Creative imagination is a person’s ability to construct new images through the processing of mental components that were acquired in past experience. According to N.R. Vetruk, imagination is the mental process of creating an image of an object or situation by restructuring existing ideas. Imagination is part of the individual’s consciousness; it is one of the cognitive processes that can be characterized by a high degree of clarity and specificity.

Let's consider the types of creative imagination that stand out in psychology.

In psychology, there are several types of creative imagination, among which the main ones are passive and active imagination.

Passive imagination is subject to desires that are thought to be realized in the process of fantasy. In the images of passive imagination, unsatisfied, mostly unconscious needs by the individual are “satisfied”. In this case, imagination acts as a replacement for activity, its surrogate, because of which a person refuses the need to carry out some actions.

In this type of imagination, an unreal, that is, imaginary by the person, satisfaction of any need or desire occurs.

Active imagination in almost all cases is aimed at solving a creative or personal problem. In active imagination, daydreaming and “groundless” fantasies are practically not present, since active imagination is directed to the future and operates with time as a well-defined category (i.e., a person does not lose his sense of reality, does not place himself outside of temporary connections and circumstances). Active imagination is awakened by a task and directed by it, that is, it is determined by the volitional efforts of a person and is amenable to volitional control. Active imagination includes the following types:

1. Recreating imagination, which is one of the types of active imagination.

In cases of using the reconstructive type of imagination, new images and ideas are constructed in a person in accordance with stimulation perceived from outside in the form of verbal messages (for example, such as description, story), diagrams, drawings, various kinds of conventional images (symbols), signs ; is based on the creation of certain images that fully correspond to the description. Thus, a person fills the source material with images that he already has.

2. Creative imagination is a type of imagination in which a person independently creates new images and ideas that are of certain value to other people or society as a whole and which are embodied in fairly specific original products of activity.

Creative imagination involves the independent creation of an image, thing, sign that has no analogues.

Let's consider the techniques of creative imagination.

Images of creative imagination, as a rule, are created through various techniques in the process of carrying out intellectual operations. In the structure of creative imagination, two types of this kind of intellectual operations are distinguished. The first is operations with the help of which ideal images are formed, and the second is operations on the basis of which finished products are processed.

One of the first psychologists who studied the processes of creative imagination was T. Ribot, who identified two main operations: dissociation and association.

Dissociation is a negative and preparatory operation, during which the sensory experience is fragmented. As a result of such preliminary processing of experience, its elements are able to create a new combination.

Without prior dissociation, creative imagination is unthinkable. Dissociation is the first stage of creative imagination, the stage of preparing future material. The impossibility of dissociation is a significant obstacle to the development of creative imagination.

Association is the creation of a holistic image from elements of isolated image units. Association is the beginning of new combinations, new images. In addition, other intellectual operations are distinguished, for example, the ability to think by analogy with particular purely random similarities.

Creative imagination is a creative process. G. Wallace identified four stages of the creative process: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. This model has undergone only minor changes over time. At the present stage, the leading research into creative imagination is the research conducted by J. Guilford and E.P. Torrenson.

J. Guilford understands creative imagination as a system of qualitatively different factors located within the general scheme of intelligence. J. Guilford identifies four main factors of creative imagination:

• 1. Originality, which is understood as the ability to produce distant associations, distant responses.
• 2. Semantic flexibility, which refers to the ability to highlight the function of an object and suggest its new use.
• 3. Figurative adaptive flexibility, which is understood as the ability to change the form of a stimulus in such a way that it becomes possible to see new possibilities in it;
• 4. Semantic spontaneous flexibility, which refers to the ability to produce new ideas in a fairly limited situation.

Problems of creative imagination have been widely developed in Russian psychology. At the present stage, researchers are searching for an integrative indicator that characterizes a creative personality. This indicator (criterion) is defined as a certain combination of intellectual and motivational factors or is considered as a continuous unity of procedural and personal components of thinking in general and creative imagination in particular.

This circumstance makes it possible to talk about the most important law to which the creative imagination is subject - this is the creative activity of the imagination, which is directly dependent on the richness and diversity of a person’s past experience. For this reason, past experience provides the material from which fantasy constructs are subsequently created.

The main components of the creative imagination are, as mentioned above, the dissociation and association of images and impressions perceived by a person.

Thus, imagination creatively transforms reality, and through this makes it possible to obtain new, sometimes unexpected, results.

The process of acquiring new knowledge is associated with the need to imagine, imagine, and operate with abstract images and concepts. All this cannot be done without imagination or imagination. For example, preschool children love to engage in artistic creativity. This type of creative activity gives the child the opportunity to reveal himself as a person in the most complete and free form. Because artistic activity is built on active imagination and creative thinking. The implementation of this function of creative imagination allows the child to look at the world in a new way.

Creative imagination provides the following activities for the child:

• - building an image of the final result of his activities;
• - creating a program of behavior in situations of uncertainty;
• - creating images that can replace activity;
• - creation of images of the described objects.

According to V.N. Brushlinsky that creative imagination is one of the forms of thinking. The development of creative imagination, according to the scientist, goes through two phases and is very closely related to the development of rational activity. This relationship is reflected by the so-called Ribot curve.

Creative imagination and fantasy are characteristic of every person, but due to individual characteristics, everyone has differences in the direction of this fantasy, its strength and brightness. Creative imagination is characterized by activity and effectiveness. Creative imagination has a direct connection with the interests of the individual. Interest is defined as an emotional manifestation of a cognitive need, expressed in a person’s focus on a certain activity that has a certain meaning for the individual. The beginning of the formation of interest is the emotional attractiveness of an object in the surrounding reality.

Interests play a big role in a person’s life, as they can manifest themselves in a person’s positive emotions, which cause a feeling of satisfaction from practical activities.

According to L.S. Vygotsky, interest can activate the state of the cerebral cortex. In order to develop a child’s creative imagination, it is necessary, first of all, to develop many interests. It should be noted that preschoolers and schoolchildren are generally characterized by a cognitive attitude towards the world.

A preschooler, as a rule, is interested in literally everything. The manifestation of this interest has objective expediency, since it is interest that helps expand the child’s life experience, introduces him to various activities, and is capable of activating his various abilities. Despite this, in reality it is not always possible for a child to find out, see, “try everything,” and here fantasy comes to the rescue. The process in which fantasy takes place is capable of enriching the child’s experience, introducing him in an imaginary form to situations and areas that he does not encounter in real life. Through fantasy, a child is able to get into situations and try out activities that are not available to him in reality.

In a more vivid form, fantasy merges with interest in play activities. For this reason, many techniques that are aimed at developing creative imagination and interests are based on the principle of fantasy in the process of performing gaming activities.

Thus, using methodological techniques that are based on imagination, it is possible to greatly improve the child’s success in activities that interest him.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal budgetary state educational institution of higher professional education

"Volga Region State Social and Humanitarian Academy"

Dreams, reveries, fantasies - special types of imagination

Abstract on psychology

1st year full-time students

Directions "Pedagogical education"

(profiles: “Informatics, Foreign language”)

Zagidullina (Zagidullina) L.I.

Samara 2011

1. Introduction

2. Concept and types of imagination

3. Dreams and reveries - special types of imagination of similarities and differences

4. Fantasies and fantasies in sleep

6. Conclusion

1. Introduction

I think that the topic of the essay is quite relevant in our society, since along with memory images, which are copies of perception, a person can create completely new images. In images, something can appear that we did not directly perceive, and something that was not at all in our experience, and even something that does not actually exist in this particular form. These are images of the imagination.

Imagination is one of the fundamental characteristics of a person. It most clearly shows the difference between man and his animal ancestors. Philosopher E.V. Ilyenkov wrote: “Fantasy itself, or the power of imagination, belongs to the number of not only precious, but also universal, universal abilities that distinguish a person from an animal. Without it, it is impossible to take a single step, not only in art... Without the power of imagination, it would be impossible to even cross the street through the flow of cars. Humanity, devoid of imagination, would never launch rockets into space.” D. Diderot exclaimed: “Imagination! Without this quality one cannot be a poet, a philosopher, an intelligent person, a thinking being, or just a person... Imagination is the ability to evoke images. A person completely lacking this ability would be a stupid person.”

With the help of imagination, a person reflects reality, but in other, unusual, often unexpected combinations and connections. Imagination transforms reality and creates new images on this basis. Imagination is closely related to thinking, therefore it is capable of actively transforming life impressions, acquired knowledge, perceptions and ideas. In general, imagination is associated with all aspects of human mental activity: with his perception, memory, thinking, feelings.

2. Concept and types of imagination

The images with which a person operates include not only previously perceived objects and phenomena. The content of the images can also be something that he has never perceived directly: pictures of the distant past or future; places where he has never been and never will be; creatures that do not exist, not only on Earth, but in the Universe in general. Images allow a person to go beyond the real world in time and space. It is these images, transforming and modifying human experience, that are the main characteristic of the imagination.

Usually what is meant by imagination or fantasy is not exactly what is meant by these words in science. In everyday life, imagination or fantasy is called everything that is unreal, does not correspond to reality, and thus has no practical significance. In fact, imagination, as the basis of all creative activity, manifests itself equally in all aspects of cultural life, making artistic, scientific and technical creativity possible.

Through sensations, perception and thinking, a person reflects the real properties of objects in the surrounding reality and acts in accordance with them in a specific situation. Through memory he uses his past experiences. But human behavior can be determined not only by current or past properties of the situation, but also by those that may be inherent in it in the future. Thanks to this ability, images of objects appear in the human consciousness that do not currently exist, but can later be embodied in specific objects. The ability to reflect the future and act as expected, i.e. imaginary, situation typical only for humans.

Imagination is a cognitive process of reflecting the future by creating new images based on processing images of perception, thinking and ideas obtained in previous experience.

Through the imagination, images are created that have never generally been accepted by a person in reality. The essence of imagination is to transform the world. This determines the most important role of imagination in the development of man as an active subject.

Imagination and thinking are processes that are similar in structure and functions. L. S. Vygotsky called them “extremely related,” noting the commonality of their origin and structure as psychological systems. He considered imagination as a necessary, integral moment of thinking, especially creative thinking, since thinking always includes the processes of forecasting and anticipation. In problematic situations, a person uses thinking and imagination. The idea of ​​a possible solution formed in the imagination strengthens the motivation of the search and determines its direction. The more uncertain the problem situation is, the more unknown there is in it, the more significant the role of imagination becomes. It can be carried out with incomplete initial data, since it supplements them with products of one’s own creativity.

A deep relationship also exists between imagination and emotional-volitional processes. One of its manifestations is that when an imaginary image appears in a person’s mind, he experiences true, real, and not imaginary emotions, which allows him to avoid unwanted influences and bring the desired images to life. L. S. Vygotsky called this the law of “emotional reality of imagination”

For example, a person needs to cross a stormy river by boat. Imagining that the boat might capsize, he experiences not imaginary, but real fear. This encourages him to choose a safer crossing method.

Imagination can influence the strength of emotions and feelings experienced by a person. For example, people often experience feelings of anxiety, worry about only imaginary, rather than real events. Changing the way you imagine can reduce anxiety and relieve tension. Imagining the experiences of another person helps to form and demonstrate feelings of empathy and compassion towards him. In volitional actions, imagining the final result of an activity encourages its implementation. The brighter the image of the imagination, the greater the motivating force, but the realism of the image also matters.

Imagination is a significant factor influencing personality development. Ideals, as an imaginary image that a person wants to imitate or strives for, serve as models for organizing his life activities, personal and moral development.

Types of imagination

There are different types of imagination. According to the degree of activity, imagination can be passive and active.

Passive imagination does not stimulate a person to take active action. He is satisfied with the created images and does not strive to realize them in reality or draws images that, in principle, cannot be realized. In life, such people are called utopians, fruitless dreamers. N.V. Gogol, having created the image of Manilov, made his name a household name for this type of people. Active imagination is the creation of images, which are subsequently realized in practical actions and products of activity. Sometimes this requires a lot of effort and a significant investment of time from a person. Active imagination increases the creative content and efficiency of work and other activities.

Productive

Productive is called imagination, in the images of which there are many new things (elements of fantasy). The products of such imagination are usually similar to nothing or very little similar to what is already known.

Reproductive

Reproductive is the imagination, the products of which contain a lot of what is already known, although there are also individual elements of the new. This, for example, is the imagination of a novice poet, writer, engineer, artist, who initially create their creations according to known models, thereby learning professional skills.

Hallucinations

Hallucinations are products of imagination generated by an altered (not normal) state of human consciousness. These conditions can arise for various reasons: illness, hypnosis, exposure to psychotropic substances such as drugs, alcohol, etc.

Dreams are products of imagination aimed at a desired future. Dreams contain more or less real and, in principle, feasible plans for a person. Dreams as a form of imagination are especially characteristic of young people who still have most of their lives ahead of them.

A dream is always aimed at the future, at the prospects for the life and activities of a specific person, a specific individual. A dream allows you to outline the future and organize your behavior to realize it. A person could not imagine the future (that is, something that does not yet exist) without imagination, without the ability to build a new image. Moreover, a dream is a process of imagination that is always directed not just to the future, but to the desired future. In this sense, Plyushkin is an image of N.V.’s creative imagination. Gogol, but not his dream. But the heroes of A. Green’s “Scarlet Sails” are the writer’s dream about people, how he would like to see them.

A dream does not provide an immediate objective product of activity, but is always an impetus for activity. K.G. Paustovsky said that the essence of a person is the dream that lives in everyone’s heart. “A person hides nothing so deeply as his dream. Perhaps because she cannot stand the slightest ridicule and, of course, cannot stand the touch of indifferent hands. Only a like-minded person can trust your dream.”

Images of this kind, such as dreams, include a person’s ideals - images that serve him as models of life, behavior, relationships, and activities. An ideal is an image that represents the most valuable and significant personality traits and properties for a given person. The ideal image expresses the tendency of personality development.

Dreams are unique dreams that, as a rule, are divorced from reality and, in principle, are not feasible. Dreams occupy an intermediate position between dreams and hallucinations, but their difference from hallucinations is that dreams are products of the activity of normal human consciousness.

People dream about something pleasant, joyful, tempting, and in dreams the connection between fantasy and needs and desires is clearly visible. Let us remember Manilov, the hero of the story by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Manilov uses dreams and fruitless daydreaming as a veil from the need to do something: so he entered the room, sat down on a chair and indulged in reflection. Imperceptibly his thoughts took him God knows where. “He thought about the well-being of a friendly life, about how nice it would be to live with a friend on the banks of some river, then a bridge began to be built across the river, then a huge house with such a high belvedere that you could even see Moscow from there, and there to drink tea in the evening in the open air and talk about some pleasant subjects...”

Dreams

Dreams have always been and still are of particular interest. Currently, they are inclined to believe that dreams can reflect the processes of information processing by the human brain, and the content of dreams is not only functionally related to these processes, but may include new valuable ideas and even discoveries.

Voluntary and involuntary imagination

Imagination is connected in various ways with the will of a person, on the basis of which voluntary and involuntary imagination are distinguished. If images are created when the activity of consciousness is weakened, the imagination is called involuntary. It occurs in a half-asleep state or during sleep, as well as in certain disorders of consciousness. Voluntary imagination is a conscious, directed activity, performing which a person is aware of its goals and motives. It is characterized by the deliberate creation of images. Active and free imagination can be combined in various ways. An example of voluntary passive imagination is daydreaming, when a person deliberately indulges in thoughts that are unlikely to ever come true. Voluntary active imagination manifests itself in a long, purposeful search for the desired image, which is typical, in particular, for the activities of writers, inventors, and artists.

Recreative and creative imagination

In connection with past experience, two types of imagination are distinguished: recreative and creative. Recreating imagination is the creation of images of objects that were not previously perceived in a complete form by a person, although he is familiar with similar objects or their individual elements. Images are formed according to a verbal description, a schematic image - a drawing, a picture, a geographical map. In this case, the knowledge available regarding these objects is used, which determines the predominantly reproductive nature of the created images. At the same time, they differ from memory representations in the greater variety, flexibility and dynamism of image elements. Creative imagination is the independent creation of new images that are embodied in original products of various types of activities with minimal indirect reliance on past experience.

Realistic imagination

Drawing various images in their imagination, people always evaluate the possibility of their implementation in reality. Realistic imagination occurs if a person believes in the reality and possibility of realizing the created images. If he does not see such a possibility, a fantastic imagination takes place. There is no hard line between realistic and fantastic imagination.

In fantasies, the desired future is not directly connected with the present. Fantasy images include fairy-tale-fantasy and science-fiction images. Fantasy presents objects and phenomena that do not exist in nature. Both fairy tales and science fiction are the result of creative imagination. But their authors do not see ways to achieve what their imagination depicts.

Every object, no matter how everyday and far from fantasy it may seem, is to one degree or another the result of the work of the imagination. In this sense, we can say that any object made by human hands is a dream come true. The new generation uses the thing that their fathers dreamed of and created. A fulfilled dream gives rise to a new need, and a new need gives rise to a new dream. At first, every new achievement seems wonderful, but as it is mastered, people begin to dream of something better, more. So, on October 4, 1957, an artificial satellite appeared near the Earth. K.E.'s dream came true. Tsiolkovsky, the great dreamer of our time, who wrote that thought, fantasy, and fairy tale inevitably come first, followed by scientific calculation and, finally, execution. Before the satellite appeared, jet aviation arose, rockets took off into the stratosphere, studying its structure and composition, new heat-resistant alloys, new types of rocket fuel, etc. were created. Then a man flew into space - it was amazing and wonderful, but now everyone is used to it, and people dream of flying to other planets.

With all the variety of types of imagination, they are characterized by a common function, which determines their main significance in human life - anticipation of the future, an ideal representation of the result of activity before it is achieved. Other functions of the imagination are also associated with it - stimulating and planning. The images created in the imagination encourage and stimulate a person to realize them in specific actions. The transformative influence of imagination extends not only to a person’s future activity, but also to his past experience. Imagination promotes selectivity in its structuring and reproduction in accordance with the goals of the present and future. The creation of imaginative images is carried out through complex processes of processing actually perceived information and memory representations. Just as is the case in thinking, the main processes or operations of the imagination are analysis and synthesis. Through analysis, objects or ideas about them are divided into their component parts, and through synthesis, a holistic image of the object is rebuilt. But unlike thinking in the imagination, a person more freely handles the elements of objects, recreating new holistic images.

This is achieved through a set of processes specific to the imagination. The main ones are exaggeration (hyperbolization) and understatement of real-life objects or their parts (for example, creating images of a giant, genie or Thumbelina); accentuation - emphasizing or exaggerating real-life objects or their parts (for example, Pinocchio’s long nose, Malvina’s blue hair); agglutination - the combination of various, real-life parts and properties of objects in unusual combinations (for example, the creation of fictional images of a centaur, mermaid). The specificity of the imagination process is that they do not reproduce certain impressions in the same combinations and forms in which they were perceived and stored as past experience, but build new combinations and forms from them. This reveals a deep internal connection between imagination and creativity, which is always aimed at creating something new - material values, scientific ideas or artistic images.

3. Dreams and reveries are special types of imagination. Similarities and differences

imagination fantasy dream

A feature of imagination in the form of a dream is the construction of images of a desired future that has not yet been realized, and sometimes in the near future, unrealizable.

In their dreams, people paint vivid pictures of this future in the most diverse areas of their activity: they dream of future interplanetary and stellar flights, build in their imagination the spaceships necessary for this, equip them with as yet uncreated complex instruments and engines, imagine the real situation and conditions these flights; they dream of discoveries and methods of using new types of energy, of the invention of unprecedented powerful machines that will forever free man from hard physical labor; about scientific discoveries designed to give man inexhaustible power over the forces of nature; about creating wonderful works of art that can ennoble a person; about the reorganization of human society on a fair social basis, about the eternal abolition on earth of poverty, property inequality, all forms of exploitation of man by man, etc.

The images to which a person is given in his dreams have the following features:

bright, lively, concrete character of the image, with many details and particulars;

weak expression of specific paths to realizing dreams, imagination of these paths and means in the most general terms (in the form of some tendency);

the emotional intensity of the image, its attractiveness for a dreaming person;

combining a dream with a feeling of confidence in its feasibility, with a passionate desire to turn it into reality;

the creative nature of the image, pronounced features of the new, awaiting its implementation.

These features make dreams an important means of awakening initiative, maintaining a person’s energy in the most difficult conditions of life’s struggle, and a powerful incentive to work for the good. By constructing pictures of the future in his dreams, a person imagines his life prospects better and more definitely; dreams help him determine and specify the goals of his life. And this is not hindered by the fact that these dreams have not yet been realized immediately and immediately, and that in order to realize them, humanity still has to go a long and difficult way. If these dreams arise from the interests of society and are based on scientific foresight, they will sooner or later find application in practical life and one way or another will be realized.

One should distinguish from positive types of dreams dreams that are divorced from life, as well as empty, groundless dreams that are not even remotely connected with reality, the urgent tasks that life imperiously puts forward to workers in science, art, technology, and political figures. Such groundless dreams and fruitless daydreams only weaken a person’s energy, make him a passive member of society, and lead him away from reality.

The stronger our desires and the less the possibility of their satisfaction in the conditions of existing reality, the easier it is for us, using any excuse, to begin to dream of the fulfillment of our desires. What we lack and what is impossible to fill in the conditions of existing reality - we master all this in the world of dreams. A prisoner dreams of life in freedom, an emigrant dreams of returning to his homeland, a hungry man dreams of food. We can say that nothing is so closely linked with dreams as our unfulfilled desires. Therefore, it is not surprising that Freud considered dreams, like dreams, to be the fulfillment of desires.

One of the main signs of dreams is the self-centeredness of their content. In this respect they are similar to historical memory. However, if this latter concerns the past of the Self, then dreams imply the future, that is, what will happen or may happen in the future, and the pictures of dreams concern the fate of the Self. Therefore, it is clear that the content of dreams is predetermined, on the one hand, by the desires of the subject and his fears and modesty on the other.

However, to take into account the peculiarities of the content of our dreams, the concept of desire alone is not enough. How our desires are satisfied in our dreams, what pictures appear, how we act, how and what obstacles we overcome - all this depends both on the basic attitudes of the individual and on the attitude that she first developed in connection with this desire . For example, not all prisoners of any prison who dream of life in freedom paint the same picture of their liberation. One may dream of an amnesty in connection with some major holiday, which will grant him freedom; another paints a picture of how he manages to escape from the hands of the prison guards and escape; the third imagines that a revolution will occur, the collapse of the old order, which entails his liberation, after which he energetically joins the struggle to strengthen the new order.

In the content of the imagination we are given not only images of satisfying desires, but sometimes, on the contrary, pictures depicting a completely opposite state of affairs. It is well known that what you fear and what does not happen in reality and may never happen at all, comes true in the imagination. Let's say a student, preparing for an exam, begins to imagine: his turn has come, he begins to answer, but the examiner asks him exactly what he knows poorly, and therefore he fails the exam.

Of course, it is difficult to understand why our dreams turn to something that is completely not in our interests, because it is impossible for such pictures to cause pleasure in a person. What meaning can dreams have if the reality they create is less favorable than the reality in which our daily lives take place?!

Some try to solve this issue in the following way: our fears actually express our hidden desires, therefore, fulfilling in dreams what you fear means fulfilling a desire (Freud).

Other authors, such as Stern, point out that there are many cases in life when a person is unable to tolerate the uncertainty of a situation. Therefore, to the constant fear that something will happen, he ultimately prefers that what he is so afraid of actually happens, thereby ending his torment. Sometimes fear is more difficult to bear than what you are afraid of (Stern). This observation is absolutely correct. However, it still does not explain how doing what you fear in your dreams can be in any way useful, freeing you, even if only slightly, from fear.

It seems more correct to see the meaning of dreams, as well as fantasies in general, not in the fact that they are necessarily intended to fulfill certain goals of the subject, but in another way: under the influence of certain conditions, the subject develops a negative attitude towards a certain phenomenon, which emotionally manifests itself in the form of an experience of fear. Naturally, if this installation were realized, there could be no fear that such and such might happen. Consequently, this attitude needs to be realized, and since this fails in reality, it moves to the world of dreams.

The fact that this is so is clearly seen from the fact that not all people in their dreams equally often turn to pictures of the fulfillment of their fears. A firm and strong, self-confident person, generally optimistic, does not dream of terrible things. But in the dreams of indecisive, fearful and pessimistic subjects, it is precisely fears that predominate.

Dream pictures are usually realistic. They concern our destiny, tell about our adventures, and it is clear that in them the impossible and fantastic for humans do not appear at all. True, the above-mentioned prisoners dream of being released in ways that, in their conditions, cannot be seriously discussed. However, in principle, gaining freedom in this way is still not completely impossible, although in the conditions in which these prisoners find themselves they seem fantastic, completely impossible, but in the right conditions it is quite feasible.

In a word, dreams concern what is at least speculatively feasible, because in dreams we do not encounter centaurs, chimeras, or other unreal creatures. Be that as it may, the dream still deals with reality. Smith's research, based on a large amount of material, showed that the dreams of a normal adult most often concern his future plans. Therefore, it is clear that it is impossible to completely ignore reality in dreams.

4. Fantasies and fantasies in sleep

Fantasy refers to two different phenomena, namely: firstly, phantasm and, secondly, imaginative activity.

According to the traditional understanding that developed in psychology at the beginning of our century, fantasy is the ability to create new images (as well as reproduce images stored in memory). The creation of new images characterizes creative or productive fantasy, the reproduction of old ones - reproductive. As has been pointed out many times in the literature, there is no fundamental difference between these two forms of fantasy, but only a quantitative difference, a difference in the degree and strength of the different processes. With each reproduction of previous images, elements of creativity are introduced, and in the same way, creative fantasy never lacks elements of reproduction as the material that creative fantasy has at its disposal. Thus, the difference between both forms comes down to the fact that, despite their psychological homogeneity, the processes of reproduction dominate in the first form, and creativity in the second. With this understanding of fantasy, it is not only a purely intellectual function, but, in essence, is closely connected with memory, i.e. is not an independent mental function.

The main function of fantasy and its basis, the imagination, is to serve the emotional sphere: this second position of the theory of fantasy develops the first; in order to understand the very function of fantasy, in the development of emotional life, it is necessary to keep in mind the basic law of the emotional sphere, which can be formulated as the law double expression of feelings. According to this law, every feeling seeks its expression both in the physical and in the mental sphere: both of these expressions of feeling are mutually independent and irremovable, the suppression of one of them entails a weakening of feeling in general. As for the bodily expression of feeling, one should understand that mental work that is directly adjacent to the experience of feeling and the meaning of which is to make the content of feeling clearer and thereby consolidate it in the system of mental life. This is carried out thanks to the images that emerge in the mind and which serve as a means of mental expression of feelings. Feelings that cannot find a “successful” mental expression in an image remain, as it were, unconscious - as if passing through the soul and leaving no trace in it. This can be shown especially well in the fate of higher feelings, where such cases are especially frequent: the unconscious, “unexpressed” feeling, in which we seemed to be standing on the threshold of some kind of revelation, goes away. But if a feeling finds its expression in an image, then this image becomes as much a means of “clarification”, intellectualization of the feeling as a means of mental influence on the personality. Thus, the work of fantasy can be called “emotional thinking,” which can be contrasted with cognitive thinking. If cognitive thinking processes the material of perception into thoughts that form “truth” or correct knowledge, then fantasy, by processing the material of emotional experience, promotes or is aimed at the assimilation and expression of ideals. This understanding of fantasy allows us to penetrate deeper into the nature and essence of fantasy forms, as an integral element of play activity, both in children and adults.

The psychological basis of fantasy is a change of ideas, which is least regulated by the usual laws of associations and rational activity. The main stimuli for the emergence and development of fantasy are usually individual ideas or ideas that for some reason have received special interest, feelings, affects and various kinds of organic sensations. These latter determine the predominantly fantastic construction of dreams. By the participation of our will in the development and change of fantastic ideas, we can distinguish between passive and active fantasy. Fantasy is passive when ideas replace each other completely against our will, and our contemplating “I” plays exclusively the role of a spectator. In active fantasy, we recognize ourselves as determining the course of ideas, choosing one or another from the fantastic associations that arise in us. However, these two types of fantasy cannot be opposed to each other; on the contrary, the first type can be considered as material for the second. The most typical form of passive fantasy is dreams. Changes in images occur in dreams without any dependence on our will, and even our own actions very often seem to us completely unexpected and as if taking place against our will. In dreams, the fantastic nature of images and unfolding pictures reaches its highest degree. The waking fantasy never achieves such bizarreness and such inconsistencies in the details of its constructions as the dream fantasy. The reason for this should be seen, on the one hand, in the absence of sobering perceptions of the outside world during sleep, and on the other hand, in the complete weakening of the activity of the mind. Not governed by either external or internal lawful principles, the sensory elements of dormant consciousness naturally intertwine into the most incredible combinations and violate the basic laws of existence. However, the flow of ideas during sleep is not always completely disordered; usually it is determined by some of the most active and persistent elements of consciousness. Any individual image can become an organizing center, depending on which others are grouped and replaced. Every feeling, e.g. fear, expectation, tenderness, love, in turn, can determine a series of images corresponding to its nature. Finally, very often the proximate causes of dreams are internal organic sensations and irritations. According to these influences that determine the construction of dreams, a whole classification of dreams can be established. This classification was given by K. Scherner in his classic work on this issue: “Das Leben des Traums”. Schopenhauer gives an ingenious theory of sleep in Parerga. In his opinion, a dream is an expression of the internal life of the body, namely, excitations coming from the sympathetic nervous system. These weak excitations do not reach the consciousness of the waking intellect, which is occupied with the sharp impressions of the external world. At night, when the tired brain indulges in peace and external stimulation does not disturb the dormant consciousness, internal stimulation becomes noticeable to the perception of the intellect, just as the babbling of streams is clearly heard at night, drowned out by the noise of the day. But since, by its very nature, the intellect can function only in the orders of space, time and causality, then the internal excitations that reach its consciousness take the form of external perceptions. The role of fantasy in the waking state is determined mainly by its participation in artistic and scientific creativity. Fantasy, as an activity that creates images, is a necessary condition for any artistic creativity. Since images are composed by inventing and artificially combining elements, they are devoid of liveliness and artistic truth. Fantasy gives the artist the necessary supply of images and outlines possible ways of combining them, while the construction of the whole is determined by an aesthetic sense and the basic idea of ​​the artistic concept. Poetic creativity can take on the character of a completely unconscious process in which images are combined into an artistic unity without any control of rational and generally critical activity. This manifestation of pre-ethical fantasy characterizes the greatest rise of poetic inspiration and has as its external expression the so-called improvisation. Romanticism is richest in fantastic constructions. An outstanding representative of this field of creativity is the German romantic E. T. A. Hoffmann, who knew how to invest deep ideological meaning into his incredibly fantastic images. And in scientific creativity, fantasy is important as an auxiliary means of discovering scientific truth. Of course, here F. is most regulated by criticism of reason, which immediately excludes assumptions that are impossible from a scientific point of view. Fantasy finds its greatest use in creating hypotheses in the empirical sciences and in general in the study of causes in a particular area of ​​phenomena. In all such cases, fantasy provides a rich material of possible guesses and assumptions, from which reason, through logical analysis and empirical verification. extracts everything that may have scientific significance. Such is the participation of fantasy in the creation of philosophical concepts, since in this area hypothetical assumptions can be expressed in sensory representations, and not in abstract concepts. In some philosophical systems, the concept of fantasy acquires very great importance. In Froshammer's philosophy, fantasy plays the role of a world-creating principle. For Kant, imagination and fantasy (productive Einbildungskraft) are an intermediary link between sensuality and the categories of reason. Wed. K. Scherner, "Das Leben des Traums"; J. Volkelt, "Die Traum-Phantasie"; Strumpel, "Die Natur und Entstehung der Traume"; N. Michaut, "De l"imagination"; E. v. Hartmann, "Aesthetik"; Ribot, "Creativity and Imagination" (1900); Lichtenberger, "Die Phantasie"; Schmidkunz, "Synthetische und analytische Phantasie". P. Alekseev.

5. Age-related characteristics of the imagination of children and adolescents

In any age period there are peculiarities of mental development that are unique to it, depending on physiological and anatomical changes in the body, on the social roles occupied by the individual, on the physical and intellectual capabilities of a certain age.

Let's briefly look at the five stages of imagination development inherent in childhood.

Features of the infant period (from birth to 1 year).

Newbornhood is the first crisis period in human mental development. At this age, the activity of all sense organs is rapidly developing, so it is important to purposefully create special conditions for their full development. The first social need appears - the need for communication. Direct emotional communication is the leading type of activity in infancy. The development of visual and auditory perception occurs in the process of communication between a child and adults. Postural and locomotor movements and manipulations with objects develop. The prerequisites for active speech (humming, babbling) and initial memory are formed.

This is how the first experience of reflecting reality is accumulated.

At an early age (from 1 to 3 years), activities and forms of communication become more complex. Object-tool activity in play becomes the leading one for a young child. Social attachment is strengthened, which is very significant for the child’s mental development. The processes of perception and emotions are improved, early forms of visual-effective thinking, understanding of speech are developed, preparing the ground for the subsequent development of imagination. Speech understanding develops. The most significant achievement of the age period under consideration is the formation of the image of “I”, the transition from “field” to volitional behavior.

At this stage we can talk about the formation of imagination as an independent mental process.

Preschool age.

The leading activity of this age is role-playing play, during which social rules and norms are learned, images are formed and replaced. New forms of communication with adults and with peers appear, and the formation of the child’s personality begins to be influenced by the children’s team and family relationships. A special role in the formation of imagination and in the mental development of the child during this period is played by visual, constructive activities (elements of labor), and the perception of literary and artistic works (fairy tales). Development and formation of voluntary and indirect memory, attention and its features. The development of tactile imagination largely depends on the success of solving the problem of sensory education. Indirect and visual modeling is developing, forming the basis of a qualitatively new type of thinking - visual-figurative. Gradually, the child moves to the concrete operational stage of development of logical intelligence.

Personal development is characterized by the further formation of the self-concept, and the foundations of self-esteem appear. New social motives of behavior and needs arise, and their hierarchy is established. Moral and aesthetic feelings (pride, shame, guilt), and cognitive interests are formed. The awareness of feelings and emotions begins, the development of will and arbitrariness in controlling behavior.

Imagination is formed in parallel with all mental processes and properties. An important role at this age is played by the child’s assimilation of moral norms and ethical standards.

Junior school age.

Educational activity is the leading one and is important for mental development, as the process of adaptation to school and the child’s mastery of a new social situation takes place. It is necessary to create motivation for learning. Social life is characterized by friendship with peers and has some new forms: cooperation, competition and conflicts. Education, being the main source of mental development of a primary school student, creates new age-related opportunities for acquiring knowledge. The problem of forming the foundations of scientific thinking arises. It is known that imagination is strongly connected with thinking, since both processes are part of mental activity, therefore the systematic formation of mental actions, concepts and optimization of educational activities is important both for thinking and for the development of imagination. The problem arises with the awareness of speech, its elements, its functions and forms. Psychological new formations: reflection, analysis, planning. Perception and attention are developed, observation skills are formed, and memory efficiency increases.

In the personality (in the development of the self-concept), the concept of justice appears, self-esteem is formed, and the motivational, need and volitional spheres develop. Moral norms and rules of conduct are learned.

The imagination grows and the speed of the process increases.

Adolescence.

Dramatic anatomical, physiological and psychological changes occur. The role of heterochronicity of organic, sexual and social development, as well as the role of cultural institutions in the process of socialization of adolescents, is growing. There is a transition from socialization to individualization, which is the main characteristic of adolescence. Individual and gender differences in the pace and nature of physical, mental and social development of adolescents are increasing. Dominants and cognitive motives develop. In mental development, the role of the peer group and interactions within it as a modeling of relationships among adult members of society is growing. Due to gender differences, special friendships appear among adolescents (for example, the “Code of Partnership”). The main psychological new formation is a sense of adulthood, a specific form of self-awareness. It is most important at this age to give the correct example.

Mediation, awareness and arbitrariness are the main indicators of the development of cognitive processes. Formally, operational intelligence develops.

Important changes in personality: gender-role identification occurs. The teenager’s self-awareness, self-esteem, and level of aspirations grow. Ideals arise that embody the level of aspirations. Problems in the development of the affective-consumer sphere - the affect of inadequacy. The need for person-oriented communication, self-affirmation and social recognition is intensifying. Moral judgment, will, and moral convictions develop. The orientation of the personality and character are formed, the accentuations of the personality are highlighted.

The imagination becomes vivid, explainable and partly subservient.

6. Conclusion

In my opinion, all types of imagination are important. People need to imagine, invent and dream something, without this they are just walking “plants”, and not people living a full, colorful life. Dream. imagine, generally live!

Bibliography

1. Nemov R.S. Psychology: Textbook. for students higher ped. textbook institutions: M.: 2003.

2. Subbotina L.Yu. Developing imagination in children: A popular guide for parents and teachers. --Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1996.

3. Jung K.G. “Diagnostic studies of associations” in the book: Selected works on analytical psychology: Zurich volume 3. 1939.

4. www.Grandars.ru » Psychology » Mental processes and states » Types and processes of imagination

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Question 46. Definition, types, functions of imagination. The role of imagination in solving cognitive and personality problems. Development of imagination. Imagination and creativity.

Imagination- this is the mental process of creating new images, ideas and thoughts based on existing experience, by restructuring a person’s ideas.

Imagination is closely connected with all other cognitive processes and occupies a special place in human cognitive activity. Thanks to this process, a person can anticipate the course of events, foresee the results of his actions and actions. It allows you to create behavior programs in situations characterized by uncertainty.

From a physiological point of view, imagination is the process of formation of new systems of temporary connections as a result of complex analytical and synthetic activity of the brain.

In the process of imagination, systems of temporary nerve connections seem to disintegrate and unite into new complexes, groups of nerve cells are connected in a new way.

The physiological mechanisms of imagination are located in the cortex and deeper parts of the brain.

Imagination - this is the process of mental transformation of reality, the ability to construct new holistic images of reality by processing the content of existing practical, sensory, intellectual and emotional-semantic experience.

Types of imagination

By subject – emotional, figurative, verbal-logical

By mode of activity - active and passive, intentional and unintentional

By the nature of the images - abstract and concrete

According to the results, it is reconstructive (mental reproduction of images of objects that actually exist) and creative (creation of images of objects that do not currently exist).

Types of imagination:

- active - when a person, through an effort of will, evokes appropriate images in himself. Active imagination is a creative, recreating phenomenon. Creative active imagination arises as a result of work, independently creates images that are expressed in original and valuable products of activity. This is the basis of any creativity;

- passive - when images arise by themselves, do not depend on desires and will and are not brought to life.

Passive imagination is:

- involuntary imagination . The simplest form of imagination is those images that arise without special intention or effort on our part (floating clouds, reading an interesting book). Any interesting, exciting teaching usually evokes a vivid involuntary imagination. One type of involuntary imagination is dreams . N.M. Sechenov believed that dreams are an unprecedented combination of experienced impressions.

- arbitrary imagination manifests itself in cases where new images or ideas arise as a result of a person’s special intention to imagine something specific, concrete.

Among the various types and forms of voluntary imagination we can distinguish recreating imagination, creative imagination and dream. Recreating imagination manifests itself when a person needs to recreate a representation of an object that matches its description as fully as possible. For example, when reading books, we imagine heroes, events, etc. Creative imagination is characterized by the fact that a person transforms ideas and creates new ones not according to an existing model, but by independently outlining the contours of the created image and choosing the necessary materials for it. Creative imagination, like recreating, is closely related to memory, since in all cases of its manifestation a person uses his previous experience. A dream is a type of imagination that involves the independent creation of new images. At the same time, a dream has a number of differences from creative imagination. 1) in a dream a person always recreates the image of what he wants, but not always in creativity; 2) a dream is a process of imagination that is not included in creative activity, i.e. not immediately and directly providing an objective product in the form of a work of art, a scientific discovery, etc. 3) a dream is always aimed at future activities, i.e. A dream is an imagination aimed at a desired future.

Functions of the imagination.

In human life, imagination performs a number of specific functions. First one of them is to represent reality in images and be able to use them when solving problems. This function of imagination is connected with thinking and is organically included in it. Second the function of imagination is to regulate emotional states. With the help of his imagination, a person is able to at least partially satisfy many needs and relieve the tension generated by them. This vital function is especially emphasized and developed in psychoanalysis. Third the function of imagination is associated with its participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states, in particular perception, attention, memory, speech, emotions. With the help of skillfully evoked images, a person can pay attention to the necessary events. Through images, he gains the opportunity to control perceptions, memories, and statements. Fourth the function of imagination is to form an internal plan of action - the ability to carry them out in the mind, manipulating images. Finally, fifth function is planning and programming activities, drawing up such programs, assessing their correctness, and the implementation process. With the help of imagination, we can control many psychophysiological states of the body and tune it to upcoming activities. There are also known facts indicating that with the help of imagination, purely by will, a person can influence organic processes: change the rhythm of breathing, pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature.

Imagination carries the following functions (as defined by R. S. Nemov):

- representation of reality in images;

- emotional regulation states;

Voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states:

- formation of internal action plan;

- planning and programming activities;

- psychophysiological management state of the body.

The role of imagination in solving cognitive and personality problems.

Imagination is closely related to thinking:

Like thinking, it allows you to foresee the future;

Imagination and thinking arise in a problem situation;

Imagination and thinking are motivated by the needs of the individual;

In the process of activity, imagination appears in unity with thinking;

The basis of imagination is the ability to choose an image; thinking is based on the possibility of a new combination of concepts.

The main purpose of fantasy is to present an alternative to reality. As such, fantasy serves two main purposes:

It stimulates creativity, allowing you to create something that does not exist (yet), and

It acts as a balancing mechanism for the soul, offering the individual a means of self-help to achieve emotional balance (self-healing). Fantasy is also used for clinical purposes; the results of projective psychological tests and techniques are based on fantasy projections (as is the case in the TAT). In addition, in various psychotherapeutic approaches, fantasy is assigned the role of an exploratory or therapeutic tool.

Development of imagination

It is very difficult to determine any specific age limits that characterize the dynamics of imagination development. There are examples of extremely early development of imagination. For example, Mozart began composing music at the age of four, Repin and Serov could draw well at the age of six. On the other hand, the late development of imagination does not mean that this process will be at a low level in more mature years. History knows of cases where great people, for example Einstein, were not distinguished by a developed imagination in childhood, but over time they began to be talked about as geniuses.

Despite the difficulty of determining the stages of development of imagination in humans, certain patterns in its formation can be identified. Thus, the first manifestations of imagination are closely related to the process of perception. For example, children aged one and a half years are not yet able to listen to even the simplest stories or fairy tales; they are constantly distracted or fall asleep, but listen with pleasure to stories about what they themselves have experienced. This phenomenon clearly shows the connection between imagination and perception. A child listens to a story about his experiences because he clearly imagines what is being said. The connection between perception and imagination continues at the next stage of development, when the child begins to process received impressions in his games, modifying previously perceived objects in his imagination. The chair turns into a cave or an airplane, the box into a car. However, it should be noted that the first images of a child’s imagination are always associated with activity. The child does not dream, but embodies the processed image in his activities, even though this activity is a game.

An important stage in the development of imagination is associated with the age when a child masters speech. Speech allows the child to include in the imagination not only specific images, but also more abstract ideas and concepts. Moreover, speech allows the child to move from expressing images of imagination in activity to their direct expression in speech.

The stage of mastering speech is accompanied by an increase in practical experience and the development of attention, which allows the child to more easily identify individual parts of an object, which he already perceives as independent and with which he increasingly operates in his imagination. However, the synthesis occurs with significant distortions of reality. Due to the lack of sufficient experience and insufficient critical thinking, the child cannot create an image that is close to reality. The main feature of this stage is the involuntary nature of the emergence of imagination. Most often, images of imagination are formed in a child of this age involuntarily, in accordance with with the situation he is in.

The next stage in the development of imagination is associated with the emergence of its active forms. At this stage, the process of imagination becomes voluntary. The emergence of active forms of imagination is initially associated with stimulating initiative on the part of an adult. For example, when an adult asks a child to do something (draw a tree, build a house out of cubes, etc.), he activates the imagination process. In order to fulfill the request of an adult, the child must first create, or recreate, a certain image in his imagination. Moreover, this process of imagination, by its nature, is already voluntary, since the child tries to control it. Later, the child begins to use his own imagination without any adult participation. This leap in the development of imagination is reflected, first of all, in the nature of the child’s games. They become focused and story-driven. The things surrounding the child become not just stimuli for the development of objective activity, but act as material for the embodiment of images of his imagination. A child at the age of four or five begins to draw, build, sculpt, rearrange things and combine them in accordance with his plan.

Another major shift in imagination occurs during school age. The need to understand educational material determines the activation of the process of recreating imagination. In order to assimilate the knowledge that is given at school, the child actively uses his imagination, which causes the progressive development of the ability to process images of perception into images of imagination.

Another reason for the rapid development of imagination during school years is that during the learning process the child actively acquires new and diverse ideas about objects and phenomena of the real world. These ideas serve as a necessary basis for imagination and stimulate the student’s creative activity.

The degree of development of imagination is characterized by the vividness of images and the depth with which the data of past experience is processed, as well as the novelty and meaningfulness of the results of this processing. The strength and vividness of imagination is easily assessed when the product of imagination is implausible and bizarre images, for example, among the authors of fairy tales. Poor development of imagination is expressed in a low level of processing of ideas. Weak imagination entails difficulties in solving mental problems that require the ability to visualize a specific situation. With an insufficient level of imagination development, a rich and emotionally diverse life is impossible.

People differ most clearly in the degree of vividness of their imagination. If we assume that there is a corresponding scale, then at one pole there will be people with extremely high levels of vividness of the images of the imagination, which they experience as visions, and at the other pole there will be people with extremely pale ideas. As a rule, we find a high level of development of imagination among people engaged in creative work - writers, artists, musicians, scientists.

Significant differences between people are revealed regarding the nature of the dominant type of imagination. Most often there are people with a predominance of visual, auditory or motor images of the imagination. But there are people who have a high development of all or most types of imagination. These people can be classified as the so-called mixed type. Belonging to one or another type of imagination very significantly affects the individual psychological characteristics of a person. For example, people of the auditory or motor type very often dramatize the situation in their thoughts, imagining a non-existent opponent.

The development of imagination in the human race, considered historically, follows the same path as that of the individual. Vico, whose name is well worth mentioning here because he was the first to see how myths can be used for the study of the imagination, divided the historical path of mankind into three successive periods: divine or theocratic, heroic or fabulous, human or historical in the proper sense; and after one such cycle has passed, a new one begins

- vigorous activity (D. in general) stimulates the development of imagination

Development of various types of creative activities and scientific activities

The use of special techniques for creating new products of imagination as solutions to problems - agglutination, typification, hyperbolization, schematypization

- agglutination (from lat. agglutinatio - gluing) - combining individual parts or different objects into one image;

- emphasis, sharpening - emphasizing some detail in the created image, highlighting a part;

- hyperbolization - displacement of an object, change in the number of its parts, reduction or increase in its size;

- schematization - highlighting the characteristic that is repeated in homogeneous phenomena and reflecting it in a specific image.

- typing - highlighting the similarities of objects, smoothing out their differences;

Active connection of feelings and emotions.

Imagination and creativity.

The leading connection is the dependence of imagination on creativity: imagination is formed in the process of creative activity. The imagination, necessary for the transformation of reality and creative activity, was formed in the process of this creative activity. The development of imagination occurred as more and more perfect products of imagination were created.

Imagination plays a particularly important role in scientific and artistic creativity. Creativity without the active participation of imagination is generally impossible. Imagination allows a scientist to build hypotheses, mentally imagine and perform scientific experiments, search for and find non-trivial solutions to problems. Imagination plays an important role in the early stages of solving a scientific problem and often leads to remarkable insights.

The study of the role of imagination in the processes of scientific and technical creativity is carried out by specialists in the psychology of scientific creativity.

Creativity is closely related to all mental processes, including imagination. The degree of development of imagination and its characteristics are no less important for creativity than, say, the degree of development of thinking. The psychology of creativity manifests itself in all its specific types: inventive, scientific, literary, artistic, etc. What factors determine the possibility of human creativity? 1) human knowledge, which is supported by appropriate abilities, and is stimulated by determination; 2) the presence of certain experiences that create the emotional tone of creative activity.

The English scientist G. Wallace made an attempt to study the creative process. As a result, he was able to identify 4 stages of the creative process: 1. Preparation (the birth of an idea). 2. Maturation (concentration, “contraction” of knowledge, directly and indirectly). 3. Insight (intuitive grasp of the desired result). 4. Check.

Thus, the creative transformation of reality in the imagination is subject to its own laws and is carried out in certain ways. New ideas arise on the basis of what was already in consciousness, thanks to the operations of synthesis and analysis. Ultimately, the processes of imagination consist in the mental decomposition of initial ideas into their component parts (analysis) and their subsequent combination in new combinations (synthesis), i.e. are analytical and synthetic in nature. Consequently, the creative process relies on the same mechanisms that are involved in the formation of ordinary images of the imagination.

Imagination is the mental process of creating an image of an object or situation by restructuring existing ideas. Images of the imagination do not always correspond to reality; they contain elements of fantasy and fiction. If the imagination draws pictures to the consciousness that nothing or little corresponds in reality, then it is called fantasy. If the imagination is directed to the future, it is called a dream. The process of imagination always occurs in inextricable connection with two other mental processes - memory and thinking.

Types of imagination

• Active imagination - using it, a person, by force of will, at his own request evokes appropriate images in himself.
• Passive imagination - its images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person.
• Productive imagination - in it, reality is consciously constructed by a person, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. But at the same time, she is still creatively transformed in the image.
• Reproductive imagination - the task is to reproduce reality as it is, and although there is also an element of fantasy here, such imagination is more reminiscent of perception or memory than creativity.

Functions of imagination:

1. Figurative representation of reality;
2. Regulation of emotional states;
3. Voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states;
4. Formation of an internal action plan.

Ways to create imagination images:

• Agglutination is the creation of images by combining any qualities, properties, parts.
• Emphasis - highlighting any part, detail of the whole.
• Typing is the most difficult technique. The artist depicts a specific episode that absorbs a lot of similar ones and thus is, as it were, their representative. A literary image is also formed, in which the typical features of many people of a given circle, a certain era are concentrated.

Imagination processes, like memory processes, can vary in the degree of voluntariness or intentionality. An extreme case of involuntary imagination is dreams, in which images are born unintentionally and in the most unexpected and bizarre combinations. The activity of the imagination, which unfolds in a half-asleep, drowsy state, for example, before falling asleep, is also involuntary at its core.

Among the various types and forms of voluntary imagination, one can distinguish reconstructive imagination, creative imagination and dream.

Recreating imagination manifests itself when a person needs to recreate a representation of an object that matches its description as fully as possible.

Creative imagination characterized by the fact that a person transforms ideas and creates new ones not according to an existing model, but by independently outlining the contours of the created image and choosing the necessary materials for it.

A special form of imagination is a dream - the independent creation of new images. The main feature of a dream is that it is aimed at future activities, i.e. A dream is an imagination aimed at a desired future.

If the voluntary or active imagination is intentional, i.e. is associated with volitional manifestations of a person, then passive imagination can be intentional and unintentional. Intentional passive imagination creates images that are not associated with the will. These images are called dreams. In dreams, the connection between imagination and the needs of the individual is most clearly revealed. The predominance of dreams in a person’s mental life can lead him to a separation from reality, a withdrawal into a fictional world, which, in turn, begins to inhibit the mental and social development of this person.

Unintentional passive imagination is observed when the activity of consciousness is weakened, its disorders are in a half-asleep state, in sleep, etc. The most significant manifestation of passive imagination is hallucinations, in which a person perceives non-existent objects. When classifying types of imagination, we proceed from two main characteristics. This is the degree of manifestation of volitional efforts and the degree of activity, or awareness.

Types of imagination. Forms of imagination

Imagination processes, like memory processes, can vary in degree arbitrariness, or intentionality.

Imagination

passive active dream

unintentional intentional creative recreation

sleep half asleep hallucinations

Kinds imagination: active - passive, creative - recreating, intentional - unintentional.

Each of these types acquires a certain form(dreams, doze, daydreams, hallucinations, reverie).

Passive imagination - characterized by the fact that fantasy creates images that are not realized, outlines behavioral programs that are not implemented and often cannot be implemented.

There are two types of passive imagination:

Intentional (dreams) – there is a goal, effort must be made.

Unintentional (dreams, hallucinations) - in the absence of a goal.

Dreams- fantasy images, deliberately evoked, but not associated with the will aimed at bringing them to life. In dreams, the connection between imagination and the needs of the individual is most clearly revealed. All people tend to dream about something joyful, pleasant, and tempting. But if only this view predominates in the imagination, then this indicates pathology.

Dreams- subjectively experienced ideas, predominantly of the visual modality, that regularly arise during sleep - mainly in the REM (paradoxical) sleep phase; a mental process during sleep, accompanied by visual images.

Hallucinations– imaginary images of objects and situations, perceived as real, but absent in reality, arising spontaneously, without sensory stimulation. Caused by internal mental factors. Observed, as a rule, in mental disorders.

Active imagination(free imagination)- characterized by the fact that, using it, a person, of his own free will, by an effort of will, evokes in himself the corresponding images. Aimed at solving a creative or personal problem. Applies to all forms of creative activity of the subject.

Types of active imagination:

Recreating imagination;

Creative imagination;

Recreative imagination (reproductive) manifests itself when a person needs to recreate a representation of an object that matches its description as fully as possible. It occurs in cases where a person, based on one description, must imagine an object that he has never perceived before (an image of a literary character he has read, a drawing of a car).

According to its psychological structure, the reconstructive imagination is the translation of secondary signal stimuli into primary signal images. For example, a given person has never seen the sea, but after reading its description in a book, he can imagine the sea in more or less vivid and complete images.

The re-creating imagination creates what is, what exists, and the way it exists. It should not depart from reality, otherwise it will not serve the goals of knowledge that it faces - to expand (based on the translation of descriptions into visual images) the circle of human knowledge about the world around us.

Creative imagination (productive), in contrast to recreating, it involves the independent creation of new images that are realized in original and valuable products of activity.

Creative (productive) imagination, like recreating, is closely related to memory, since in all cases of its manifestation a person uses his previous experience.

Creative imagination- this is a type of imagination during which a person independently creates new images and ideas that are valuable to other people or society as a whole and which are embodied (“crystallized”) into specific original products of activity. Creative imagination is a necessary component and basis of all types of human creative activity.

For example, creating a new car is always a creative process in which imagination is necessarily involved.

Dream- a necessary condition for the implementation of human creative powers aimed at transforming reality. It acts as a motive for activity.

L.M. Wekker proposes a classification based on the characteristics of the material, the subject of mental activity. This approach allows us to highlight sensory-perceptual imagination (actually figurative), including visual, auditory, motor, spatial and, probably, other types of imagination, verbal-logical (conceptual), acting as an element of thinking, and emotional. How a special species stands out operational imagination, defined as the active functioning of imaginative images as a program of activity.