Rus', united by the Moscow kingdom, entered the 17th century in a difficult state. After the death of Ivan IV the Terrible, the weak Fyodor Ivanovich began to rule the state. His authority was extremely low, so soon a struggle for power began in the country. Thanks to the aggressive policy of Ivan the Terrible, the state expanded enormously, and it was quite difficult to maintain it. After Moscow's aggression during the Livonian War, relations with Western countries became tense; the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden were Moscow's main opponents in the west. At the same time, the Crimean Tatars, under the protection of the Ottoman Empire, continued to carry out devastating raids on Rus'.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the so-called Time of Troubles began. At this time, many cities began to rebel against the central government, and the Orthodox Church split. During the period from 1598 to 1613, the country had six rulers. At this time, the power of the Rurik dynasty ceased, and the first prince chosen at the Zemsky Sobor was installed as ruler. Under his rule, Moscow settled some disputes with Western countries and expanded its territory to the east. However, under his rule, the crisis in the state prolonged; both the peasants, whose lives were very difficult, and the nobility, who were deprived of comprehensive power over the slaves, were dissatisfied with him.
By the middle of the 17th century, a new military conflict had matured with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which united Poland and Lithuania. At this time, most of the territory of modern Ukraine was under the rule of the Poles, but the local population resisted Catholicism, and the revelry of the gentry eventually led to the uprising of one of the Cossack atamans, Bogdan Khmelnytsky. He managed to raise a national liberation movement in 1648, as a result of which Ukraine at that time even achieved independence. The Cossacks inflicted several major defeats on the Polish troops. However, in 1654, Bogdan Khmelnitsky died, and the Moscow kingdom, pointing to an agreement between him and the Cossacks (the content of which was never established), accepted new lands under its protectorate, and together with the Cossacks continued the war against Poland. By the end of the 17th century, Tsar Peter I came to power, who subsequently called himself emperor and his state the Russian Empire, or Russia for short.
Therefore, Rus' in the 17th century can no longer be briefly characterized as a unification of Russian principalities and Slavic tribes - so much time has passed since the times of Kievan Rus that the Slavic peoples separated into three main groups - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The territory of modern Belarus came under the rule of Moscow during the war with Poland.
2nd millennium BC e. 19th century BC e. XVIII century BC e. 17th century BC e. 16th century BC e. XV century BC e. 1709 1708 1707 1706 ... Wikipedia
1603. Revolt of peasants and serfs in Russia under the leadership of Khlopok. Founding of the first Dutch colony on the island of Java. 1603 1867. Reign of shoguns from the Tokugawa dynasty in Japan. 1603 1649, 1660 1714. The reign of the Stuart dynasty in England ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Onuphry, saint (XVII century) see the article Onuphry (the name of the saints of the Orthodox Church) ... Biographical Dictionary
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2nd millennium XV century XVI century XVII century XVIII century XIX century 1590s 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 ... Wikipedia
2nd millennium XV century XVI century XVII century XVIII century XIX century 1590s 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 ... Wikipedia
2nd millennium XV century XVI century XVII century XVIII century XIX century 1590s 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 ... Wikipedia
2nd millennium XV century XVI century XVII century XVIII century XIX century 1590s 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 ... Wikipedia
- “The Age of Women” (XVIII century) by Marquise de Pompadour. This term is often used in historical literature to characterize the 18th century. Despite the fact that the world was still ruled by men, women began to play a significant role in the life of society... Wikipedia
Books
- Book centers of Ancient Rus'. 17th century. A collection of materials on the book centers of Ancient Rus' of the 17th century, the century of gradual transition from Old Russian literature to modern literature, when a new type of literature arose...
- Historical lexicon. 17th century Encyclopedic reference book. The English Revolution, the Thirty Years' War in Europe, the Time of Troubles in Russia, the bloody change of dynasties in China, the colonization of America - all this is the 17th century. But this is also the age of brilliant scientists...
New phenomena in the economic development of RussiaXVIIV.:
the first ones appeared manufactories – large-scale production based on manual labor, but using division of labor;
specialization of regions in the production of certain goods (central regions and the Middle Volga region - bread, Pomorie - flax, hemp, Siberia - furs, Kaluga - wooden utensils, etc.);
folding a single all-Russian market – the formation of close economic ties and trade between individual parts of the country;
the government began to implement policies protectionism . IN 1653 accepted Trade charter , which imposed a single ruble duty on imported goods. IN 1667 accepted New Trade Charter , which increased the duty on foreign goods.
Alexey Mikhailovich(1645–1676) - nicknamed The quietest for his quiet disposition and piety. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich connected: church schism , Cathedral Code , final enslavement of peasants , insurrection under the leadership of Stepan Razin .
Central and local government in the 17th century underwent changes that indicated a gradual transition to absolutist form of government:
the tsar still ruled together with the Boyar Duma, whose importance was gradually declining. The Boyar Duma included representatives of 4 Duma ranks: boyars, okolnichy, Duma nobles and Duma clerks ;
Zemsky Sobors almost stopped meeting; the last of them was convened in 1653 on the issue of accepting Little Russia into Russian citizenship. In January 1654 took place Pereyaslavl Rada , she decided to accept the citizenship of Ukrainians to the Russian Tsar (annexation Left Bank Ukraine To Russia );
have been further developed orders , their number has increased;
the main support of power was bureaucracy And army ;
the position of the central government in the localities strengthened: a special role was played in local government governors , appointed from the center;
the main administrative-territorial unit of Russia in the 17th century. was county ;
V 1649 The Zemsky Sobor adopted a new set of state laws - Cathedral Code. It legally formalized serfdom, introducing an indefinite period of search for runaway peasants, a fine for harboring runaways, and hereditary attachment of peasants to the land;
the reorganization of the Russian army began: with 1630 g . appeared new shelves - soldiers, reitars, dragoons from Russian mercenary soldiers under the command of officers - foreign mercenaries; but the noble militia continued to be the main military force;
the subordination of the church to the state increased: it was created Monastic order for the trial of the clergy and people dependent on them.
In the middle of the 17th century. patriarch Nikon spent church reform , the purpose of which is to strengthen the church. Nikon's innovations - a three-fingered (and not two-fingered) folding of the hand for the sign of the cross, a triple (and not a special) hallelujah, walking against the sun during the consecration of a church and during baptism (not a stripe), the exclusion of words that were not there from the Creed and some prayers in the Greek originals, the style of icon painting is too “carnal.” The reform led to church schism , church opposition appeared ( Old Believers ) headed by Avvakum , which in the 17th century. took on a social connotation.
Rebellious Age – the name of the 17th century, in which major popular uprisings took place: 1648 – salt riot, 1662 –copper riot , 1667–1671 – uprising of Cossacks and peasants ( peasant war ) under the leadership of Stepan Razin .
1654 under the Pharmacy Order in Moscow The first secular special educational institution was opened - “ School of Russian doctors ».
His three sons Alexei Mikhailovich ( Fedor, Ivan, Peter ) became kings, and daughter Sophia became regent for her young brothers.
Fedor Alekseevich (1676–1682) – carried out the following socio-economic and political events:
reform of the tax system: in 1679 the transition to household taxation began;
abolition of localism (1682 ) – a system for distributing official positions among feudal lords, taking into account the origin and official position of their ancestors.
After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, a struggle between the aristocracy (Miloslavskys) and the common nobility (Naryshkins) began for a contender for the throne. The Miloslavskys advocated Ivana , Naryshkins – Petra .
May 1682 - Streltsy uprising in Moscow, as a result of which a joint reign was proclaimed Ivana V And Petra I at regency princesses Sophia . Sophia remained the de facto ruler until August 1689 when she was defeated in the fight against Peter and was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent.
Thus, consequences of outgrowing estate-representative monarchy into absolute Russia at the end of the 17th century. become mass repression in relation to the boyars.
Time of Troubles. The 17th century brought numerous trials to Russia and its statehood. After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, the weak and sickly Fyodor Ivanovich (1584-1598) became his heir and tsar.
A struggle for power within the country began. This situation caused not only internal contradictions, but also intense attempts by external forces to eliminate the state independence of Russia. Throughout almost the entire century, it had to fight off the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sweden, raids of the Crimean Tatars - vassals of the Ottoman Empire, and resist the Catholic Church, which sought to turn Russia away from Orthodoxy .
At the beginning of the 17th century. Russia went through a period called the Time of Troubles. XVII century marked the beginning of the peasant wars; This century saw the revolts of cities, the famous case of Patriarch Nikon and the schism of the Orthodox Church. Therefore, this century V.O. Klyuchevsky called it rebellious.
The Time of Troubles covers 1598-1613. Over the years, the Tsar's brother-in-law Boris Godunov (1598-1605), Fyodor Godunov (from April to June 1605), False Dmitry I (June 1605 - May 1606), Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), False Dmitry II ( 1607-1610), Seven Boyars (1610-1613).
Boris Godunov won the difficult struggle for the throne between representatives of the highest nobility and was the first Russian Tsar to receive the throne not by inheritance, but by election at the Zemsky Sobor. During his short reign, he pursued a peaceful foreign policy, resolving controversial issues with Poland and Sweden for 20 years; encouraged economic and cultural ties with Western Europe.
Under him, Russia advanced into Siberia, finally defeating Kuchum. In 1601-1603 Russia was hit by a “great famine” caused by crop failures. Godunov took certain measures to organize public works, allowed slaves to leave their masters, and distributed bread from state storage facilities to the hungry.
However, the situation could not be improved. The relationship between the authorities and the peasants was aggravated by the annulment in 1603 of the law on the temporary restoration of St. George's Day, which meant the strengthening of serfdom. The discontent of the masses resulted in an uprising of serfs, which was led by Cotton Crookedfoot. Many historians consider this uprising to be the beginning of the Peasant War.
The highest stage of the Peasant War at the beginning of the 17th century. (1606-1607) there was an uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov, in which slaves, peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks, as well as the nobles who joined them, took part. The war engulfed the South-West and South of Russia (about 70 cities), the Lower and Middle Volga regions. The rebels defeated the troops of Vasily Shuisky (the new Russian Tsar) near Kromy, Yelets, on the Ugra and Lopasnya rivers, etc.
In October-December 1606, the rebels besieged Moscow, but due to disagreements and betrayal of the nobles, they were defeated and retreated to Kaluga, and then to Tula. In the summer and autumn of 1607, together with the detachments of the slave Ilya Gorchakov (Ileika Muromets, ?–ca. 1608), the rebels fought near Tula. The siege of Tula lasted four months, after which the city was surrendered and the uprising was suppressed. Bolotnikov was exiled to Kargopol, blinded and drowned.
At such a critical moment, an attempt was made at Polish intervention. The ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Catholic Church intended to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence. In a hidden form, the intervention was expressed in support of False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II.
Open intervention under the leadership of Sigismund III began under Vasily Shuisky, when in September 1609 Smolensk was besieged and in 1610 a campaign against Moscow and its capture took place. By this time, Vasily Shuisky was overthrown by the nobles from the throne, and an interregnum began in Russia - the Seven Boyars.
The Boyar Duma made a deal with the Polish interventionists and was inclined to call the young Polish king Vladislav, a Catholic, to the Russian throne, which was a direct betrayal of the national interests of Russia. In addition, in the summer of 1610, a Swedish intervention began with the goal of separating Pskov, Novgorod, and the northwestern and northern Russian regions from Russia.
- End of the intervention. The fight for Smolensk
- The Council Code of 1649 and the strengthening of autocracy
- Foreign policy
- Domestic political situation
- Economy of Russia in the 17th century.
"Russia in the 17th century"
Choose the correct answer.
1. The uprising led by S. Razin took place in:
a) 1648-1650 b) 1662-1664
c) 1670-1671 d) 1676-1781
2. A new class for Russia:
a) merchants c) archers
b) industrialists d) Cossacks
3. Personally free peasants who owned communal lands and bore state duties were called:
a) monastery c) black-mown
b) palace d) landowners
4. The patriarch carried out the church reform:
a) Philaret c) Joasaph
b) Joasaph I d) Nikon
5. During the 17th century. happened:
a) strengthening the role of Zemsky Sobors in the life of the state
b) finalization of serfdom
c) reforming the order system
d) expansion of the powers of the Boyar Duma
6. The “Rebellious Age” is called:
a) the entire 16th century
b) second half of the 16th century.
c) the first half of the 17th century.
d) the entire 17th century
7. Russia’s decision to accept Ukraine led to:
a) war with Turkey
b) a new war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
c) popular uprisings
d) changes in the governance of the country
8. During the 17th century. The following territories were not included in Russia:
a) Eastern Siberia
b) Far East
c) Right Bank Ukraine
d) Left Bank Ukraine
9. Of the following, he was a Russian pioneer:
a) I. Vygovsky
b) B. I. Morozov
c) L. Ushakov
d) E. P. Khabarov
10. One of the most striking architectural monuments of the 17th century. is:
a) Terem Palace of the Moscow Kremlin
b) Chamber of Facets
c) St. Basil's Cathedral
d) Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye
11. Choose the correct answers:
New features in the economic development of the country in the 17th century:
a) strengthening the role of corvée and quitrent
b) development of farming
c) transformation of craft into small-scale production
d) development of manufactures
e) peasant handicrafts
f) formation of an all-Russian market
g) widespread use of hired labor
h) urban growth
i) the formation of large feudal land ownership 12. Establish the correct correspondence:
12. Set the correct match:
1) Mikhail a) conclusion of the Peace of Zborov with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Romanov b) Smolensk War
2) Alexey c) conflict between the church and secular authorities Avvakum
Mikhailovich d) Cathedral Code
3) archpriest e) movement of the Old Believers Khmelnytsky
4) Bogdan e) the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
g) Copper riot
13. Set the correct match:
1) 1648-1650 a) Russian-Turkish war
2) 1653-1655 b) Russian-Polish war
3) 1654-1667 c) the beginning of church reform
4) 1676-1681 d) urban uprisings
14. Insert in place of the blanks:
The privileged groups of the population of Russia in the 17th century were service people, who included the children of boyars, and ________, as well as archers. This group also included __________. State duties were borne by the townspeople and _________.
15. Restore the sequence of events:
a) church council
b) Salt riot
c) Smolensk War
d) Copper riot
e) Pereyaslav Rada
16. Who are we talking about?
“Deeply religious, lively, impressionable, capable of being a true friend and a dangerous enemy, but at the same time strict, and sometimes humbled those who were guilty with his own hands, merciful, even weak towards his “close people” and “vengeful” towards his enemies, soft and cruel, author of the funny Uryadnik and founder of the Secret Order, book reader and poet"
17. What are we talking about?
“...The whole people cried out: we will, under the Eastern Orthodox Tsar, die with a strong hand in our pious faith, rather than the hater of Christ get enough of the filth. Then Colonel Teterya of Pereyaslavl, walking around in a circle, asked in all directions: is this all you please? The whole people shouted: all unanimously. Then the hetman said: come on. May the Lord our God strengthen us under his royal strong hand...”
18. By what principle is the series formed?
Solovetsky uprising; the schismatic movement during the Moscow uprising of 1682; performance on the Don in the 70-80s. XVII century
19. What is extra in the row?
“About Shemyakin’s court”, “About Ersha Ershovich”; “The Tale of Uliani Osoryina”; "The Tale of Thomas and Erem"