Genus. 06/30/1670, d. 08/27/1731.
She was the first wife of Tsar Peter 1. The wedding took place on January 27, 1689. This was the last marriage of the Sovereign with his compatriot in Russian history.
Evdokia was chosen as Peter's bride by his mother, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, without the consent of the groom. This was done in view of the long-standing connections of the Naryshkins with the Lopukhins and in the hope of assistance on their part in strengthening the position of Tsar Peter as the sovereign Sovereign (by that time the Lopukhins occupied a prominent position among the nobility and in the army). The correctness of the choice was confirmed during the period of confrontation between Princess Sophia and Tsar Peter.
The first years of marriage were relatively calm. In February 1690, Tsarevich Alexei was born, and a year later - Alexander, who died at the age of 1 year. Unlike some historians and writers, we would not like to see the reason for the traditional unsuccessful family life in the fact that the Tsarina could not understand and accept the aspirations of Tsar Peter for the reorganization of Russia, which, by the way, were formed much later.
The point of view of the historian N.M. seems more reasonable to us. Kostomarov, who believes that the cooling in family relations occurred for a much more prosaic reason, hidden in the connection Lefort arranged between the Tsar and his previous favorite Anna Mons in order to strengthen his influence on the young Sovereign and contribute to the realization of the interests of foreigners in Russia. Tsar Peter became deeply attached to Anna Mons, who ultimately betrayed him with the ease traditional for a courtesan.
From the Queen’s correspondence it is clear that she experienced this change with pain, about which she complained to her relatives, and they expressed displeasure with the Tsar’s actions. These complaints reached the Tsar, but for about 4 years the Lopukhins were not touched. In 1697, before the Tsar's trip abroad, in connection with the discovery of the conspiracy of Sokovnin, Tsykler and Pushkin, a reason was found for the exile of the Tsarina's father and his two brothers, the boyars Sergei and Vasily, by governors away from Moscow, without any reason. Tsar Peter was afraid of the formation of an opposition in his absence and the participation of the Lopukhins in it.
At the same time, the first thought appears to obtain the Queen’s voluntary consent to be tonsured as a nun. She refuses, citing her son’s youth and his need for her. However, upon Peter’s return and conversation with him, she was forcibly taken to the Suzdal Intercession Monastery, where in 1698, again by force, she was tonsured under the name of Elena and very difficult living conditions were created.
She was not only separated from her son, but was also not allowed to see him, which subsequently led to the need for secret relations and played a tragic role in the fate of not only them, but also the Queen’s relatives, leading some to torture, some to exile, and some to exile. I'm on the chopping block.
This also deprived Russia of its rightful heir to the throne, who suffered a painful death, the prologue to which was “one of the things that Russia has not seen for its Tsars for more than a century.” “The moral concepts of the Russians in those days could not help but arouse the people’s censure of Peter’s act.” There are several folk songs created on this occasion that were popular at the time. “20 years later, when the violence against Queen Evdokia turned into a new terrible search, the unfortunate Bishop Dosifei, given over to torture, said: “I’m the only one who got caught in this, look what’s in everyone’s hearts.” “Peter insulted the Orthodox Church by his act with his wife , because she, the Church, alone had the right given by God to pronounce judgment between husband and wife."
When in 1718 Peter needed to get rid of his son, he again began an investigation into the disgraced Queen, wanting to discredit her. Therefore, she is reminded of everything and even the love that arose after many years of imprisonment for Stepan Glebov and her connection with him, for which the latter was subjected to a painful execution on a stake. Having obtained a letter of repentance from Evdokia and not daring to physically eliminate her, Tsar Peter transfers the Tsarina under strict supervision to the Ladoga Assumption Monastery, where she remains until the death of the Tsar.
With the accession of Catherine I, she was imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress in solitary confinement with strict detention, without the right to meet or correspond with anyone, not excluding priests. Even the guards did not know the name of their prisoner. In such conditions, Evdokia spent more than two years until she was released by her grandson Emperor Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei.
The Supreme Privy Council issued a decree to restore the honor and dignity of the Queen, with the seizure of all documents discrediting her, and canceled its decision of 1722 on the appointment of an heir by the Emperor at his own discretion, without taking into account the rights to the throne. “This disturbed Menshikov and all those who were once hostile to the son of the liberated Tsarina and her relatives, the Lopukhins.” An attempt was made to drag Evdokia into the intrigue around all this, but she found the strength to stay away. She was given the Court due to the Queen and was assigned maintenance.
She settled in Moscow, first in the Novodevichy Convent, in the chambers familiar to her from childhood (the Lopukhin Chambers and the Lopukhin Tower have been preserved and still bear this name), and then moved to the Resurrection Monastery in the Kremlin. Queen Evdokia had to outlive her beloved grandchildren Emperor Peter II and Grand Duchess Natalya Alekseevna.
The enthroned Empress Anna Ioanovna also treated her with due respect and was present at the burial of Queen Evdokia in the Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent. This is how the life of the last Russian Tsarina passed and ended, setting an example of perhaps one of the most tragic destinies of royal persons of that time.
The memory of Empress Evdokia Feodorovna is preserved in several portraits, personal belongings kept in Suzdal in the Pokrovsky Monastery, and numerous expensive contributions to many other monasteries and churches. It is also preserved by the Church of the Archangel Michael, towering above the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery in Moscow, built at the expense of the Tsarina and other Lopukhins and which served for a long time as their family tomb.
In the Suzdal region of the Vladimir province. on the bank of the river Tezy is the village of Dunilovo, in which 12 churches and three monasteries have been preserved. This village in the XVIII-XVIII centuries. owned by the Lopukhins. One of the monasteries - Annunciation - was built by the father of Queen Evdokia. There she met her son. The Intercession Cathedral, also built by the Lopukhins, is the largest church with the largest parish. It contains the Miraculous Icon - a gift from Queen Evdokia and Tsar Peter.
Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II, having visited Dunilovo, called it “the pearl of ancient Rus'.”
The noble family of the Lopukhins occupied a vital role in the social hierarchy of the society of that time. But it cannot be said that the Lopukhins were lucky in life. Involved in court coups, adventures and intrigues, the Lopukhins increasingly became mired in illegalities and abuses. An evil fate hung over the Lopukhin family, which shrouded their entire subsequent history in an ominous mystical shadow. It is worth at least recalling the Kaluga governor Dmitry Ardalionovich Lopukhin, notorious for his official abuses, exposed in 1802 by a Special Commission headed by the senator, poet Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin, famous for his incorruptibility and justice. This scandalous incident throughout the province became the basis of the plot of Gogol's Inspector General. And it all happened like this: In 1801, the mayor of the city, Ivan Ivanovich Borisov, expressing the general indignation of the Kaluga residents by the governor D. A. Lopukhin, wrote a petition to the tsar. Not only the democratic strata of the population, the poor, and serfs suffered from the governor's arbitrariness, as was usually the case, but complaints came from landowners, merchants and manufacturers. Maybe that’s why the complaints were given a quick boost and the emperor sent Senator G.R. Derzhavin, known for his incorruptible honesty and justice, to investigate them. Not wanting to give the governor the opportunity to cover up the traces of his crimes, Derzhavin settled in the house of I. I. Borisov, introducing himself as a private person, and he himself began collecting information about Lopukhin’s “activities”. While doing his assigned work, G.R. Derzhavin got acquainted with the city along the way, twice visited the Main Public School, charitable institutions and a hospital, and went to the Church of the Intercession. And only after backing up the townspeople’s complaints with facts, he came to the provincial government to announce his mission. The auditor visited the chambers of the civil and criminal courts to take documents and materials of interest to him at home for study. Derzhavin's report to the Senate on the results of the audit was strict and impartial, but Lopukhin managed to avoid trial and severe punishment. He was only removed from the post of Kaluga governor, as they say, “escaped with a slight fright.” This event with the Kaluga governor did not pass without a trace on the poet’s work: this episode was reflected in the fable “The Peasant and the Oak.”
Such an unpleasant event left a dark mark on the entire Lopukhin family. And, alas, not the only one. But the Lopukhins were not inferior in nobility and origin to the legendary Rurikovichs. They descended, according to legend, from the Kasozh prince Rededi, the ruler of Tmutarakan, who was killed in 1022 in single combat with Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. From them came the offspring, whose representatives laid the foundation for many Russian noble families, including the Lopukhins. A descendant of the legendary Roman Rededich is considered to be Mikhail Yuryevich Sorokoum, a boyar under the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita, who lived at the beginning of the 14th century. He had a son, Gleb Mikhailovich, a grandson, Ilya Glebovich, a great-grandson, Grigory Ilyich Glebov, and a great-great-grandson, Bartholomew Grigorievich Glebov, whose son, Vasily, nicknamed Lopukh, became the ancestor of the Lopukhins.
Since the 15th century, representatives of the Lopukhin family served as governors, boyars and townspeople in Veliky Novgorod and Moscow. The marriage of Tsar Peter I with Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina (1669-1731) contributed to the special rise of the family in 1689. Due to this marriage, the queen's father, Fyodor (Illarion) Abrahamovich (1638-1713) and his brothers - Peter the Greater Abrahamovich (1630 - 1701), Peter the Lesser Abrahamovich (d. 1698), Vasily Abrahamovich (1646-1698) and Sergei Avraamovich (d. 1711) were granted boyar status. Subsequently, they all became victims of royal hostility and palace intrigue. The first among the Lopukhins to fall victim to the Tsar's enmity was the boyar Pyotr Avraamovich Bolshoi. The documents do not record the exact wording of the charges against him; it is only known that he was “attacked” by a very powerful man, boyar Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, brother of Tsar Peter’s mother, who then headed the Ambassadorial Prikaz. The king, despite the many services rendered to him; his time, Pyotr Avraamovich, personally tortured the agreed upon, and with such passion that the boyar could not stand it and died. The same fate, but somewhat later, befell the second of the brothers - Pyotr Avraamovich the Lesser. Peasants assigned to the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin complained to the Tsar about him. They argued that “the boyar Lopukhin kills peasants to death, but there is no trial against him.” It is difficult to say how justified this accusation was and whether any inquiry was carried out, but Tsar Peter ordered “to bring the boyar to the Konstantinovsky dungeon.” In the files of the secret Preobrazhensky order for 1697, “torturous sheets” were preserved, which say that, being raised on the rack and tortured, Pyotr Avraamovich said about the Tsar that “he is a heretical son, conceived by the Antichrist, who plagued us with boyar Golitsyn and boyar Neplyuev , and he himself tortured his uncle, boyar Pyotr Abramych Lopukhin, poured wine on him and set him on fire.” And Pyotr Avraamovich the Lesser, like his elder brother, died during the tsar’s “torturous inquiry.” In the same year, when the conspiracy of the prominent Streltsy chiefs Sokovnin, Tsikler and Pushkin was discovered, Peter suspected the rest of the uncles of Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna of participating in it. The Tsar put them in disgrace, removing them from Moscow to governors in distant cities: boyar Fyodor Abramovich to Totma; Vasily Abramovich to Saransk; Sergei Avramovich - to Vyazma. And on the night of that day, at about five o’clock at night, a sign was observed in the sky over Moscow - an unusual star with a tail appeared in the midday side of the sky.
Thus, with the appearance of an ominous comet, the glorious and at the same time tragic epic of the Lopukhins, which lasted almost eight years, ended. The further sad fate of the marriage of Tsar Peter Alekseevich and Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna is known; she was tonsured a nun. The father of Queen Evdokia, Fyodor Abrahamovich, later returned from Totma, but no longer lived in Moscow, devoting himself entirely to managing his estates, building churches and founding monasteries. In documents from 1705 he is shown among the boyars who live in their villages. Other brothers also returned from honorable exile, but they also did not participate in government affairs. The Lopukhins' estates were taken away, but their ancestral estates remained in the possession of the family, which kept the Lopukhins among the largest Russian landowners, and this, in turn, became the key to their fairly quick return to state and public life.
But the persecution of the Lopukhin family did not end with the defeat of 1695-1698 - this family paid dearly for its proximity to the Russian throne. Later there were new disgraces, and torture, and executions, and not only on the part of Tsar Peter Alekseevich, but also during the reign of his daughter Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Abraham Fedorovich Lopukhin, the younger brother of the disgraced Tsarina, was not overtly persecuted in the first decades of Peter's reign. The Tsar sent him abroad to study maritime affairs together with young men from the most noble families of Russia. Upon his return, he served successfully, although not in the navy - he was not allowed to the ships Peter loved. The end of the Queen's brother was terrible. His martyrdom occurred late in Peter's reign. Abraham Fedorovich, despite strict prohibitions, maintained contact with his sister Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna, and he was also close to his nephew Tsarevich Alexei. The Tsar, apparently, did not know that the brother of the former Queen was corresponding with her, but he knew that he spent a lot of time with the Tsarevich. The “maliciousness” of the conversations between uncle and nephew was reported to Tsar Peter back in 1708, but he left the denunciation without consequences - either he considered the matter petty, unworthy of attention, or he had too little time, the war with Charles XII of Sweden was in full swing, and the Battle of Poltava was still was coming. The situation began to change when in 1716 Tsarevich Alexei fled from Russia to the Austrian Caesar. An embassy headed by Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy was dressed up behind him, and the naive Tsarevich fell into the net set by his father. When Tolstoy brought the unfortunate man to Russia, an investigation began, which revealed, among others, the role of Abraham Fedorovich in the escape of the Heir to the Throne: he knew about him, but did not inform... It also became known about the participation of this Lopukhin in a group of people dissatisfied with the political course of Tsar Peter Alekseevich. In 1718, Abraham Fedorovich was tortured several times, and in the fall the Governing Senate announced the sentence - death by wheeling... It took place on December 8, 1718 in St. Petersburg, the new young capital of Russia. The severed head of Tsaritsyn’s younger brother was mounted on a long iron rod, borrowed for this occasion from the Admiralty, and put on public display in the crowded square of the Edible Market. And the broken body was left on the shameful wheel, where for several months it terrified the people of St. Petersburg, as a reminder of what awaited the Tsar’s disobedients and the Tsar’s criminals.
Then, in connection with the “Tsarevich’s case,” Abraham Fedorovich was not the only one who suffered. They took into custody and subjected to a “torturous inquiry” his sister, Princess Anastasia Fedorovna Troekurova, née Lopukhina. Stepan Ivanovich Lopukhin was exiled to the Kola prison. Tsar Peter did not spare his ex-wife either - the dethroned Queen was brought to Moscow from the monastery and was also tortured in the “Preobrazhensk torture hut.” And then Tsar Peter forcibly tonsured her as a nun, as evidenced by the folk song “Tonsuring the Queen,” recorded from old people in the Nizhny Novgorod province:
It's not healthy here in Moscow -
The big bell is ringing mournfully,
Mournful and sad:
The Sovereign Tsar was angry with the Queen,
The Tsar sends the Queen out of Moscow -
And in the same monastery in Pokrovskaya.
As Queen Evdokia says:
“Where are my young grooms!
You pawn black horses,
You will go to Moscow - don’t rush,
You don’t make Moscow people laugh,
That the Sovereign Tsar can be moved,
Will he order me to go back?
However, the Tsar did not turn the Queen out of the way...
The Empress came to Suzdal,
What about the same monastery in Pokrovsky,
And the Empress Abbess meets with her sisters
They put a black dress on the Queen,
The black dress is sad
And soon the Empress was tonsured,
Master of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky is an artist who is usually classified as belonging to the era of sentimentalism. It was a time when it was fashionable to cry over poetry, to be touched by beautiful flowers and birdsong, to admire sunrises and sunsets.
A time when decent girls had to faint in time, in every possible way to show the subtlety of feelings and spiritual vulnerability, defenselessness, fragility and tenderness of the creature. It was during this period that M.I. Lopukhina was created." Borovikovsky very subtly managed to remind contemporaries and viewers of subsequent eras about how good it is to be human.
Works of a famous artist
The works of Vladimir Lukich are quite recognizable. His paintings are easy to distinguish from heroes of a slightly earlier time. Even the most ceremonial, solemn and brilliant images are softened and warmed by some subtle inner experience. Slightly sad and excited, listening to something and dreaming.
A woman of the era of sentimentalism was supposed to be pale and thoughtful, even a little sad. This is how Maria Ivanovna appears in the famous masterpiece created by Borovikovsky. The portrait of Lopukhina conveys the most tender and subtle features of this woman. And today this masterpiece can be admired within the walls of the famous Tretyakov Gallery.
The image of a Russian beauty
Maria was the daughter of the retired general Count Tolstoy and the sister of the equally famous Fyodor Tolstoy. She was not the object of adoration by numerous fans. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin did not have time to dedicate poetry to her.
But this beauty was the decoration of many secular salons. Many subsequently began to call her the Russian Gioconda. The same charm of a mysterious gaze and an enigmatic smile is present in the image of this charming woman.
Borovikovsky portrayed her not as a goddess, but as a poetic muse. The portrait of Lopukhina conveys exactly those features of this Russian beauty that so attracted the men around her. The tenderness, sensitivity and subtlety of the image are quite skillfully depicted on the famous canvas.
The tragic fates of Russian beauties
But the fate of the Russian woman was not always cloudless. And an example of this is Maria Ivanovna Lopukhina, who was married to the huntsman of the imperial court Stepan Avraamovich and had a very unhappy fate. By that time he had already retired. Due to the imbalance of his character, Lopukhin could not give happiness to his lovely wife.
She, having experienced the horror and humiliation of insults, died of consumption three years after the wedding. Thus ended the difficult and tragic life, the fate that Maria Ivanovna Lopukhina experienced. Borovikovsky’s portrait so skillfully and accurately conveyed her bright appearance that it evoked a lively response in the soul and poetry of the famous man who dedicated his lines to her. “...But Borovikovsky saved her beauty. So part of her soul did not fly away from us...”
The most famous masterpiece of Vladimir Lukich
The famous and talented artist Vladimir Borovikovsky painted a lot of paintings. The portrait of Maria Ivanovna Lopukhina is not his first and not his last creation, but it so happened that this particular painting became the most famous and celebrated. Absolutely everyone freezes in front of this canvas. People of any age peer into her image. There is something special about her.
This young and uniquely tender woman lived only twenty-three years. Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky painted Lopukhina’s portrait when she was only eighteen years old. He seemed to almost conjure her with his reverent and skillful brush: stay like this - amazingly tender, warm, alive. Don't fade!
Vladimir Borovikovsky. Portrait of Lopukhina. Description of the famous painting
Maria Ivanovna is depicted in a light and delicate robe, which emphasizes her special grace. Next to Lopukhina’s gentle, slightly bent down hand is the bowing head of a lush rose, and, holding their breath, the viewer feels that this flower will soon begin to drop its petals.
The tender and living beauty of this woman will also fade away, end, interrupted by inexorable death. And the poems dedicated to this portrait have been and will be heard for many years to come, praising the imperishable beauty and elegance of the Russian beauty. And this amazing ability to save beauty is one of the most important and touching features of Vladimir Lukich’s work.
No matter who the person is and no matter how simple he looks, his face is less beautiful than the image preserved by the portrait of Maria Lopukhina. Borovikovsky remembered this when creating each of his masterpieces, and all his canvases keep a piece of his soul and the warmth of his brush.
The unique talent of a famous artist
Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky knew how to convey something very personal, reverent and poetic in his portraits. At the time of the creation of the painting depicting Maria Ivanovna, he was about forty years old. By that time, he had already established himself as a very talented and popular artist, who even painted images of the daughters of Emperor Paul the First and Empress Maria Feodorovna.
And so, in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, he received an order from Lopukhin. Borovikovsky’s portrait was supposed to capture the youthful beauty of Stepan Avraamovich’s future wife. Maria is only eighteen years old, and the artist could not remain indifferent to this delightful creature. He was able to convey all the tenderness and purity. There is sadness in the gaze of this beauty and even a premonition of tragedy.
Scratch a Russian boyar and you will find a foreigner! Sheremetevs, Morozovs, Velyaminovs...
Velyaminovs
The family traces its origins to Shimon (Simon), the son of the Varangian prince African. In 1027 he arrived in the army of Yaroslav the Great and converted to Orthodoxy. Shimon Afrikanovich is famous for the fact that he participated in the battle with the Polovtsians on Alta and contributed the most to the construction of the Pechersk temple in honor of the Dormition of the Blessed Virgin Mary: a precious belt and the legacy of his father - a golden crown.
But the Vilyaminovs were known not only for their courage and generosity: a descendant of the family, Ivan Vilyaminov, fled to the Horde in 1375, but was later captured and executed on Kuchkovo Field. Despite the betrayal of Ivan Velyaminov, his family did not lose its significance: the last son of Dmitry Donskoy was baptized by Maria, the widow of Vasily Velyaminov, the Moscow thousand.
The following clans emerged from the Velyaminov family: Aksakovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs.
Detail: The name of the street “Vorontsovo Field” still reminds Muscovites of the most distinguished Moscow family, the Vorontsov-Velyaminovs.
Morozovs
The Morozov family of boyars is an example of a feudal family from among the Old Moscow untitled nobility. The founder of the family is considered to be a certain Mikhail, who came from Prussia to serve in Novgorod. He was among the “six brave men” who showed special heroism during the Battle of the Neva in 1240.
The Morozovs served Moscow faithfully even under Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy, occupying prominent positions at the grand ducal court. However, their family suffered greatly from the historical storms that overtook Russia in the 16th century. Many representatives of the noble family disappeared without a trace during the bloody oprichnina terror of Ivan the Terrible.
The 17th century became the last page in the centuries-old history of the family. Boris Morozov had no children, and the only heir of his brother, Gleb Morozov, was his son Ivan. By the way, he was born in marriage with Feodosya Prokofievna Urusova, the heroine of V.I. Surikov’s film “Boyaryna Morozova”. Ivan Morozov did not leave any male offspring and turned out to be the last representative of a noble boyar family, which ceased to exist in the early 80s of the 17th century.
Detail: The heraldry of Russian dynasties took shape under Peter I, which is perhaps why the coat of arms of the Morozov boyars has not been preserved.
Buturlins
According to genealogical books, the Buturlin family descends from an “honest husband” under the name Radsha who left the Semigrad land (Hungary) at the end of the 12th century to join Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky.
“My great-grandfather Racha served Saint Nevsky with a fighting muscle,” wrote A. Pushkin in the poem “My Genealogy.” Radsha became the founder of fifty Russian noble families in Tsarist Moscow, among them the Pushkins, the Buturlins, and the Myatlevs...
But let’s return to the Buturlin family: its representatives faithfully served first the Grand Dukes, then the sovereigns of Moscow and Russia. Their family gave Russia many prominent, honest, noble people, whose names are still known today. Let's name just a few of them:
Ivan Mikhailovich Buturlin served as a guard under Boris Godunov, fought in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and conquered almost all of Dagestan. He died in battle in 1605 as a result of betrayal and deception of the Turks and mountain foreigners.
His son Vasily Ivanovich Buturlin was the Novgorod governor, an active associate of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky in his fight against the Polish invaders.
For military and peaceful deeds, Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin was awarded the title of Knight of St. Andrew, General-in-Chief, Ruler of Little Russia. In 1721, he actively participated in the signing of the Peace of Nystad, which put an end to the long war with the Swedes, for which Peter I awarded him the rank of general.
Vasily Vasilyevich Buturlin was a butler under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who did a lot for the reunification of Ukraine and Russia.
Sheremetevs
The Sheremetev family traces its origins to Andrei Kobyla. The fifth generation (great-great-grandson) of Andrei Kobyla was Andrei Konstantinovich Bezzubtsev, nicknamed Sheremet, from whom the Sheremetevs descended. According to some versions, the surname is based on the Turkic-Bulgarian “sheremet” (poor fellow) and the Turkic-Persian “shir-Muhammad” (pious, brave Muhammad).
Many boyars, governors, and governors came from the Sheremetev family, not only due to personal merit, but also due to kinship with the reigning dynasty.
Thus, the great-granddaughter of Andrei Sheremet was married to the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Ivan, who was killed by his father in a fit of anger. And five grandchildren of A. Sheremet became members of the Boyar Duma. The Sheremetevs took part in the wars with Lithuania and the Crimean Khan, in the Livonian War and the Kazan campaigns. Estates in the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod districts complained to them for their service.
Lopukhins
According to legend, they descend from the Kasozh (Circassian) Prince Rededi - the ruler of Tmutarakan, who was killed in 1022 in single combat with Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich (son of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the baptist of Rus'). However, this fact did not prevent the son of Prince Rededi, Roman, from marrying the daughter of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich.
It is reliably known that by the beginning of the 15th century. the descendants of the Kasozh prince Rededi already bear the surname Lopukhin, serve in various ranks in the Novgorod principality and in the Moscow state and own lands. And from the end of the 15th century. they become Moscow nobles and tenants at the Sovereign's Court, retaining Novgorod and Tver estates and estates.
The outstanding Lopukhin family gave the Fatherland 11 governors, 9 governors-general and governors who ruled 15 provinces, 13 generals, 2 admirals, served as ministers and senators, headed the Cabinet of Ministers and the State Council.
Golovin
The boyar family of the Golovins originates from the Byzantine family of Gavras, which ruled Trebizond (Trabzon) and owned the city of Sudak in Crimea with the surrounding villages of Mangup and Balaklava.
Ivan Khovrin, the great-grandson of one of the representatives of this Greek family, was nicknamed “The Head,” as you might guess, for his bright mind. It was from him that the Golovins, representing the Moscow high aristocracy, came from.
From the 15th century, the Golovins were hereditarily the tsar's treasurers, but under Ivan the Terrible, the family fell into disgrace, becoming the victim of a failed conspiracy. Later they were returned to the court, but until Peter the Great they did not reach special heights in the service.
Aksakovs
They come from the noble Varangian Shimon (baptized Simon) Afrikanovich or Ofrikovich - the nephew of the Norwegian king Gakon the Blind. Simon Afrikanovich arrived in Kyiv in 1027 with a 3 thousand army and built at his own expense the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, where he was buried.
The surname Oksakov (in the old days), and now Aksakov, came from one of his descendants, Ivan the Lame.
The word “oksak” means lame in Turkic languages.
Members of this family in pre-Petrine times served as governors, solicitors, and stewards and were rewarded with estates from the Moscow sovereigns for their good service.
On the same topic:
Morozovs and other most famous Russian boyar families The most famous Russian boyar families
BREED
The Lopukhins are an ancient family, allegedly descended from the Kasozh (Adyghe) prince Rededi, who was killed in 1022 by the Tumutarakan prince Mstislav. Genealogy of the Rededich-Lopukhins - http://lopukhins.narod.ru/rospis-full.htm, more than 500 names. The early segment of the genealogy looks unreliable; it is possible that Rededi’s ancestors entered Russian service in the 13th century; there is also such a version. Ancestor of the Lopukhins Mikhail Yurievich Sorokoum (early XIV
century, boyar Ivan Kalita,received, as we see, a nickname that evaluates wisdom. Sorokoum's descendants took root in the Novgorod and Pskov lands. In their extensive family there are many famous historical figures, and on the female side - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and his son, Emperor Peter II.
I am interested in such a phenomenon as BREED - unusual external genetic manifestations that do not disappear for a long time in the family, despite the usual dilution of the blood (such as the drooping lower lip of the Habsburgs).
In the example of the Lopukhins, there is such a sign - long-headedness. This and other generic Lopukhin external features were pointed out by S. Petukhov’s article “The Family Life of Peter the Great” in No. 7 “Knowledge is Power” http://www.znanie-sila.ru/online/issue_2833.html, which proved that blood The Lopukhins were stronger than the blood of the Romanovs-Naryshkins.
This issue requires further study.
Alas, there are few portraits of the Lopukhins needed for research. But they are still there, let's look at them again.
Imperial line.
Evdokia Lopukhina Alexey Petrovich Petr Alekseevich
A long head, high forehead, long straight nose, characteristic large brow ridges are typical Lopukhin features.
To what extent were they reproduced in other Lopukhins and their close and distant relatives?
Close relatives.
Let's take Evdokia's nephews.
Alexander Borisovich Kurakin Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin
1697-1749, 1756 - 1816, cousin,
son of Ksenia's sister, grandson of Evdokia's uncle Peter the Great Lopukhin
In this branch, the features of the Lopukhins are visible quite clearly - the appearance of Ivan Vladimirovich is amazing. His portrait is taken from the same perspective as that of his second cousin - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich - and the features are very similar.
Far branch.
His Serene Highness Prince His daughter, Anna Petrovna His son, His Serene Highness Prince Paul
Petr Vasilievich Lopukhin Lopukhina-GagarinPetrovich Lopukhin
(1744 - 1827)
(1777 - 1805) (1788 - 1873)
And here these generic features are there, but they are beginning to blur. Peter Vasilyevich’s eyebrows are of a different shape, his round-headed son, his daughter’s small nose.
CONCLUSION: The breed phenomenon is probably a set of dominant traits that persist for a long time even after dilution. It is interesting, however, to what extent abilities correlate with phenotype?
The Lopukhins were quite noticeable; there were at least 5 governors of the 18th century among them, as the authors of one article note (