Types of language norms. Language norms: concept, types

Essay

Topic: Standards of modern Russian language

Introduction

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

2 Norms of modern Russian language

3 Language norms and speech practice

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The history and culture of the people is reflected in the language. Moreover, the most essential part of the collective experience of a people, which manifests itself in intellectual activity and in the “inner world” of a person, finds its expression through language in oral speech and in written texts.

The concepts of “normal” and “norm” are important for many types of human activity. There are standards for the production of products (for example, at a factory) and normals, i.e. technical requirements that these products must satisfy. Nutritionists talk about nutritional standards, athletes “fit” into certain standards (in running, in jumping). No one doubts the fact that in any civilized society there are norms of relationships between people, norms of etiquette; Each of us has an idea of what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal, goes beyond the limits of some unwritten norm. And our everyday speech is replete with these words: How are you? - Fine!; Well how are you? - Nothing, it’s normal. Moreover, the norm is invisibly present in our statements that do not contain the words norm or normal. When we say: a comfortable chair, a too dark room, inexpressive singing, we mean certain generally accepted “norms” for the comfort of a chair, the lighting of the room, and the expressiveness of singing.

There is a norm in language too. And this is quite natural: language is an integral part of not only a civilized society, but also of any human society in general. Normativity is compliance with language norms, which are perceived by its speakers as an “ideal” or correct model.

The language norm is one of the components of national culture. Therefore, the development of a literary norm, its codification, and the reflection of the normalizing activities of linguists in grammars, dictionaries and reference books are of great social and cultural importance.

All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.

Purpose of the work: a comprehensive study and analysis of the norms of the modern Russian language.

The work consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

Norm is one of the central linguistic concepts. Most often, this term is used in combination with “literary norm” and is applied to those varieties of language that are used in the media, in science and education, in diplomacy, lawmaking and legislation, in business and legal proceedings and other areas of “socially important” predominantly public communication. But we can talk about the norm in relation to a territorial dialect or social jargon. Thus, linguists use the term norm in two senses - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense, the norm refers to such means and ways of speech that have been spontaneously formed over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. That’s why we can talk about a norm in relation to a territorial dialect: for example, normal for Northern Russian dialects is Okanye, and for Southern Russian dialects - Akanye. Any social or professional jargon is also “normal” in its own way: for example, what is used in trade argot will be rejected as alien by those who speak the jargon of carpenters; established ways of using linguistic means exist in army jargon and in the jargon of musicians-“labukhs”, and speakers of each of these jargons can easily distinguish someone else’s from their own, familiar and therefore normal for them, etc.

In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activities are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars.

The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not subject to codification: after all, no one consciously and purposefully makes sure that Vologda residents consistently okal, and residents of the Kursk village Akali, so that sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and soldiers - words and expressions of Labouche jargon, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of this term just discussed is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena that have occurred and are occurring in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of a literary language. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of Central Television announcers, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists, the language system (analogs), and the opinion of the majority of speakers.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This is an important function of norms - the function of protecting the language. In addition, norms reflect what has developed historically in a language - this is a function of reflecting the history of the language.

Speaking about the essence of a norm, it should be remembered that a norm is not a law. The law constitutes a necessity that does not allow any deviations, while the norm only prescribes how it should be. Let's compare the following examples:

1. A stone thrown up must then fall down (this is a law of nature);

2. A person living in a society must follow the rules of the community, for example, not knocking on the wall with a hammer after 11 pm (these are social norms);

3. A person in the process of verbal communication must place stress correctly (these are language norms).

So, the norm only indicates how it should be - this is the function of the prescription.

Thus, a language norm is the traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally accepted pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

2 Norms of modern Russian language

There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms are, first of all, spelling and punctuation norms. For example, the spelling N in the word worker, and НН in the word nameNNik, is subject to certain spelling rules. And the placement of a dash in the sentence Moscow is the capital of Russia is explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

Oral norms are divided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammar rules are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence. The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are “railroad rail, French shampoo, big corn, registered parcel, patent leather shoes.” However, rail, shampoo is a masculine noun, and callus, parcel, shoe are feminine, so we should say “railroad rail, French shampoo and large callus, customized parcel, patent leather shoe.”

Lexical norms are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, using the verb lay down instead of putting. Despite the fact that the verbs lay down and put down have the same meaning, put down is a normative literary word, and lay down is a colloquial word. The expressions: I put the book back in its place, etc. are errors. The verb to put should be used: I put the books in place.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. (Orthoepy from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.

The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the linguistic means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universality of the norm are manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional methods of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm. However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of a literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of linguistic means are allowed: you can say cottage cheese - and cottage cheese, spotlights - and spotlights, you are right - and you are right, etc.

The norm relies on traditional ways of using language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A.M. Peshkovsky. He explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself: “If the literary dialect changed quickly, then each generation could only use the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of each generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov had not already understood Pushkin, then Chekhov probably would not have existed. Too thin a layer of soil would provide too little nutrition for literary sprouts. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature.” However, the conservatism of a norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the pace of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of a language is, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of people using this language.

In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

– norms of written and oral forms of speech;
– norms of written speech;
- norms of oral speech.

To the norms general for oral and written speech, include:

– lexical norms;
– grammatical norms;
– stylistic norms.

Special norms of written speech are:

– spelling standards;
– punctuation standards.

Only for oral speech applicable:

- pronunciation standards;
– stress norms;
– intonation norms.

Norms common to oral and written speech relate to linguistic content and text construction.

Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correctness of choosing a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language. Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness. Their violation leads to lexical errors of various types (examples of errors from the essays of applicants):

incorrect choice of a word from a number of units, including confusion of paronyms, inaccurate choice of a synonym, incorrect choice of a unit of the semantic field ( bone type of thinking, analyze the life activity of writers, Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);

violation of lexical compatibility norms ( a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, ingrained foundations, went through all stages of human development);

the contradiction between the speaker’s intention and the emotional and evaluative connotations of the word ( Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and walked along it, leaving indelible traces; He made an incredible contribution to the development of Russia);

use of anachronisms ( Lomonosov entered the institute; Raskolnikov studied at the university); a mixture of linguistic and cultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

incorrect use of phraseological units ( Youth was flowing out of him; We need to take him out to fresh water.).

Grammar rules are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic. Grammatical norms are described in "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980, vol. 1-2), prepared by the Academy of Sciences, in Russian language textbooks and grammatical reference books.

Word formation norms determine the order of combining parts of a word and forming new words. A word-formation error is the use of non-existent derived words instead of existing derived words with a different affix, for example, character description, salesmanship, hopelessness, the writer’s works are distinguished by depth and truthfulness.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context ( analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, customized parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word agreement and syntactic control, relating parts of a sentence to each other using the grammatical forms of words so that the sentence is a literate and meaningful statement. Violation of syntactic norms is found in the following examples: Reading it, the question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Married to his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Stylistic norms determine the use of linguistic means in accordance with the laws of the genre, the features of the functional style and, more broadly, with the purpose and conditions of communication. Unmotivated use of words of a different stylistic connotation in the text causes stylistic errors. Stylistic norms are recorded in explanatory dictionaries as special notes, and are commented on in textbooks on the stylistics of the Russian language and speech culture. Stylistic errors consist of violating stylistic norms, including units in the text that do not correspond to the style and genre of the text. The most common stylistic mistakes are:

stylistic inappropriateness ( obsessive, royal chaos, doesn't care, the love conflict is depicted in all its glory– in the text of an essay, in a business document, in an analytical article);

the use of cumbersome, unsuccessful metaphors ( Pushkin and Lermontov are two rays of light in a dark kingdom; Did he have the right to cut off this thread of life that he did not hang himself?);

lexical deficiency ( This question worries me deeply);

lexical redundancy ( He wakes them up so that they wake up; We must turn to the period of their life, that is, to the period of time when they lived);

ambiguity ( Oblomov’s only entertainment is Zakhar; All actions and relationships between Olga and Oblomov were incomplete).

Spelling standards- these are the rules for naming words in writing. They include rules for designating sounds with letters, rules for continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling of words, rules for the use of capital letters and graphic abbreviations, and rules for hyphenating words.

Punctuation standards determine the use of punctuation marks. Punctuation tools have the following functions:

delimitation in a written text of one syntactic structure (or its element) from another;

fixation in the text of the left and right boundaries of a syntactic structure or its element;

combining several syntactic structures into one whole in a text.

The norms of spelling and punctuation are enshrined in the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” (M., 1956), the only most complete and officially approved set of spelling rules, published twice - in 1956 and 1962. Based on these rules, various reference books on spelling and punctuation have been compiled.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, since their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents. Intonation norms are described in “Russian Grammar” (Moscow, 1980) and Russian language textbooks.

Language levels- these are subsystems of the general language system, each of which is characterized by a set of relatively homogeneous units and a set of rules governing their use and grouping into various classes. The following units are usually distinguished: phonetic (units - sounds and phonemes), morphemic (units - morphemes), lexical (units - lexemes), morphological (units - forms and classes of words), syntactic (units - sentences and phrases).

Language norm- these are the rules of speech behavior of a native speaker, socially approved, objectified by speech practice and reflecting the laws of the language system.

Reasons for changing the norm:
Language reasons:
1) law of speech economy = law of least effort
2) Law of analogy
3) Law of speech tradition
Non-linguistic (extralinguistic) reasons for changes in the norm are various social and historical factors, as well as linguistic fashion and linguistic taste.

Signs of normality:

1) the norm is static in a certain period of time and dynamic in its development. The dynamics of a norm are associated with the existence of a triad of systems (a language system is a set and a way of expressing special ones in a given language).
2) the norm is variantless and variant. Variant refers to parallel ways of expressing the same linguistic content. Options provide more opportunities for their implementation: neutral and outdated (film, sanatorium); neutral conversational (on vacation - on vacation); neutral vernacular (theirs - theirs); neutral vernacular (compAs, Alcohol, drug addiction); neutral folk-ethical (gate - gate, maiden - red maiden)
3) universality and locality. Locality can be professional and territorial.

There are the following types (types) of structural linguistic norms:

1) Ya. n. pronunciations regulate the choice of acoustic variants of a phoneme or alternating phonemes - at each step in the development of speech and in each syllable of a separate word. It is possible - (golden), it is not possible - (golden); it is possible - (agarot, usad "ba), it is impossible - (agarod, usad "ba").

2) Ya. n. stress regulates the choice of placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones. You can - (quarter), you can't - (quarter). N. Russian modern stress in a literary language is closely related to the morphological properties of parts of speech and turns out to be one of their formal indicators. The mobility and diversity of modern Russian stress makes it difficult to master, especially by persons for whom Russian is not a native language and is not acquired by them in early childhood, which leads to the “overlapping” of new accentological languages. to old ones already acquired in their native language.

3) Ya. n. lexical ones regulate word usage - they do not allow violation of the traditionally established correlation of a name with a specific object, a phenomenon of the real world. So, for example, it is forbidden to call a loaf of white or black bread a bun, because the word bun has a traditionally fixed correlation with another object: a bun is a product made from wheat flour that has a round or oval shape. Lexical Ya. n. determine the reproducibility in literary texts and in oral forms of communication of a certain word from a number of possible ones that have the same subject relevance in various forms of existence of the Russian language. So, for example, the first word of the indicated series is literary-standardized, although all the words of this series denote the same object or the same phenomenon: yesterday, the other day; eyes, peepers, zenks, eyesores, cataracts, balls; slap in the face, slap in the face; thank you, thank you; cold, cold, freezing; generous, torpid, etc. Phraseological Ya. n. regulate the use of figures of speech traditionally associated with the characteristics of certain phenomena. So, for example, the expression goosebumps are running as a figurative characteristic of the state of a person who feels an attack of some chills or trembling is considered codified, but the expression goosebumps are jumping (or crawling) is considered unacceptable.

4) Ya. n. word formations do not allow the use in literary texts of words whose structure violates the principles of combining morphemes. Consequently, these Ya. n. restrain the influx into the literary vocabulary of words that do not correspond to the word-formation structure of the models.

5) Ya. n. morphological ones determine the literary status of certain word forms and do not allow the use of other word forms, although they are a means of speech in various types of “speaking”. So, for example, the following word forms are recognized as literary and correct: officers (not officer), engineers (not engineer), elections (not choice), professors (not professors), shurya (not brothers-in-law), brothers-in-law (not brothers-in-law), zvonche (not louder), sweeter (not sweeter), a pair of socks (not a sock), a pair of stockings (not stockings), a cup of coffee (not coffee), etc.

6) Ya. n. syntactic ones require compliance with the rules of agreement: big kangaroo, big sconce (but not big kangaroo and not big sconce), control: laugh through tears (but not through tears), rules for the arrangement of words in the structure of a sentence, expression of various relationships between parts of a complex sentence, etc. . P.

7) Ya.n. stylistic ones cover certain aspects (features) of the use of speech means in various spheres of literary-standardized communication: they predetermine the attachment of one or another means of speech to a certain sphere of speech activity, i.e. the use of words, expressions, word forms, methods combinations of words, types of syntactic constructions in certain contexts and speech situations.

Ya.n.s differ. imperative and dispositive. Imperative (i.e. strictly obligatory) Ya. n. - these are those whose violation is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, violation of the norms of declension, conjugation or belonging to grammatical gender). Such Ya.n. do not allow options (non-variable Ya. n.), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect, unacceptable, for example: alphabet (not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken (not chicken), due to which (not due to which). In contrast to imperative Ya.n., dispositive (i.e., complementary, not strictly obligatory) allow options - stylistically different or completely neutral (variable Ya.n.), for example: barge and barge, on vacation (neutral) - on vacation (colloquial), compass - for sailors: compass. A literary norm can be a fact of codification or be at the stage of realizing codification possibilities, and also act as a potential for normalizing tendencies in the sphere of communication. That is why researchers consider it necessary to focus attention on the dynamic nature of the literary norm, on the dialectical nature of the very process of codification of means of communication.

At the level of speech activity, there are different types of language such as embodied, or realized, and disembodied, potential, realizable. Implemented Ya.n. consists of two parts: 1) the updated part (modern, productive, active, well-recognized and practically codified), 2) the non-actualized part (it includes archaisms, obsolete variants of the language, as well as rarely used variants, doublets, etc.). RealizableI. n. also falls into two parts: 1) becoming Ya. n. - neologisms and new formations at different levels of language and 2) a fundamentally non-codable area of speech activity (individual, occasional, created for the occasion, etc., but formations necessary in the process of communication). General literary Ya. n. can vary in different ways, that is, appear in the form of options as a consequence of the functional-dynamic existence of means of communication. Thus, in the accentological state of the modern literary language, there is a competing activity of variants with the stress moving to the beginning of the word bondar vm. cooper, butt vm. butt, glider vm. glider, born Vm. born), as well as variants with the stress moving to the end of the word (need vs. need).
Significant groups of words are drawn into the sphere of morphological variation. This is due to a number of factors: the presence of sonorant sounds in the outcome of the stems of nouns (eggplant, eggplant, roe deer, roe deer, similar, similar, nursery, nursery), shifting stress (winds, winds, barge, barge), etc. . P.
The increase in variability in the sphere of literary standardized communication is a complex and multifaceted process associated with the development of the literary language and its role in society; this may be a consequence of evolutionary transformations in the structure of language, the aging of some languages. and the emergence of others, the interaction of oral (spoken) and written (book) forms of speech, the competition of systemic capabilities of one or another means of communication within the literary language. And yet, the tendency towards expediency in acts of speech activity predetermines the direction of the structural-linguistic preference of the speech variant, which is expressed in the development and codification of literary norms (interaction and interpenetration of functional-speech variants, expansion of the scope of the normative weight of the variant, neutralization of functional-speech markings as a consequence of the convergence of the variants of oral and written speech, the normalization of variants as a fact of stylistic differentiation).

Codification of the norm– fixation of norms in dictionaries, reference books, grammar, etc.
Language system- a set of units of a given language level in their unity and interconnectedness; classes of units and rules for their formation, transformation and combination. In this sense, they talk about the phonological, morphological, word-formation, syntactic, lexical, semantic system of a given language or (more narrowly) about systems (subsystems) of declension and conjugation, verb and name, aspect and tense, gender and case, etc. They distinguish the core of the system, which includes the basic linguistic units and rules, and its periphery - little-used facts that stand on the border of the literary language (obsolete, slang, dialect, etc.); a distinction is also made between the core and periphery of the grammatical system. In connection with the functional-stylistic stratification of language (colloquial, official, newspaper-journalistic, scientific, etc.) and the fundamental admissibility of discrepancy between norms in different styles, language is sometimes defined as a system of systems (or subsystems).
Uzus- (from Latin usus - use, use, custom) - in linguistics, the generally accepted use of a linguistic unit (word, phraseological unit, etc.) in contrast to its occasional (temporary and individual) use (for example, neologisms are not common units language). Uzus is speech practice, the actual use of language in different areas of communication. The concept of language is closely related to the concepts of linguistic norms and language systems. The linguistic norm captures only some of the possibilities provided by language and reflects only some of the possibilities for the usual consumption of language. Usually, the usual use of language units is recorded in dictionaries (explanatory, phraseological, spelling, spelling, etc.).

Language norms(norms of a literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of a literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

In literary language the following are distinguished: types of norms:

norms of written and oral forms of speech;
norms of written speech;
norms of oral speech.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

lexical norms;
grammatical norms;
stylistic norms.

Special norms of written speech are:

spelling standards;
punctuation standards.

Applicable only to oral speech:

pronunciation standards;
accent norms;
intonation norms

Grammar rules - these are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence.

The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of gender of nouns: * railway rail, *French shampoo, *big callus, *registered parcel post, *patent leather shoes. However rail, shampoo – it is a masculine noun and callus, parcel, shoe - feminine, so you should say: railway rail, French shampoo And big callus, custom parcel, patent leather shoe.

 Lexical norms - these are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, the use of the verb * lay down instead of put. Even though the verbs lay down And put have the same meaning put – this is a normative literary word, and lay down- colloquial. The following expressions are an error: * I put the book back in its place *He puts the folder on the table etc. In these sentences you need to use the verb put: I put the books in their place, He puts the folder on the table.

 Orthoepic norms - These are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy (from the Greek.
orthos– “correct” and epos- "speech").

Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Spelling errors * cat á log, *sound ó nit, *means á etc. always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted and the statement is not perceived in its entirety

You should consult the Spelling Dictionary about stress in words. The pronunciation of the word is also recorded in spelling and explanatory dictionaries. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.

Levels language - main tiers language system its subsystems, each of which is represented by “a collection of relatively homogeneous units” and a set of rules that govern their use and classification. Units of one level of language are capable of entering into syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships with each other (for example, words, when combined, form phrases and sentences), units of different levels can only enter into one another (for example, phonemes make up the sound shells of morphemes, words are made up of morphemes , from words - sentences).

The following language levels are identified as the main ones:

phonemic;
morphemic;
lexical(verbal);
syntactic(supply level).

The levels at which two-sided units (having a plan of expression and a plan of content) are distinguished are called higher levels language. Some scientists tend to distinguish only two levels: differential(language is considered as a system of distinctive signs: sounds or written signs that replace them, distinguishing units of the semantic level) and semantic, on which bilateral units are highlighted

In some cases, units of several levels coincide in one sound form. So, in Russian And phoneme, morpheme and word coincide, in Lat. i "go"- phoneme, morpheme, word and sentence

Units of the same level can exist in an abstract, or « Em ical"(for example, background eat s, morph eat s), and specific, or "ethical"(backgrounds, morphs), forms, which is not a basis for identifying additional levels of language: rather, it makes sense to talk about different levels of analysis.

The levels of language are not stages in its development, but the result of division.

Paradigm and syntagm relations are connected by units of varying degrees of complexity. The opposition of these relations reflects the multi-level nature of language. The language system is not homogeneous, but consists of more specific systems - levels, tiers. At each level, only synthetic or paragmatic relationships are possible. Since the relationships between units of the same level are of the same type, the determination of the number of levels depends on the quality of the units and their number. A level is a set of relatively homogeneous units of the same degree of difficulty. They differ in the features of their plans of expression and content; morphemes and lexicon – content, noun sacredness of L.E. – they are formed at the lower level, and the function is at the upper level. Differences between the basic and intermediate levels: basic and minimum levels, i.e. further indivisible units: sentence - minimum statement, lexeme - indivisible and minimum component of the sentence, morpheme - minimum component of the lexeme. Intermediate levels: they do not have such minimal units. An intermediate level unit is an integral, or part of the unit of the nearest main tier. The level of differentiated features precedes the phonetic level. A differentiated sign of a phoneme is deafness, explosiveness. The morphonemic level precedes the morphonological level. A morphoneme is a chain of phonemes alternating in morphs (ru h ka-ru To A). Each level is not monolithic, but consists of microsystems. The fewer units in a tier, the more systematic it is. The more units in a tier, the greater the likelihood of the formation of tiers of microsystems. The phonemic level and differentiated features are the 2 most systemic levels of language. It was here that the idea of a systematic language as a whole arose. But levels with a large number of units showed their character somewhat differently. In a language that is an open dynamic system, systematicity and non-systematicity do not contradict each other. The language system constantly strives for balance, but it is never absolutely correct. We can assume that it is in a state of equilibrium. The language combines strict systematicity with non-systematic periphery. Here lies the source of the language system.

Signs:

· compliance with the structure of the language;

massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;
public approval and recognition.

Characteristics of the standards:
1. Resilience and stability. ensure the unity of the national language.
2. General prevalence and universally binding norms.
3. Literary tradition and authority of sources.
4. Cultural and aesthetic perception of the norm.
5. Dynamic nature of norms.
6. Possibility of linguistic pluralism.

The norm of language is the central concept of speech culture. The degree of correctness, accuracy, intelligibility, clarity, logic, expressiveness, expediency and appropriateness of speech is regulated by linguistic and stylistic norms.
A linguistic norm is the most preferable system for serving native speakers of a given language in the process of communication and the most appropriate system of expression at all linguistic levels (means of pronunciation, word usage, word and form formation, syntactic means). Essentially, the norm reflects objectively existing trends in a given society towards improving speech culture. When determining a norm, one should proceed from the idea that it presupposes compliance with the systemic structural foundations of the language as a whole, modern trends in the development of language, and the adequacy of linguistic expression to extra-linguistic needs.
The main criterion of a language norm is the principle of communicative expediency, which contributes to the understanding of the statement.
“A norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule objectified by real speech practice, a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word formation of authoritative writers” - this is the definition of a norm given by K.S. Gorbachevich.
Recognition of the normativity (correctness) of a linguistic fact, in his opinion, is usually based on the indispensable presence of three main features:
1) regular use (reproducibility) of this method of expression;
2) compliance of this method of expression with the capabilities of the literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);
3) public approval of a regularly reproduced method of expression (and the role of a judge in this case usually falls to the lot of writers, scientists, and the educated part of society).
According to A.A. Murashov, a norm is a linguistically accepted, culturally and socially conditioned rule and phenomenon of language, possessing directiveness (obligation to follow), accepted by the majority of speakers, reflecting the patterns of development of language systems in general, enshrined in the language of fiction and aesthetically justified.
As is known, the modern language, which is a highly organized system of means of communication for all Russians, is represented by such varieties as literary speech (language), territorial dialect speech, and vernacular. The leading form of implementation of the Russian language is literary speech, the norms of which are codified as exemplary (recorded in grammars, textbooks, dictionaries) and disseminated by the media. (Although in the media and on TV there is often a deviation from the literary norm.)
The literary norm (i.e., the norm of a literary language, as opposed to the norm inherent in dialects, professional and social argot, etc.) is characterized by such an important property as the functional and stylistic differentiation of linguistic means. Signs of the norm of a literary language are relative stability, prevalence, common usage, preference and universal obligatory nature, compliance with use, custom (usus) and capabilities of the language system, reflection of its development trends.
A literary norm may be codified, or may be in the process of codification, or in the form of a potential but not yet codified trend. Codification records phenomena that have already developed in the process of language practice. Therefore, we can talk about the dynamic nature of the literary norm and the dialectical nature of the process of its codification in the process of communication.
There are differences between realized (or embodied) and potential, realized (or non-embodied) norms. The implemented norm consists of two parts:
1) updated (modern, productive, active, well-understood and practically codified norm);
2) non-updated (archaisms, outdated variants of the norm, as well as rarely used variants, doublets, etc.). The implemented norm also includes two parts:
1) neologisms and neologisms becoming the norm at different levels of language;
2) a fundamentally non-codifiable area of speech activity (individual, occasional formations).
The discrepancies between the literary norm and the actual use of language depend on the historical stage of society, its social structure, as well as on the characteristics of the language situation. The increasing impact of mass communication is usually accompanied by a significant unification of speech practice.
The most important task of the culture of speech as a linguistic science is the study of language norms at all levels of language (i.e. in all its sections: phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, etc.) in their established traditional forms, as well as in contradictions, in developing or emerging trends in change, etc.

Types of language norms. Language norms: concept, types

More on topic 2.4. The concept of language norms: