of the united Kingdom of Israel in the 10th century BC. e. two kingdoms were created on its former territory - Judah and Israel. The Israeli kings founded the new capital of their kingdom - the city of Samaria (Hebrew: שומרון). The territory adjacent to the new capital began to be called Samaria.
- Jewish statehood was finally destroyed by the Roman Empire during the period of Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD. e. after the Bar Kokhba revolt. The land of Israel was renamed by the Romans into the province of Palestine, after the name of one of the peoples of the sea (Philistines, (Hebrew: פלישתים) who lived in it in the past.
- Over the next 18 centuries, this territory was alternately part of the Roman Empire (until 395), the Byzantine Empire (395-614 and 625-638), and the Arab Caliphate (614-625 and 638-1099). , possessions of the Crusaders (1099-1187 and 1189-1291), Egypt (1187-1189), the Mongol Empire and the Khwarezmians (1244-1263), Egypt (Mamluks) (1263-1516), the Ottoman Empire (1516-1917) and the British Mandate (1917-1948).
Modern history
Borders
The eastern border is formed by the Jordan River, in the west the border is formed by the Green Line (the 1949 ceasefire line between Israel and the Arab armies). Israel has erected a separation barrier along the West Bank border. In many places, the barrier extends deep into the West Bank and deviates from the 1949 ceasefire line. Israel explains the construction of the barrier by the need to protect its population from the continuous infiltration of suicide bombers into Israeli territory since 2000. The construction of the barrier is causing active protest from the Palestinians, since the barrier creates difficulties for movement, separates settlements from each other, and land plots from villages, de facto cutting off large areas of the West Bank in favor of Israel. Some Palestinian cities were literally surrounded by a barrier on all sides. The existence of the barrier is one of the reasons why Israel is accused of apartheid.
On political maps published in the USSR, the West Bank (within the boundaries of the 1947 UN resolution) began to be painted in the colors of Jordan from the beginning of the 60s, while the Gaza Strip (including the coast to Ashdod, as well as part of the Negev along the border with Egypt) and the territory between Lebanon and the West Bank (Galilee) continued to be called the territories of the Arab state in accordance with the UN resolution. In connection with the proclamation of the State of Palestine in 1988, the territory of the West Bank was declared part of it, and the so-called appeared on Soviet maps (as well as current Russian ones). “Palestinian territories” (despite the recognition of a Palestinian state by the USSR on November 18, 1988, such a state never appeared on the maps; there is also no mention of Palestine in the tables attached to the atlases with information about the states of the world). Due to the ongoing conflict situation in the region, the real borders and status of the West Bank are interpreted differently by the warring parties and their sympathizers. However, the UN's position remains unchanged that these territories are not Israeli territory, but are intended for the Arab state of Palestine.
Name
Cisjordan
Judea and Samaria
Before the term "West Bank" was coined, during the British Mandate of Palestine, the region was referred to by its historical name "Judea and Samaria". UN Resolution 181 of 1947 on the division of the British Mandatory Territory also mentions part of the Judea and Samaria region, classifying the West Bank as Arab State territory.
Israelis most often use the historical name "Judea and Samaria", taken from the TANAKH - (Hebrew יהודה ושומרון), also using the abbreviation "Yosh" (יו"ש), but sometimes (especially when it comes to international agreements) they use tracing paper " West Bank" (Hebrew: הגדה המערבית "a-ghada ha-maaravit").
West Bank
Legal status of the territory
Israel disputes the definition of the territory of the West Bank. Jordan (including East Jerusalem) as "occupied", insisting on the international term "disputed territory". The main arguments in favor of this position include the defensive nature of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the Six-Day War (1967), the lack of recognized international sovereignty over these territories before 1967, and the historical right of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel. A number of Israeli and foreign politicians and leading lawyers adhere to a similar position.
After the occupation, Israel did not offer Arab residents of the West Bank its citizenship and did not annex the territory (with the exception of East Jerusalem, which was officially annexed with the offer of citizenship to local residents), but began to establish Jewish settlements there. The creation of these settlements has been repeatedly condemned by the UN and many countries around the world, including the United States. The Israeli public organization "B'Tselem" claims that the free entry of Arabs into Jewish settlements is prohibited, without specifying that this is mainly due to ensuring the safety of their residents and terrorist attacks carried out by Arabs in the settlements. A number of sources have compared the situation in the West Bank to apartheid. A number of other sources reject this view, stating that the restrictions imposed on Arab residents of the West Bank are related solely to Israeli security. The issue of the status and continuation of settlement construction in the West Bank is one of the key issues in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In November 2009, the Israeli government, under pressure from the US administration, froze the construction of new houses in settlements (except East Jerusalem) for 10 months as a gesture of goodwill. This gesture did not lead to the resumption of peace negotiations with the Palestinian Authority, and in September 2010, despite protests from the United States and a number of other states, construction in the settlements was resumed.
A significant part of the West Bank of the river. Jordan today is administered by the Palestinian National Authority.
Demographics
List of cities
see also
- Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan
Notes
- UN plan for the division of Palestine. 1947
- State University of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. World Atlas, 1982. Northwest Asia and northeast Africa (map). General information about the states: - Jordan. Territory: 98 thousand square meters. km.
- LETTER DATED 5 MARCH 1968 FROM THE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF ISRAEL TO THE UNITED NATIONS ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL // Security Council
- Status of Jerusalem // CHAPTER I. The British Mandate, the division of Palestine by the United Nations and the actual division of Jerusalem (1922-1966)
- Summary of Security Council Resolutions on Settlements since 1967
- Disputed territories: Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip (English). Israeli Foreign Ministry (February 1, 2003). Archived
- and others in the “Legal status” section
- Israel to UN: West Bank ‘outside our boundaries’ // Delegation: We can’t enforce human rights in territories we don’t control. Jerusalem Post 07/16/2010
- The delegation said that “Israel did not control these territories and thus could not enforce the rights under the Convention in these areas”
- West Bank CIA World FactBook
- Law No. 6 of 1954 on Nationality (last amended 1987) (En.). National Legislative Bodies, Jordan. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
- The address to the nation. Address by King Hussein of Jordan to the nation on July 31, 1988
- TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE STATE OF ISRAEL AND THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN, October 26, 1994 Israeli MFA
- Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty. Article 3
- Alfred E. Kellermann, Kurt Siehr, Talia Einhorn, T.M.C. Asser Institute. Israel among the nations: international and comparative law perspectives on Israel's 50th anniversary. - Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998. - P. 146. - 392 p. - ISBN 9041111425
- JURIST - Palestinian Authority: Palestinian law, legal research, human rights. lawyer.law.pitt.edu. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181
- Yechiel M. Leiter Crisis in Israel // APPENDIX. Questions asked about Israel and Yesha
- The Status of Jerusalem (English). Israeli Foreign Ministry (March 1999). Archived
- Danny Ayalon Israel Palestinian Conflict: The Truth About the West Bank on YouTube English / rus.
- Lawyer Elon Yarden: “According to international law, Judea and Samaria belong to Israel.” News (April 6, 2000). Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
- Benjamin Netanyahu"A place under the sun" . Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
- Ruth Lapidot (English) Russian JERUSALEM: The Legal and Political Background (English). Israeli Foreign Ministry // JUSTICE (No. 3, Autumn 1994). Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
- The myth of the "occupied" territories. ??? (July 3, 2001). Archived from the original on August 21, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
- Dori Gold. Do not call disputed territories occupied!
- Stumbling block. International law is on Israel's side
- INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT Extracts from “Israel and Palestine - Assault on the Law of Nations” by Professor Julius Stone, Second Edition 2003
- Professor, Judge Sir Lauterpacht, Jerusalem and the Holy Places, Pamphlet No. 19 (London, Anglo-Israel Association, 1968)
- Sir Lauterpacht in 3. Jerusalem and the Holy Places // Reply, Eli E. Hertz, p. 37
- Stephen M. Schwebel Justice in international law: selected writings of Stephen M. Schwebel. - Cambridge University Press, 1994. - P. 521-525. - 630 p. - ISBN 0521462843
- Land Grab B'Tselem
- see, in particular: Terrorist attack in the settlement of Bat-Ayin (2009), Terrorist attack in the settlement of Itamar (2011) and others
- Demographic report in West Bank territory
- Religions in West Bank
- Other statistics in West Bank
Links
- A. V. Krylov, “The West Bank of Jordan, or Judea and Samaria” part 1, part 2, part 3 -
article from the electronic publication “Strategic Culture Foundation”, 04-05.02. - Ilan Troen(July 2011). - on the website of the Jewish Virtual Library (JVL). Retrieved December 19, 2012.
| Arab-Israeli conflict | |
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GDP: at purchasing power parity - $3.1 billion (2000 est.).
Real GDP growth rate:-7.5% (1999 est.).
GDP per capita: at purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.).
Composition of GDP by economic sector: agriculture: 9%; industry: 28%; services: 63% (including Gaza Strip) (1999 est.).
Proportion of population below the poverty line: no data.
Percentage distribution of family income or consumption: for 10% of the least affluent families: no data; for the 10% wealthiest families: no data.
Consumer price inflation rate: 3% (including Gaza Strip) (2000 est.).
Work force: no data.
Employment structure: agriculture 13%, industry 21%, services 66% (1996).
Unemployment rate: 40% (including Gaza Strip) (end 2000).
Budget: revenues: $1.6 billion; expenses: $1.73 billion, including capital investments - no data (including Gaza Strip) (1999 est.).
Spheres of the economy: mostly small family businesses producing cement, textiles, soap, olive wood crafts and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; Israel has established several small modern industries in the industrial center.
Industrial production growth: no data.
Power generation: no data; note - electricity is mainly imported from Israel; The East Jerusalem Electric Company purchases and distributes electricity in East Jerusalem and the West Bank territories; The Israeli Electric Company directly supplies electricity for the majority of Jewish residents and for the military's needs; At the same time, some Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Jenin, generate their own electricity in small stations.
Sources of electricity production: Fossil fuel: no data; hydropower: no data; nuclear fuel: no data; others: no data.
Electricity consumption: no data.
Electricity export: no data.
Import of electricity: no data.
Agricultural products: olives, citrus fruits, vegetables; beef, dairy products.
Export:$682 million (including Gaza) (free on board, 1998 est.).
Export items: olives, fruits, vegetables, limestone.
Export partners:
Import:$2.5 billion (including the Gaza Strip) (s.i.f., 1998 est.).
Import items: food, consumer goods, construction materials.
Import partners: Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip.
External debt:$108 million (including Gaza Strip) (1997 est.). Recipient of economic assistance: $121 million (including Gaza Strip) (2000).
Economic aid donor:
Currency: Israeli new shekel, Jordanian dinar.
Currency code: ILS, JOD.
Exchange rate: ILS/USD -4.0810 (Dec 2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996), 3.0113 (1995); JOD/USD - fixed rate 0.7090 since 1996
Fiscal year: calendar year (from January 1, 1992).
In September 1993, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization adopted a Declaration of Principles on Interim Arrangements for Palestinian Self-Government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip during a transitional period. As part of a series of agreements signed between May 1994 and September 1999, Israel transferred security and civil responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority (PA) for populated areas of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Negotiations to determine the permanent status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip have stalled since the outbreak of the intifada in September 2000, following the occupation by Israeli troops of the most Palestinian-controlled areas. In April 2003, the US, EU, UN and Russia presented a plan for a final settlement of the conflict before 2005, based on mutual reciprocal steps between the two states - Israel and democratic Palestine. Setting a date for a permanent status agreement has been delayed indefinitely due to clashes and accusations that both sides are not living up to their commitments. Following the death of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat at the end of 2004, Mahmoud Abbas was elected president of the PA in January 2005. A month later, Israel and the PA agreed in Sharm el-Sheikh on commitments as part of efforts to advance the peace process. In September 2005, Israel unilaterally withdrew all its settlers and military personnel and dismantled its military installations in the Gaza Strip and four small northern settlements in the West Bank. However, Israel continues to control sea, airspace and access to the Gaza Strip. In November 2005, a Palestinian-Israeli agreement authorized the opening of the Rafah border crossing between the Gaza Strip and Egypt under joint Palestinian and Egyptian control. In January 2006, the Islamic resistance movement Hamas took control of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). The international community has refused to recognize the Hamas-led government because it does not recognize Israel, does not renounce violence and refuses to implement previous peace agreements between Israel and the PA. Hamas took control of the PA government in March 2006, but President Abbas was unable to succeed in negotiations with Hamas to adopt a political platform acceptable to the international community to lift economic sanctions on the Palestinians. In 2006 and early 2007, there were violent clashes between Fatah and Hamas supporters in the Gaza Strip, resulting in numerous injuries and deaths. Abbas and the Hamas Political Bureau, led by Mishal, signed an agreement in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in February 2007, which led to the formation of the Palestinian National Unity Government (NUG), led by Hamas member Ismail Haniyeh. However, fighting in the Gaza Strip continued, and in June Hamas militants forcibly took over all military and government institutions in the Gaza Strip. Abbas dissolved the NUG and, through a series of presidential decrees, formed the government of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank under the leadership of the independent Salam Fayyad. Hamas did not agree with the dissolution of the NUG and called for the resumption of negotiations with Fatah, but Abbas delayed the start of negotiations until Hamas agreed to return control of the Gaza Strip to the PA and recognized Fayyad as head of the government. Fayyad and the government implemented a series of security measures and a series of economic reforms to improve living conditions in the West Bank. Abbas was involved in negotiations with Israeli Prime Minister Olmert to release some Palestinian prisoners held for customs revenue. In November 2007, at an international meeting in Annapolis, Maryland (USA), Abbas and Olmert agreed to resume peace negotiations with the goal of reaching a final peace settlement by the end of 2008.