The word, as is known, is the basic unit of language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is connected primarily with the word.
The word in a literary text is a special world. The artistic word is a mirror of the author’s individual attitude to reality, a special perception of the surrounding world. A literary text has its own precision - metaphorical, its truths - artistic revelations; the entire functions of the word change, which are determined by the context: “I would like to merge my sadness and sadness into a single word...” (G. Heine).
Metaphorical statements in a literary text are associated with the expression of individual perception of the surrounding world. Art is personal expression. Metaphors are woven into a literary fabric that creates an image that excites us and emotionally affects us in the image of a work of art. Words acquire additional meanings, stylistic coloring, and create a special world into which we immerse ourselves when reading fiction.
And in oral speech, not only in literary, but also in colloquial speech, we, without hesitation, use all expressive means of speech so that the speech is more convincing, more emotional, and more figurative. Metaphors give special expressiveness to our speech.
The word metaphor translated from Greek means “transfer.” This refers to the transfer of a name from one object to another. For such a transfer to occur, these objects must have some similarity, they must be somewhat similar, adjacent. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason.
As a result of the transfer of meaning from one object or phenomenon to another, an image is created. Metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressiveness of poetic and artistic speech. But at the same time, their absence does not mean a lack of expressiveness of the work of art. Let's compare two excerpts from different poems by B. Pasternak:
Being famous is not nice.
This is not what lifts you up.
No need to create an archive,
Shake over manuscripts.
The goal of creativity is dedication,
Not hype, not success.
Shameful, meaningless
Be the talk of everyone.
…………………………………
July dragging around in clothes
Dandelion fluff, burdock.
July, coming home through the windows,
Everyone talking loudly out loud.
Uncombed steppe disheveled,
Smelling of linden and grass,
Tops and the smell of dill,
The July air is meadow.
In the first poem, B. Pasternak does not use metaphors, while the second poem is full of personification, epithets, metaphors, but each of these poems is artistically expressive. The first one captivates with sincerity, precision of language, and deep meaning, the second one acts on an emotional level and creates a lyrical image.
Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the writer conveys the individuality and uniqueness of objects, while demonstrating his own associative nature of thinking, his vision of the world.
A metaphor can be simple and extensive. In twentieth-century poetry, the use of extended metaphors is being revived, and the nature of simple metaphors is changing significantly.
METONYMY is a type of metaphor. The Greek word "metonymy" means renaming, that is, giving one thing the name of another. This is the replacement of one word with another based on the contiguity of two objects, concepts, etc. Metonymy is the imposition of one feature on another, the imposition of a figurative meaning on a direct one. For example: 1. The village smokes gray smoke into the cold clear sky - people are warming up. (V.M. Shukshin) (Instead: stove pipes are smoked). 2. The city was noisy, flags were crackling, wet roses were falling from the bowls of flower girls, horses decorated with colorful feathers were jumping, and carousels were spinning. (Y.K. Olesha) (People living in the city were noisy). 3. I ate three plates. (I ate soup in bowls). All these transfers of meanings and their mixing are possible because objects that have the same name are located nearby, that is, they are adjacent. This may be contiguity in space, time, etc. Such transfers of names are called metonymic.
SYNECDOCHE. The Greek word synecdoche means correlation. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Transfer of meaning occurs when the lesser is called instead of the greater; more instead of less; part instead of whole; whole instead of part.
EPITHET. This word translated from Greek means “appendix, attached,” that is, one word is attached to another.
An epithet is a trope, figure, figurative definition, word or phrase that defines a person, object, phenomenon or action from the subjective position of the author. Differs from the simple definition in artistic expressiveness.
In folklore, constant epithets are used as a means of typification and one of the main means of its artistic expression. Tropes, in the strict sense of this term, include only epithets, the function of which is performed by words used figuratively, in contrast to exact epithets expressed by words used in the literal meaning (beautiful flowers, red berries). The creation of figurative epithets is associated with the use of words in a figurative meaning. Epithets expressed in words that have figurative meanings are called metaphorical. The basis of the epithet may be a metonymic transfer of the name (...we will go to break the wall, we will stand with our heads for our homeland. M.Yu. Lermontov).
Contrasting epithets that form combinations of words with opposite meanings with the defined nouns are called OXYMORONS. (“...joyful sadness, hating love.” I.B. Golub).
COMPARISON is a trope in which the characteristics of one object are given by comparing it with another object. Comparison is a trope that consists of comparing objects by their similarity, which can be obvious or distant and unexpected. Usually comparison is expressed using the words “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”. There may be comparisons in the instrumental case.
PERSONIFICATION is a type of metaphor, the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often, personification is created by referring to natural phenomena as living and conscious beings. Personification is also called the transfer of human properties to animals.
HYPERBOLE is one of the expressive means of speech, meaning “exaggeration”. Hyperbole is a figure with the meaning of excessively exaggerating what is being said.
LITOTA - translated from Greek this word means “simplicity”. If hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of something, then the reverse hyperbole means the same excessive understatement. Litotes is a figure that consists of excessive understatement of what is being said. (A little man as big as a fingernail. A boy as big as a finger. Thumbelina. Quieter than water, lower than the grass. “You have to bow your head below a thin blade of grass” (N.A. Nekrasov).
Expressive means of speech are humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque.
HUMOR is one of the expressive means of vocabulary; humor translated from English means disposition, mood. Entire works can be written in a comic, comic-pathetic, or allegorical manner. They show a good-natured, mocking attitude towards something. Remember A.P. Chekhov’s story “Chameleon”. Many of I. Krylov’s fables were written in this vein.
IRONY – translated from Greek “pretense”, “mockery”, when one thing is stated in words, but in the subtext something completely different is meant, the opposite of the expressed thought.
SARCASM - translated from Greek means “tearing meat.” Sarcasm is a caustic mockery, evil irony, caustic, caustic remarks. A comic effect is created, but at the same time an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt. The fantastic is combined with the real, the ordinary with the everyday. One of the varieties of painting - caricatures can be with humor, with irony, with sarcasm and with grotesque.
GROTESK means “bizarre”, “intricate”. This artistic technique consists of violating the proportion of depicted objects, phenomena, and events. Many of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s works are constructed using these expressive means of speech (“The History of a City,” “The Golovlev Gentlemen.” Fairy Tales). The stories of N.N. Gogol and A.P. Chekhov are full of humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque. The work of J. Swift (“Gulliver’s Travels”) is also grotesque in its content.
Remember the stories of A.P. Chekhov “Chameleon”, “Thick and Thin”, “Man in a Case”. Grotesque was used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to create the image of Judas in the novel “The Golovlevs.” Sarcasm and irony in the satirical poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Kozma Prutkov, Zoshchenko, and Vasily Shukshin are full of humor.
Such expressive means of word formation as paronyms and paronomas are used by satirists and humorists. Puns are created by playing on words.
PUNS are figures based on the sound similarity of words or combinations of words that are completely different in meaning. Puns are a play on words based on polysemy and homonymy. Puns make jokes. Puns can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, in his satirical poems, in Kozma Prutkov, Omar Khayyam, A.P. Chekhov.
What is a figure of speech?
The word “figure” is translated from Latin as “outline, appearance, image.” This word has many meanings. What does this term mean when we talk about artistic speech? Figures include syntactic means of expressive speech: rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals.
What is a trope?
Tropes are lexical means of expressive speech: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, litotes and others. Trope means “turn around” in Greek. This term denotes a word used in a figurative sense. Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of words that embellish the speech, make it more expressive and beautiful. Styles of fiction occupy a special place in the study of the discipline; expressive means are used in different styles of speech. The main thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a work of art (text) to have an emotional, aesthetic impact on the reader, to create vivid images and poetic pictures.
We live in a world of sounds. Some sounds evoke positive emotions, while others alarm, excite, cause anxiety, or calm and induce sleep. Sounds evoke images. Using a combination of sounds, you can have an emotional impact on a person, which we especially perceive when reading literary works and works of Russian folk art.
K.D. Balmont gave a figurative description of the sounds of speech: the sound is a “small magic gnome”, magic. M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “In the Russian language, it seems, the frequent repetition of the letter “A” can help to depict the splendor of great space, depth and height, also sudden (“remember the song “My native country is wide, there are many fields in it” , forests and rivers..."); increasing frequency of letters “E”, “I”, “Yu” - to depict tenderness, caressing, deplorable or small things (listen to the music of Yesenin’s verse: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees... "). Through the “I” you can show pleasantness, amusement, tenderness; through “O”, “U”, “Y” - terrible and strong things: anger, envy, sadness.”
SOUND NOTE: ASSONANCE, ALLITERATION, SOUND IMITATION
The use of certain sounds in a certain order as an artistic technique of expressive speech to create an image is called sound writing.
SOUND WRITTEN is an artistic technique that consists of selecting words that imitate the sounds of the real world in the text.
ASSONANCE is a French word meaning consonance. This is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a sound image. Assonance contributes to the expressiveness of speech. Poets use assonance in rhyme, in the rhythm of poems.
ALLITERATION is a word of Greek origin from the noun letter. Repetition of consonants in a literary text to create a sound image and enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.
SOUND IMITATION – the transmission of auditory impressions in words that resemble the sound of phenomena in the world around us.
As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.
In context, a word is a special world, a mirror of the author’s perception and attitude to reality. It has its own metaphorical precision, its own special truths, called artistic revelations; the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.
Individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotionally affecting image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a unique world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.
Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without thinking, various techniques of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, and imagery. Let's figure out what artistic techniques there are in the Russian language.
The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.
Metaphor
It is impossible to imagine artistic techniques in literature without mentioning the most important of them - the way of creating a linguistic picture of the world based on meanings already existing in the language itself.
The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:
- Fossilized, worn out, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
- Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that are emotional, metaphorical, reproducible in the memory of many native speakers, expressive (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
- Single metaphor (eg homeless heart).
- Unfolded (heart - “porcelain bell in yellow China” - Nikolay Gumilyov).
- Traditionally poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
- Individually-authored (sidewalk hump).
In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrasis, meiosis, litotes and other tropes.
The word “metaphor” itself means “transfer” in translation from Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of a name from one item to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some similarity, they must be adjacent in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects in some way.
As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.
A metaphor can be either simple or extensive. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded ones in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple ones changes significantly.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means “renaming,” that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word with another based on the existing contiguity of two concepts, objects, etc. This is the imposition of a figurative word on the direct meaning. For example: “I ate two plates.” Mixing of meanings and their transfer are possible because objects are adjacent, and the contiguity can be in time, space, etc.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means “correlation.” This transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: “According to Moscow reports.”
Epithet
It is impossible to imagine the artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective
Translated from Greek, this term means “attached, application,” that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.
The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.
Constant epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those whose function is words in a figurative meaning, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a literal meaning (red berries, beautiful flowers), belong to tropes. Figurative ones are created when words are used in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are usually called metaphorical. Metonymic transfer of name may also underlie this trope.
An oxymoron is a type of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, forming combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite in meaning (hateful love, joyful sadness).
Comparison
Simile is a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of different objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. It is usually expressed using certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”, “as if”. Comparisons can also take the form of the instrumental case.
Personification
When describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a type of metaphor that represents the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. It is often created by referring to such natural phenomena as conscious living beings. Personification is also the transference of human properties to animals.
Hyperbole and litotes
Let us note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litotes.
Hyperbole (translated as “exaggeration”) is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggerating what is being discussed.
Litota (translated as “simplicity”) is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is being discussed (a boy the size of a finger, a man the size of a fingernail).
Sarcasm, irony and humor
We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be complemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.
- Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is evil irony, caustic mockery, caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, but at the same time there is a clear ideological and emotional assessment.
- Irony in translation means “pretense”, “mockery”. It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is meant.
- Humor is one of the lexical means of expressiveness, translated meaning “mood”, “disposition”. Sometimes entire works can be written in a comic, allegorical vein, in which one can sense a mocking, good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story “Chameleon” by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.
The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.
Grotesque
The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "bizarre". This artistic technique represents a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the works of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (“The Golovlevs,” “The History of a City,” fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbole.
Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, Gulliver's Travels).
What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlevs”? Of course it's grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, and Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.
Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that represents an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that arises when used in the context of two or more meanings of a word or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.
In puns, the play on words is based on the jokes that arise from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A. P. Chekhov.
Figure of speech - what is it?
The word “figure” itself is translated from Latin as “appearance, outline, image.” This word has many meanings. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? related to figures: questions, appeals.
What is a "trope"?
“What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a word in a figurative sense?” - you ask. The term “trope” combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litotes, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Literary speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of phrase that embellish the speech and make it more expressive. Different styles use different means of expression. The most important thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a text or a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.
We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, others, on the contrary, excite, alarm, cause anxiety, calm or induce sleep. Different sounds evoke different images. Using their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of literature and Russian folk art, we perceive their sound especially keenly.
Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness
- Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
- Assonance is the deliberate harmonious repetition of vowels.
Alliteration and assonance are often used simultaneously in works. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.
Technique of sound recording in fiction
Sound painting is an artistic technique that is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, a selection of words that imitate the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and prose.
Types of sound recording:
- Assonance means “consonance” in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It promotes the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm and rhyme of poems.
- Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in a literary text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
- Onomatopoeia is the transmission of auditory impressions in special words reminiscent of the sounds of phenomena in the surrounding world.
These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.
Linguistic means of expression are traditionally called rhetorical figures.
Rhetorical figures - such stylistic turns, the purpose of which is to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Rhetorical figures are designed to make speech richer and brighter, and therefore attract the attention of the reader or listener, arouse emotions in him, and make him think. Many philologists have worked on the study of the means of expressive speech, such as
Literary speech is not a set of any special poetic words and phrases. The source of phrases is considered to be the language of the people, therefore, to create “living pictures” and images, the writer resorts to using all kinds of riches of the folk language, to the subtlest shades of the native word.
Every word, in addition to the main, direct meaning, denoting the main feature of any object, phenomenon, action (storm, fast driving, hot snow), also has a number of other meanings, that is, it is polysemantic. Fiction, in particular lyrical works, is an example of the use of means of expression, the most important source of expressiveness of speech
In Russian language and literature lessons, schoolchildren learn to find figurative language in works - metaphors, epithets, comparisons and others. They give clarity to the depiction of certain objects and phenomena, but it is precisely such means that cause difficulty both in a thorough understanding of the work and in learning in general. Therefore, in-depth study of means is an integral part of the educational process.
Let's look at each trope in more detail.
LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSIVENESS OF LANGUAGE
1. Antonyms– different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning
(good - evil, powerful - powerless).The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, establishing the emotionality of speech, serves as a means of antithesis: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms are words that are not contrasted in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:
Mind and heart - ice and fire- this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.2. Hyperbole– a figurative expression that exaggerates an action, object, or phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:
Snow was falling from the sky in buckets. 3. Litota– worst understatement: man with marigold.Used to enhance artistic impression. Individually authored neologisms (occasionalisms) - due to their novelty, they allow you to create certain artistic effects and express the author’s view on a topic or problem:
…how can we ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)The use of literary images helps the author to better explain a situation, phenomenon, or another image:
Grigory was, apparently, Ilyusha Oblomov’s brother." Italic style4. Synonyms- these are words related to one part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:
Crush is love, friend is friend.Used Synonyms allow you to more fully express your thoughts using. To enhance the feature. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms are words that are synonyms only in a given text:
Lomonosov is a genius - the beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)5. Metaphor- a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature. In artistic speech, the author uses metaphors to enhance the expressiveness of speech, to create and evaluate a picture of life, to convey the inner world of the characters and the point of view of the narrator and the author himself. In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands on what similarity the semantic connection between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based:
There were, are and, I hope, there will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil people, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would become warped... capsize and sink.Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a type of metaphor.
6. Metonymy– transfer of values (renaming) according to the contiguity of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer: a) from a person to his any external signs:
Is it lunchtime soon? - asked the guest, turning to the quilted vest; Italic styleb) from the institution to its inhabitants:
The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva; Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or. Reading Belinsky...7. Oxymoron- a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts that sharply contradict in meaning and are mutually exclusive. This technique prepares the reader to perceive contradictory, complex phenomena, often the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon, or gives an ironic overtone:
The sad fun continued...8. Personification– one of the types of metaphor when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person:
The trees, bending towards me, extended their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object: The rain splashed bare feet along the garden paths. Pushkin is a miracle.10. Paraphrase(s)– using a description instead of your own name or title; descriptive expression, figure of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:
The city of the Neva sheltered Gogol.11. Proverbs and the sayings used by the author make the speech figurative, apt, and expressive.
12. Comparison- one of the means of expressive language that helps the author express his point of view, create entire artistic pictures, and give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparisons are usually joined by conjunctions:
How, as if, as if, exactly, etc.
but serves to figuratively describe the most diverse characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of color:
His eyes are black as night.A form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case is often found:
Anxiety crept like a snake into our hearts.There are comparisons that are included in a sentence using words:
similar, similar, reminiscent: ...butterflies look like flowers.13. Phraseologisms– these are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and figurative characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, use. In order to show the author’s attitude to events, to a person, etc.:
people like my hero have a spark of God.Phraseologisms have a stronger impact on the reader.
14. Quotes from other works help the author to prove a thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional and expressive:
A.S. Pushkin " like first love", will not forget not only "Russia's heart", but also world culture.
15. Epithet– a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition of another:
chatterbox magpie, fatal clock. Peers greedily; listens frozen;but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning:
half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.16. Gradation- a stylistic figure, which involves the subsequent intensification or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:
For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!The gradation can be ascending (strengthening the characteristic) and descending (weakening the characteristic).
17. Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists of a sharp contrast of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, and contrast phenomena. Serves as a way to express the author’s view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
18. Tautology– repetition (better, the author’s words are the author’s words) Colloquial vocabulary adds additional. Expressive-emotional. Coloring (positive, negative, diminishing) can be given by a playful, ironic, familiar attitude towards the subject.
19. Historicisms-words that have fallen out of use along with the concepts they denoted
(chain mail, coachman)
20. Archaisms- words that in modern times Rus. The language is replaced by other concepts.
(mouth-mouth, cheeks-cheeks)In the works of artists. Lit. They help to recreate the flavor of the era, are means of speech characterization, or can be used as a means of comic relief.
21. Borrowing- Words - to create humor, nominative function, give nationality. The coloring brings the reader closer to the language of the country whose life is being described.
SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION
1. Exclamation particles– a way of expressing the author’s emotional mood, a technique for creating the emotional pathos of the text:
Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! How beautiful are your fields!Exclamatory sentences express the author’s emotional attitude to what is being described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):
Ugly attitude! How can you preserve happiness!Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:
Let's preserve our soul as a shrine!2. Inversion– reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent one comes after it, the object after the control word, the adverbial manner of action comes before the verb:
Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth.And with inversion, words are arranged in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:
My beloved homeland, my dear land, should we take care of you!3. Multi-union– a rhetorical figure consisting of the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the listed concepts, the role of each is emphasized:
And thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall to the ground, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!4. Parcellation- a technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into individual words. Its goal is to give speech intonation expression by abruptly pronouncing it:
The poet suddenly stood up. He turned pale.5. Repeat– conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to strengthen the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.6. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations– a special means of creating emotionality in speech and expressing the author’s position.
Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write into it his useless complaint about oppression, rudeness and malfunction? What summer, what summer? Yes, this is just witchcraft!7. Syntactic parallelism– identical construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight and emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word. The combination of short simple and long complex or complicated sentences helps to convey the pathos of the article and the emotional mood of the author.
« 1855 The zenith of Delacroix's fame. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts... in the central hall of the exhibition there are thirty-five paintings by the great romantic."Single-part, incomplete sentences make the author’s speech more expressive, emotional, and enhance the emotional pathos of the text:
Human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps... Not a single stroke, I hear the words. - No brush strokes. Like alive.8. Anaphora, or unity of beginning is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:
How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings overwhelming the soul at this moment?9. Epiphora– the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:
I've been coming to you all my life. I believed in you all my life. I've loved you all my life.
10. Water words are used to express
confidence (of course), uncertainty (possibly), various feelings (fortunately), the source of the statement (according to words), the order of phenomena (first), assessment (to put it mildly), to attract attention (you know, you understand, listen)11.Appeals- used to name the person being spoken to, to attract the attention of the interlocutor, and also to express the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor
(Dear and dear mother! - common address e)12. Homogeneous members of a sentence– their use helps to characterize an object (by color, shape, quality...), to focus attention on some point
13. Words-sentences
- Yes! But of course! Certainly! Used in colloquial speech, they express strong feelings of motivation.14. Separation- used to highlight or clarify part of a statement:
(At the fence, at the gate itself...)Lesson-workshop in Russian language for 11th grade
"Means of artistic expression."
Goals:
Systematization and generalization of work with the taskAT 8 (preparation for the Unified State Exam)
Development of logical thinking, the ability to prove one’s point of view and defend it.
Developing communication skills and the ability to work in groups.
Task No. 1.
Students are divided into multi-level groups of 4 people.
As they work, students take turns commenting on the text, finding all the tropes and figures of speech.
Each student must take part in text analysis.
If someone has difficulties, the others help the student understand the topic.
All members of the group must produce the same work, the same grade is given to everyone.
The work uses the memo “Tropes and Figures of Speech”
The following text is suggested for work:
SAD JOY...
The city was sleeping. Silence stopped the hectic, chaotic molecular movement. The darkness was palpably viscous, and even the standard joyful New Year's illumination did not help illuminate this impenetrability.
And he walked, ran, flew... Where? For what? What's there? He did not know. Yes, it was not so important! The main thing is that they were waiting for him there.
A series of dull, monotonous school days suddenly turned into festive fireworks, into the sweet agony of waiting for each new day, when one day SHE entered the class... She entered. She sat down next to her and, dashingly clicking a pink bubble inflated from chewing gum, said “Hello” with a smile. This simple word turned his whole dull life upside down! Small, boyishly angular, fragile, with huge eyes the color of the sky and a red explosion of unruly small curls on her head, she instantly drove the entire male population of the class crazy. The school buzzed every time this amazing creature rushed along the long corridor like a fiery torch.
He understood that the chances were zero, but his heart and reason were clearly not in harmony! It rustled in a crazy whisper, moving the balls in his soul with hope... And he took a risk. The note, hard-won during sleepless nights, ended up in her notebook. Time stood still. It froze. Disappeared. He waited. The days dragged on with thick raspberry syrup. Two. Five. Ten... Hope dies last. And he waited.
The night call woke him up, ending her long, wonderful kiss. “I’m at the hospital, come.” The whisper of rustling leaves, the grinding of a strong, fragile, rainbow-colored ice crust underfoot simply tore my brain. There was a throb in her throat: “She feels bad. She needs me. She called me."
And he walked. He ran. Flew. Without understanding the road. not noticing the cold and uninvited peas of tears on the cheeks. My heart was breaking with a thousand emotions. Where? Why?... There... Then...
5. Summing up.
6. Homework.
Create your own text by analogy with the completed work, complicating it as much as possible.
THEORETICAL MATERIALS TO HELP.
1. Antonyms - different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless). The contrast of antonyms in speech is a clear source of speech expression, establishing the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms - these are words that are not contrasted in meaning in language and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
3.Hyperbole – a figurative expression that exaggerates an action, object, or phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression: Snow was falling from the sky in pounds.
4. Litota – artistic understatement: a little man. Used to enhance artistic impression.
5.Synonyms - these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Falling in love - love, buddy - friend.
6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms – words that are synonymous only in this text: Lomonosov – genius – beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)
7. Stylistic synonyms - differ in stylistic coloring, sphere of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.
8. Syntactic synonyms - parallel syntactic constructions that have different structures, but coincide in meaning: start preparing lessons - start preparing lessons.
9.Metaphor - a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
There were, are and, I hope, there will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil people, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world, it would become warped... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a type of metaphor.
10. Expanded metaphor – a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of existence to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. The metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together a wide variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink the subject in a new way, to reveal and expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the author’s individual vision of the world.
11.Metonymy – transfer of values (renaming) according to the contiguity of phenomena. The most common transfer cases:
a) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch soon? - asked the guest, turning to the quilted vest;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding house recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva;
12.Synecdoche - a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something smaller included in something larger) A type of metonymy. “Hey, beard! How do you get from here to Plyushkin?”
13.Oxymoron - a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon: The sad fun continued...
14. Personification – one of the types of metaphor when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: The trees, bending towards me, extended their thin arms.
15.Comparison - one of the means of expressive language that helps the author express his point of view, create entire artistic pictures, and give a description of objects. Comparisons are usually added by conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but serves to figuratively describe the most diverse characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, a comparison helps to give an accurate description of color: His eyes are black as night.
16.Phraseological units – these are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.
17.Epithet – a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition of another:
1) noun: chatty magpie.
2) adjective: fatal hours.
3) Adverb and participle: eagerly peers; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning: half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.
SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
1.Anaphora - This is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings overwhelming the soul at this moment?
2. Antithesis - a stylistic device that consists of a sharp contrast of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, and contrast phenomena. Serves as a way to express the author’s view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
3. Gradation - a stylistic figure that involves the consistent intensification or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
4 Inversion – reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent one comes after it, the object after the control word, the adverbial modifier comes before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, words are arranged in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech: My beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!
5.Parcellation is a technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into individual words. Its goal is to give the speech intonation expression by abruptly pronouncing it: The poet suddenly stood up. He turned pale.
6.Repeat - conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to strengthen the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.
7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations – a special means of creating emotionality in speech and expressing the author’s position.
What summer, what summer? Yes, this is just witchcraft!
8. Syntactic parallelism – identical construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight and emphasize the idea expressed: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
Everyone knows well that art is the self-expression of an individual, and literature, therefore, is the self-expression of the writer’s personality. The “baggage” of a writer consists of vocabulary, speech techniques, and skills in using these techniques. The richer the artist’s palette, the greater the possibilities he has when creating a canvas. It’s the same with a writer: the more expressive his speech, the brighter his images, the deeper and more interesting his statements, the stronger the emotional impact his works can have on the reader.
Among the means of verbal expressiveness, more often called “artistic devices” (or otherwise figures, tropes), in literary creativity metaphor is in first place in terms of frequency of use.
Metaphor is used when we use a word or expression in a figurative sense. This transfer is carried out by the similarity of individual features of a phenomenon or object. Most often, it is metaphor that creates an artistic image.
There are quite a few varieties of metaphor, among them:
metonymy - a trope that mixes meanings by contiguity, sometimes suggesting the imposition of one meaning on another
(examples: “Let me eat another plate!”; “Van Gogh is hanging on the third floor”);
(examples: “nice guy”; “pathetic little man”; “bitter bread”);
comparison is a figure of speech that characterizes an object by comparing one thing with another
(examples: “like the flesh of a child is fresh, like the call of a pipe is tender”);
personification - “revival” of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature
(examples: “ominous darkness”; “autumn cried”; “blizzard howled”);
hyperbole and litotes - a figure in the meaning of exaggeration or understatement of the described object
(examples: “he always argues”; “a sea of tears”; “there wasn’t a drop of poppy dew in his mouth”);
sarcasm - evil, caustic mockery, sometimes outright verbal mockery (for example, in rap battles that have become widespread recently);
irony - a mocking statement when the speaker means something completely different (for example, the works of I. Ilf and E. Petrov);
humor is a trope that expresses a cheerful and most often good-natured mood (for example, the fables of I.A. Krylov are written in this vein);
grotesque is a figure of speech that deliberately violates the proportions and true dimensions of objects and phenomena (often used in fairy tales, another example is “Gulliver’s Travels” by J. Swift, the work of N.V. Gogol);
pun - deliberate ambiguity, a play on words based on their polysemy
(examples can be found in jokes, as well as in the works of V. Mayakovsky, O. Khayyam, K. Prutkov, etc.);
oxymoron - a combination in one expression of the incongruous, two contradictory concepts
(examples: “terribly handsome”, “original copy”, “pack of comrades”).
However, verbal expressiveness is not limited to stylistic figures. In particular, we can also mention sound painting, which is an artistic technique that implies a certain order in the construction of sounds, syllables, words to create some kind of image or mood, imitating the sounds of the real world. The reader will often encounter sound writing in poetic works, but this technique is also found in prose.
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