Types and levels of development of abilities presentation. Presentation on the topic “Abilities and inclinations

Types of abilities
Ability Categories
Genius
Talent
Giftedness

When understanding why different people, who are in the same living conditions, have different results, we often rely on the concept of “ability,” assuming that they influence what a person achieves. We use the same term to find out why some people learn something faster than others, etc.

Firstly, it is a set of mental processes and states, often called the properties of the soul.
Secondly, this is a high level of development of general and special skills, abilities and knowledge, which ensures the effective performance of various functions by a person.
Thirdly, abilities are everything that cannot be reduced to knowledge, skills and abilities, but with the help of which their acquisition, use, use and consolidation can be explained.

GENERAL (elementary and complex)
SPECIAL (not common to all people).

Elementary (simple) abilities are abilities associated with the functions of the senses and simple movements (the ability to distinguish smells, sounds, colors). They are present in a person from birth and can be improved throughout life.
Complex abilities are the abilities of various activities associated with human culture. For example: musical, artistic, mathematical, etc. Such abilities are called socially conditioned, because they are not innate.

GENERAL abilities are abilities that all people have, but are developed to varying degrees in everyone (general motor and mental). It is they that determine success and achievement in many types of activities (sports, learning, teaching).

Special abilities are abilities that not everyone has and which, in most cases, require certain inclinations (artistic, literary, acting, musical). Thanks to them, people achieve success in specific activities.

Theoretical abilities are abilities that are determined by an individual’s propensity for abstract logical thinking, as well as the ability to clearly set and successfully carry out theoretical tasks.
Practical abilities are abilities that are manifested in the ability to set and perform practical tasks associated with specific actions in certain life situations.

Learning abilities are abilities that determine the success of learning, assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities.
Creative abilities are abilities that determine a person’s ability to create objects of spiritual and material culture, as well as influencing the production of new ideas, making discoveries, etc.

Communication abilities are abilities that include knowledge, skills and abilities related to communication and interaction with other people, interpersonal assessment and perception, establishing contacts, networking, finding a common language, liking oneself and interacting with people.

OBJECT-ACTIVITY ABILITIES are abilities that determine the interaction of people with inanimate objects.

Abilities in the structure of individuality. Abilities - individual psychological characteristics,
which are a condition for successful
implementation of certain
activities.
Activity comes first
ability breakdown and condition
their development.
According to B.M. Teplov: abilities are what is not
comes down to knowledge, skills and abilities, but
explains (ensures) their quick
acquisition, consolidation and effective
use in practice.

An important component of abilities
is increased motivation to
appropriate
activities. She provides
intense activity
necessary for development
abilities.

There are several concepts of abilities

ABILITY STRUCTURE

By number and
character
activities
General (mental, academic,
communicative)
Special (mathematical, musical)
According to the composition,
structure
Elementary (sensations, eye, musical hearing)
Difficult (educational, work, communication)
By
significance
activities
By level
development
Leading, occupying the main role in
activities
Auxiliary, subordinate
Reproductive (ability to act
according to the sample)
Creative (ability to create new things)

Types of abilities: educational, creative, intellectual, and special

Academic ability determines
success of training and education, assimilation
a person of knowledge, skills, abilities,
formation of personality qualities.
Creativity is promoted
creation of material and spiritual objects
culture, production of new ideas, discoveries
and works, in a word - individual
creativity in various fields
human activity.

Intellectual ability is defined as
individually unique personality trait,
which is a condition for the success of the solution
specific task (problem): ability
reveal the meanings of words, build
a spatial figure from given elements,
identify patterns in a series of numbers and
geometric images, etc.
Special abilities determine success
person in specific types of activities, for
the implementation of which requires the makings of a special
species and their development. Such abilities can be
include musical, mathematical,
linguistic, technical, literary,
artistic and creative, sports and others.

Levels of ability development and individual differences:

PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
EARNINGS
CAPABILITIES
CONDITIONS
DEVELOPMENT

Formation of abilities. Development of natural abilities.

The formation of abilities occurs on
based on innate abilities.
Makings - congenital anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous
systems, brain, components of natural
the basis for the development of abilities.
In abilities are inextricably intertwined
natural (inclinations) and acquired
person in the process of activity
(social). Plays a leading role
social factor.

Limits of deposits according to Langmeyer

Dependence of musical abilities in children on musical
parents' talents
Parents
Children,%
Pronounced
Not at all musical
zymatic
Both are musical
85
7
Both are unmusical
25
58

ABILITY DEVELOPMENT
F
A
TO
T
ABOUT
R
Y
Nature of activity
External environment
Internal environment
Compensation
Sensitive periods of development - periods of ontogenetic
developments in which the developing organism is especially
sensitive to certain types of environmental influences
reality.

NATURE OF ACTIVITY
Direct communication between infants and adults
Object-manipulative activities in early childhood
Role-playing game for preschoolers
Educational activities of junior schoolchildren
Socially useful activities of teenagers
Professional and educational activities in early youth
Labor activity during adulthood (maturity)

Individual characteristics

Force
nervous
process
ov
Equals
Yeshennos
t and
mobile
awn
Will and
commune
ication
Thinker
ny
Arts
new
Mixed
TYPES
PERSONALITY

ABILITIES are those characteristics of a person that allow him to successfully master one or another type of activity, profession, improve in them, and effectively perform functional duties in difficult situations. Abilities vary. Some of them are general in nature, manifested in most activities, for example, mental and physical abilities, learning abilities; others - narrow, special: technical, camera, musical, literary, mathematical. Being interconnected, general and special abilities develop in unity. Moreover, each ability includes a number of mental characteristics of a person and depends on them. These include, for example, attentiveness, observation, certain qualities of memory, imagination, and thinking. The psychological prerequisites for the development of abilities are motives, as well as emotional and volitional properties: love for one’s work, perseverance and activity in overcoming difficulties, etc.

Lesson No. 7 Lesson No. 7 Lesson topic: Lesson topic: Abilities as a mental Abilities as a mental property property

Plan  1. Concept of abilities  2. Physiological bases of abilities  3. Scientists about abilities  4. Structure of abilities  5. Types of abilities  6. Formation of abilities

Relevance of the problem One of the most complex and interesting problems in psychology is the problem of psychology is the problem of individual differences. Mental individual differences. Mental properties and qualities of people The properties and qualities of people are formed in life, in the process they are formed in life, in the process of training, education, and activity. training, education, activities. The central point in the central point in the individual characteristics of a person is his abilities. These are precisely his abilities. It is they who determine the formation of personality and determine the degree of brightness of its individuality. individuality.

The concept of abilities..Abilities are individual psychological characteristics of a person that express his readiness to master certain types of activities and to carry them out successfully (Yu.B. Gippenreiter).

Abilities Abilities The term “abilities” is widely used... not only in psychology, but also in other sciences. Abilities act as properties of the human soul and include all kinds of mental processes and states. This characteristic of abilities is the oldest. Abilities are a level of development of knowledge, skills and abilities in a person that allows him to successfully cope with various types of activities. This definition was widely used in the 18th–19th centuries. Abilities are human characteristics that cannot be reduced to knowledge, abilities, skills, but allow them to be quickly acquired and effectively applied in practical activities.

Physiological basis Physiological basis of abilities abilities.. Abilities can be neither innate nor genetic formations - they are a product of development. The innate factors underlying abilities are inclinations. Inclinations are defined as anatomical and physiological characteristics of the brain, nervous and muscular systems, analyzers or sensory organs

B. M. Teplov identifies the following as the main signs of abilities:

S. Vygotsky believes that imagination is a priori connected with reality, and points to various forms of connection between S.S.’s imagination. Vygotsky believes that imagination is a priori connected with reality, and points out various forms of connection between imagination and L.S. Vygotsky believes that imagination is a priori connected with reality, and points to various forms of connection between imagination and reality. reality. reality. Scientists about “abilities” Scientists about “abilities” S.L. Rubinstein says that abilities have organic, hereditarily fixed prerequisites for their development in the form of inclinations. The presence of a certain ability in a person means his suitability for a certain activity. The ability must include various mental properties and qualities necessary due to the nature of this activity and the demands it makes. Rubinshtein S.L.

Structure of abilities Structure of abilities Elementary (sensations, eye, musical hearing) Complex (educational, labor, communication)

Slide 2

1. Concept of ability

Abilities are individual psychological characteristics that are a condition for the successful implementation of a certain activity.

Activity is the first test of abilities and a condition for their development.

According to B.M. Teplov: abilities are something that cannot be reduced to knowledge, skills and abilities, but explains (ensures) their rapid acquisition, consolidation and effective use in practice.

Slide 3

An important component of abilities is increased motivation for relevant activities. It provides the intense activity needed to develop abilities.

Slide 4

2. Formation of abilities. Development of natural abilities.

The formation of abilities occurs on the basis of innate inclinations.

Inclinations are innate anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system and brain, which form the natural basis for the development of abilities.
Abilities are inextricably intertwined between the natural (inclinations) and the acquired by a person in the process of activity (social). The leading role is played by the social factor.

Slide 5

Levels of development of creative abilities:

Giftedness is the level of development of general abilities that determines the range of activities in which a person can achieve great success.
Talent is a high level of development of special abilities. Talent is characterized by the ability to achieve achievements of a high order, but remaining within the framework of what has been achieved by humanity. A talented person easily masters the corresponding type of activity, brings virtuosity and grace to its performance, and achieves high-quality performance.
Genius is the highest level of development of abilities - both general (intellectual) and special. We can speak of genius only when an individual achieves such results of creative activity that are of outstanding importance for the life of society. A genius is also called a person “who, over a long period of time, does great work that significantly influences other people for many years.”

Slide 6

Types of abilities: educational, creative, intellectual, and special

Educational abilities determine the success of training and education, a person’s assimilation of knowledge, abilities, skills, and the formation of personality qualities.
Creative abilities contribute to the creation of objects of material and spiritual culture, the production of new ideas, discoveries and works, in a word - individual creativity in various fields of human activity.

Slide 7

Intellectual ability is defined as an individually unique property of a person, which is a condition for the success of solving a certain task (problem): the ability to reveal the meaning of words, build a spatial figure from given elements, identify a pattern in a series of numbers and geometric images, etc.
Special abilities determine a person’s success in specific types of activities, the implementation of which requires inclinations of a special kind and their development. Such abilities include musical, mathematical, linguistic, technical, literary, artistic and creative, sports and others.