New Zealand
Fact File
Official name New Zealand (English); Aoteraoa (Maori)
Capital city
Largest cities Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin
Total area 268, 680 sq km
Population 4,116,000 people
Main religions Christian, Catholic
Major ethnic groups Europeans, Maori, Pacific Islanders, Asian
Consist of North Island, South Island, Stewart Island,
Chatman Islands and minor islands
Currency New Zealand Dollar (NZ$)
Official language English, Maori
Nationality a New Zealander (the New Zealanders)
Form of government parliamentary democratic monarchy
Natural resources land (for farming, dairy farming, cattle breeding), forests
Flag the New Zealand Flag
Internet TLD (top-level domain) .nz
International dialing code + 64
The map of New Zealand
New Zealand lies between the Equator and the South Pole in the southern Pacific Ocean, near the eastern coast of Australia.
New Zealand is an island country with a total area of 268, 680 sq km.
It has no land boundaries. Australia is New Zealander's nearest western neighbour. These two countries are separated from each other by the Tasman Sea.
New Zealand is made up of three main islands – the North Sea, the South Sea and the Stewart Island. The South Island is separated from the North island by Cook Strait.
The Stewart Island
The geographical peculiarities
There are also such smaller offshore islands as the Chatham Islands, Campbell Islands, the Antipode Islands, the Bounty Islands and the Auckland Islands.
Campbell Island
The Antipodes Islands
Chatham Island
The Kermadec Islands
The Bounty Island
It’s interesting to know…
… New Zealand is 12 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). So, it is one of the first places in the world to see the new day.
… The Maori people call New Zealand Aotearoa, which is usually translated into English as “The Land of the Long White Cloud”.
… New Zealand is also called “Godzone”, “Pig Isles”, “Shaky Isles”, “Quaky Isles”, “Maoriland” and “Kiwiland”
The name “New Zealand” came from Dutch cartographers, who called the islands “Nova Zeelandia”, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook adapted the name to the English language and the name became New Zealand.
The geographical peculiarities
Though the country is so small there are so many beautiful things that attract attention - volcanoes, subtropical rainforests, geysers, fiords, beaches, glaciers and high mountain peaks.
New Zealand lies on the plates that make geological movements. Volcanic action still continues on the islands. Earthquakes are frequent here though they are not so damaging.
The North Island has a number of large active volcanoes, among them is Ruapehu. The last eruptions were here in 1995 and 1996.
Flora in New Zealand is very rich. There are about 2,000 species where 1,500 are endemic (which are only found in this country). It also has some of the oldest trees.
Fauna in this country is also special. Long time ago, without enemies, some birds lost their ability to fly, and some insects became gigantic.
It’s interesting to know…
Before Europeans came to New Zealand there were no predatory animals at all. This was so good for many flightless birds. All wild mammals living in New Zealand at present were imported.
Flora and fauna of New Zealand
Many of New Zealand’s native animals are found nowhere else in the world:
- the kiwi – its egg is about one fifth of its own weight
- the kakapo – the world’s largest flightless parrot
- the tuatara – the oldest living reptile Tuataras live for 300 years. They can be
traced back 190 million years to the Mesozoic era
Flora and fauna of New Zealand
- the biggest earthworms in the world
- the smallest bats in the world – the only native land mammals in New
- the weta – the heaviest insect in the world (70 gm and 20 cm long)
New Zealand bat
the weta
Rivers and mountains
New Zealand is a very mountainous country. About one third of the islands is covered with mountains. The Southern Alps run along the western coast of the South Island and are the highest in New Zealand. Mount Cook is the highest mountain there (3, 050 meters above the sea level).
the Southern Alps
Mount Cook
Rivers and mountains
It’s interesting to know…
Sometimes New Zealanders say that the North Island means “beaches” and the South Island means “mountains”
New Zealand's rivers are mainly short and swift. The longest river is the Waikato. There are many lakes on both islands as well. The North Island’s volcanic interior contains New Zealand’s largest lake. Its name is lake Taupo.
New Zealand is known for its maritime climate which is quite good during the whole year. It is moist, temperate and is affected by latitude and the proximity of the ocean.
Climate of this country has no extremes and no wide range of temperatures. The difference of winter and summer temperatures is about 10 degrees. That is why New Zealand is very attractive for tourists. Seasons here are reverse of the Northern Hemisphere like in Australia.
Because of New Zealand’s wet and mild climate many inhabitants of the country are busy with farming and dairy production goods.
There are heavy rainfalls in New Zealand all year round which is very good for cattle –farming, sheep-farming, growing fruit, vegetables and flowers.
Big cities
More than 85 per cent of the population of New Zealand lives in urban areas. The principal country cities are Wellington (the capital), Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Hamilton, Palmerston North, Hutt City, Invercargill. Early in the 20 th century the first four cities mentioned were almost equal in importance but then they started to develop rapidly except for Dunedin.
Wellington is the capital of the country, its second largest city, the main port, the center of finance and commerce and a sit of the government. It is located on the southern coast of the North Island.
The population of greater Wellington is about 350,000 people. Wellington has been the capital of the country since 1865.
Big cities
An interesting historical fact…
Wellington’s nickname is “the windy city”. The first European name of the city was “Port Nicholson” named after a captain of the British navy who in 1839 bought the land from the local Maori tribe in exchange for blankets. In 1840 the first settlers arrived from Britain and called this settlement “Britannia”. And “Britannia” later became “Wellington”.
Auckland is New Zealand’s largest city and its former capital. It has a population of over a million people. Auckland was first established as the capital of the British colonial government.
Despite the fact that Auckland is much larger than Wellington it is geographically less central. So, this was the major deciding factor for transferring the capital to Wellington.
Christchurch and Dunedin are two main cities of the South Island. These cities are very much like British ones because of their atmosphere.
- the Maori - Maori, representatives of the Polynesian race, aboriginals of New Zealand.
The population of New Zealand is over four million people. It is unevenly distributed. The main part of the population lives on the North Island which is obviously closer to the Equator and warmer. About 50 per cent of the population lives in four cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.
It’s interesting to know…
Arthur Lydiard, a New Zealander, invented jogging – the method of building physical fitness by increasing stamina gradually through running slowly. Bungee jumping was also invented in New Zealand.
The population of the country
Almost 70 per cent of the population is people of European (mainly British) background. And about eight per cent is the Maori, New Zealand’s indigenous inhabitants or Aborigines. There are also small minorities of Pacific Islanders and Asians.
The Maori originate from a Polynesian people from south-east Asia. The exact date of Polynesian settlement on islands of New Zealand is unknown. It could be between 950-1130 AD.
The Maori tribes had lived on the islands of New Zealand for hundreds of years before the white people came there.
Abel Tasman was the first European explorer who saw New Zealand in 1642. But captain James Cook, an Englishman, was the first who first set foot on New Zealand’s soil in 1769. After his voyages Europeans began to come frequently.
The population of the country
An interesting historical fact…
Before Europeans came to the island, the tribes of Maori did not have the name for themselves. They adopted the name “Maori” meaning “normal” to distinguish themselves from Europeans.
The tribes of Maori are well-known all over the world. The Maori are famous for their folk-songs and wood-work. They are often called “Vikings of Sunrise”.
The population of the country
In the 19 th century there was a struggle between the Maori people and the British colonies. It was a series of the Maori Wars. Many of the Maori were killed and English settlers took their lands.
Both English and Maori are official languages. English is more widely spoken, though the Maori language is now coming back thanks to the revival of their native language Maoritanga and Maori culture.
The symbols of New Zealand
The symbol of New Zealand is the kiwi – a flightless bird, native to this country.
Kiwi has no tail, almost no wings and is about the size of a large hen. No other bird lays eggs so large in proportion to its size: the egg is about one fifth of its own weight. It means that in many ways the kiwi does not look like an ordinary bird. It is rare and very much protected.
It's interesting to know:
The Kiwi as an emblem first appeared in the late 19 th century. During World War I the name “kiwi” was used for New Zealand soldiers.
The symbols of New Zealand
Today, New Zealanders overseas (and at home) are called “Kiwis”. The Kiwi is closely associated with the Armed Forces. The green fruit with the brown skin that we call “kiwi” is known as “kiwifruit”.
They often call small children “Kiwis”. In elementary school there are such posters with the words: “Be a tidy kiwi!”
The bird is now used in the coat of arms, crests and badges of many New Zealand cities, clubs and organizations.
The symbols of New Zealand
As for the New Zealand Flag, the stars of the Southern Cross show country’s location in the South Pacific Ocean. The Union Flag shows that New Zealand was once a British colony.
The symbols of New Zealand
The New Zealand and Australian flags have very much in common. The only difference is that the Australian Flag shows the stars of the Southern Cross in white color on a blue field while the New Zealand Flag shows the stars in red on a blue field.
The symbols of New Zealand
There are two national anthems of New Zealand and both have equal status. These are “God defend New Zealand” and “God Save the Queen.” The first one is always used on sports occasions.
New Zealand's coat of arms
New Zealand is an independent state and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.
This country is a constitutional monarchy. The British monarch is the Head of State but Governor-General, usually a New Zealander, represents the Queen by carrying out responsibilities.
The government consists of the Governor-General, the Prime Minister who is the leader of the party in power, Cabinet (executive branch) and the Parliament (legislative branch).
John Key, the Prime Minister
The political system of New Zealand
The Parliament, contrary to the UK, consists of only one chamber – the House of Representatives. There are 120 members. Its members are elected every three years.
The chief political parties are the Labor Party, the National Party and the New Zealand First Party.
The culture of New Zealand is a mixture of different cultures: British, Aboriginal and other European countries.
Today New Zealanders are highly educated and sophisticated urban dwellers.
There is a cultural phenomenon in New Zealand known as “kiwiana”. You know that New Zealanders are called “kiwis” around the world after the native bird “kiwi”. Now their “kiwi” sense of humor, “kiwi” view of life make up “Kiwiana”, which is all the special things and details that show their national identity, their “kiwi nationhood”.
Kiwifruit, for example, was once known as Chinese gooseberry, but the fact that it was imported from New Zealand made world call this fruit – kiwifruit.
Some details of culture of New Zealand
There is a famous New Zealand dessert called “pavlova” (meringue, cream and kiwi topping). It was invented as a tribute to the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova who toured to Australia and New Zealand in 1926.
For the meringue:
- whites from 4 eggs
- 1 cup (200 ml) sugar
Besides:
- 0.5 l jar of canned pitted cherries
- 10-15 pcs. crumbly unsweetened cracker
- 100 g ground walnuts or almond flakes
For cream:
- 0.5 liters of heavy cream or thick sour cream
- 150 g sugar
- 1 packet vanilla sugar
- preferably - 1-2 sachets of cream thickener (if your cream is 35% fat, you won’t need it)
For the chocolate sauce:
- 3 tbsp. spoons of cocoa powder
- 3-4 tbsp. Sahara
- 3-5 tbsp. water
How to make dessert “pavlova”
1. Prepare the meringue (you can make it in advance, but then store it in a tightly closed jar in a dry place). Beat 4 egg whites with 1 cup into a strong foam. Sahara. Preheat the oven to 75 degrees C (maximum 100). Lightly grease a baking sheet with refined sunflower oil, sprinkle a little flour, and place small meringues on it with a teaspoon (or from a pastry syringe with a star-shaped nozzle). Place in a heated oven. HERE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING - IN ORDER TO TURN OUT THE MERINGUE WHITE AND CRISPY, IT SHOULD BE DRY IN THE OVEN RATHER THAN BAKED!!! That's why low temperature and baking time are so important - about 1 - 1.5 hours! When the meringues are ready, carefully remove them from the baking sheet and leave them in a dry place.
2. Prepare the cream: beat the cream (sour cream) with sugar, vanilla sugar and fixative into a strong foam.
3. Chocolate sauce: mix cocoa powder with sugar, add water (until mushy), put on low heat, stirring, and cook for 3-5 minutes. Cool.
How to make dessert “pavlova”
4. Making the dessert: at the bottom of the dish in which the dessert will be served, put a little crumbled crackers, then a spoonful of chocolate sauce, then a little cream, then meringue, then a cherry, cracker, sauce, cream, etc. Sprinkle all this with nuts. The layers should be arranged loosely, rather arbitrarily, the main thing is that the layers are distributed evenly and “picturesquely”.
5. Sprinkle a little sauce on top. Can be garnished with a cocktail cherry. Let stand in the cold for 1-2 hours.
Enjoy your dessert!!!
Some details of culture of New Zealand
New Zealanders love water. They have a strong passion for ocean- going craft. New Zealanders have won many medals for yachting, windsurfing, kayaking and rowing.
Some details of culture of New Zealand
Among the qualities valued by New Zealanders are individualism, self-reliance and a genius for invention. Long time ago first people in New Zealand dealt with isolation and the elements, so that it developed their ingenuity and made them multi-skilled. That contributed a lot to their character.
They also have a strong sense of fair play and teamwork. New Zealand was one of the first countries who gave women the right to vote.
The language in this country is close to Australian English with some elements of the Maori language.
Auckland
Christchurch
New Zealand is a very interesting country. It has got a total area of square kilometers. New Zealand is a very interesting country. Its total area is square kilometers.
Two main islands It is located to the south-east of Australia in the Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands(North Island and South Island) and some smaller ones. It is located southeast of Australia in the Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (North Island and South Island) and several smaller ones.
The capital The capital of New Zealand Island is Wellington. It is a financial center too. The city was founded in 1840 and has been the capital since The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. It is also a financial center. The city was founded in 1840 and has been the capital since 1865.
Major industry New Zealand is rich in minerals. There are some major industries in the country, for example, iron and steel industry. The country has gas and petroleum. New Zealand is rich in mineral resources. The main industry is metallurgy. The country has gas and oil.
Mountains There are many mountains in New Zealand. The highest is Mount Cook (3.764 meters or feet). New Zealand has many mountains. The highest is Mount Cook. Its height is meters or feet.
Rivers and lakes There are many rivers and lakes in the country. The chief river is the Waikato. Lake Taupo is the largest lake in New Zealand. There are many rivers and lakes in the country. The main river is the Waikato. Lake Taupo is New Zealand's largest lake.
Kiwi This interesting bird lives in the wet pats of the thick bushes. In the day-time the bird does not go out. It comes out only at night to find food. Kiwis cannot fly. This interesting bird lives in wet, dense bushes. During the daytime the bird does not go outside. She only comes out at night to find food. Kiwis can't fly.
Kiwi Many years ago kiwis were hunted for food. Now the government does not allow the hunting of kiwis. The kiwi is now the symbol of New Zealand people. Small children are often called kiwis. Many years ago, kiwi were hunted for food. Now the government does not allow hunting of these birds. The kiwi is now the symbol of New Zealand. Young children are often called kiwis.
Independent state New Zealand is an independent state, yet formerly it was a part of the British Empire. The head of the state is the Queen. New Zealand is a self-governing state. New Zealand is an independent state, but was previously part of the British Empire. The head of state is the Queen. New Zealand is a self-governing state.
Industry New Zealand has got heavy industry. There are many plants in the country. Paper and rubber industries are developed too. New Zealand exports wool, meat, butter. New Zealand has heavy industry. There are many factories in the country. The paper and rubber industries are also developed. New Zealand exports wool, meat, and oil.
Big cities There are some big cities as Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson. Auckland and Wellington are the main ports of the country. The country's major cities are Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Nelson. Auckland and Wellington are the country's main ports.
Educational and cultural institutions There are educational and cultural institutions in Wellington. They are the University of New Zealand, Victoria University College and others. Victoria University was established in Wellington has educational and cultural institutions. These are the University of New Zealand, Victoria University College and others. Victoria University was established in 1897.
New Zealand. Is made by pupil of the 10th form Krivosheina Mariya
New Zealand is an island nation, located between the Equator and the South Pole in the southern Pacific Ocean. It is situated the same distance east from Australia as London is from Moscow. The distance between the two countries is about 1,600 kilometres. The countries are separated by the Tasman Sea.
New Zealand includes two main and a number of smaller islands. Each of the two main islands (North and South Islands) is hilly and mountainous. The main mountain ranges are on the South Island and include the Southern Alps, in which 20 peaks exceed 3,000 meters. The highest peak is Mount Cook on South Island.
A volcanic plateau is in the center of North Island. There are three active volcanoes in North Island, and the Rotorua district is known for its geysers and hot springs. Earthquakes are frequent there.
New Zealand has an oceanic climate, without extremes of heat or cold. Snow is common only in the mountains. The eastern lowlands include the driest and sunniest climates.
The population of the country is small, 3 .6 million people. Three fourths of New Zealanders live on North Island. The largest center of population is Auckland. The Capital of the country is Wellington.
The Largest cities of the country are Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch. English and Maori are the official languages, also English is the main language.
New Zealand is an independent state and a member of the Commonwealth. The British monarch is head of state, represented by Governor General. As in Great Britain, the president is called the Parliament. In New Zealand the Parliament consists of a single chamber, the House of Representatives. Its members are elected every three years. There are 120 members in the House of Representatives. The leader of the party in power becomes the Prime Minister, who heads the formal Executive Council. There are 38 government departments in the country. Most ministers have charge of more than one department.
The Parliament seats in Wellington in the building which is called the Beehive because of its form. The Prime Minister’s residence in Wellington is known as Vogel House.
New Zealand's dairy industry is considered to be the most efficient. The export of dairy products is the largest in the world despite the country’s small size and population. Other industries are textiles, machinery, fish, forest products. Agriculture is highly industrialized. New Zealand is often called the sheep farm of Great Britain.
RESOURSES http://www.webturizm.ru http://www.ellf.ru http://nzeland.org http://www.activeclub.com.ua http://www.photoline.ru/photo/1338518000 http://images.yandex.ru
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
CITIES NABEREZHNYE CHELNY
MUNICIPAL INSTITUTION
"INFORMATION AND METHODOLOGICAL CENTER"
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 55"
X CITY PROFESSIONAL COMPETITION
"TEACHER OF THE YEAR OF THE CITY OF NABEREZHNYE CHELNY"
Russian language training session for 3rd grade
Karimullina Liliya Rafaelevna
Primary school teacher
I qualification category
2010 -
Subject: The main members of the proposal. Subject expressed by animate and inanimate nouns.
Goals:
Didactic:
- Learn to recognize the main members in a sentence.
- Introduce the way of expressing the subject with animate and inanimate nouns.
- To promote the development of spelling skills for untested unstressed vowels at the root.
Educational:
- Cultivate interest in the Russian language, in the Russian word.
- Foster the need to use Russian language dictionaries, encyclopedias, and reference books.
Educational:
- To promote the development of students' spelling vigilance, speech, and attentiveness.
- Help enrich students' vocabulary.
Equipment: interactive presentation, cards with the letters A and O, explanatory dictionary ed. Ozhegova, school etymological dictionary.
Lesson type: learning new material.
During the classes:
- Organizing the class for the lesson.
We can do this!
II. Calligraphic letter.
aoa oao
Ahhhhhh
What letters are written down?
Identify the pattern and write it down in your notebook.
III. Updating knowledge.
Vocabulary work. (slide 2)
B_GAZH P_MIDOR
G_ROKH K_ROVA
S_LOMA K_INVERT
G_ZETA GV_ZDIKA
L_PATA UR_ZHAY
Z_VOD V_GON
Students pick up cards with the letters A or O and write the words in their notebooks.
Can you check the spelling of words? Why?
What do all words have in common? Spelling at the root;
Words - nouns;
Dictionary words.
Find the extra word. Cow - animate noun
(slide 3)
What about the rest of the words? Inanimate.
How do you understand the phraseological unit “Like a cow licked it with its tongue"?
(slide 3)
It disappeared quickly and without a trace.
What part of the sentence will the word be cow ?
Subject.
- Guys, what topic will we work on today?
Subject expressed by animate and inanimate nouns. (slide 4)
IV. Learning new material.
- Analysis of proposals. Recording from dictation.
The dawn lit up in the sky.(dawn - bright illumination of the horizon
Before sunrise or sunset)
Zorka is grazing in the meadow.(Zorka - cow)
Find the subject.
What question does it answer?
What part of speech is it expressed?
How are the words different? (by spelling)
How are the words similar? (by sound)
Lights up in the sky dawn. (noun, inanimate, common)
What?
Zorka is grazing in the meadow. (noun, soul, proper)
Who?
Conclusion: the subject can be expressed by animate and inanimate nouns.
Let's highlight the predicates. How to find the predicate in a sentence?
(from the subject expressed by the name
As a noun, we ask the question what does it do?)
- Reading the rule in the textbook on page 11
From the subject, expressed by an inanimate noun, to the predicate you can also ask questions: what does it do? what will he do? Actions seem to be attributed to inanimate objects.
- Physical education minute.
- Game "Clapping": animate - inanimate.
Book, whale, candy, potato, kitten, cow, kangaroo, pencil, cabbage, crucian carp, crocodile, class, skates, bed, cat, mosquito, cuckoo, pan, apartment.
What do these words have in common? Nouns starting with K.
2. Game of attentiveness.
VI. Work on the topic of the lesson.
1. Working with text. Assignment: write down the sentences by placing the appropriate letter. Select the subject. (slide 5)
Seryozha (Oh, o)rlov I saw (Oh, o) fish in the sky.
Here (Sh, sh)arik caught an air (Sh, sh)arik
Petya (S, s)kvortsovmade a house for (S, s) quartzes.
What part of speech expresses the subject? Noun name
Animated or inanimate?
2. Work according to the textbook. Ex. 3, p. 11 (oral).
Read the sentences. What is each of them about?
What nouns - animate or inanimate - express the subjects? Name them.
Can these sentences be combined into a text? Read it.
2, 1, 3.
A willow grows near the house. In spring, fluffy earrings appear on it. The willow pleases passers-by with its unusual outfit.
3. Exercise 6, page 12. Task: write down the sentences, underline the subjects.
What new did you learn about the subject?
VII. Development of the educational project “One Word Encyclopedia”.
Guys, remember what word we talked about at the beginning of the lesson?
I propose to complete the “One Word Encyclopedia” project, and dedicate it to the word"cow".
(the assistant at the blackboard writes the students’ answers into the encyclopedia)
Watching the cartoon “How a Man Sold a Cow.”
VIII. Lesson summary. Student assessment.
Today in class we learned...
It was interesting to me…
Caused a problem...
Homework: p. 12 exercise. 7
Develop a project “One Word Encyclopedia” with any word from the dictionary.
We succeeded!
Preview:
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Slide captions:
The main members of the proposal. Subject expressed by animate and inanimate nouns. Russian language, 3rd grade Karimullina L.R. primary school teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 55”, Naberezhnye Chelny 2010
Insert the missing letters: b _ gazh p _ midor g _ rokh k _ rowa s _ loma k _ invert g _ zeta gv _ zdika l _ pata ur _ zhay z _ water v _ gon a o o o a o a o o o o a
cow Like a cow licked it with its tongue.
Subject expressed by animate and inanimate nouns.
Seryozha (Oh, o)rlov saw (Oh, o)rlov in the sky. Here (Sh, sh)arik caught the air (Sh, sh)arik. Petya (S, s)kvortsov made a house for (S, s)kvortsov. Seryozha Orlov saw eagles in the sky. Here Sharik caught a balloon. Petya Skvortsov made a house for starlings. Enter the correct letter:
Yura and Grisha are studying in a theater studio. Sveta and her mother often walk in a nearby park. In the corner of the room, two puppies were playing on a mat.
Ladybug
Today in class we learned... It caused difficulty... I was interested... Homework: P. 12 exercise. 7
Literature: 1. Volina V.V. Russian language. We learn by playing. – Ekaterinburg: “ARGO”, 1996. 2. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2002.
Topic: "Logic". Lesson: "Solving logical problems using a tabular method."
Description of work: Logic is one of the traditional topics that is present in any version of the computer science course. This material will be useful for computer science teachers who want to make their lessons more interesting and motivate students to further study the topic. Successfully solving a difficult problem that requires considerable mental effort brings a sense of satisfaction, regardless of whether they are particularly talented or not, but in addition, these activities help improve the ability to solve the problems that life poses to us. Developing problem solving skills certainly helps improve intelligence. The age of the students is 7th – 9th grade. The presented tasks can be used both during the lesson on the subject and for extracurricular activities or included in test work. Some problems are given with solutions.
Lesson objectives:
- familiarity with logical problems. Introduction to the tabular method of solving problems.
- development of logical thinking, increasing the level of intelligence.
- improving your ability to solve the problems that life poses to you.
During the classes:
1. Explanation of the topic, joint problem solving
2. Independent work
3. Homework
1. Explanation of the topic, joint problem solving.
The main thing in the proposed problems is the solution method - constructing a table, the rows of which correspond to the elements of one of the sets considered in the problem statement, the columns - to the elements of another, the intersection of a row and a column - a combination of two elements of different sets. Using such a table, the conditions of the problem are analyzed, conclusions are drawn, and the redundancy, completeness and correctness of the conclusions are checked.
Task 1. After the runners competed, the following inscription appeared on the scoreboard:
Rustam was not second.
Eduard was two places behind Rustam.
Yakov was not the first.
Galina was neither the first nor the last.
Karina finished right behind Yakov.
Who won these competitions? What was the distribution of runners at the finish line?
Solution:
We draw a table where the columns are the names of the children, and the rows are the seat numbers. We read the problem, analyze the condition step by step and put in the table “+” if the match is established and “–” if there is no exact match.
Since Rustam was not second and Eduard was two places behind Rustam, then Eduard cannot be first, second, or fourth.
Yakov was not first and Galina was neither first nor last, and since Karina finished right behind Yakov, she could not be first or second.
From this it is clear that Rustam was first, then Eduard (according to condition 2) was third.
Since Karina finished right behind Yakov, it is obvious that Yakov was fourth, and Karina was last, and then Galina was second.
So, we can highlight
Five simple steps to finding solutions to logical problems.
1. Make a table, since the table manages to take into account all possible options.
2. Read each statement carefully, as each contains something that will allow you to exclude at least one of the options.
3. Try to find the key statement, it will help untie the whole tangle.
4. After you have compared all the statements and excluded from them those that were improbable on the surface, compare the statements with each other, establish connections and contradictions.
5. The solution can be found by a simple method of sequential elimination.
The more you practice, the better you will get at it. Now let's get down to business.
Task 2.
On Saturday evening, Semyon, Kolya and Vitya decided to have fun. They had a choice: a movie, a rock concert or dancing.
Semyon loves cinema, but is less intolerant of dancing than of rock music.
Kolya loves to dance, but is ready to go to the cinema rather than to a rock concert.
Vitya loves rock music less than dancing, but movies are still not as unpleasant for him as dancing or a concert.
Since the issue will be decided by a majority vote, where do you think these guys went?
Task 3.
Three boys Kostya, Foma and Marat were friends with three girls – Zhenya, Sveta and Marina. But soon the company split into pairs, because it turned out:
Sveta hates skiing.
Kostya, Zhenya’s brother often skis with his girlfriend
And Foma is now running to meet Kostya’s sister.
Who does Marat spend his time with?
Task 4.
Six friends, while waiting for the train, dropped into the buffet.
Egor had the same breakfast as Anya, but preferred potato chips to a sandwich with a cutlet.
Sasha ate the same thing as Mila, but drank lemonade instead of a milkshake.
What did each friend's breakfast consist of?
Solution: Since
Masha took the same thing as Yegor, and in addition another sandwich with cheese;
Anya bought the same thing as Sasha, but did not buy chocolate cookies;
Kirill ate the same as Mila, but without the onion chips;
Egor ate the same breakfast as Anya, but preferred potato chips to a cutlet sandwich;
Sasha ate the same thing as Mila, but instead of a milkshake he drank lemonade, then:
Let's analyze the conditions a second time.
Masha took the same thing as Yegor, and in addition a sandwich with cheese.
Anya bought the same thing as Sasha, but did not buy chocolate cookies.
Kirill ate the same as Mila, but without the onion chips.
Egor had the same breakfast as Anya, but preferred potato chips to a sandwich with a cutlet, and Masha took the same as Egor, and in addition another sandwich with cheese.
Let's analyze the conditions a third time.
Anya bought the same thing as Sasha, but did not buy chocolate cookies.
Sasha ate the same as Mila, but drank lemonade instead of a milkshake, and Kirill ate the same as Mila, but without onion chips.
Anya bought the same thing as Sasha, but did not buy chocolate cookies
Masha took the same as Egor, and in addition another sandwich with cheese
Task 5.
In one small cafe, 5 people worked simultaneously in a shift: an administrator, a cook, a pastry chef, a cashier, and a janitor. At the same time, Miss Galbraith, Miss Sherman, Mr. Williams, Mr. Wortman and Mr. Blake went to work. It is known that:
1. The cook is a bachelor.
2. The cashier and the receptionist shared a room when they were in college.
3. Mr. Blake and Ms. Sherman only meet at work.
4. Mrs. Williams was upset when her husband told her that the administrator denied him time off.
5. Wortman is going to be best man at the cashier and pastry chef's wedding.
Who holds what position in this cafe?
Solution:
Naturally, in the lesson I do not use all the proposed tasks, but select them individually for each class, depending on their preparedness and abilities.
2.Tasks for independent solution.
You can divide students into groups and give each group an individual task or select tasks for each student.
Task 1.
Kolya, Borya, Vova and Yura took the first four places in the sports competition. When asked what places they took, they answered:
1) “Kolya did not take either first or fourth place.”
2) “Borya took second place.”
3) “Vova was not the last.”
What place did each boy take?
Task 2.
Three classmates - Vlad, Timur and Yura met 10 years after graduation. It turned out that one of them became a doctor, another a physicist, and the third a lawyer. One became interested in tourism, another in running, the third in rugby.
1. Yura said that he doesn’t have enough time for tourism, although his sister is the only doctor in the family and an avid tourist.
2. The doctor said that he shares his colleague’s hobby.
3. It’s funny, but two of the friends do not have a single letter of their names in the names of their professions and hobbies.
Who likes to do what in their free time and who has what profession?
Task 3.
Three friends - Ivan, Dmitry, Stepan teach various subjects (chemistry, literature, physics) in schools in Moscow, Kaliningrad and Perm. Known:
1) Ivan does not work in Moscow, and Dmitry does not work in Kaliningrad;
2) a Muscovite does not teach physics;
3) someone who works in Kaliningrad teaches chemistry;
4) Dmitry does not teach literature.
What subject and in what city does each of the comrades teach?
Task 4.
Four girls Masha, Tanya, Sofia and Polina took juice from the cafe. Each of them bought only one juice, and two of them bought apple juice, one grape juice, and one pear juice. It is known that Masha and Tanya have different tastes. Masha and Sofia, Polina and Sofia, Polina and Masha, and Tanya and Sofia took different juices. In addition, it is known that Masha did not buy pear juice. Determine what juice each of them drank.
Task 6.(One of the options for “Einstein’s Problem”)
Five houses stand along the road, one after the other.
1. The assistant professor lives in a red house.
2. The undertaker keeps dogs.
3. The plumber drinks tea.
4. The green house is to the left of the white one.
5. The owner of the green house drinks coffee.
6. Prima lover holding a bird.
7. The owner of the yellow house smokes Belomor Canal.
8. People in the central house love milk.
9. The glass container receiver lives in the first house.
10. A Java-smoking neighbor of the cat owner.
11. The owner of the horses is the neighbor of the Belomor smoker.
12. A beer lover smokes Cuban cigars.
13. The night watchman prefers “Friend” cigarettes.
14. The glass container receiver lives next to the blue house.
15. The Java-smoking neighbor of the water-drinking person.
Who keeps the fish? (house number, color, profession, drinks)
Solution:
3. Homework.
Create a logic problem yourself.
Good luck to you!
Problems created by my students.
Ivanova Svetlana, 7 "B" class.
4 girls went to the disco: Masha, Olya, Rita. They were invited to a slow dance by Sergey, Roma, Sasha, Pasha. Who danced with whom if:
1) Olya did not dance with Pasha;
2) Tanya did not dance with Pasha and Roman;
3) Rita danced with Roma;
4) Olya liked Sergei, but she did not dance with him.
Mayakova Oksana, 9 "A" kl.
Businessmen Borya Vova Grisha and Gena earn crazy money, their last names are classified, but we managed to find them out, although it’s not clear which one belongs to whom. Their last names: Ivanov, Enin, Sidorov, Petrov. Our spies also found out:
1) Borya and Petrov do not have personal planes.
2) Grisha and Ivanov have nothing personal at all, except accounts in a Swiss bank.
3) Gena is now more important than Enin, although Enin has a personal plane.
4) Petrov is more important than Enin.
Whose last name is?
Koneva Ksenia, 9 "A" kl.
Four girlfriends: Dasha, Masha, Olga and Tanya went to the store to buy gifts. And all gifts are different. Notepad, album, keychain, and book. When asked who bought what gifts, they answered like this:
1) Dasha and Olya did not know who bought the notebook;
2) Olya said that Dasha and Masha visited a store with her where they sell keychains.
3) Dasha didn’t buy the album.
Who bought what gift?