Timur, the son of a bek from the Turkified Mongolian Barlas tribe, was born in Kesh (modern Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan), southwest of Bukhara. His father had a small ulus. The name of the Central Asian conqueror comes from the nickname Timur Leng (Lame Timur), which was associated with his lameness in his left leg. Since childhood, he persistently engaged in military exercises and at the age of 12 began going on hikes with his father. He was a zealous Mohammedan, which played a significant role in his fight against the Uzbeks.
Timur early showed his military abilities and ability not only to command people, but also to subjugate them to his will. In 1361, he entered the service of Khan Togluk, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. He owned large territories in Central Asia. Quite soon, Timur became an adviser to the khan’s son Ilyas Khoja and the ruler (viceroy) of the Kashkadarya vilayet in the domain of Khan Togluk. By that time, the son of the bek from the Barlas tribe already had his own detachment of mounted warriors.
But after some time, having fallen into disgrace, Timur with his military detachment of 60 people fled across the Amu Darya River to the Badakhshan Mountains. There his squad was replenished. Khan Togluk sent a detachment of a thousand in pursuit of Timur, but he, having fallen into a well-arranged ambush, was almost completely exterminated in battle by Timur’s soldiers.
Gathering his forces, Timur concluded a military alliance with the ruler of Balkh and Samarkand, Emir Hussein, and began a war with Khan Togluk and his son-heir Ilyas Khoja, whose army consisted mainly of Uzbek warriors. The Turkmen tribes sided with Timur, giving him numerous cavalry. Soon he declared war on his ally Samarkand Emir Hussein and defeated him.
Timur captured Samarkand, one of the largest cities in Central Asia, and intensified military operations against the son of Khan Togluk, whose army, according to exaggerated data, numbered about 100 thousand people, but 80 thousand of them formed garrisons of fortresses and almost did not participate in field battles. Timur's cavalry squad numbered only about 2 thousand people, but they were experienced warriors. In a series of battles, Timur defeated the Khan's troops, and by 1370 their remnants retreated across the Syr River.
After these successes, Timur resorted to military stratagem, which was a brilliant success. On behalf of the khan's son, who commanded Togluk's troops, he sent out an order to the commandants of the fortresses to leave the fortresses entrusted to them and to retreat beyond the Syr River with the garrison troops. So, with the help of military cunning, Timur cleared all the enemy fortresses of the khan’s troops.
In 1370, a kurultai was convened, at which the rich and noble Mongol owners elected a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, Kobul Shah Aglan, as khan. However, Timur soon removed him from his path. By that time, he had significantly replenished his military forces, primarily at the expense of the Mongols, and could now lay claim to independent khan power.
In the same 1370, Timur became emir in Transoxiana, a region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, and ruled on behalf of the descendants of Genghis Khan, relying on the army, nomadic nobility and Muslim clergy. He made the city of Samarkand his capital.
Timur began preparing for large campaigns of conquest by organizing a strong army. At the same time, he was guided by the combat experience of the Mongols and the rules of the great conqueror Genghis Khan, which his descendants had completely forgotten by that time.
Timur began his struggle for power with a detachment of 313 soldiers loyal to him. They formed the backbone of the command staff of the army he created: 100 people began to command dozens of soldiers, 100 hundreds and the last 100 thousand. Timur's closest and most trusted associates received senior military positions.
He paid special attention to the selection of military leaders. In his army, the foremen were chosen by the dozen soldiers themselves, but Timur personally appointed the centurions, thousand and higher-ranking commanders. “A leader whose power is weaker than a whip and stick is unworthy of the title,” said the Central Asian conqueror.
His army, unlike the troops of Genghis Khan and Batu Khan, received a salary. An ordinary warrior received from two to four times the price of horses. The size of such a salary was determined by the service performance of the soldier. The foreman received the salary of his dozen and therefore was personally interested in the proper performance of service by his subordinates. The centurion received the salary of six foremen and so on.
There was also a system of awards for military distinctions. This could be the praise of the emir himself, an increase in salary, valuable gifts, rewarding with expensive weapons, new ranks and honorary titles such as, for example, Brave or Bogatyr. The most common punishment was the withholding of a tenth of the salary for a specific disciplinary offense.
Timur's cavalry, which formed the basis of his army, was divided into light and heavy. Simple light-horse warriors were required to be armed with a bow, 18-20 arrows, 10 arrowheads, an axe, a saw, an awl, a needle, a lasso, a tursuk (water bag) and a horse. For 19 such warriors on a campaign, one wagon was relied upon. Selected Mongol warriors served in the heavy cavalry. Each of her warriors had a helmet, iron protective armor, a sword, a bow and two horses. For five such horsemen there was one wagon. In addition to the mandatory weapons, there were pikes, maces, sabers and other weapons. The Mongols carried everything they needed for camping on spare horses.
Light infantry appeared in the Mongol army under Timur. These were horse archers (carrying 30 arrows) who dismounted before the battle. Thanks to this, shooting accuracy increased. Such mounted riflemen were very effective in ambushes, during military operations in the mountains and during the siege of fortresses.
Timur's army was distinguished by a well-thought-out organization and a strictly defined order of formation. Each warrior knew his place in the ten, ten in the hundred, hundred in the thousand. Individual units of the army differed in the color of their horses, the color of their clothes and banners, and their combat equipment. According to the laws of Genghis Khan, before the campaign, the soldiers were given a strict review.
During campaigns, Timur took care of reliable military guards in order to avoid a surprise attack by the enemy. On the way or at a stop, security detachments were separated from the main forces at a distance of up to five kilometers. From them, patrol posts were sent out even further, which, in turn, sent mounted sentries ahead.
Being an experienced commander, Timur chose flat terrain, with sources of water and vegetation, for the battles of his predominantly cavalry army. He lined up the troops for battle so that the sun did not shine in the eyes and thus did not blind the archers. He always had strong reserves and flanks to encircle the enemy drawn into battle.
Timur began the battle with light cavalry, which bombarded the enemy with a cloud of arrows. After this, horse attacks began, which followed one after another. When the opposing side began to weaken, a strong reserve consisting of heavy armored cavalry was brought into battle. Timur said: “The ninth attack gives victory.” This was one of his main rules in the war.
Timur began his campaigns of conquest beyond his original possessions in 1371. By 1380, he had made 9 military campaigns, and soon all neighboring regions inhabited by Uzbeks and most of the territory of modern Afghanistan came under his rule. Any resistance to the Mongol army was cruelly punished; commander Timur left behind enormous destruction and erected pyramids from the heads of defeated enemy warriors.
In 1376, Emir Timur provided military assistance to the descendant of Genghis Khan, Tokhtamysh, as a result of which the latter became one of the khans of the Golden Horde. However, Tokhtamysh soon repaid his patron with black ingratitude.
The Emir's Palace in Samarkand was constantly replenished with treasures. It is believed that Timur brought to his capital up to 150 thousand of the best craftsmen from the conquered countries, who built numerous palaces for the emir, decorating them with paintings depicting the aggressive campaigns of the Mongol army.
In 1386, Emir Timur launched a campaign of conquest in the Caucasus. Near Tiflis, the Mongol army fought with the Georgian army and won a complete victory. The capital of Georgia was destroyed. The defenders of the Vardzia fortress, the entrance to which led through the dungeon, put up brave resistance to the conquerors. Georgian soldiers repulsed all enemy attempts to break into the fortress through an underground passage. The Mongols managed to take Vardzia with the help of wooden platforms, which they lowered on ropes from the neighboring mountains. At the same time as Georgia, neighboring Armenia was also conquered.
In 1388, after long resistance, Khorezm fell and its capital Urgench was destroyed. Now all the lands along the Jeyhun (Amu Darya) river from the Pamir Mountains to the Aral Sea became the possessions of Emir Timur.
In 1389, the cavalry army of the Samarkand emir made a campaign in the steppes to Lake Balkhash, in the territory of Semirechye in the south of modern Kazakhstan.
/The ending follows/.
Timur (Timur-Leng - Iron Lame), the famous conqueror of the eastern lands, whose name sounded on the lips of Europeans as Tamerlane (1336 - 1405), was born in Kesh (modern Shakhrisabz, "Green City"), fifty miles south of Samarkand in Transoxiana (the region of modern Uzbekistan between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya). According to some assumptions, Timur's father Taragai was the leader of the Mongol-Turkic tribe of Barlas (a large clan in the Chagatai Mongol tribe) and a descendant of a certain Karachar Noyon (a large feudal landowner in Mongolia in the Middle Ages), a powerful assistant of Chagatai, the son of Genghis Khan and a distant relative of the latter . Timur's reliable Memoirs say that he led many expeditions during the unrest that followed the death of Emir Kazgan, the ruler of Mesopotamia. In 1357, after the invasion of Tughlak Timur, Khan of Kashgar (1361), and the appointment of his son Ilyas-Khoja as governor of Mesopotamia, Timur became his assistant and ruler of Kesh. But very soon he fled and joined Emir Hussein, the grandson of Kazgan, becoming his son-in-law. After many raids and adventures, they defeated the forces of Ilyas-Khoja (1364) and set off to conquer Mesopotamia. Around 1370, Timur rebelled against his ally Hussein, captured him in Balkh and announced that he was the heir of Chagatai and was going to revive the Mongol empire.
Tamerlane devoted the next ten years to the fight against the khans of Jent (East Turkestan) and Khorezm and in 1380 captured Kashgar. He then intervened in the conflict between the khans of the Golden Horde in Rus' and helped Tokhtamysh take the throne. He, with the help of Timur, defeated the ruling khan Mamai, took his place and, in order to take revenge on the Moscow prince for the defeat he inflicted on Mamai in 1380, captured Moscow in 1382.
Timur's conquest of Persia in 1381 began with the capture of Herat. The unstable political and economic situation in Persia at that time contributed to the conqueror. The revival of the country, which began during the reign of the Ilkhans, slowed down again with the death of the last representative of the Abu Said family (1335). In the absence of an heir, rival dynasties took turns taking the throne. The situation was aggravated by the clash between the Mongol Jalair dynasties ruling in Baghdad and Tabriz; the Perso-Arab family of the Muzafarids, ruling in Fars and Isfahan; Kharid-Kurtov in Herat; local religious and tribal alliances, such as the Serbedars (rebels against Mongol oppression) in Khorasan and the Afghans in Kerman, and petty princes in the border areas. All these warring principalities could not jointly and effectively resist Timur. Khorasan and all of Eastern Persia fell under his onslaught in 1382 - 1385; Fars, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Armenia were conquered in 1386-1387 and 1393-1394; Mesopotamia and Georgia came under his rule in 1394. Between conquests, Timur fought Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, whose troops invaded Azerbaijan in 1385 and Mesopotamia in 1388, defeating Timur's forces. In 1391, Timur, pursuing Tokhtamysh, reached the southern steppes of Rus', defeated the enemy and overthrew him from the throne. In 1395, the Horde Khan again invaded the Caucasus, but was finally defeated on the Kura River. To top it off, Timur ravaged Astrakhan and Sarai, but did not reach Moscow. The uprisings that broke out throughout Persia during this campaign demanded his immediate return. Timur suppressed them with extraordinary cruelty. Entire cities were destroyed, the inhabitants were exterminated, and their heads were walled up in the walls of the towers.
In 1399, when Timur was already in his sixties, he invaded India, angry that the Delhi Sultans were showing too much tolerance towards their subjects. On September 24, Tamerlane's troops crossed the Indus and, leaving a bloody trail behind them, entered Delhi.
Having laid the stone foundation of the mosque, at the end of the same year, Timur undertook his last great expedition, the purpose of which was to punish the Egyptian Sultan Mameluke for supporting Ahmad Jalair and the Turkish Sultan Bayazet II, who had captured Eastern Anatolia. After restoring his power in Azerbaijan, Tamerlane moved to Syria. Aleppo was stormed and sacked, the Mameluke army was defeated, and Damascus was captured (1400). A crushing blow to the well-being of Egypt was that Timur sent all the craftsmen to Samarkand to build mosques and palaces. In 1401, Baghdad was stormed, twenty thousand of its inhabitants were killed, and all monuments were destroyed. Tamerlane spent the winter in Georgia, and in the spring he crossed the border of Anatolia, defeated Bayazet near Ankara (July 20, 1402) and captured Smyrna, which was owned by the Rhodian knights. Bayazet died in captivity, and the story of his imprisonment in an iron cage forever became a legend. As soon as the Egyptian Sultan and John VII (later co-ruler of Manuel II Palaiologos) stopped resisting. Timur returned to Samarkand and immediately began to prepare for an expedition to China. He set out at the end of December, but in Otrar on the Syr Darya River he fell ill and died on January 19, 1405. Tamerlane's body was embalmed and sent in an ebonite coffin to Samarkand, where he was buried in a magnificent mausoleum called Gur-Emir. Before his death, Timur divided his territories between his two surviving sons and grandsons. After many years of war and hostility over the will he left, Tamerlane’s descendants were united by the khan’s youngest son, Shahruk.
During Timur's life, contemporaries kept a careful chronicle of what was happening. It was supposed to serve as a basis for writing the official biography of the khan. In 1937, the works of Nizam ad-Din Shami were published in Prague. A revised version of the chronicle was prepared by Sharaf ad-Din Yazdi even earlier and in 1723 published in Petit de la Croix's translation. The opposite point of view was reflected by another contemporary of Timur, Ibn Arabshah, who was extremely hostile towards the khan. His book was published in 1936 in Sanders' translation under the title "Tamerlane, or Timur, the Great Emir." The so-called "Memoirs" of Timur, published in 1830 in Stewart's translation, are considered a forgery, and the circumstances of their discovery and presentation to Shah Jahan in 1637 are still questioned.
Portraits of Timur made by Persian masters have survived to this day. However, they reflected an idealized idea of him. They in no way correspond to the description of the khan by one of his contemporaries as a very tall man with a large head, rosy cheeks and naturally blond hair. Tamerlan is the stage name of a Ukrainian singer, musician and composer, member of the pop duet “TamerlanAlena” and the wife of the second member of the duet, Alena Omargalieva.
Childhood and adolescence
Tamerlan’s real name is Yuri, but the artist keeps his last name a secret. The future singer was born on January 28, 1989 on the Volga, but spent his entire adult childhood and youth in sunny Odessa, on the shores of the Black Sea. His grandfather first moved there, who was invited to the position of rector of the Odessa Agricultural Institute, and then Yura’s parents. 
The singer’s father is a professional athlete, master of sports in judo and sambo, master of sports in boxing, and played on goal for the Rostov hockey team. It is not surprising that from an early age he instilled in his four children (Yuri has a sister and two younger brothers) a love of sports and physical activity. Yura practiced judo professionally for twelve years, became a master of sports, and won prizes in prestigious international competitions.
The young man showed great promise, and if not for a serious injury that put an end to his sports career, he could have become an outstanding judoka. However, fate had its own way, and Yuri, forced to be bored without training, unexpectedly became interested in rap and RnB music. He began to compose lyrics and overlay them with primitive beats, reading into a karaoke microphone.
As a child, the young man was interested in history, and he was especially impressed by the life path of the legendary commander Tamerlane. Therefore, when the question arose about choosing a creative pseudonym, Yuri had no other options.Music career
After graduating from school, the aspiring rapper went to Kyiv, where there were more opportunities to develop as a musician. Meeting the Ukrainian producer Ruslan Minzhinsky was the first serious step in his career. 
Ruslan helped in the recording of the debut album and offered to star in the video “Silicon Brains” by the then popular group “XS”.
Tamerlane - My name
The song became a hit of the season, and inspired by the success of the young rapper, Minzhinsky decided to create the duet Tamerlan & ROIEL. However, the second performer moved to America and it became difficult to work with him. Therefore, Tamerlane was asked to choose his own partner. The young man chose the young singer Alena Omargalieva, whose work he was a little familiar with. He found a girl on social networks and offered to collaborate.
Alena immediately recognized the charismatic guy from the popular video and accepted his proposal. The guys flew to America, where they filmed their first joint video for the song “I Want with You.” The debut turned out to be successful, and soon the duo took their rightful place in Ukrainian show business.
Tamerlan and Alena Omargalieva - I want to be with you
A great contribution to the promotion of the project was made by Alena’s father, a major Cherkassy official Konstantin Omargaliev, who invested a considerable amount of money. However, according to Konstantin himself, this was the end of his participation in the fate of the duo - in the future the guys achieved success themselves.
Personal life of Tamerlane
At first, Tamerlane had a purely working relationship with Alena, which gradually developed into a romantic one. For some time they tried not to succumb to emotions, believing that they would harm their creative tandem, but soon it became impossible to fight the feelings. Everything happened as in their first song, “I Want with You.” 
On December 31, 2012, Tamerlan proposed to Alena, and in the summer of 2013, the artists played a luxurious wedding in a country residence near Kiev, and in January of the following year, their baby Timur was born. The couple decided to try the so-called “pair birth”: Tamerlan was present during this difficult ordeal and supported Alena to the best of his ability.
Tamerlan now
Together with his beloved Alena, Tamerlan continues to work on new material and perform on stage. In 2017, the group TamerlanAlena began to create in the neo r’n’b genre. In the press they are often called “the most beautiful couple in Ukrainian show business.” In their free time from performing, Tamerlan and Alena enjoy parenthood - Timur is growing up as a very smart and musical boy.Great Emir Tamerlane (Timur the lame)
Oh, if only, taking with me the poems of the sofa
Yes, in a jug of wine and putting bread in my pocket,
I want to spend a day with you among the ruins, -
Any sultan could envy me.
Rubaiyat
No less mysterious historical, brilliant figure is undoubtedly Timur the Lame. Born 109 years after the death of Genghis Khan.
Timur - iron, born April 9, 1336. Khoja-Ilgar, modern Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan, died February 18, 1405 Otrar, Kazakhstan - Central Asian commander and conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Commander, founder of the Timurid Empire (1370) with its capital in Samarkand. Great Emir of the Timurid Empire. Timur's full name was Timur ibn Taragai Barlas - Timur son of Taragai from Barlas in accordance with the Arabic tradition (alam-nasab-nisba). In Chagatai and Mongolian languages, Tem;r or Temir means “iron”. In medieval Russian chronicles he was called Temir Aksak.
Not being Genghisid, Timur formally could not bear the title of khan, therefore he was always called only emir (leader, leader). However, having intermarried with the house of Chingizids in 1370, he took the name Timur Gurgan - an Iranianized version of the Mongolian k;r;gen or h;rgen, “son-in-law”). This meant that Timur was a relative of the Genghisids and could live and act freely in their houses.
Portrait of Tamerlane. 15th century miniature
Father Muhammad Taragai Noyon (Barlas), he was a military man and a small landowner. He came from the Barlas tribe and was a descendant of a certain Karachar noyon (a large feudal landowner in the Middle Ages), a powerful assistant to Chagatai, the son of Genghis Khan, mother Tekina Khatun (a female alternative to the title Khan - Khatun).
Timur was a very brave and reserved man. Possessing sobriety of judgment, he knew how to make the right decision in difficult situations. These character traits attracted people to him.
A far-sighted ruler and talented organizer, Timur was at the same time a cruel conqueror who mercilessly suppressed any manifestations of disobedience. Majestic pyramids of severed heads, cities razed to the ground, hundreds of thousands of prisoners and civilians deliberately killed - all this was familiar to Tamerlane’s aggressive and punitive campaigns. For example, having invaded Afghanistan, Timur ordered the erection of a tower of two thousand living captives mixed with clay and broken bricks to intimidate the population. It should be noted, however, that the sophisticated cruelty usual for medieval wars took on such impressive proportions in Timur’s conquests precisely because of the scale of these conquests and the unprecedented mass scale of the battles.
Timur left behind dozens of monumental architectural structures, some of which have entered the treasury of world culture. Timur's buildings, in the creation of which he took an active part, reveal his extraordinary artistic taste.
He was an educated man, his maternal grandfather Sadr al-Shari "and a famous scholar of one of the directions of Sharia - Hanafi. He was the author of Sharh al-Wikaya, a commentary on al-Wakaya, which in turn is a commentary on al-Marghinana - al -Hidayah, which is a classic guide to the laws of the Hanafi.He may also be the famous traveler Ibn Batuta.
Timur at a feast in Samarkand
As shown by the opening of the tomb of Gur Emir (Samarkand) by M. M. Gerasimov and the subsequent study of the skeleton from the burial, which is believed to belong to Tamerlane, his height was 172 cm. Timur was strong and physically developed, his contemporaries wrote about him: “If Most warriors could pull the bow string to the level of the collarbone, but Timur pulled it to the ear.” His hair is lighter than most of his people. A detailed study of Timur's remains showed that, anthropologically, he belonged to the South Siberian race.
The appearance of Timur, reconstructed based on the results of a study of his remains.
Despite Timur's old age (69 years), his skull, as well as his skeleton, did not have pronounced senile features. The presence of most of the teeth, the clear relief of the bones, the almost complete absence of osteophytes - all this suggests that the skull of the skeleton belonged to a person full of strength and health, whose biological age did not exceed 50 years. The massiveness of healthy bones, the highly developed relief and their density, the width of the shoulders, the volume of the chest and the relatively high height - all this gives the right to think that Timur had an extremely strong build. His strong athletic muscles were most likely distinguished by a certain dryness of form, and this is natural: life on military campaigns, with their difficulties and hardships, almost constant stay in the saddle could hardly contribute to obesity.
A special external difference between Tamerlane’s warriors and other Muslims was the Mongolian braids they preserved, which is confirmed by some Central Asian illustrated manuscripts of that time. Meanwhile, examining ancient Turkic sculptures and images of Turks in the paintings of Afrasiab, researchers came to the conclusion that the Turks wore braids back in the 5th-8th centuries. The opening of Timur's grave and analysis by anthropologists showed that Timur did not have braids. “Timur’s hair is thick, straight, gray-red in color, with a predominance of dark chestnut or red.” “Contrary to the accepted custom of shaving his head, at the time of his death Timur had relatively long hair.” Some historians believe that the light color of his hair is due to the fact that Tamerlane dyed his hair with henna. But M. M. Gerasimov notes in his work: “Even a preliminary study of beard hair under a binocular convinces that this reddish color is natural, and not dyed with henna, as historians described.” Timur wore a long mustache, not a trim one above the lip. As we managed to find out, there was a rule that allowed the highest military class to wear a mustache without cutting it above the lip, and Timur, according to this rule, did not cut his mustache, and it hung freely above the lip. “Timur’s small thick beard was wedge-shaped. Her hair is coarse, almost straight, thick, bright brown (red) in color, with significant gray streaks.”
Depiction of Timur by a French artist
Lesions were visible on the bones of the right leg in the area of the kneecap, which is fully consistent with the nickname “Lame.”
A contemporary and captive of Tamerlane, Ibn Arabshah, who knew Tamerlane personally since 1401, reports: “As for Persian, Turkic and Mongolian, he knew them better than anyone else.”
The Spanish diplomat and traveler Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who visited the court of Tamerlane in Transoxiana, reports that “Beyond this river (Amu Darya) lies the kingdom of Samarkand, and its land is called Mogalia (Mogolistan), and the language is Mughal, and this language is not understood on this (southern) side river, since everyone speaks Persian,” he further reports, “the letter that is used by the Samarkand residents living on the other side of the river is not understood and cannot be read by those who live on this side, but they call this letter Mogali. And Senor Tamerlane keeps with him several scribes who can read and write in this language.”
According to Svat Sou;ek, Timur was a Turk from the Barlas tribe, Mongolian in name and origin, but in all practical senses Turkic by that time. Timur's native language was Turkic (Chagatai), although he may have also spoken Persian to some extent due to the cultural environment in which he lived. He almost certainly did not know Mongolian, although Mongolian terms had not yet completely disappeared from documents and were found on coins.
During the campaign against Tokhtamysh in 1391, Timur ordered an inscription in the Chagatai language in Uighur letters to be knocked out near Mount Altyn-Chuku - 8 lines and three lines in Arabic containing the Koranic text. In history, this inscription is known as the Karsakpai inscription of Timur. Currently, the stone with Timur's inscription is stored and exhibited in the Hermitage.
Timur loved to talk with scientists, especially listen to the reading of historical works; with his knowledge of history he surprised the medieval historian, philosopher and thinker Ibn Khaldun; Timur used stories about the valor of historical and legendary heroes to inspire his soldiers.
According to Alisher Navoi, although Timur did not write poetry, he knew both poetry and prose very well, and, by the way, knew how to bring the proper beit to the right place.
Timur spent his childhood and youth in the Kesh mountains. In his youth, he loved hunting and equestrian competitions, javelin throwing and archery, and had a penchant for war games. From the age of ten, Atabay mentors who served under Taragai taught Timur the art of war and sports games.
The first information about Timur appeared in sources starting in 1361. The beginning of Tamerlane's political activity is similar to the biography of Genghis Khan: they were the leaders of the detachments of adherents they personally recruited, who then remained the main support of their power. Like Genghis Khan, Timur personally entered into all the details of the organization of military forces, had detailed information about the forces of his enemies and the state of their lands, enjoyed unconditional authority among his army and could fully rely on his associates. Less successful was the choice of persons placed at the head of the civil administration (numerous cases of punishment for extortion of high dignitaries in Samarkand, Herat, Shiraz, Tabriz).
In 1362, Timur was confirmed as the ruler of the Kesh region and one of the assistants to the Mogul prince.
Ilyas-Khoja, together with Emir Bekchik and other close emirs, conspired to remove Timur from state affairs, and, if possible, to destroy him physically. The intrigues intensified and became dangerous. Timur had to separate from the Mughals and go over to the side of their enemy - Emir Hussein, the grandson of Emir Kazagan. For some time, with a small detachment, they led the life of adventurers and went towards Khorezm, where in the battle of Khiva they were defeated by the ruler of those lands, Tavakkala-Kongurot, and with the remnants of their warriors and servants were forced to retreat deep into the desert. Subsequently, reaching the village of Mahmudi in the region subject to Mahan, they were captured by the people of Alibek Dzhanikurban, in whose captivity they spent 62 days. According to historian Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi, Alibek intended to sell Timur and Hussein to Iranian merchants, but in those days not a single caravan passed through Mahan. The prisoners were rescued by Alibek's elder brother, Emir Muhammad Beg.
Until 1364, emirs Timur and Hussein lived on the southern bank of the Amu Darya in the regions of Kakhmard, Daragez, Arsif and Balkh and waged a guerrilla war against the Moguls. During a skirmish in Seistan, which took place in the fall of 1362 against the enemies of the ruler Malik Qutbiddin, Timur lost two fingers on his right hand and was seriously wounded in his right leg, causing him to become lame.
In 1364, the Moguls were forced to leave the country. Returning back to Transoxiana, Timur and Hussein placed Kabul Shah from the Chagataid clan on the throne.
The next year, at dawn on May 22, 1365, a bloody battle took place near Chinaz between the army of Timur and Hussein with the army of Khan Ilyas-Khoja, which went down in history as the “Battle in the Mud.” Timur and Hussein had little chance of victory, since Ilyas-Khoja's army had superior forces. During the battle, a torrential downpour began, it was difficult for the soldiers to even look forward, and the horses got stuck in the mud. Despite this, Timur’s troops began to gain victory on his flank; at the decisive moment, he asked Hussein for help in order to finish off the enemy, but Hussein not only did not help, but also retreated. This predetermined the outcome of the battle. The warriors of Timur and Hussein were forced to retreat to the other side of the Syrdarya River.
Meanwhile, the army of Ilyas-Khoja was expelled from Samarkand by a popular uprising of the Serbedars, which was led by the madrasah teacher Mavlanazada, the artisan Abubakr Kalavi and the shooter Mirzo Khurdaki Bukhari. Popular government was established in the city. The property of the rich sections of the population was confiscated, so they turned to Hussein and Timur for help. Timur and Hussein agreed to act against the Serbedars. In the spring of 1366, Timur and Hussein suppressed the uprising, executing the Serbedar leaders, but on the orders of Tamerlane they left alive one of the leaders of the uprising, Mavlana-zade, who was extremely popular among the people.
Timur during the siege of the Balkh fortress in 1370
Hussein had plans to take the position of supreme emir of the Chagatai ulus, like his grandfather Kazagan, who seized this position by force during the time of Kazan Khan. A split emerged in the relationship between Timur and Hussein, and each of them began to prepare for a decisive battle. in this situation, Timur received great support from the clergy in the person of the Termez seids, the Samarkand sheikh-ul-Islam and Mir Seyid Bereke, who became Timur’s spiritual mentor.
Having moved from Sali-sarai to Balkh, Hussein began to strengthen the fortress. He decided to act with deception and cunning. Hussein sent Timur an invitation to a meeting in the Chakchak gorge to sign a peace treaty, and as proof of his friendly intentions he promised to swear on the Koran. Having gone to the meeting, Timur took two hundred horsemen with him just in case, but Hussein brought a thousand of his soldiers and for this reason the meeting did not take place. Timur recalled this incident as follows: “I sent Emir Hussein a letter with a Turkic beit with the following content:
Who intends to deceive me,
He'll fall into the ground himself, I'm sure.
Having shown his deceit,
He himself will die from it.
When my letter reached Emir Hussein, he was extremely embarrassed and asked for forgiveness, but the second time I did not believe him.”
Gathering all his strength, Timur crossed to the other side of the Amu Darya. The advanced units of his troops were commanded by Suyurgatmysh-oglan, Ali Muayyad and Hussein Barlas. On the approach to the village of Biya, Barak, the leader of the Andkhud Sayinds, advanced to meet the army and presented him with kettledrums and the banner of supreme power. On the way to Balkh, Timur was joined by Jaku Barlas, who arrived from Karkara with his army, and Emir Kaykhusrav from Khuttalan, and on the other side of the river, Emir Zinda Chashm from Shiberghan, Khazarians from Khulm and Badakhshan Muhammadshah also joined. Having learned about this, many of Emir Hussein’s soldiers left him.
Before the battle, Timur assembled a kurultai, at which Suyurgatmysh Khan, the son of Kazan Khan, was elected khan of Transoxiana. Shortly before Timur was confirmed as the “great emir,” a certain good messenger, a sheikh from Mecca, came to him and said that he had a vision that he, Timur, would become a great ruler. On this occasion, he presented him with a banner, a drum, a symbol of supreme power. But he does not take this supreme power personally, but remains close to it.
On April 10, 1370, Balkh was conquered, and Hussein was captured and killed by the ruler of Khutalyan, Kaykhusrav, as a matter of blood feud, since Hussein had previously killed his brother. A kurultai was also held here, in which Chagatai beks and emirs, high-ranking dignitaries of regions and tumans, and Termezshahs took part. Among them were former rivals and childhood friends of Timur: Bayan-suldus, emirs Uljaytu, Kaikhosrov, Zinda Chashm, Jaku-barlas and many others. The Kurultai elected Timur as the supreme emir of Turan, as Timur's state was now called, entrusting him with responsibility for establishing the long-awaited peace, stability and order in the country. Marriage to the daughter of Genghisid Kazan Khan, the captive widow of Emir Hussein Sarai-mulk khanum, allowed Timur to add the honorary title “Guragan” to his name, that is, “(khan’s) son-in-law.”
At the kurultai, Timur took the oath of all the military leaders of Transoxiana. Like his predecessors, he did not accept the khan title and was content with the title of “great emir” - Genghis Khan’s descendant Suyurgatmysh Khan (1370-1388), and then his son Mahmud Khan (1388-1402), were considered khans. Samarkand was chosen as the capital of the state. Timur began the struggle to create a centralized state.
Map of the Timurid Empire in 1405.
Despite the laid foundation of statehood, Khorezm and Shibergan, which belonged to the Chagatai ulus, did not recognize the new government in the person of Suyurgatmysh Khan and Emir Timur. It was restless on the southern and northern borders of the border, where Mogolistan and the White Horde caused trouble, often violating borders and plundering villages. After Urus Khan captured Sygnak and moved the capital of the White Horde, Yassy (now Turkestan), Sairam and Transoxiana to it were in even greater danger. It was necessary to take measures to protect and strengthen statehood.
Soon the power of Emir Timur was recognized by Balkh and Tashkent, but the Khorezm rulers continued to resist the Chagatai ulus, relying on the support of the Dashti Kipchak rulers. In 1371, the ruler of Khorezm attempted to capture southern Khorezm, which was part of the Chagatai ulus. Emir Timur demanded that Khorezm return the captured lands first peacefully, sending first a tawachi (quartermaster), then a sheikh-ul-Islam (the head of the Muslim community) to Gurganj, but the ruler of Khorezm, Hussein Sufi, refused to fulfill this demand both times, taking the ambassador prisoner. Subsequently, Emir Timur made five campaigns against Khorezm.
Mogolistan had to be conquered to ensure the security of the state's borders. Mogolistan feudal lords often carried out predatory raids on Sairam, Tashkent, Fergana and Yassy. The raids of the Moghulistan ulusbegi Emir Kamar ad-Din in 1370-1371 brought especially great troubles to the people.
From 1371 to 1390, Emir Timur made seven campaigns against Mogolistan, finally defeating the army of Kamar ad-Din and Anka-tyur in 1390. Timur launched his first two campaigns against Kamar ad-Din in the spring and autumn of 1371. The first campaign ended in a truce; during the second, Timur, leaving Tashkent, moved towards the village of Yangi in Taraz. There he put the Moguls to flight and captured large booty.
In 1375, Timur carried out his third successful campaign. He left Sairam and passed through the regions of Talas and Tokmak along the upper reaches of the Chu River, returning to Samarkand through Uzgen and Khojent. However, Qamar ad-Din was not defeated. When Timur's army returned to Transoxiana, Kamar ad-Din invaded Fergana in the winter of 1376 and besieged the city of Andijan. The governor of Fergana, Timur's third son Umar Sheikh, fled to the mountains. The enraged Timur hurried to Fergana and for a long time pursued the enemy beyond Uzgen and the Yassy mountains all the way to the At-Bashi valley, the southern tributary of the upper Naryn.
In 1376-1377, Timur made his fifth campaign against Kamar ad-Din. He defeated his army in the gorges west of Issyk-Kul and pursued him to Kochkar. The Zafar-Nama mentions Timur's sixth campaign in the Issyk-Kul region against Kamar ad-Din in 1383, but the Ulusbegi managed to escape again.
In 1389-1390, Timur intensified his actions to finally defeat Kamar ad-Din. In 1389 he crossed the Ili and crossed the Imil region in all directions, south and east of Lake Balkhash and around Ata-Kul. His vanguard, meanwhile, pursued the Mughals to the Black Irtysh, south of Altai. His advanced detachments reached Kara Khoja in the east, that is, almost to Turfan. In 1390, Kamar ad-din was finally defeated, and Mogolistan finally ceased to threaten Timur’s power. However, Timur only reached the Irtysh in the north, Alakul in the east, Emil and the headquarters of the Mongol khans Balig-Yulduz, but he was unable to conquer the lands east of the Tangri-Tag and Kashgar mountains. Kamar ad-Din fled to the Irtysh and subsequently died of dropsy. Khizr-Khoja established himself as the Khan of Mogulistan.
In 1380, Timur went on a campaign against Malik Ghiyas-ad-din Pir-Ali II, since he did not want to recognize himself as a vassal of Emir Timur and began to respond by strengthening the defensive walls of his capital, Herat. At first, Timur sent an ambassador to him with an invitation to the kurultai in order to solve the problem peacefully, but Ghiyas ad-din Pir-Ali II rejected the offer, detaining the ambassador. In response to this, in April 1380, Timur sent ten regiments to the left bank of the Amu Darya. His troops captured the regions of Balkh, Shibergan and Badkhyz. In February 1381, Emir Timur himself marched with troops and took Khorasan, the cities of Serakhs, Jami, Qausia, Tuye and Kelat, and the city of Herat was taken after a five-day siege. In addition to Kelat, Sebzevar was captured, as a result of which the state of the Serbedars finally ceased to exist.
In 1382, Timur's son Miran Shah was appointed ruler of Khorasan. In 1383, Timur devastated Sistan and brutally suppressed the Serbedar uprising in Sebzevar.
In 1383, he took Sistan, in which the fortresses of Zireh, Zave, Farah and Bust were defeated.
In 1384 he captured the cities of Astrabad, Amul, Sari, Sultaniya and Tabriz, effectively capturing all of Persia.
Tamerlane's next goals were to curb the Golden Horde and establish political influence in its eastern part and to unite Mogolistan and Maverannahr, previously divided, into a single state, at one time called the Chagatai ulus.
Realizing the danger posed by the Golden Horde, from the very first days of his reign, Timur tried in every possible way to bring his protege to power there. Khan of the White Horde Urus Khan tried to unite the once powerful ulus of Jochi, but his plans were thwarted by the intensified struggle between the Jochids and the feudal lords of Desht-i Kipchak. According to Yuri Shpilkin, Urus Khan is fair-haired, with green eyes, one of the descendants of Genghis Khan’s eldest son Jochi, whose mausoleum is located 50 km away. from Zhezkazgan, whose ancestors in all likelihood were from the Andronovo Aryans - Sakas or Scythians. Iranian-speaking and Turkic authors call him “Urus Khan Uzbeks”, or simply Urus Khan, and behind his back Kokkoz – Green-Eyed or Blue-Eyed. The word Urus is a phonetic version of the ethnonym Russian. The initial p- is alien to the Türkic languages; the word Russian has acquired the vowel and form urus, orus, orys. The fact that the founder of the dynasty of Kazakh khans was called Urus should not surprise us. The name or nickname Urus was quite widespread among the Turkic beks and Chingizids. According to modern researchers, the name Urus was usually given to a “blond-haired child,” and the birth of such was not so uncommon.
Urus Khan
Timur strongly supported Tokhtamysh-oglan, whose father died at the hands of Urus Khan, who eventually took the throne of the White Horde. However, after coming to power, Khan Tokhtamysh began to pursue a hostile policy towards the lands of Transoxiana. In 1387, Tokhtamysh, together with the ruler of Khorezm, Hussein Sufi, carried out a predatory raid on Bukhara, which led to Timur’s last campaign against Khorezm and further military actions against Tokhtamysh (Tamerlane made three campaigns against him, finally defeating him only in 1395).
Khan Tokhtamysh-oglan
Timur began his first, so-called “three-year” campaign in the western part of Persia and the adjacent regions in 1386. In November 1387, Timur's troops took Isfahan and captured Shiraz. Despite the successful start of the campaign, Timur was forced to return back as a result of the invasion of Transoxiana by the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh in alliance with the Khorezmians (1387).
A garrison of 6,000 soldiers was left in Isfahan, and Timur took its ruler Shah-Mansur from the Muzaffarid dynasty with him. Soon after the departure of Timur's main troops, a popular uprising took place in Isfahan under the leadership of the blacksmith Ali Kuchek. Timur's entire garrison was killed. Johann Schiltberger talks about Timur’s retaliatory actions against the Isfahanis in his travel notes:
“The latter immediately returned, but for 15 days he could not take possession of the city. Therefore, he offered the residents a truce on the condition that they would transfer 12 thousand riflemen to his subordination for some kind of campaign. When these warriors were sent to him, he ordered the thumb of each of them to be cut off, after which he sent them back to the city, which he soon took by storm. Having gathered the residents, he ordered to kill everyone who was over 14 years old, sparing those who were younger. The heads of the dead were stacked in the form of a tower in the center of the city. He then ordered the women and children to be taken to a field outside the city, where he separated children under seven years of age. After this, he ordered his soldiers to run over them with their horses. Tamerlane's own advisers and the mothers of these children fell to their knees before him and begged him to spare the children. But he did not heed their pleas and repeated his order, which, however, not a single warrior dared to carry out. Angry at them, Tamerlane himself ran into the children and said that he would like to know who would dare not follow him. Then the warriors were forced to follow his example and trample the children under the hooves of their horses. In total, about seven thousand were trampled. After that, he ordered the city to be set on fire, and took the women and children to his capital Samarkand, where he had not been for 12 years.”
It should be noted that Schiltberger himself was not an eyewitness to these events, but learned about them from third parties while in the Middle East in the period from 1396 to 1427.
In 1388, Timur drove out the Tatars and took the capital of Khorezm, Urgench. By order of Timur, the Khorezmians who offered resistance were mercilessly exterminated, the city was razed to the ground, and barley was sown in its place. In fact, Urgench was not completely destroyed, since masterpieces of Urgench architecture built before Timur have survived to this day, for example, the mausoleum of Il-Arslan (XII century), the mausoleum of Khorezmshah Tekesh (1200), etc.
In 1389, Timur made a devastating campaign deep into the Mongolian possessions to the Irtysh in the north and to Bolshoy Zhyldyz in the east, and in 1391 - a campaign against the Golden Horde possessions to the Volga, defeating Tokhtamysh in the battle on the Kondurche River. After this, Timur sent his troops against Mogolistan (1389-1390).
Timur began his second long, so-called “five-year” campaign in Iran in 1392. In the same year, Timur conquered the Caspian regions, in 1393 - western Persia and Baghdad, and in 1394 - Transcaucasia. Georgian sources provide several information about Timur’s actions in Georgia, about the policy of Islamization of the country and the capture of Tbilisi, about the Georgian military community, etc. By 1394, King George VII managed to carry out defensive measures on the eve of the next invasion - he collected a militia, to which he joined Caucasian highlanders, including the Nakhs.
Army of Tamerlane (attacks the Georgian city of Nerges.)
At first, the united Georgian-Mountain army had some success; they were even able to push back the vanguard of the conquerors. However, ultimately Timur's approach with the main forces decided the outcome of the war. The defeated Georgians and Nakhs retreated north into the mountain gorges of the Caucasus. Considering the strategic importance of the pass roads to the North Caucasus, especially the natural fortress - the Daryal Gorge, Timur decided to capture it. However, a huge mass of troops was so mixed up in the mountain gorges and gorges that they turned out to be ineffective. The defenders managed to kill so many people in the advanced ranks of the enemies that, unable to stand it, “Timur’s warriors turned back.”
Timur appointed one of his sons, Umar Sheikh, as the ruler of Fars, and another son, Miran Shah, as the ruler of Transcaucasia. Tokhtamysh's invasion of Transcaucasia caused Timur's retaliatory campaign in Eastern Europe (1395); Timur finally defeated Tokhtamysh on the Terek and pursued him to the borders of the Moscow principality. With this defeat of the army of Khan Tokhtamysh, Tamerlane brought indirect benefit in the struggle of the Russian lands against the Tatar-Mongol yoke. In addition, as a result of Timur's victory, the northern branch of the Great Silk Road, which passed through the lands of the Golden Horde, fell into decay. Trade caravans began to pass through the lands of Timur's state.
Pursuing the fleeing troops of Tokhtamysh, Timur invaded the Ryazan lands, ravaged Yelets, posing a threat to Moscow. Having launched an attack on Moscow, he unexpectedly turned back on August 26, 1395 (possibly due to uprisings of previously conquered peoples) and left the Moscow lands on the very day when Muscovites met the image of the Vladimir Icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary, brought from Vladimir (from this day the icon is revered as the patroness of Moscow), Vytautas’s army also went to the aid of Moscow.
According to the “Zafar-nama” of Sharaf ad-Din Yazdi, Timur was on the Don after his victory over Tokhtamysh on the Terek River and before the defeat of the cities of the Golden Horde in the same 1395. Timur personally pursued the Tokhtamysh commanders retreating after the defeat until they were completely defeated on the Dnieper. Most likely, according to this source, Timur did not set the goal of a campaign specifically on Russian lands. Some of his troops, not he himself, approached the borders of Rus'. Here, on the comfortable summer Horde pastures, stretching in the floodplain of the Upper Don to modern Tula, a small part of his army stopped for two weeks. Although the local population did not put up serious resistance, the region was severely devastated. As Russian chronicle stories about Timur’s invasion testify, his army stood on both sides of the Don for two weeks, “captured” the land of Yelets and “seized” (captured) the prince of Yelets. Some coin hoards in the vicinity of Voronezh date back to 1395. However, in the vicinity of Yelets, which, according to the above-mentioned Russian written sources, was subjected to a pogrom, no treasures with such a dating have been found to date. Sharaf ad-Din Yazdi describes large booty taken in Russian lands and does not describe a single combat episode with the local population, although the main purpose of the “Book of Victories” (“Zafar-name”) was to describe the exploits of Timur himself and the valor of his warriors. “Zafar-name” contains a detailed list of Russian cities conquered by Timur, including Moscow. Perhaps this is just a list of Russian lands that did not want an armed conflict and sent their ambassadors with gifts.
Then Timur plundered the trading cities of Azov and Kafa, burned Sarai-Batu and Astrakhan, but the lasting conquest of the Golden Horde was not Tamerlane’s goal, and therefore the Caucasus ridge remained the northern border of Timur’s possessions. The Horde cities of the Volga region never recovered from Tamerlane’s devastation until the final collapse of the Golden Horde. Many colonies of Italian merchants in the Crimea and in the lower reaches of the Don were also destroyed. The city of Tana (modern Azov) rose from ruins for several decades.
In 1396 he returned to Samarkand and in 1397 appointed his youngest son Shahrukh as ruler of Khorasan, Sistan and Mazanderan.
Timur defeats the Sultan of Delhi Nasir ad-Din Mahmud, winter 1397-1398, painting dated 1595-1600.
1398 Timur launched a campaign against India; along the way, the highlanders of Kafiristan were defeated. In December, Timur defeated the army of the Delhi Sultan under the walls of Delhi and occupied the city without resistance, which a few days later was plundered by his army and burned. By order of Timur, 100 thousand captured Indian soldiers were executed for fear of a mutiny on their part. In 1399, Timur reached the banks of the Ganges, on the way back he took several more cities and fortresses and returned to Samarkand with huge booty.
Returning from India in 1399, Timur immediately began a “seven-year” campaign in Iran. This campaign was initially caused by unrest in the region ruled by Miran Shah. Timur deposed his son and defeated the enemies who invaded his domain. Moving west, Timur encountered the Turkmen state of the Kara Koyunlu, the victory of Timur's troops forced the Turkmen leader Kara Yusuf to flee west to the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid the Lightning. After which Kara Yusuf and Bayezid agreed on joint action against Timur. Sultan Bayazid responded to Timur's demand to hand over Kara Yusuf to him with a stinging refusal.
In 1400, Timur began military operations against Bayezid, who captured Erzincan, where Timur's vassal ruled, and against the Egyptian Sultan Faraj an-Nasir, whose predecessor, Barquq, ordered the assassination of Timur's ambassador back in 1393. In 1400, Timur took the fortresses of Kemak and Sivas in Asia Minor and Aleppo in Syria, which belonged to the Egyptian Sultan, and in 1401 he occupied Damascus.
On July 28, 1402, Timur won a major victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, defeating him at the Battle of Ankara. The Sultan himself was captured.
Stanislav Khlebovsky, “Capturation of Bayazid by Timur”, 1878
As a result of the battle, Timur captured all of Asia Minor, and the defeat of Bayazid led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, accompanied by a peasant war and civil strife between his sons.
March of that same 1402 (when the battle between Timur and Bayezid took place) is marked by a brief article by a Russian chronicler, giving a remarkable generalization of a military and geopolitical nature in its scope: “... a sign appeared in the west, in the evening dawn, a star as great as a spear... Behold, show a sign, before the pagans rose up to fight against each other: the Turks, Poles, Ugrians, Germans, Lithuania, Czechs, Horde, Greeks, Rus, and many other lands and countries were confused and fought against each other; and pestilences also began appear."
There is no exaggeration in this image of widespread discord between peoples: it was an era of truly tectonic shifts on the ethnic map of the Eurasian continent. The era of great battles and invasions (Kulikovo, Kosovo Field, Tokhtamysh’s devastation of Moscow, the Battle of Nikopol, the Battle of Vorskla, Ankara, Grunwald, the Battle of Maritsa, the invasion of Edigei, the Hussite Wars...) covered the living space of most Slavic states and peoples. It deeply shocked the Orthodox world. The result of this era was the collapse of Byzantium and the emergence of a new center of Orthodoxy in Muscovite Rus'.
The fortress of Smyrna, which belonged to the Knights of St. John, which the Ottoman sultans could not take for 20 years, was captured by Timur by storm in two weeks. The western part of Asia Minor was returned to the sons of Bayazid in 1403, and in the eastern part the local dynasties deposed by Bayezid were restored.
Upon returning to Samarkand, Timur planned to declare his eldest grandson Muhammad Sultan (1375-1403), who was similar to his grandfather in actions and mind, as his successor. However, in March 1403, he fell ill and died suddenly.
The fortress at Jiayuguan was strengthened due to fear of Timur's invasion while he decided to attack China.
When Timur was 68 years old, in the fall of 1404, he began preparing an invasion of China. The main goal was to capture the remaining part of the Great Silk Road. to obtain maximum profits and ensure the prosperity of his native Maverannahr and its capital Samarkand. Timur also believed that the entire space of the populated part of the world was not worth having two rulers. In August 1404, Timur returned to Samarkand and a few months later embarked on a campaign against China, for which he began preparing back in 1398. That year he built a fortress on the border of the current Syr-Darya region and Semirechye; Now another fortification was built, 10 days' journey further east, probably near Issyk-Kul. The campaign was stopped due to the onset of a cold winter, and in February 1405 Timur died.
Timur, who created a huge empire, established diplomatic ties with a number of states, including China, Egypt, Byzantium, France, England, Castile, etc. In 1404, the ambassador of the Castilian king, Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy, visited the capital of his state - Samarkand. The originals of Timur's letters to the French king Charles VI have been preserved.
During the reign of Emir Timur, a set of laws was created, known as the "Timur Code", which set out the rules of conduct for subjects and the duties of rulers and officials, as well as the rules for governing the army and the state.
When appointed to a position, the “great emir” demanded devotion and fidelity from everyone. Timur appointed 315 people to high positions who fought side by side with him from the very beginning of his political career. The first hundred were appointed as tens, the second hundred as centurions, and the third as thousands. Of the remaining fifteen people, four were appointed beks, one as the supreme emir, and others to the remaining high posts.
The judicial system was divided into three stages: 1. Sharia judge (qadi) - who was guided in his activities by the established norms of Sharia; 2. Judge ahdos - who was guided in his activities by well-established morals and customs in society. 3. Kazi askar - who led the proceedings in military cases. Everyone was equal before the law, both rulers and subjects.
Viziers under the leadership of Divan-Beghi were responsible for the general situation of their subjects and troops, for the financial condition of the country and the activities of government institutions. If information was received that the vizier of finance had appropriated part of the treasury, then this was checked and, upon confirmation, one of the decisions was made: if the embezzled amount was equal to his salary (uluf), then this amount was given to him as a gift. If the amount appropriated was twice the salary, then the excess was withheld. If the embezzled amount was three times higher than the established salary, then everything was taken away in favor of the treasury.
Emirs, like viziers, were appointed from a noble family and had to have such qualities as insight, courage, enterprise, caution and frugality, and conduct business, thoroughly considering the consequences of each step. They had to “know the secrets of warfare, methods of dispersing the enemy army, not lose their presence of mind in the midst of a battle and be able to lead troops without trembling or hesitation, and if the battle order is disrupted, be able to restore it without delay.”
The law enshrined the protection of soldiers and ordinary people. The Code obliged village and neighborhood elders, tax collectors and hakims (local rulers) to pay a fine to a commoner in the amount of damage caused to him. If the harm was caused by a warrior, then it should have been handed over to the victim, and he himself would determine the punishment for him.
To the extent possible, the code enshrined the protection of the people in the conquered lands from humiliation and plunder.
A separate article is devoted in the code to attention to the beggars, who should have been collected in a certain place, given food and work, and also branded. If after this they continued to beg, then they should have been expelled from the country.
Emir Timur paid attention to the purity and morality of his people, he introduced the concept of the inviolability of the law and ordered not to rush to punish criminals, but to carefully check all the circumstances of the case and only after that render a verdict. Devout Muslims were explained the basics of religion for the establishment of Sharia and Islam, taught tafsir (interpretation of the Koran), hadith (collections of legends about the Prophet Muhammad) and fiqh (Muslim jurisprudence). Also, ulemas (scholars) and mudarris (madressah teachers) were appointed to each city.
Legal documents of Timur's state were compiled in two languages: Persian and Chagatai. For example, a document from 1378 giving privileges to the descendants of Abu Muslim who lived in Khorezm was compiled in the Chagatai Turkic language.
Tamerlane and his warriors. Miniature
Timur had at his disposal a huge army of up to 200 thousand soldiers. Representatives of various tribes fought in Timur’s army: Barlas, Durbats, Nukuz, Naimans, Kipchaks, Dulats, Kiyats, Jalairs, Sulduzs, Merkits, Yasavuris, Kauchins, Kanglys, etc.
The military organization of troops was built like that of the Mongols according to the decimal system: tens, hundreds, thousands, tumens (10 thousand). Among the sectoral management bodies was the wazirat (ministry) for the affairs of military personnel (sepoys).
Drawing on the rich experience of his predecessors, Tamerlane managed to create a powerful and combat-ready army, which allowed him to win brilliant victories on the battlefields over his opponents. This army was a multinational and multi-religious association, the core of which were Turkic-Mongol nomadic warriors. Tamerlane's army was divided into cavalry and infantry, the role of which greatly increased at the turn of the 14th-15th centuries. However, the bulk of the army was made up of mounted troops of nomads, the core of which consisted of elite units of heavily armed cavalry, as well as detachments of Tamerlane's bodyguards. Infantry often played a supporting role, but was necessary during sieges of fortresses. The infantry was mostly lightly armed and consisted mainly of archers, but the army also included heavily armed infantry shock troops.
In addition to the main branches of the military (heavy and light cavalry, as well as infantry), Tamerlane’s army included detachments of pontooners, workers, engineers and other specialists, as well as special infantry units that specialized in combat operations in mountainous conditions (they were recruited from residents of mountain villages). The organization of Tamerlane’s army generally corresponded to the decimal organization of Genghis Khan, but a number of changes appeared (for example, units of 50 to 300 people, called “koshuns,” appeared; the number of larger units, “kuls,” was also variable).
The main weapon of light cavalry, like infantry, was the bow. Light cavalrymen also used sabers or swords and axes. Heavily armed horsemen were clad in armor (the most popular armor was chain mail, often reinforced with metal plates), protected by helmets, and fought with sabers or swords (in addition to bows and arrows, which were common).
During his campaigns, Timur used banners with the image of three rings. According to some historians, the three rings symbolized earth, water and sky. According to Svyatoslav Roerich, Timur could have borrowed the symbol from the Tibetans, whose three rings meant the past, present and future. Some miniatures depict the red banners of Timur's army. During the Indian campaign, a black banner with a silver dragon was used. Before his campaign against China, Tamerlane ordered that a golden dragon be depicted on the banners.
There is a legend that before the Battle of Ankara, Timur and Bayezid the Lightning met on the battlefield. Bayezid, looking at Timur’s banner, said: “What impudence to think that the whole world belongs to you!” In response, Timur, pointing to the Turk’s banner, said: “It’s even greater impudence to think that the moon belongs to you.”
During the years of his conquests, Timur brought not only material loot to the country, but also brought with him prominent scientists, artisans, artists, and architects. He believed that the more cultured people there were in cities, the faster its development would go and the more comfortable the cities of Transoxiana and Turkestan would be. During his conquests, he put an end to political fragmentation in Persia and the Middle East, trying to leave a memory of himself in every city he visited, he built several beautiful buildings in it. For example, he restored the cities of Baghdad, Derbend, Baylakan, fortresses, parking lots, bridges, and irrigation systems destroyed on the roads.
Timur cared primarily about the prosperity of his native Maverannahr and about enhancing the splendor of his capital, Samarkand. Timur brought craftsmen, architects, jewelers, builders, architects from all the conquered lands in order to equip the cities of his empire: the capital Samarkand, his father’s homeland - Kesh (Shakhrisyabz), Bukhara, the border city of Yassy (Turkestan). He managed to express all the care that he put into the capital Samarkand through words about it: “There will always be a blue sky and golden stars above Samarkand.” Only in recent years did he take measures to improve the well-being of other regions of the state, mainly border ones (in 1398 a new irrigation canal was built in Afghanistan, in 1401 in Transcaucasia, etc.).
In 1371, he began the restoration of the destroyed fortress of Samarkand, the defensive walls of Shahristan with six gates, and two four-story buildings of Kuksarai were built in the arch, which housed the state treasury, workshops and a prison, as well as Buston Sarai, which housed the emir’s residence.
Timur made Samarkand one of the centers of trade in Central Asia. As the traveler Clavijo writes: “In Samarkand, goods brought from China, India, Tatarstan (Dasht-i Kipchak - B.A.) and other places, as well as from the richest kingdom of Samarkand, are sold every year. Since there were no special rows in the city where it would be convenient to trade, Timurbek ordered a street to be laid through the city, on both sides of which there would be shops and tents for selling goods.”
Timur paid great attention to the development of Islamic culture and the improvement of sacred places for Muslims. In the mausoleums of Shahi Zinda, he erected tombs over the graves of his relatives, at the direction of one of his wives, whose name was Tuman aka, a mosque, a dervish abode, a tomb and Chartag were erected there. He also built Rukhabad (the tomb of Burkhaniddin Sogardji), Qutbi Chahardahum (the tomb of Sheikh Khoja Nuriddin Basir) and Gur-Emir (the family tomb of the Timurid family). Also in Samarkand, he built many baths, mosques, madrassas, dervish abodes, and caravanserais.
During 1378-1404, 14 gardens of Bag-zogcha (garden of rooks) and others were cultivated in Samarkand and nearby lands. Each of these gardens had a palace and fountains. In his works about Samarkand, the historian Hafizi Abru mentions, in which he writes that “Samarkand, which had previously been built from clay, was rebuilt by erecting buildings from stone.” Timur's park complexes were open to ordinary citizens who spent their days of rest there. None of these palaces have survived to this day.
In 1399-1404, a cathedral mosque and a madrasah opposite it were built in Samarkand. The mosque later received the name Bibi Khanum (Lady Grandmother - in Turkic).
Cathedral Mosque of Timur
Shakhrisabz (in Tajik “green city”) was developed, in which destroyed city walls, defensive structures, tombs of saints, majestic palaces, mosques, madrassas, and tombs were erected. Timur also devoted time to building bazaars and baths. From 1380 to 1404 the Aksaray Palace was built. In 1380, the family tomb Dar us-saadat was erected.
The cities of Yassy and Bukhara were also developed.
In 1388, the city of Shahrukhiya, which was destroyed during the invasion of Genghis Khan, was restored.
In 1398, after the victory over the Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh, a mausoleum was built in Turkestan over the grave of the poet and Sufi philosopher Khoja Ahmad Yassawi, on the orders of Timur, by Iranian and Khorezm craftsmen. Here the Tabriz master cast a two-ton copper cauldron in which food was to be prepared for those in need.
In Maverannahr, applied art became widespread, in which artists could demonstrate all their mastery of their skills. It became widespread in Bukhara, Yassy and Samarkand. Drawings have been preserved in the tombs of the tombs of Shirinbek-aga and Tuman-aga, made in 1385 and 1405, respectively. The art of miniatures, which adorned such books by writers and poets of Maverannahr as “Shahname” by Abulkasim Ferdowsi and “Anthology of Iranian Poets,” received particular development. The artists Abdulhay, Pir Ahmad Bagishamali and Khoja Bangir Tabrizi achieved great success in art at that time.
In the tomb of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, located in Turkestan, there was a large cast-iron cauldron and candlesticks with the name of Emir Timur written on them. A similar candlestick was also found in the tomb of Gur-Emir in Samarkand. All this indicates that Central Asian craftsmen, especially wood and stone craftsmen and jewelers and weavers, have also achieved great success.
In the field of science and education, law, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy, history, philosophy, musicology, literature and the science of versification have become widespread. A prominent theologian at that time was Jalaliddin Ahmed al Khwarizmi. Maulana Ahmad achieved great success in astrology, and in jurisprudence Abdumalik, Isamiddin and Sheikh Shamsiddin Muhammad Jazairi. In musicology, Abdulgadir Maraghi, father and son of Safiaddin and Ardasher Changi. In painting by Abdulhay Baghdadi and Pir Ahmad Bagishamoli. In philosophy Sadiddin Taftazzani and Ali al-Jurjani. In the history of Nizamiddin Shami and Hafizi Abru.
Timur's first spiritual mentor was his father's mentor, the Sufi sheikh Shams ad-din Kulal. Also known are Zainud-din Abu Bakr Taybadi, a major Khorosan sheikh, and Shamsuddin Fakhuri, a potter and prominent figure in the Naqshbandi tariqa. Timur's main spiritual mentor was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, Sheikh Mir Seyid Bereke. It was he who handed Timur the symbols of power: the drum and the banner when he came to power in 1370. Handing these symbols, Mir Seyid Bereke predicted a great future for the emir. He accompanied Timur on his great campaigns. In 1391, he blessed him before the battle with Tokhtamysh. In 1403, they together mourned the unexpected death of the heir to the throne, Muhammad Sultan. Mir Seyid Bereke was buried in the Gur Emir mausoleum, where Timur himself was buried at his feet. Another mentor of Timur was the son of the Sufi sheikh Burkhan ad-din Sagardzhi Abu Said. Timur ordered the construction of the Rukhabad mausoleum over their graves.
Mausoleum Rukhabad in Samarkand
He had 18 wives, of which his favorite wife was the sister of Emir Hussein, Uljay Turkan aga. According to another version, his beloved wife was the daughter of Kazan Khan, Sarai-mulk khanum. She did not have her own children, but she was entrusted with the upbringing of some of Timur's sons and grandchildren. She was a famous patron of science and the arts. By her order, a huge madrasah and mausoleum for her mother were built in Samarkand.
In 1352, Timur married the daughter of Emir Jaku-barlas Turmush-aga. Khan Maverannahra Kazagan, convinced of Timur’s merits, in 1355 gave him his granddaughter Uljay-Turkan aga as his wife. Thanks to this marriage, Timur's alliance with Emir Hussein, the grandson of Kazagan, arose.
In addition, Timur had other wives: Tugdi bi, daughter of Ak Sufi kungrat, Ulus aga from the Sulduz tribe, Nauruz aga, Bakht Sultan aga, Burhan aga, Tavakkul-hanim, Turmish aga, Jani-bik aga, Chulpan aga, etc.
Mausoleum of the sons of Timur Jahangir and Umar Sheikh in Shakhrisyabz
Timur had four sons: Jahangir (1356-1376), Umar Sheikh (1356-1394), Miran Shah (1366-1408), Shahrukh (1377-1447) and several daughters: Uka Begim (1359-1382), Sultan Bakht aga (1362-1430), Bigi jan, Saadat Sultan, Musalla.
Mausoleum of Emir Timur in Samarkand.
He died during the campaign against China. After the end of the seven-year war, during which Bayazid I was defeated, Timur began preparations for the Chinese campaign, which he had long planned due to China's claims to the lands of Transoxiana and Turkestan. He gathered a large army of two hundred thousand, with which he set out on a campaign on November 27, 1404. In January 1405, he arrived in the city of Otrar (its ruins are not far from the confluence of the Arys and the Syr Darya), where he fell ill and died (according to historians - on February 18, according to Timur's tombstone - on the 15th). The body was embalmed, placed in an ebony coffin, lined with silver brocade, and taken to Samarkand. Tamerlane was buried in the Gur Emir mausoleum, which was still unfinished at that time. Official mourning events were held on March 18, 1405 by Timur's grandson Khalil-Sultan (1405-1409), who seized the Samarkand throne against the will of his grandfather, who bequeathed the kingdom to his eldest grandson Pir-Muhammad.
After the death of Tamerlane, a tomb was built - the majestic Gur-Emir mausoleum, where a jade sarcophagus with the ashes of Tamerlane and two smaller marble sarcophagi with the ashes of his beloved wives were placed.
A Russian politician and public figure, Illarion Vasilchikov, who traveled through Central Asia, recalled his visit to Gur-Emir in Samarkand: ...Inside the mausoleum, in the middle, stood a large sarcophagus of Tamerlane himself, all made of dark green jade, with ornaments and sayings from the Koran carved on it, and on its sides are two smaller white marble sarcophagi - the beloved wives of Tamerlane.
According to the legend, the source and time of which it is not possible to establish, there was a prediction that if Tamerlane’s ashes were disturbed, a great and terrible war would begin.
In the tomb of Timur Gur Emir in Samarkand, on a large dark green jade tombstone, the following is inscribed in Arabic script in Arabic and Persian:
“This is the tomb of the great Sultan, the gracious Khakan of Emir Timur Gurgan; son Emir Taragay, son Emir Bergul, son Emir Ailangir, son Emir Angil, son Kara Charnuyan, son Emir Sigunchinchin, son Emir Irdanchi-Barlas, son Emir Kachulay, son Tumnai Khan. This is the 9th generation.
Genghis Khan comes from the same family from which descend the grandfathers of the venerable Sultan buried in this sacred and beautiful tomb: Khakan Genghis the Son. Emir Maisukai-Bahadur, son of Emir Barnan-Bahadur, son of Kabul-Khan, son of the mentioned Tumnai-Khan, son of Emir Baysungary, son of Kaidu-Khan, son of Emir Tutumtin, son of Emir-Buk, son of Emir-Buzanjar.
Whoever wants to know further, let it be known: the latter’s mother’s name was Alankuva, who was distinguished by her honesty and impeccable morality. She once became pregnant by a wolf, who came to her in the opening of the room and, taking the form of a man, announced that he was a descendant of the Commander of the Faithful, Aliy, the son of Abu Talib. This testimony given by her is accepted as truth. Her praiseworthy descendants will rule the world forever.
Died on the night of 14 Shagban 807 (1405).”
At the bottom of the stone there is an inscription: “This stone was erected by Ulugbek Gurgan after his campaign in Jitt.”
Several less reliable sources also report that the tombstone contains the following inscription: “When I rise (from the dead), the world will tremble.” Some undocumented sources claim that when the grave was opened in 1941, an inscription was found inside the coffin: “Anyone who disturbs my peace in this life or the next will be subjected to suffering and die.”
Another legend says: In 1747, Nadir Shah of Iran took this jade tombstone, and on that day Iran was destroyed by an earthquake, and the Shah himself became seriously ill. The earthquake struck again when the Shah returned to Iran, and the stone was returned.
From the memoirs of Malik Kayumov, who was a cameraman during the opening of the grave: I entered the nearest teahouse and saw three ancient old men sitting there. I also noted to myself: they look alike, like siblings. Well, I sat down nearby, and they brought me a teapot and a bowl. Suddenly one of these old men turns to me: “Son, you’re one of those who decided to open Tamerlane’s grave?” And I’ll take it and say: “Yes, I’m the most important one in this expedition, without me all these scientists are nowhere!” I decided to drive away my fear with a joke. Only, I see, the old people frowned even more in response to my smile. And the one who spoke to me beckons me to him. I come closer and see that he has a book in his hands - an old one, handwritten, the pages are filled with Arabic script. And the old man traces the lines with his finger: “Look, son, what is written in this book. “Whoever opens Tamerlane’s grave will release the spirit of war. And there will be such a bloody and terrible carnage, such as the world has not seen forever."
Article from the newspaper “Izvestia” dated June 22, 1941.
He decided to tell the others, and they laughed at him. It was June 20th. The scientists did not listen and opened the grave, and on the same day the Great Patriotic War began. No one could find those elders: the owner of the teahouse said that on that day, June 20, he saw the old people for the first and last time.
The opening of Tamerlane's tomb was carried out on the night of June 20, 1941. Later, as a result of a study of the commander’s skull, the Soviet anthropologist M. M. Gerasimov recreated Tamerlane’s appearance.
However, the plan for war with the USSR was developed at Hitler's headquarters back in 1940, the date of the invasion was limitedly known in the spring of 1941 and was finally determined on June 10, 1941, that is, long before the opening of the grave. The signal to the troops that the offensive should begin as planned was transmitted on June 20.
According to Kayumov, while at the front, he secured a meeting with Army General Zhukov in October 1942, explained the situation and offered to return Tamerlane’s ashes back to the grave. This was carried out on November 19-20, 1942; These days there was a turning point in the Battle of Stalingrad.
Kayumov’s criticism of Aini provoked retaliatory criticism from Tajik society. Another version of events, belonging to Kamal Sadreddinovich Aini (son of the writer who participated in the excavations) was published in 2004. According to it, the book was dated to the end of the 19th century, and Kayumov did not know Farsi, so he did not understand the content of the conversation and believed that Aini had shouted at the elders. The words written in Arabic in the margins are “traditional sayings, which similarly exist in relation to the burials of Ismail Somoni, Khoja Ahrar, Hazrati Bogoutdin and others, in order to protect the burials from seekers of easy money looking for value in the graves of historical figures.” , which he told the old people.
When everyone left the crypt, I saw three elders talking in Tajik with their father, A. A. Semyonov and T. N. Kary-Niyazov. One of the elders was holding some old book in his hand. He opened it and said in Tajik: “This book is anciently written. It says that whoever touches Timurlane’s grave will be overtaken by misfortune and war.” All those present exclaimed: “Oh, Allah, save us from troubles!” S. Aini took this book, put on his glasses, looked through it carefully and turned to the elder in Tajik: “Dear, do you believe in this book?”
Answer: “Why, it begins with the name of Allah!”
S. Aini: “What kind of book is this, do you know?”
Answer: “An important Muslim book that begins with the name of Allah and protects the people from disasters.”
S. Aini: “This book, written in Farsi, is just “Jangnoma” - a book about battles and duels, a collection of fantastic stories about certain heroes. And this book was compiled only recently, at the end of the 19th century. And those words that you say about Timurlane’s grave are written in the margins of the book in a different hand. By the way, you probably know that according to Muslim traditions, it is generally considered a sin to open graves and sacred places - mazars. And those words about the grave of Timurlane are traditional sayings, which similarly exist in relation to the burials of Ismail Somoni, and Khoja Ahrar, and Hazrati Bogoutdin Balogardon and others, in order to protect the burials from seekers of easy money, looking for value in the graves of historical figures. But for the sake of scientific purposes, in different countries, like ours, ancient burial grounds and graves of historical figures were opened. Here is your book, study it and think with your head.”
T.N. Kary-Niyazov picked up the book, looked through it carefully and nodded his head in agreement with S. Aini. Then Malik Kayumov, whom everyone there called “suratgir” (photographer), took the book into his hands. And I saw that he was turning the pages not from the beginning of the book, as it should be from right to left, but, on the contrary, in a European style from left to right. - From the diary of S. Aini
According to sources, Timur was fond of playing chess (more precisely, shatranj).
Iranian shatranj.
In Bashkir mythology there is an ancient legend about Tamerlane. According to him, it was by order of Tamerlane in 1395-96 that the mausoleum of Hussein Bek, the first disseminator of Islam among the Bashkir tribes, was built, since the commander, having accidentally found the grave, decided to show great honor to him as a person who spread Muslim culture. The legend is confirmed by six graves of prince-military leaders at the mausoleum, who, for unknown reasons, died along with part of the army during the winter stop. However, who specifically ordered the construction, Tamerlane or one of his generals, is not known for certain. Now the mausoleum of Hussein Beg is located on the territory of the village of Chishmy, Chishminsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Personal belongings that belonged to Timur, by the will of history, ended up scattered among various museums and private collections. For example, the so-called Ruby of Timur, which adorned his crown, is currently kept in London.
Timur's personal sword was kept in the Tehran Museum.
The official history of Tamerlane was written during his lifetime, first by Ali-ben Jemal-al-Islam (the only copy is in the Tashkent Public Library), then by Nizam-ad-din Shami (the only copy is in the British Museum). These works were supplanted by the famous work of Sheref ad-din Iezdi (under Shahrukh) translated into French (“Histoire de Timur-Bec”, P., 1722). The work of another contemporary of Timur and Shahrukh, Hafizi-Abru, has reached us only in part; it was used by the author of the second half of the 15th century, Abd-ar-Rezzak of Samarkandi (the work was not published; there are many manuscripts).
Of the authors (Persian, Arab, Armenian, Ottoman and Byzantine) who wrote independently of Timur and the Timurids, only one, the Syrian Arab Ibn Arabshah, compiled a complete history of Timur (“Ahmedis Arabsiadae vitae et rerum gestarum Timuri, qui vulgo Tamerlanes dicitur, historia” , 1767-1772).
Wed. also F. Neve “Expose des guerres de Tamerlan et de Schah-Rokh dans l’Asie occidentale, d’apres la chronique armenienne inedite de Thomas de Madzoph” (Brussels, 1859).
The authenticity of Timur's autobiographical notes, allegedly discovered in the 16th century, is more than doubtful.
Of the works of European travelers, the diary of the Spaniard Clavijo is especially valuable (“Diary of a trip to the court of Timur in Samarkand in 1403-1406”, text with translation and notes, St. Petersburg, 1881, in the “Collection of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences”, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1).
People's writer of Uzbekistan, Soviet author Sergei Petrovich Borodin began writing an epic novel called “Stars over Samarkand.” He wrote his first book, published under the title “Lame Timur,” between 1953 and 1954. The second book, entitled “Campfires,” was completed by 1958, and the third book, “Lightning Bayazet,” was completed by 1971, the publication of which was completed by the Friendship of Peoples magazine by 1973. The author also worked on a fourth book, entitled "The White Horse", however, after writing only four chapters, he died.
The theme of Tamerlane and his curse is played out in the novel “Day Watch” by Sergei Lukyanenko, in the plot of which Tamerlane finds a special chalk, with the help of which it is possible to change fate with one chalk mark.
Edgar Allan Poe - poem "Tamerlane".
Timur as a ruler appears in many parables about Khoja Nasreddin.
Timur the Magnificent
According to Alexander Vorobyov: Even during his lifetime, such a strong knot of contradictions was woven around the appearance and deeds of Timur Gurigan - Timur the Magnificent that it is no longer possible to cut it today. He even went down in history under none of his names: Timur, Tamerbek, Timur Gurigan, but under the nickname that his enemies gave him because of his lameness - “Lame Timur.” Otherwise - Aksak-Timur in Turkic, Timur-leng in Persian, Tamerlane in European languages. And since then we have been calling the invincible emir an offensive nickname - Tamerlane.
The news of his campaigns instantly reached the Europeans, and they, too, began to tremble before the name of the “Great Lame Man.”
Europe was gripped by another attack of horror; it expected the invasion of the Central Asian hordes. Timur then defeated and captured at Angora (Ankara) the great Ottoman Sultan Bayazid I the Lightning (Thunder), the son of the Ottoman Murad, who was killed on the Kosovo field by the Serbian prince Lazar in 1389. But the Lightning Sultan was considered invincible: before that, he conquered Anatolia and most of the Balkans. After a long blockade from 1394 to 1400, he almost captured Constantinople. It was he who put an end to the crusades against Muslims, defeating the crusader army near Nikopol (Bulgaria) in 1396. This defeat discouraged Europeans from rattling sabers in the East for many years. And this great Ottoman was defeated and captured!
The Genoese raised the standard of Tamerbek over the towers of the Pera fortress in the Golden Horn Bay. The Emperor of Constantinople and the Sultan of Egypt hastened to recognize Timur's power and offered to pay tribute. The English king Henry IV and the French king Charles VI congratulated the emir on the great victory in the most friendly tone. King Henry III of Castile of Spain sent his envoys to Tamerbek, led by the valiant knight Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo. Europe was preparing for the worst; it was expecting Tamerbek's invasion. But Timur Gurigan once again surprised everyone - his warriors turned their war horses back towards Samarkand.
Numerous historiographers of Timur have described all aspects of his life. They paid so much attention to him that they collected any information about him, even the most ridiculous. Therefore, much of the surviving evidence is not just contradictory - it sometimes leads to complete bewilderment. Thus, medieval biographers and memoirists note Timur’s phenomenal memory, command of the Turkish and Persian languages, and say that his knowledge of numerous stories from the lives of great conquerors and heroes helped him inspire soldiers before the battle. And at the same time, the same sources claim that Tamerbek was illiterate. How could it happen that a person who knew several languages could not read, while possessing a phenomenal memory? Why then did he need to keep personal readers with him if they could not teach Tamerbek to read? How then did he manage his great empire, lead the army, determine the number of his troops, the amount of remaining fodder? How could an illiterate man astonish the greatest of Muslim historians, Ibn Khaldun, with his knowledge of history? The most controversial interpretation by historians is the attempt to present Timur in the image of a merciless butcher who exterminates his opponents, slaughtering entire cities. If you believe this version, it turns out that Tamerbek is not a great warrior and builder, but a beast in human form.
Apparently, he was an educated man, his maternal grandfather Sadr al-Shari was a famous scholar of one of the directions of Sharia - Hanafi. He was the author of Sharh al-Wikaya, a commentary on al-Wakaya, which in turn is a commentary on al - Marghinan - al-Hidayah, who is the classic guide to the laws of the Hanafi. He may also be the famous traveler Ibn Batuta.
According to Viktor Tukmachev: In 1852. “Kazan Provincial Gazette” published excerpts from the work of the Bulgarian chronicler Sherif-Yeddin, where it was said: “...Khan Temir-Aksak, having ravaged the Devil’s settlement, visited the graves of the followers of Mohammed, located at the mouth of the Toima River, which flows into the Kama under the settlement. .."
Historians deeply doubt the fact that Tamerlane was in Yelabuga. The Elabuga residents have a legend about why the Devil's Settlement was not destroyed by the legendary Tamerlane. Allegedly, the besieged carried out the will of the “iron lame man” and covered the entire tower from the base to the top with the severed heads of their soldiers. According to this little-known legend, Timur besieged the fortress and all those besieged faced imminent death. A secret underground passage, through which one could escape to a safe place, was discovered and blocked by Timur’s soldiers. It was still possible to defend the fortress: there were people, there were forces and weapons. It just didn't make sense. Everyone would have died. And then all the people living here would disappear. Timur, famous not only for his cruelty, but also for keeping his word, said that he would leave alive those who took refuge in the outermost tower of the fortress (it was the smallest). But at the same time, the tower itself should be covered from top to bottom with severed human heads. And not those warriors who had already died in the battle with Tamerlane, but the heads of those defenders of the fortress who were still alive and ready to fight.
After a painful night meeting, women and children entered the indicated tower (they had to revive the great people who had lived here for centuries), and in the morning the warriors chopped off each other’s heads and stacked them at the tower so that the tower disappeared under a pyramid of human heads... Tamerlane kept his word: the tower remained intact, and those who took refuge in it remained alive. The people have been reborn. But at what cost!
Archaeologists have not found any confirmation. Not a single significant fragment has been found, not a single one of the towers built from “severed heads”.
How can we take on faith all the reports about the atrocities of Tamerbek, if we know that during the monstrous Night of St. Bartholomew on August 24, 1572, Catholics in Paris slaughtered their “brothers in the Christian faith,” but were able to destroy only 3 thousand Huguenots? And throughout France, more than 30 thousand were exterminated then. Moreover, Catholics prepared for this operation for a long time and carefully. Timur, according to some historians, spontaneously destroyed hundreds of thousands of people.
It should not be forgotten that people were then mere prey that could be resold at a profit. Slaves are money. Who will destroy their property with their own hands? Why did Timur slaughter civilians if he could always sell them?
Most likely, the example of a distorted story with the emir once again proves how skillfully this can be done, how skillfully one can reshape history. After all, a lie repeated many times and by many becomes the truth. It's not who you are that matters, it's what others say about you that matters. So with Timur, apparently, this history as ancient as the world repeated itself: from a warrior and a builder they created the image of a butcher.
The lot of the rootless
Numerous biographers of Timur, who vividly described his campaigns and deeds, left very little information about his appearance. Moreover, many of them contradict the idea that Timur belongs to the Mongolian Barlas tribe. Thus, Ibn Arabshah, an Arab captured by the emir, tells us that Timur was tall, had a large head, and a high forehead. He was very strong and brave, strongly built, with broad shoulders. He had a long beard, limped on his right leg, spoke in a low voice, and turned gray early. The skin color was white!
The most interesting “portrait” of Tamerbek was obtained by anthropologist M.M. Gerasimov, who, as is known, was able to reconstruct the appearance of the emir.
Based on the remains recovered during excavations in the Gur-Emir mausoleum on the night of June 22, 1941, Gerasimov scientifically confirmed Tamerbek’s lameness and withered hands. Gerasimov presented the results of his work in the article “Portrait of Tamerlane.” If you carefully read the conclusions that Gerasimov draws, it turns out that Timur was... a European!
However, the evidence that Timur comes from a Turkified Mongol family is a document that will give the right to categorically refuse to consider Iranian and Indian miniatures that endow Timur with typical features of an Indo-European.
Depiction of Timur by a 16th-century French artist
In very recent times, it was customary to brand Timur. Visitors to the Gur-Emir mausoleum were always told about the monstrous cruelty of the Great Conqueror, about the suffering of the peoples he defeated. Today Tamerbek is the personified national idea of Uzbekistan. He is everywhere. Monuments are erected to him, he is seen from banknotes, historical science is only concerned with him and his descendants, the Timurids. His name is crowned with the highest state awards - on April 26, 1996, the law “On the Establishment of the Order of Emir Timur” was adopted.
Schoolchildren study his life and deeds. It seems to foreigners coming to Uzbekistan that no one except Timur and his descendants lived here before. And the canonization of Timur began with a very remarkable event. During the Soviet era, in the center of Tashkent there was a bust of Karl Marx made of red marble. In early 1995, the statue of the communist theorist was demolished, and in its place a monument to an Asian hero from the distant past was erected. After his death, Timur also defeated Marx. And now the splendor of the greatness of his empire, stretching from the Egyptian pyramids to the Great Wall of China, illuminates the future of Uzbekistan.
War cried with the bloody eyes of wounds.
The prickly row of her teeth is exposed with a smile.
Ibn Hamdis
Tamerlane went down in history as an outstanding military leader and cruel ruler. So, at the beginning of his military career, he was once caught by a thousand-strong enemy army. Timur himself at that time had only 60 soldiers. But he was not afraid to enter into battle with his small detachment and won - after a bloody battle, he was left with only ten people out of sixty, and his opponents had 50 people out of a thousand, after which Timur’s enemies fled.
In 1395, Tamerlane was about sixty years old. He was a man of average height, but of strong build. One of his legs was damaged in his youth, but those around him hardly noticed his lameness. Timur's voice was loud and carried far throughout the area, which helped him a lot to lead his warriors in the roar of battle. Until old age, despite constant battles and campaigns, he had good health. Only at the age of seventy his vision began to deteriorate.
Sergei Petrovich Borodin in the book “Lame Timur” talks about him: Tamerlane, the most cruel of the commanders known to the world. The thirst for power burned in his heart and strengthened him in his determination to subjugate everyone and everything to his will; no one could count on leniency. The great warrior, nicknamed Lame Timur, was a powerful politician not only on the battlefields. In his capital Samarkand, he was a clever merchant and a talented city planner. Inside the tents embroidered with gold - a wise father and grandfather amid the intrigues of numerous heirs. “The entire space of the World should belong to only one king” - this was the rule of his life and the basic law of the legendary empire of Tamerlane. At the door that opened into the garden, on a small carpet sat a long, lean old man in a black robe trimmed with a green border. Dark, almost black, with a copper tint, his dry face turned to the boy, and his eyes - quick, intent, young - vigilantly ran over the entire small, light, beloved appearance of his grandson. He told his grandson: “I stopped running since my leg was broken. But since my right hand withered away, no one has escaped from my hands. Before that, I ran and got caught. And I was much older than you then. I was already... twenty-five years old then.” “Rarely did my grandfather tell anyone so simply about his past affairs. There was a lot in them that there was no need for the Lord of the World to remember. After all, there was no one in the whole world who could compete in strength and power with this long, like a shadow, dry, sick, withered, lame old man.”
This description of Timur is somewhat reminiscent of Stalin (lame, withered, with a penetrating gaze of tiger eyes).
On special occasions, Timur wore a wide silk robe, and on his head he wore a tall felt hat with an oblong ruby on top, sprinkled with pearls and precious stones. He wore large and expensive earrings in his ears according to Mongolian custom. In general, in peacetime he loved decorations and pomp. During military campaigns, he always served as an example of Spartan simplicity.
His character surprisingly combined strict Sufi views on life with impulses of a wildly warlike spirit and unbridled lust for power. The latter qualities seem to have prevailed in him, since he himself said: “only with a sword in hand can dominance be established.”
During his life, Tamerlane made dozens of campaigns and conquered a vast territory with the power of his weapons. Timur himself said: “With the help of valiant leaders and my warriors, I became the ruler of 27 states. All these countries recognized my authority, and I prescribed laws for them
Timur's conquests
Great Rus' was part of the Tokhtamyshev ulus. The same bitter fate awaited her as the rich Golden Horde cities of the Volga region. Tamerlane entered the Russian borders, took Yelets, captured its prince, devastated the surrounding area and moved towards Moscow. But he did not reach the city. After staying within the Ryazan principality for fifteen days, Tamerlane went back on August 26.
According to church legend, in order to save Moscow from invasion, Metropolitan Cyprian ordered the revered icon of the Vladimir Mother of God to be transferred to Moscow, “then commanding all people to fast and pray.”
Our Lady of Vladimir. Icon of the 12th century.
Moscow's envoys arrived in Vladimir on August 15, the day of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary. After serving a prayer service, the icon was taken out of the Assumption Cathedral and along the Vladimir Road in a religious procession moved towards Moscow. The whole city came out to see off the icon. For eleven days the religious procession with the icon walked along the Vladimir Road. On August 26, all of Moscow, from small to large, led by Metropolitan Cyprian, met the icon outside the city on Kuchkovo Field.
Prayer to the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.
Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle of the 15th century.
The icon was placed in the Assumption Cathedral. Soon the news spread throughout Moscow that on the day of the meeting of the icon, Tamerlane left his camp on the Don and went to the steppe. Allegedly, he had a terrible dream and withdrew his troops.
. At the same time, the troops of Vasily Dmitrievich, who had already left Moscow to meet Timur, were prepared for war. Having passed Kolomna, the Moscow prince took up defensive positions on the banks of the Oka, and ordered his governors and city governors to “strengthen the siege.” At the same time, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas gathered his troops, spreading rumors everywhere that he was going against the Tatars. Thus, Tamerlane was clearly demonstrated that, having attacked Moscow, he would deal not with the remnants of Tokhtamysh’s possessions, but with the forces of all Orthodox Rus'. It was this demonstration of the unity of the Russian and Lithuanian princes that caused Tamerlane’s “horrible dream”.
In 1393, an embassy with a label left Tokhtamysh for Lithuania. The text of this label has been preserved in Russian chronicles: “God has favored us again, our enemies, and given us all into our hands. We executed them so that they won’t harm us again.” At the same time, the khan asks his “brother” Jagiello to “collect the exits (tribute) from the volosts that were our subjects,” captured by Lithuania, and hand them over to the en route ambassadors for delivery to the treasury.” This label confirms the fact that during the reign of Tokhtamysh the Lithuanians paid tribute to the Horde. Further, the label proposes the restoration of trade relations between states “without acceptance”, that is, without duties! In addition, it is proposed to conclude a military alliance.
In 1394, the ambassadors of Tokhtamysh also sought a military alliance from the Egyptian Sultan.
From the story of Anna Vladimirovna Kornienko: “To my children, happy conquerors of states, my descendants - the great rulers of the world...”
These words begin the well-known “Code”, one of two unique written sources that have come down to us, the author of which is presumably Amir Timur himself, Timur the Magnificent, “The Thunderstorm of the East and West,” the conqueror of lands and peoples, the fearless and invincible commander, the Great Emir Tamerlane. After the first lines of the text, the reader, even if he has never heard of the Central Asian conqueror of the 14th century, begins to realize that he is holding in his hands the life story of one of the most outstanding and mysterious personalities ever to appear on the world stage.
A complex and multifaceted personality, Timur is a warrior of Islam, a man who called himself “the shadow of Allah on earth,” a legendary warrior before whom powerful empires bowed their heads, a wise politician and statesman who had a truly iron will and character (translated, the name Timur means “ iron"), managed to weave such a tangled and strong web of contradictions around his image that it was not possible to unravel or even cut it, either then, or even more so now, hundreds of years later.
Depiction of Timur in Italian painting of the 16th century
There is very little definitively reliable information about the Ruler of the Lucky Constellations, as Timur’s contemporaries “christened” him for his rare luck, or rather it would be more accurate to say that there is none at all.
As the legend says, he was born with a lump of dried blood in his hand and with white hair, like an old man’s (the same was said about Genghis Khan). Having heard about this, the local residents came to the general opinion that, of course, a great man was born in the Taragay family.
Timur's father, Taragai, most likely came from the nobility of the Turkified Mongolian tribe of Barlas, who settled in Maverannehr (between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya rivers) in the 13th century, and was a descendant of the noyon (large feudal landowner in Mongolia in the Middle Ages) Karachar, assistant and distant relative of Chagatai, son of Genghis Khan. Thus, Taragai, and with him, of course, his son themselves belonged to the clan of Genghis, although some sources say that Timur was the great-grandson of the Golden Horde Khan on his mother’s side. Be that as it may, there was no direct relationship between Timur and Genghis Khan. Timur grew up without a mother. She died when the boy was still very young.
Timur has been distinguished by his curiosity since childhood. For hours he could listen with rapture to the amazing stories that the caravan leaders told. He was silent, never laughed, and even in games he was purposeful and, perhaps, beyond measure serious. Timur loved hunting, and from the age of 18, when he matured, he was literally addicted to this activity. He shot accurately with a bow and was excellent in the saddle. In addition, even as a child, Timur was able to show his influence on his peers, both in various war games and in everyday life. From an early age, he only talked about campaigns and conquests, his amusements consisted of endless battles, he persistently exercised his body, which became stronger day by day; his mind, developed beyond his years, gave rise to endless grandiose plans, the ways of implementing which the future emir was already seriously thinking about, as if guessing what a significant role he would play in the lives of many thousands of people.
Many years later, in his “Autobiography” (the second source that has come down to us, the author of which is presumably the great emir himself), written from his words, Timur will tell an amazing story that he heard from his father. Allegedly, one day Amir Taragay saw in a dream how a handsome young man, who looked like an Arab, approached him and handed him a sword. Taragai took the sword in his hands and began to wave it in the air, and then the steel of the blade sparkled so much that it illuminated the whole world. Shocked, Taragay asked Saint Amir Kulal to explain this dream to him. Amir Kulal said that this dream has a prophetic meaning and that God will send him a son who will be destined to take over the whole world, convert everyone to Islam, and free the earth from the darkness of ignorance and delusion.
Having told about this, Taragay admitted to Timur that as soon as he was born, the emir immediately realized that the dream had come true, and immediately took his son to Sheikh Shamsuddin. When Taragai entered the sheikh’s house, he was reading the Koran aloud and in the verse on which he stopped, the name Timur was found, as a result of which the baby was named that way.
Having thanked Allah for the fact that his name was borrowed from the Koran, Timur tells another dream that he himself had already had. As if one day he saw in a dream how he was throwing a net into a large river. The net covered the entire river, after which the future conqueror pulled ashore all the fish and animals that inhabited the waters. Dream interpreters also explained this dream as foreshadowing the great and glorious reign of Amir Timur. So glorious that all the nations of the universe will be subject to it.
Timur understood perfectly well that alone, no matter how strong, courageous and decisive he was, he would never be able to achieve anything. And who needs a throne in the desert? He depended on many people just as many people depended on him. Timur valued people, but only as much as they could be useful to him.
He knew how to bind those he needed to himself, and spared neither time nor money for this.
“Some of them (people) help me with their exploits, others with advice, both in conquering states and in governing them. I use them to strengthen the castle of my happiness: they are the decoration of my yard.” “To inspire officers and soldiers, I spared neither gold nor precious stones; I allowed them to come to my table, and they sacrificed their lives for me in battles. By showing them favors and attending to their needs, I secured their affection,” said the great emir.
At the age of 19, Timur fell seriously ill. He was treated with every possible means, but nothing helped. The seven days the young man spent in the heat and delirium led the desperate courtiers, like himself, to think about an unfavorable outcome of the disease, the cause of which, most likely, was an advanced abscess on the hand between the fingers. The young man cried and said goodbye to life. However, after seven days, the powerful body of the future emir managed to overcome the infection and quickly began to recover. Some time later, as Tamerbek himself says, he had a vision of a certain sayd (translated from Arabic as “happy”, “successful” - a form of respectful address) with long hair, who predicted to the young man that he would be a great king.
In the future, Amir Timur will say that he owed such success to his fair and impartial attitude towards people, thanks to which he “gained the favor of the creatures of God,” that with “wise policies and strict justice” he “kept his soldiers and subjects between fear and hope.” He will say that in the name of the triumph of justice, which he considered godly, he freed the oppressed from the hands of persecutors, that only true justice governed his decisions, the verdict was always carried out according to the law and the innocent were never punished...
In an effort to win the hearts of the people, Timur extended benefits to everyone, regardless of their position and origin, showered his warriors with gifts, openly had compassion for the lower and disadvantaged, and his generosity ensured him universal human affection. “Even my enemy,” said the commander, “when he felt guilty and came to ask for my protection, received forgiveness and found in me a benefactor and friend... and if his heart was still embittered, then my treatment of him was such that I managed finally erase the very trace of his displeasure.”
Of course, these words sound too good to be true. However, one wants to believe in them simply because the great conqueror, while maintaining his own high position, managed to live to such an advanced age for that era - 69 years old, and not be stabbed, poisoned, strangled or killed in any other way by someone from former friends or current enemies. Neither Alexander the Great, nor Gaius Julius Caesar, nor most other world leaders were so lucky...
In Tamerlane’s cruelties, in addition to cold calculation (like Genghis Khan), a painful, refined brutality is manifested, which, perhaps, should be explained by the physical suffering that he endured all his life (after the wound received in Seistan). Tamerlane's sons (except Shahrukh) and grandsons suffered from the same mental abnormality, as a result of which Tamerlane, in contrast to Genghis Khan, did not find in his descendants either reliable assistants or continuers of his work. It turned out, therefore, to be even less durable than the result of the efforts of the Mongol conqueror.
Tamerlane
Central Asian conquering commander.
Tamerlane, the most powerful of the Central Asian generals in the Middle Ages, restored the former Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (No. 4). His long life as a commander was spent in almost constant battle, as he sought to expand the borders of his state and hold the conquered lands that stretched from the Mediterranean coast in the south to India in the west and to Russia in the north.
He was born in 1336 into a Mongol military family in Kesh (present-day Shakhrisaba, Uzbekistan). His name comes from the nickname Timur Leng (Lame Timur), which is associated with his lameness in his left leg. Despite his humble origins and physical handicap, Timur, thanks to his abilities, achieved high ranks in the Mongol Khanate, whose territory covers modern Turkestan and central Siberia. In 1370, Tamerlane, who became the head of the government, overthrew the khan and seized power in the Dzhagatai ulus. After this, he proclaimed himself a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Over the next thirty-five years, Tamerlane waged wars of conquest, capturing more and more territories and suppressing all internal resistance.
Tamerlane sought to take the wealth of the conquered lands to his palace in Samarkand. Unlike Genghis Khan, he did not unite the newly conquered lands into an empire, but left behind monstrous destruction and erected pyramids of enemy skulls to commemorate his victories. Although Tamerlane greatly valued literature and art and turned Samarkand into a cultural center, he and his men carried out military operations with barbaric cruelty.
Starting with the subjugation of neighboring tribes, Tamerlane then began to fight with Persia. In 1380-1389. he conquered Iran, Mesopotamia, Armenia and Georgia. In 1390 he invaded Russia, and in 1392 he marched back through Persia, suppressing a rebellion that had broken out there, killing all his opponents along with their families and burning their cities.
Tamerlane was an excellent tactician and fearless commander who knew how to raise the morale of his soldiers, and his army often numbered more than a hundred thousand people. Tamerlane's military organization was somewhat reminiscent of that of Genghis Khan. The main striking force was cavalry, armed with bows and swords, and spare horses carried supplies for long campaigns.
Obviously, only because of his love of war and imperial ambitions, in 1389 Tamerlane invaded India, captured Delhi, where his army carried out a massacre, and destroyed what he could not take to Samarkand. Only a century later was Delhi able to recover from the damage suffered. Not content with civilian casualties, Tamerlane, after the Battle of Panipat on December 17, 1398, killed one hundred thousand captured Indian soldiers.
In 1401, Tamerlane conquered Syria, killing twenty thousand inhabitants of Damascus, and the following year defeated the Turkish Sultan Bayezid I. After this, even those countries that were not yet subject to Tamerlane recognized his power and paid him tribute, just to avoid invasion his horde In 1404, Tamerlane received tribute even from the Egyptian Sultan and the Byzantine Emperor John.
Now Tamerlane's empire could rival Genghis Khan's in size, and the palace of the new conqueror was full of treasures. But although Tamerlane was well over sixty, he did not calm down. He plotted an invasion of China. However, on January 19, 1405, without having time to implement this plan, Tamerlane died. His tomb, Gur Emir, is today one of the great architectural monuments of Samarkand.
According to Tamerlane's will, the empire was divided between his sons and grandsons. It is not surprising that his heirs turned out to be bloodthirsty and ambitious. In 1420, after many years of war, Tamerlane's youngest son Sharuk, the only survivor, received power over his father's empire.
Of course, Tamerlane was a powerful commander, but he was not a politician capable of creating a true empire. The conquered territories only provided him with booty and soldiers for robbery. He left no other accomplishments except scorched earth and pyramids of skulls. But it is indisputable that his conquests were very extensive, and his army kept all neighboring countries in fear. His direct influence on life in Central Asia lasted for much of the 14th century, and his conquests led to a rise in militancy as peoples were forced to arm themselves to defend themselves against Tamerlane's hordes.
Tamerlane achieved his conquests thanks to the size and power of his army and merciless cruelty. In our series, he can be compared with Adolf Hitler (No. 14) and Saddam Hussein (No. 81). Tamerlane took a place between these two historical figures, because he surpassed the latter in cruelty, although he was far inferior to the former.
Timur, the son of a bek from the Turkified Mongolian Barlas tribe, was born in Kesh (modern Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan), southwest of Bukhara. His father had a small ulus. The name of the Central Asian conqueror comes from the nickname Timur Leng (Lame Timur), which was associated with his lameness in his left leg. Since childhood, he persistently engaged in military exercises and at the age of 12 began going on hikes with his father. He was a zealous Mohammedan, which played a significant role in his fight against the Uzbeks.
Timur early showed his military abilities and ability not only to command people, but also to subjugate them to his will. In 1361, he entered the service of Khan Togluk, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. He owned large territories in Central Asia. Quite soon, Timur became an adviser to the khan’s son Ilyas Khoja and the ruler (viceroy) of the Kashkadarya vilayet in the domain of Khan Togluk. By that time, the son of the bek from the Barlas tribe already had his own detachment of mounted warriors.
But after some time, having fallen into disgrace, Timur with his military detachment of 60 people fled across the Amu Darya River to the Badakhshan Mountains. There his squad was replenished. Khan Togluk sent a detachment of a thousand in pursuit of Timur, but he, having fallen into a well-arranged ambush, was almost completely exterminated in battle by Timur’s soldiers.
Gathering his forces, Timur concluded a military alliance with the ruler of Balkh and Samarkand, Emir Hussein, and began a war with Khan Togluk and his son-heir Ilyas Khoja, whose army consisted mainly of Uzbek warriors. The Turkmen tribes sided with Timur, giving him numerous cavalry. Soon he declared war on his ally, the Samarkand emir Hussein, and defeated him.
Timur captured Samarkand, one of the largest cities in Central Asia, and intensified military operations against the son of Khan Togluk, whose army, according to exaggerated data, numbered about 100 thousand people, but 80 thousand of them formed garrisons of fortresses and almost did not participate in field battles. Timur's cavalry squad numbered only about 2 thousand people, but they were experienced warriors. In a series of battles, Timur defeated the Khan's troops, and by 1370 their remnants retreated across the Syr River.
After these successes, Timur resorted to military stratagem, which was a brilliant success. On behalf of the khan's son, who commanded Togluk's troops, he sent out an order to the commandants of the fortresses to leave the fortresses entrusted to them and to retreat beyond the Syr River with the garrison troops. So, with the help of military cunning, Timur cleared all the enemy fortresses of the khan’s troops.
In 1370, a kurultai was convened, at which the rich and noble Mongol owners elected a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, Kobul Shah Aglan, as khan. However, Timur soon removed him from his path. By that time, he had significantly replenished his military forces, primarily at the expense of the Mongols, and could now lay claim to independent khan power.
In the same 1370, Timur became emir in Transoxiana - the region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers and ruled on behalf of the descendants of Genghis Khan, relying on the army, nomadic nobility and Muslim clergy. He made the city of Samarkand his capital.
Timur began preparing for large campaigns of conquest by organizing a strong army. At the same time, he was guided by the combat experience of the Mongols and the rules of the great conqueror Genghis Khan, which his descendants had completely forgotten by that time.
Timur began his struggle for power with a detachment of 313 soldiers loyal to him. They formed the backbone of the command staff of the army he created: 100 people began to command dozens of soldiers, 100 - hundreds, and the last 100 - thousands. Timur's closest and most trusted associates received senior military positions.
He paid special attention to the selection of military leaders. In his army, the foremen were chosen by the dozen soldiers themselves, but Timur personally appointed the centurions, thousand and higher-ranking commanders. “A boss whose power is weaker than a whip and stick is unworthy of the title,” said the Central Asian conqueror.
His army, unlike the troops of Genghis Khan and Batu Khan, received a salary. An ordinary warrior received from two to four times the price of horses. The size of such a salary was determined by the service performance of the soldier. The foreman received the salary of his dozen and therefore was personally interested in the proper performance of service by his subordinates. The centurion received the salary of six foremen and so on.
There was also a system of awards for military distinctions. This could be the praise of the emir himself, an increase in salary, valuable gifts, rewarding with expensive weapons, new ranks and honorary titles - such as, for example, Brave or Bogatyr. The most common punishment was the withholding of a tenth of the salary for a specific disciplinary offense.
Timur's cavalry, which formed the basis of his army, was divided into light and heavy. Simple light-horse warriors were required to be armed with a bow, 18-20 arrows, 10 arrowheads, an axe, a saw, an awl, a needle, a lasso, a tursuk (water bag) and a horse. For 19 such warriors on a campaign, one wagon was relied upon. Selected Mongol warriors served in the heavy cavalry. Each of her warriors had a helmet, iron protective armor, a sword, a bow and two horses. For five such horsemen there was one wagon. In addition to the mandatory weapons, there were pikes, maces, sabers and other weapons. The Mongols carried everything they needed for camping on spare horses.
Light infantry appeared in the Mongol army under Timur. These were horse archers (carrying 30 arrows) who dismounted before the battle. Thanks to this, shooting accuracy increased. Such mounted riflemen were very effective in ambushes, during military operations in the mountains and during the siege of fortresses.
Timur's army was distinguished by a well-thought-out organization and a strictly defined order of formation. Each warrior knew his place in the ten, the ten in the hundred, the hundred in the thousand. Individual units of the army differed in the color of their horses, the color of their clothes and banners, and their combat equipment. According to the laws of Genghis Khan, before the campaign, the soldiers were given a strict review.
During campaigns, Timur took care of reliable military guards in order to avoid a surprise attack by the enemy. On the way or at a stop, security detachments were separated from the main forces at a distance of up to five kilometers. From them, patrol posts were sent out even further, which, in turn, sent mounted sentries ahead.
Being an experienced commander, Timur chose flat terrain, with sources of water and vegetation, for the battles of his predominantly cavalry army. He lined up the troops for battle so that the sun did not shine in the eyes and thus did not blind the archers. He always had strong reserves and flanks to encircle the enemy drawn into battle.
Timur began the battle with light cavalry, which bombarded the enemy with a cloud of arrows. After this, horse attacks began, which followed one after another. When the opposing side began to weaken, a strong reserve consisting of heavy armored cavalry was brought into battle. Timur said: “The ninth attack gives victory.” This was one of his main rules in the war.
Timur began his campaigns of conquest beyond his original possessions in 1371. By 1380, he had made 9 military campaigns, and soon all neighboring regions inhabited by Uzbeks and most of the territory of modern Afghanistan came under his rule. Any resistance to the Mongol army was severely punished - commander Timur left behind enormous destruction and erected pyramids from the heads of defeated enemy warriors.
In 1376, Emir Timur provided military assistance to the descendant of Genghis Khan, Tokhtamysh, as a result of which the latter became one of the khans of the Golden Horde. However, Tokhtamysh soon repaid his patron with black ingratitude.
The Emir's Palace in Samarkand was constantly replenished with treasures. It is believed that Timur brought to his capital up to 150 thousand of the best craftsmen from the conquered countries, who built numerous palaces for the emir, decorating them with paintings depicting the aggressive campaigns of the Mongol army.
In 1386, Emir Timur launched a campaign of conquest in the Caucasus. Near Tiflis, the Mongol army fought with the Georgian army and won a complete victory. The capital of Georgia was destroyed. The defenders of the Vardzia fortress, the entrance to which led through the dungeon, put up brave resistance to the conquerors. Georgian soldiers repulsed all enemy attempts to break into the fortress through an underground passage. The Mongols managed to take Vardzia with the help of wooden platforms, which they lowered on ropes from the neighboring mountains. At the same time as Georgia, neighboring Armenia was also conquered.
In 1388, after long resistance, Khorezm fell and its capital Urgench was destroyed. Now all the lands along the Jeyhun (Amu Darya) river from the Pamir Mountains to the Aral Sea became the possessions of Emir Timur.
In 1389, the cavalry army of the Samarkand emir made a campaign in the steppes to Lake Balkhash, in the territory of Semirechye - the south of modern Kazakhstan.
When Timur fought in Persia, Tokhtamysh, who became the khan of the Golden Horde, attacked the emir's possessions and plundered their northern part. Timur hastily returned to Samarkand and began to carefully prepare for a great war with the Golden Horde. Timur's cavalry had to travel 2,500 kilometers across the arid steppes. Timur made three major campaigns - in 1389, 1391 and 1394-1395. In the last campaign, the Samarkand emir went to the Golden Horde along the western coast of the Caspian Sea through Azerbaijan and the Derbent fortress.
In July 1391, the largest battle took place near Lake Kergel between the armies of Emir Timur and Khan Tokhtamysh. The forces of the parties were approximately equal - 300 thousand mounted warriors each, but these figures in the sources are clearly overestimated. The battle began at dawn with mutual archery fire, followed by mounted charges against each other. By noon, the army of the Golden Horde was defeated and put to flight. The winners received the Khan's camp and numerous herds.
Timur successfully waged war against Tokhtamysh, but did not annex his possessions to himself. The Emir's Mongol troops plundered the Golden Horde capital of Sarai-Berke. Tokhtamysh with his troops and nomads more than once fled to the most remote corners of his possessions.
In the campaign of 1395, Timur’s army, after another pogrom of the Volga territories of the Golden Horde, reached the southern borders of the Russian land and besieged the border fortress town of Yelets. Its few defenders could not resist the enemy, and Yelets was burned. After this, Timur unexpectedly turned back.
The Mongol conquests of Persia and neighboring Transcaucasia lasted from 1392 to 1398. The decisive battle between the army of Emir Timur and the Persian army of Shah Mansur took place near Patila in 1394. The Persians energetically attacked the enemy center and almost broke its resistance. Having assessed the situation, Timur strengthened his reserve of heavy armored cavalry with troops that had not yet joined the battle, and he himself led a counterattack, which became victorious. The Persian army was completely defeated at the Battle of Patil. This victory allowed Timur to completely subjugate Persia.
When an anti-Mongol uprising broke out in a number of cities and regions of Persia, Timur again set out on a campaign there at the head of his army. All the cities that rebelled against him were destroyed, and their inhabitants were mercilessly exterminated. In the same way, the Samarkand ruler suppressed protests against Mongol rule in other countries he conquered.
In 1398, the great conqueror invades India. In the same year, Timur's army besieged the fortified city of Merath, which the Indians themselves considered impregnable. Having examined the city fortifications, the emir ordered digging. However, underground work progressed very slowly, and then the besiegers took the city by storm with the help of ladders. Having burst into Merath, the Mongols killed all its inhabitants. After this, Timur ordered the destruction of the Merath fortress walls.
One of the battles took place on the Ganges River. Here the Mongol cavalry fought with the Indian military flotilla, which consisted of 48 large river ships. The Mongol warriors rushed with their horses into the Ganges and swam to attack enemy ships, hitting their crews with well-aimed archery.
At the end of 1398, Timur's army approached the city of Delhi. Under its walls, on December 17, a battle took place between the Mongol army and the army of Delhi Muslims under the command of Mahmud Tughlaq. The battle began when Timur with a detachment of 700 horsemen, having crossed the Jamma River to reconnoiter the city fortifications, was attacked by the 5,000-strong cavalry of Mahmud Tughlaq. Timur repelled the first attack, and soon the main forces of the Mongol army entered the battle, and the Delhi Muslims were driven behind the city walls.
Timur captured Delhi in battle, subjecting this numerous and rich Indian city to plunder and its inhabitants to massacre. The conquerors left Delhi, burdened with enormous booty. Everything that could not be taken to Samarkand, Timur ordered to be destroyed or completely destroyed. It took a century for Delhi to recover from the Mongol pogrom.
The cruelty of Timur on Indian soil is best evidenced by the following fact. After the battle of Panipat in 1398, he ordered the killing of 100 thousand Indian soldiers who surrendered to him.
In 1400, Timur began a campaign of conquest in Syria, moving there through Mesopotamia, which he had previously conquered. Near the city of Aleppo (modern Aleppo) on November 11, a battle took place between the Mongol army and Turkish troops commanded by Syrian emirs. They did not want to sit under siege behind the fortress walls and went out to battle in the open field. The Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat on their opponents, and they retreated to Aleppo, losing several thousand people killed. After this, Timur took and plundered the city, taking its citadel by storm.
The Mongol conquerors behaved in Syria in the same way as in other conquered countries. All the most valuable things were to be sent to Samarkand. In the Syrian capital of Damascus, which was captured on January 25, 1401, the Mongols killed 20 thousand inhabitants.
After the conquest of Syria, a war began against the Turkish Sultan Bayazid I. The Mongols captured the border fortress of Kemak and the city of Sivas. When the Sultan's ambassadors arrived there, Timur, to intimidate them, reviewed his huge, according to some information, 800,000-strong army. After this, he ordered the capture of crossings across the Kizil-Irmak River and besieged the Ottoman capital Ankara. This forced the Turkish army to accept a general battle with the Mongols near the camps of Ankara, which took place on June 20, 1402.
According to eastern sources, the Mongol army numbered from 250 to 350 thousand soldiers and 32 war elephants brought to Anatolia from India. The Sultan's army, consisting of Ottoman Turks, mercenary Crimean Tatars, Serbs and other peoples of the Ottoman Empire, numbered 120-200 thousand people.
Timur won victory largely thanks to the successful actions of his cavalry on the flanks and the bribery of 18 thousand mounted Crimean Tatars to his side. In the Turkish army, the Serbs who were on the left flank held out most steadfastly. Sultan Bayezid I was captured, and the encircled Janissary infantrymen were completely killed. Those who fled were pursued by the emir's 30,000-strong light cavalry.
After a convincing victory at Ankara, Timur besieged the large coastal city of Smyrna and, after a two-week siege, captured and plundered it. The Mongol army then turned back to Central Asia, once again plundering Georgia along the way.
After these events, even those neighboring countries that managed to avoid the aggressive campaigns of Timur the Lame recognized his power and began to pay him tribute, just to avoid the invasion of his troops. In 1404 he received a large tribute from the Egyptian Sultan and the Byzantine Emperor John.
By the end of Timur's reign, his vast state included Transoxiana, Khorezm, Transcaucasia, Persia (Iran), Punjab and other lands. All of them were united together artificially, through the strong military power of the conquering ruler.
Timur, as a conqueror and great commander, reached the heights of power thanks to the skillful organization of his large army, built according to the decimal system and continuing the traditions of the military organization of Genghis Khan.
According to the will of Timur, who died in 1405 and was preparing a great campaign of conquest in China, his power was divided between his sons and grandsons. They immediately began a bloody internecine war, and in 1420 Sharuk, the only one remaining among Timur’s heirs, received power over his father’s possessions and the emir’s throne in Samarkand.