The highest form of personality orientation is called. Correct goal setting and self-confidence

Directionality - the most important property of a person, which expresses the dynamics of human development as a social and spiritual being, the main tendencies of his behavior.

Personality orientation is the leading psychological property of a person, which represents the system of his motivations for life and.

No matter how different the interpretations of personality in psychology may be, almost all researchers believe that leading component of personality structure, its system-forming characteristic is the focus personality. It is in this property that the goals in the name of which a person acts, his motives, his subjective relationships to various aspects of reality are expressed.

The focus has an organizing influence not only on the components of the personality structure (for example, on the manifestation or development of abilities), but also on mental states (for example, overcoming stress) and the entire area of mental processes.

Direction embodied in various forms - value orientations, likes or dislikes, tastes, inclinations, attachments and manifests itself in various spheres of human life: professional, family, political, etc. It is in the direction that the goals in the name of which a person acts, his motives, his subjective relationships to various aspects of reality are expressed, i.e. the whole system of characteristics.

In general terms, the orientation of a person in psychology is defined as a system of stable needs, interests, ideals, i.e. everything a person wants. Focus sets the main behavioral trends. A person with a pronounced positive orientation is hardworking, purposeful, and highly socially active.

Formation of personality orientation

Despite the differences in interpretations of personality, all approaches highlight its orientation as the leading characteristic. In different concepts, this characteristic is revealed in different ways: as a “dynamic tendency” (S. L. Rubinshtein), “meaning-forming motive” (A. N. Leontiev), “dominant attitude” (V. N. Myasishchev), “basic life orientation” (B. G. Ananyev), “dynamic organization of the essential forces of man” (A. S. Prangishvili). Thus, orientation acts as a generalized property of a personality that determines its psychological make-up.

The set of stable motives that guide a person’s activity and are relatively independent of given situations is called the orientation of a person’s personality. It is always socially conditioned and formed through education.

Focus- these are attitudes that have become personality traits.

The focus includes several related forms, which we will briefly describe:

attraction— the most primitive biological form of orientation;
wish- conscious need and attraction to something specific;
pursuit- occurs when a volitional component is included in the structure of desire;
interest- cognitive form of focus on objects;
inclination— arises when a volitional component is included in interest;
ideal- there is an objective goal of inclination specified in an image or representation;
worldview— a system of ethical, aesthetic, philosophical, natural science and other views on the world around us;
belief— the highest form of orientation is a system of individual motives that encourages her to act in accordance with her views, principles, and worldview.

The main role of personality orientation belongs to conscious motives. And the function of motive is to give direction activities performed. It is not enough to just launch activities and constantly “feed”. It needs to be carried out and implemented. Another function of motive is meaning formation, thanks to which the concept of motive reaches the personal level. Meaning is the answer to the question: why? Why does a person need the object of his needs and activities? Man is a meaning-oriented creature. If there is no convincing personal meaning, then the motive as an incentive will not work. There will be no activity and an unrealized motive will remain.

It should be noted that the need-motivational sphere characterizes the orientation of the individual only partially, being its foundation, basis. On this foundation, the life goals of the individual are formed. In view of this, it is necessary to distinguish purpose of activity and life goal. A person performs many diverse activities throughout his life, each of which realizes its own goal. A life goal acts as a combination of all private goals associated with individual activities. The level of achievement of an individual is associated with life goals. Awareness of not only the goal, but also reality is considered by a person as a personal perspective.

The state of disorder, depression, opposite to the experiences characteristic of a person aware of the prospect, is called frustration. It occurs in cases where a person, on the way to achieving a goal, encounters really insurmountable obstacles, barriers, or when they are perceived as such.

The concept and essence of personality orientation, the main components of orientation

is a set of stable motives, views, beliefs, needs and aspirations that orient a person towards certain behavior and activities, towards achieving relatively complex life goals.

Orientation is always socially conditioned and formed in the learning process and acts as a personality trait, manifested in ideological, professional orientation, in activities related to personal hobbies, doing something in free time from the main activity (fishing, knitting, photography and fine arts , sports, etc.).

In all types of human activity, direction is manifested in the characteristics of the individual’s interests.

Human needs occupy a central place and play a leading role in the orientation system (Fig. 1) of the personality as a complex mental property, including a system of motivations that determines the activity of the personality and the selectivity of its relationship to reality. The system of personality orientation includes the following main elements (components): value-semantic formations and claims of the individual, based on his assessment of his capabilities and situation, expectations of certain results of his actions, behavior, attitude of others towards him, etc. The aspirations of an individual, or the need for status, are an integral form of expression of values, the level and nature of an individual’s self-esteem; these are claims to a certain place in the system of professional and other social and interpersonal relationships, to success in actions, deeds, to a particular place in life, etc. Self-esteem is one of the basic personal formations.

The need states of a person depend on objective circumstances, objects and objects of a person’s needs, as well as on his systems of semantic and value formations, aspirations and other personal characteristics. The emergence of certain need states in a person determines the setting of corresponding goals and the emergence of motives for their implementation.

They implement two main functions - goal setting and motivation. The first is determined by the system of semantic formations, and the second by the system of value formations of the individual.

Rice. 1. System of personality orientation (according to V.A. Slastenin and V.P. Kashirin):

SCSOL - system of value-semantic formations of the individual;
PS - subjective need of the individual, his needs, his state;
MC—goal motive;
MPSSRTS - motives of ways, means, methods of achieving the goal;
Ts-goal;
D - activity

Directional characteristic

Depending on the sphere of manifestation, there are such types of personality orientation as professional, moral, political, everyday, etc., for example, in the field of creativity, sports activities, etc.

Personality orientation is characterized by:

level of maturity - the degree of social significance of the basic aspirations of the individual, his moral character, ideological position, etc.;
breadth - the range of spheres of manifestation of a person’s aspirations;
intensity - the strength of the individual’s aspirations to achieve his goals;
hierarchy of types of orientation of a particular person (leading types, main, dominant, etc.).

Even Charles Darwin, recognizing that certain human reactions and actions are based on innate mechanisms, noted at the same time that much of human behavior is determined by social norms. For example, such innate reactions as the experience of fear, the desire to avoid danger or self-defense, which can cause physiological affect, can be restrained, controlled and directed by the human consciousness. In addition, these emotions, as medical research shows, can be weakened or strengthened through medications, therefore, they are not fatally locked into the innate mechanisms of the psyche. Moreover, everything that is specific to human behavior is not innate, and everything that is innate does not have features specific only to humans. Thus, experiences and emotions generated by both external and internal causes are usually expressed in a person in the form accepted in the culture to which he belongs.

Direction in different scientific approaches to personality is highlighted as a leading characteristic, although it is interpreted differently: as a dynamic tendency (S.L. Rubinstein), as a meaning-forming motive (A.N. Leontyev), as a dominant attitude (V.N. Myasishchev) as the main life orientation (A.S. Prangishvili).

As mentioned above, motives can be conscious to a greater or lesser extent and completely unconscious. The main role in the direction of personality belongs to conscious motives. The orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and formed through education. Personal orientation is a person’s personal sense of purpose determined by a system of motivations, a set of motives that determine a person’s activity and behavior.

Medical psychology. Full course Polin A.V.

Forms of personality orientation

The simplest ones are drives and desires. The basis of drive is activity at the level of basic instincts inherent in both higher animals and humans. The difference from animals is their different content and methods of satisfaction. Attraction, formalized in consciousness in the form of clarification of ways and means of satisfying it, turns into desire. Interest is a specific cognitive orientation of a person toward surrounding objects and phenomena. The object of interest has an emotional connotation. With a small degree of activity, interest will be predominantly contemplative in nature; with significant activity, interest encourages action and becomes an inclination. There is no person who does not have interests. They differ in breadth, stability and other qualities. The breadth of interests implies that among them there is one or more main ones, which contributes to the concentration of will and the achievement of certain successes. The ideal is the highest goal of the conscious active aspirations of the individual. It is human nature to translate one’s ideals into concrete images of life. Ideals have significant educational significance, although self-education also depends on the volitional properties of a particular person. Worldview is the system of views of a particular individual on the surrounding reality. Worldview is determined by the spirit of the time, a specific historical era and its inherent social consciousness in the context of upbringing in a specific family. Convictions, which are the highest form of orientation, are determined by the desire for the real implementation of the existing worldview.

“Character” translated from Greek means “sign”, “sign”. Character is a combination of the most stable features of the main personality traits, which are manifested in a person’s behavior and his attitude towards the surrounding reality and himself. Character is not a property of a person; it is an external manifestation of most of the components that define the concept of “personality.” K. K. Platonov clearly formulated the relationship between the concepts of “personality” and “character”: “All character traits are personality traits, but not all personality traits are character traits.” Manifestations of character can be seen in the following aspects:

1) the individual’s attitude towards other individuals and society as a whole (collectivism or individualism, egoism; humanity, sensitivity or misanthropy, cruelty and callousness; truthfulness or deceit);

2) attitude to the labor process (hard work or a tendency to laziness; accuracy or negligence; thrift or wastefulness; desire for innovation or conservatism);

3) attitude towards oneself (high demands or complacency; modesty or arrogance; shyness or excessive self-confidence; self-criticism or uncriticality towards oneself; self-esteem or underestimation of oneself);

4) the presence and manifestation of volitional qualities (purposefulness or lack of defining goals in life; independence, determination or constant uncertainty in one’s own actions; the ability or inability to bring the work started to completion; endurance, self-control or lack of restraint in the manifestation of emotions and feelings; courage or cowardice; discipline or inability to subordinate one's desires to the rules of the community). Character is not a fixed value once and for all; it can be subject to changes throughout life under the influence of the surrounding reality and age-related characteristics.

Character accents. In modern psychology, the definition of this concept given by A. E. Lichko is usually used: “Character accentuations are extreme variants of the norm, in which individual character traits are excessively strengthened, as a result of which selective vulnerability is revealed in relation to a certain kind of psychogenic influences with good, even increased stability to others." Accentuations can be obvious or hidden. The definition of accentuation given by A.E. Lichko is more suitable for obvious accentuations, since they are an extreme variant of the norm, hidden accentuations are a common variant of the norm. Hidden accentuation manifests itself clearly in a variety of traumatic situations and disappears as the situation is resolved. Manifestations of obvious accentuation continue throughout life, and when a traumatic event occurs, decompensation occurs.

Psychopathy refers to character pathology. To claim that a given character is pathological, three conditions must be met: manifestations of maladjustment, the stability of these manifestations, and their totality. Based on their occurrence, psychopathy is divided into constitutional, acquired and organic. In the constitutional form, the decisive question relates to hereditary factors, among them cycloid, epileptoid, and schizoid are more common. Acquired psychopathy develops under the influence of improper upbringing, negative influence of the external environment, they can be hysterical, excitable, and unstable. Organic psychopathy develops in the first 2–3 years of life under the influence of factors that negatively affect the brain, such as intoxication, infectious diseases, and traumatic brain injury. Considering the fact that psychopathy and character accentuations can be considered different degrees of manifestation of the same process, there is a single classification for them. The following types of psychopathy are distinguished: hyperthymic, cycloid, labile, astheno-neurotic, sensitive, psychasthenic, schizoid, epileptoid, hysterical, unstable, conformal. In addition to these types, mixed options are possible. Let us characterize some of them, the most common ones.

Hyperthymic, or excitable, psychopathy. In this case, the predominant pathological component is a deficiency of active inhibition, which is manifested in a clear discrepancy between the strength of the stimulus and the reaction to it. Any trifle can cause a violent emotional reaction, which in the absence of psychopathy may not cause any reaction at all. In the event of a conflict situation, such people behave extremely unrestrained, can shout loudly, wave their arms, and are prone to aggressive manifestations towards the opposite side of the conflict. Extreme manifestations of such psychopathy can be expressed in self-harm in the heat of a quarrel or argument. The attention of such individuals is unstable, if they have a need for long-term, scrupulous performance of monotonous work, they begin to experience anxiety, discomfort, internal unrest, such work is not up to their abilities. Excitable psychopaths will not hesitate to make a sarcastic remark to anyone, but will be very offended if they receive such a remark addressed to them.

Astheno-neurotic psychopathy is characterized by weakness and exhaustion of the processes of excitation and inhibition. In communication, such people are characterized by timidity and shyness; they can be cowardly and cowardly. Any difficulties in life throw such a psychopath out of balance; he is unable to publicly defend his interests, as he is afraid of looking funny as a result of unsuccessfully expressing his thoughts. Such people are prone to solitude, worry and mourn their failures alone, giving up the fight. At home, such a person can be a tyrant, demanding that loved ones unquestioningly fulfill their whims, as if compensating for failures in other areas of life. When a somatic pathology occurs, such individuals tend to go into illness, requiring increased attention and care from others. In this state they feel more comfortable. Any more or less serious illness in such a person will inevitably lead to disability.

Hysterical psychopathy is characterized by selfishness and egocentrism of the individual. It is vital for such individuals to be in the center of attention, to be in charge in everything, regardless of the opinions of others and even contrary to it. They are characterized by a peculiar convex-relief direct perception of reality. All their behavior bears the features of a theatrical performance, they constantly play to the public, women are distinguished by their flirtatiousness. The knowledge of such people is rarely deep; judgments and conclusions usually depend on the external emotional background. If a psychopath feels a feeling of sympathy for someone, he will exaggerate his merits, and, conversely, if he experiences antipathy, he will speak negatively about any action of such a person. Trying to get reasonable advice from such a person will not lead to the desired result, although outwardly it will look completely different. The hysteroid will make a thoughtful appearance, think, and then with a serious, authoritative tone will utter banal truths, trying to create the feeling that he is providing a significant service. Unable to argue reasonedly, such people in a dispute evade the subject under discussion, getting personal. Some hysterical psychopaths exhibit selectivity in remembering events. Minor events can be deeply etched in the memory, while significant events remain unnoticed. As a result, their actions are dictated not by objective necessity, but by affective logic. Their actions are subordinated to far-fetched conclusions, and not to rational assessment; mood means more to them than conviction. Deceit and fantasy are characteristic of hysterical psychopaths. In fictional images, what they want is embodied for them: they command those around them, subjugating everyone to themselves, always being at the center of any event. Living out their own fantasies, they sometimes begin to perceive them as reality. When communicating with others, such individuals can be insinuating, charming, capricious, and strive to achieve their goals at any cost. To do this, they can use flattery, humiliation, resourcefulness, lies, and easily compromise their moral principles. People who interfere with the achievement of their goals are treated cruelly, vindictively, and can be humiliated for no reason. The nervous system of such psychopaths is not strong, but in order to achieve their goal they can concentrate, develop vigorous purposeful activity, and be persistent. An attempt by others to point out shortcomings leads to violent manifestations of disagreement in the form of anger and threats. The autonomic nervous system reacts to what is happening in the form of a sparkle in the eyes, red spots on the face, trembling in the hands, which often impresses others. If there is no support from others, the psychopath switches to a passive-defensive reaction, throwing tantrums, trying to evoke sympathy for himself. Hysteroids are not able to withstand long-term tension in relationships, so after a short time they try to improve the relationship by any means, again sacrificing their own principles and beliefs. They can ask for an apology, humiliating themselves and flirting, but without witnesses. In public they continue to demonstrate their superiority and hostility, even emphasizing it. Hysterical psychopathy is often accompanied by physical disabilities, often in the form of endocrine disorders (infantilism, diencephalic syndrome).

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The orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and formed through education. Direction manifests itself in such hierarchically interconnected forms as attraction, desire, aspiration, interest, inclination, ideal, worldview, and belief. All forms of personality orientation are at the same time the motives of its activity and therefore differ in the degree of awareness, strength, energy (intensity, stability). Let us give a brief description of the main forms of focus:

Attraction is characterized by the absence of a clearly understood, conscious goal. Despite the fact that attraction is considered a poorly differentiated, vague human desire, it is always directed towards some object. Therefore, when they talk about sympathy or falling in love, they mean a specific person, and not attraction “in general.” At the same time, drive is characterized by insufficient awareness of the subject’s needs, and therefore some drives play an important role in the formation of certain personal structures, defense mechanisms, etc.

N.D. Levitov proposed a classification of attraction depending on strength and stability. The most fully formed attraction, the one that most grips the personality, he calls hobby. Hobbies have different durations, but they are always limited by time. If the hobby drags on for a long time, it usually turns into passion, which is a longer and even stronger attraction that can manifest itself in relation to music, collecting, hunting, fishing, etc. Passion can be accepted by a person, or it can be condemned by him as something undesirable, obsessive (to alcohol, smoking, drugs , playing in a casino, etc.). In this case they talk about mania- a painful mental state with concentration of consciousness and feelings on one idea, one desire (drug addiction, substance abuse, megalomania).

Attraction is a transitory phenomenon, since the need represented in it either fades away or is realized, turning into a specific desire, intention, dream, etc.

Wish- this is a form of orientation in which objects and possible ways to satisfy a need are realized. Based on his desires, a person realizes the goals of future action and makes plans.

Pursuit- sensory experience of need. Aspiration is closely related to subjectively experienced feelings that signal a person to achieve a goal, causing feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. There is a volitional component in the desire, which helps to overcome various difficulties on the way to the object of need.

Interest- a form of cognitive orientation of the individual, considered as a motivator of human activity. We are interested in what can satisfy our need. Interests tend to develop: satisfying an interest does not lead to its extinction, but gives rise to new interests. According to D.A. Kiknadze, unhindered satisfaction of needs does not generate interest. A need generates interest only when there are any obstacles in the way of its satisfaction. The substantive content of interest is not an object of need, but a means of achieving it (G.K. Cherkasov).

In different concepts, interest is interpreted in different ways: as “the desire to devote one’s thoughts and actions to some phenomenon” (E. Thorndike); as an “innate instinctive desire” (W. McDougall); as “the need to experience relationships, the thirst for positive emotions, spiritual” (B.I. Dodonov); as “a selective, emotionally charged attitude of a person to reality” (S.L. Rubinstein); as an “emotional and cognitive attitude” (A.G. Kovaleva); as “dynamic tendencies that develop together with the entire personality,” L.S. Vygotsky believed that interests are not acquired, but develop (for example, during puberty of adolescents: along with the appearance of sexual desire, new interests appear in them).

In psychology there are many classifications of interests:

1 . Depending on the purpose(based on result availability): procedural, in which the goal is to enjoy the experience of a particular activity, and procedural-targeted, in which enjoying the process is combined with obtaining a useful result.

2. Depending on duration, stability interests can be stable or unstable. It is not uncommon to meet people who are interested in a wide variety of subjects, but not for long; one interest quickly gives way to another. For some, these fleeting interests are very strong and emotionally exciting; Such people are usually called “addicted”. A person who is unable to have sustainable interests cannot achieve significant success in any field of activity. The degree of stability allows us to identify the stages of interest development: curiosity, interest-attitude and interest-inclination. Curiosity is the initial stage of the development of interest in the absence of a clear selective attitude towards objects of knowledge and is a manifestation of situational interest.

F. La Rochefoucauld distinguished the following types of curiosity: selfish curiosity inspired by the hope of acquiring useful information, and selfish- caused by the desire to know something that is unknown to others.

N.D. Levitov highlights the direct, naive curiosity,(typical of young children and adults who find themselves in a new, unusual environment); serious curiosity(“indicates the presence of curiosity in a person); idle curiosity ( directed at an object not worth attention).

Interest-attitudes and interest-inclinations are also distinguished as more stable personality formations (interest in art, science, sports, one’s profession, etc.). Interest-attitude is formed on the basis of repeatedly receiving pleasure from the manifestation of situational interest (when reading books, when watching movies, when visiting theaters, concert halls, sports competitions, etc.). Interest-inclination includes a volitional component and is manifested in the desire to engage in certain activities.

4. By number of attractive interests of objects can be broad and narrow. In the tragedy “Mozart and Salieri”, Pushkin, in the image of Salieri, showed a man whose entire mental life is limited to one narrow interest - an interest in music. Music for Salieri is like a high wall, obscuring everything. Interest in music made Salieri deaf to all other impressions of life. In contrast to him is Mozart, a brilliant musician, but not closed in his professional interests, but open to all life’s impressions. For him, music is like a wide window through which he perceives the harmony of the surrounding life. Talented and brilliant people have broad interests. Thus, Leonardo da Vinci was not only a great artist, but also a great mathematician, mechanic and engineer; most various branches of science owe him important discoveries.

Interests are sometimes referred to as “minor” interests. In this case, they mean that people are mainly interested in satisfying natural needs: food, drink, sleep and other sensual pleasures. Such, for example, are the interests of Afanasy Ivanovich and Pulcheria Ivanovna in Gogol’s story “Old World Landowners.” The official Akaki Akakievich (“Overcoat”), who devoted all his free time to copying papers, also had little interest. “There, in this rewriting, he saw his own, diverse and pleasant world”

5. By its connection with the object interests can be direct, which are directly related to any need, and indirect, where the need is not clearly traced. So, a student may be interested in music because he likes music lessons, loves to sing and enjoys it. In another case, a student goes to music because he just needs to have only good grades on his report card.

When a volitional component is included in interest, it begins to manifest itself in the desire to engage in a certain activity - it becomes an inclination.

Addiction- the selective focus of an individual on a certain type of activity, which is based on a deep, stable need for this type of activity. At the same time, a person tries to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. Usually the emergence of an inclination is accompanied by the development of abilities. Therefore, many great artists and musicians showed an inclination towards their profession from childhood. R. Cattell highlights:

General tendencies that are common to all people, and unique tendencies that characterize a particular individual.

Based on modality: dynamic inclinations that direct a person to achieve a specific goal, “inclinations-abilities” that relate to efficiency, “temperamental inclinations” that are associated with energy and emotionality. R. Cattell attaches more importance to “dynamic” inclinations.

According to E.P. Ilyin, not every positive attitude towards an activity or its content should be considered an inclination. A characteristic feature of addiction is that a person, as a rule, is not aware of its true underlying causes. In most cases, he cannot explain why he likes this particular activity, and names purely external signs based on the meaningful characteristics of the chosen type of activity (for example, he names the type of sport he would like to do without explaining why (“I just like it”). A positive attitude towards activity can also be determined by other factors: wages, working hours, proximity of the place of work to the place of residence, its content, etc.

Ideals are formed on the basis of the inclinations and interests of the individual. A person tries to change the world around him in accordance with his ideals. An ideal is a form of orientation, concretized in a specific image that a given person wants to be like; for the purposes that a given person considers to be the highest and in which he sees the ultimate goal of his aspirations. For some they are effective and decisive, for others they are unattainable.

Thanks to ideals, a person is able not only to reflect the world around him, but to change it in accordance with them. If the ideal is wrong, then it will not lead a person to what he hoped for. In this case we talk about illusory ideals.

Some authors identify a dream as a form of direction. B.I. Dodonov notes that dreaming sometimes helps a person to retreat from the goal, to replace real action with an imaginary one, but at the same time misses the opportunity to maintain the goal, since in the process of dreaming internal models of the “needed future” are created (according to N.A. Bernstein ), which have great motivating power. By dreaming, a person learns to find ways and means to satisfy needs. Almost every person in his development goes through the stage of naive daydreaming (dream-game), which with age develops into a dream-plan, i.e., into a motivational attitude.

Conviction is a form of personality orientation that encourages it to act in accordance with its views, value orientations, and principles. The presence of stable beliefs in a person, covering various spheres of life, is an indicator of the high activity of his personality. A person with established beliefs not only acts in strict accordance with them, but also strives to convey them to other people, convincing them that he is right. Forming an ordered system of views, a person’s beliefs act as his worldview.

Worldview is a system of views on the world around us and a person’s place in it. The formation of a worldview is a significant indicator of personality maturity. Worldview plays a big role in a person’s life. It influences a person’s norms of behavior, his tastes, interests, his attitude towards work and towards other people. Worldview can have religious, political, moral, scientific and aesthetic overtones. A person’s self-determination is connected with his worldview (the goals that a person sets for himself, the means that he prefers to achieve them). The combination of the intellectual and volitional components in human behavior presupposes the transition of worldview to belief as the highest form of personality orientation.

Personal orientation is a set of stable motives, views, beliefs, needs and aspirations that orient a person towards certain behavior and activities, and the achievement of relatively complex life goals. All types of human activity and orientation are manifested in the particular interests of the individual, the goals that a person sets for himself, needs, passions and attitudes, realized in drives, desires, inclinations, ideals, etc.:

- drive is an insufficiently conscious desire to achieve something. Often the basis of attraction is the biological needs of the individual;
- inclination - a manifestation of the need-motivational sphere of the individual, expressed in the emotional preference for one or another type of activity or value;
- ideal (from the Greek idea, prototype) - an image that is the embodiment of perfection and an example of the highest goal in the aspirations of an individual. The ideal can be the personality of a scientist, writer, athlete, politician, as well as the morphological characteristics of a particular person or his personality traits;
- worldview - a system of views and ideas about the world, about a person’s relationship to society, nature, and himself. The worldview of each person is determined by his social existence and is assessed in a comparative comparison of moral and ideological views accepted in society.

The combination of thinking and will, manifested in a person’s behavior and actions, leads to the transition of a worldview into beliefs:

- conviction is the highest form of personality orientation, manifested in the conscious need to act in accordance with one’s value orientations against the background of emotional experiences and volitional aspirations;
- attitude - an individual’s readiness for a certain activity, which is actualized in the current situation. It manifests itself in a stable predisposition to a certain perception, comprehension and behavior of an individual. An attitude expresses a person’s position, his views, value orientations in relation to various facts of everyday life, social life and professional activity. It can be positive, negative or neutral. With a positive attitude, phenomena, events and properties of objects are perceived favorably and with trust. When negative, these same signs are perceived distortedly, with distrust, or as alien, harmful and unacceptable for a given person. The attitude mediates the influence of external influences and balances the personality with the environment, and its knowledge of the content of these influences allows one to predict behavior in appropriate situations with a certain degree of reliability;
- position - a stable system of a person’s relationships to certain aspects of reality, manifested in appropriate behavior. It includes a set of motives, needs, views and attitudes that guide an individual in his actions. The system of factors that determine a person’s specific position also includes his claims to a certain position in the social and professional hierarchy of roles and the degree of his satisfaction in this system of relations;
- goal - the desired and imagined result of a specific activity of a person or group of people. It can be close, situational or distant, socially valuable or harmful, altruistic or selfish. An individual or a group of people sets a goal based on needs, interests and opportunities to achieve it.

In goal setting, an important role is played by information about the state of the issue, thought processes, emotional state and motives for the proposed activity. Goal fulfillment consists of a system of actions aimed at achieving the intended result.

Orientation is formed in ontogenesis, in the process of training and education of young people, in preparing them for life, professional and socially useful activities, and service to their Motherland. It is important here that the younger generation learns that their personal and family well-being, achievements in various fields of activity and social status are interconnected with their readiness to serve their people and the state in which they live.

Consideration of various approaches to personality makes it necessary to dwell on modern theories that can be used as the basis for the study and organization of the education and development of personality, the formation of its orientation. Currently, in psychological and pedagogical science there are several theories of personality development.

Psychological theory of personality development (trait theory). It is associated with the formation of the internal structure of the personality, its basic traits: extraversion, introversion, anxiety, style traits, motivational, instrumental (acting as a means for activity).

The social theory of personality development includes the formation of external behavior, readiness to perform certain social functions, social roles, that is, to create an appropriate status and have direction.

The theory of social learning is associated with the acquisition by an individual of skills, abilities, habits, communication with people on the basis of appropriate reinforcement, mastery of knowledge and experience gained by previous generations.

The interactionist theory of personality development is based on two factors - heredity and environment, the latter ensure the formation of new personality traits that are not attributed only to internal or external manifestations.

The humanistic theory of personality development includes moral self-improvement, the development of the motivational-need sphere of the individual, a system of stable value orientations and moral attitudes.

Each of these theories reflects one or another aspect of personality development, and therefore has the right to exist. Personality develops, noted K.K. Platonov, both in the process of human history and in the system of individual development. Man was born as a biological being, and becomes a personality in the process of ontogenesis, through the assimilation of the socio-historical experience of mankind.

There are three main types of personality orientation: personal, collectivistic and business.

Personal focus- is created by the predominance of motives for one’s own well-being, the desire for personal primacy and prestige. Such a person is most often busy with himself, with his feelings and experiences and reacts little to the needs of the people around him: he ignores the interests of employees or the work he must do. He sees work, first of all, as an opportunity to satisfy his own aspirations, regardless of the interests of other employees.

Focus on mutual action- occurs when a person’s actions are determined by the need for communication, the desire to maintain good relationships with colleagues at work and study. Such a person shows interest in joint activities, although he may not contribute to the successful completion of the task; often his actions even make it difficult to complete the group task and his actual assistance may be minimal.

Business orientation- reflects the predominance of motives generated by the activity itself, passion for the process of activity, a selfless desire for knowledge, mastering new skills and abilities. Typically, such a person strives for cooperation and achieves the greatest productivity of the group, and therefore tries to prove a point of view that he considers useful for completing the task.

It has been established that individuals with a self-directed personality have the following character traits:

– more preoccupied with themselves and their feelings, problems
– make unfounded and hasty conclusions and assumptions about other people, also behave in discussions
– trying to impose their will on the group
– those around them do not feel free in their presence

People with a focus on mutual action:

- avoid direct solution to the problem
– yield to group pressure
– do not express original ideas and it is not easy to understand what such a person wants to express
– do not take leadership when it comes to choosing tasks

Business-oriented people:

– help individual group members express their thoughts
– support the group to achieve its goal
– express their thoughts and considerations easily and clearly
– take the lead when it comes to choosing a task
– do not shy away from directly solving the problem

Personality orientation and activity motivation

In Russian psychology, many authors considered the orientation of the individual through the concept of motivation for activity. The orientation of personality is understood differently by different authors:

- “dynamic tendency” by S. L. Rubinstein,

- “meaning-forming motive” by A. N. Leontyev,

- “dominant attitude” by V. N. Myasishchev

- “the main life orientation” of B. G. Ananyev,

- “dynamic organization of the essential forces of man” by A. S. Prangishvili.

The orientation of the individual is always socially conditioned and formed in the process of education. The orientation is greatly influenced by attitudes that have become personality traits and manifest themselves in such forms as:

The basis of all forms of personality orientation are the motives of activity.

Attraction

Attraction is the most primitive and - in its essence - biological form of orientation. From a psychological point of view, attraction is a mental state that expresses an undifferentiated, unconscious or insufficiently conscious need. Typically, attraction is a transitory phenomenon, since the need represented in it either fades away or is realized, turning into desire.

Wish

Desire is a conscious need and attraction to something very specific. Desire, being sufficiently conscious, has a motivating force. It clarifies the goals of future action and the construction of a plan for this action.

Desire as a form of orientation is characterized by awareness not only of one’s need, but also of possible ways to satisfy it.

Pursuit

Aspiration is a desire supported by will. Aspiration is a very definite motivation for activity.

Interest

Interest is a specific form of manifestation of a person’s cognitive needs. Interest ensures that the individual is focused on understanding the meaning and goals of activity, thereby facilitating the individual’s orientation in the surrounding reality. The presence of interest largely explains the presence of a special ability in a person - reason.

Subjectively, interest is revealed in the emotional tone that accompanies the process of cognition or attention to a certain object. One of the most significant characteristics of interest is that once it is satisfied, it does not fade away. As a rule, interest develops, evolves, and gives rise to new interests corresponding to a higher level of cognitive activity.

Interest is the most important motivating force for understanding the surrounding reality. There are:

Immediate interest caused by the visual appeal of an object

Indirect interest in an object as a means of achieving activity goals.

Stability, breadth, and content of interests are the most important personality traits, one of the cornerstones of a person’s personality. Having spoken about a person’s interests, we thereby draw a fairly accurate psychological portrait of him.

Addiction

In dynamics, interest gives rise to inclination. Interest is a relatively passive contemplation of an object of interest, inclination is active contemplation, the desire to connect one’s activities and one’s life with this object.

In many ways, interest develops into inclination due to the inclusion of a volitional component. Inclination is an individual’s orientation towards a certain activity. The basis of the inclination is the deep, stable need of the individual for a particular activity.

In a sense, we can say that inclination is interest in activities.

Interest and inclinations are a factor in the rapid development of an individual’s abilities.

Ideal

An ideal is the objective goal of an individual’s inclination, concretized in an image or representation. An ideal is what a person strives for and what he orients himself towards in the long term. Ideals are the basis, the “building blocks” of a person’s worldview. A person judges other people by his own ideals.

The ideal is one of the arguments in the function of a person’s self-esteem.

Worldview

Worldview is a model (picture) of the world. If, for example, interests, inclinations or ideals may not be related to each other, then the most important feature of a worldview is its integrity. A holistic worldview allows a person to live “smoothly”: when moving, for example, to a new area, he knows that the same laws of physics or chemistry will apply there, people in this area may be slightly different, but they will still be people (they talk, have physiological needs, etc.). A holistic worldview allows us to view the world as a complex system of cause-and-effect relationships.

Worldview allows a person to plan his activities for many years to come: he knows that a lot can change over the years, but the basic laws by which the world exists will remain unshakable.

Belief

Conviction is a system of individual motives that encourages her to act in accordance with her views, principles, and worldview. Beliefs are based on conscious needs that encourage a person to act and form his motivation for activity.

Characteristics of the motivational sphere

Motive is an incentive to activity associated with satisfying the needs of the subject. Motive is the reason underlying the choice of actions and actions, a set of external and internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject.

Motive is the fundamental “building block” of such a complex process as motivation. Motivation is a designation for a system of factors that determine behavior:

Needs,

Intentions

Aspirations, etc.

Motivation is also a characteristic of the process that stimulates and maintains behavioral activity at a certain level. Typically, motivation is considered as a set of psychological reasons that explain human behavior, its beginning, direction and activity.

The influence of orientation on motivation of activity

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Internal (dispositional) and external (situational) motivations are interconnected. Dispositions can be updated under the influence of a certain situation, and the activation of certain dispositions (motives, needs) leads to a change in the subject’s perception of the situation. Attention becomes selective, and the subject biasedly perceives and evaluates the situation based on current interests and needs.

Depending on a person’s inclinations, his worldview and other forms of orientation, he may be either more prone to internal motivation or to external motivation.

Awareness-unconsciousness of motives

Motive, in contrast to motivation, is something that belongs to the subject of behavior himself, is his stable personal property, which internally encourages him to perform certain actions. Motives may be:

Conscious

Unconscious.

People with developed ideals, worldviews, and adequate beliefs, as a rule, are driven by conscious motives in their actions. The confusion of the inner world and the abundance of psychological defenses can lead to the fact that the main drivers are unconscious motives.

Quantity and quality of needs, interests, inclinations

Plants that need only certain biochemical and physical conditions of existence have the least needs. A person has the most diverse needs, who in addition to physical and organic needs also have spiritual and social needs.

Social needs:

Man's desire to live in society

Desire to interact with other people

The desire to benefit people, to participate in the division of labor,

The desire to understand other people and social processes.

The more qualitatively different needs, interests, and inclinations a person has, the more versatile and flexible his activities. A purely human quality is the ability to combine several different interests in one’s activities.

Ability to set a goal

The goal is where the activity begins. The more versatile a person is, the more developed he is as a person, the more accurate and original he is able to set his goals.

Having strong ideals can motivate a person to set challenging, far-reaching goals.

The goal is the main object of attention, which occupies a certain amount of short-term and operative memory; the thought process unfolding at a given moment in time and most of all kinds of emotional experiences are associated with it.

Having an ideal of achievement

If a person has an ideal of achievement, he will have developed motivation to achieve results, he will love to set goals, he will strive to achieve his goals, and he will learn from his own and others’ mistakes.

Having an ideal of courage

A brave person, or at least one who strives to be brave, is not afraid of difficulties, he organizes his activities “head-on”, especially without avoiding obstacles or dangers. The structure of the activity of a brave person is very different from the structure of the activity of a timid person: the first usually looks forward, the second - back and to the sides. The first is not prone to self-justification or self-deception. The second one is constantly looking for reasons to shirk, and is prone to hypochondria and self-reflection.

Flexibility

Different aspects of a person’s orientation (interests, inclinations, etc.) affect the flexibility of activity. For example one person inclined brings everything to the ideal end (perfectionist), and therefore his activities lack flexibility.

Confidence

The feeling of confidence when performing an activity is born from the clarity of the goal and the absence of doubts. The latter are taken from the insufficient hierarchization of a person’s interests and inclinations, the lack of subordination between them, and the presence of many contradictions.