- V. Astafiev(morality in answer to the question: why violent death? In the story “Belogrudka"The children destroyed the brood of a white-breasted marten, and she, mad with grief, takes revenge on the entire surrounding world, exterminating poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge.)

Novels “The Fish Tsar”, “Last Bow” (anxiety about the native land).

- S.A. Yesenin. Poems about nature. (“Birch”, “Powder”, “Dozed off” golden stars." The feeling of the unity of man with the natural world, its plant-animal origin)

- B. Vasiliev “Don’t shoot white swans"(the main character Yegor Polushkin infinitely loves nature, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him unfit to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are accustomed only to conquer it. But a son grows up. Who can replace his father, will begin to respect and take care of your native land.)

- Ch. Aitmatov “The Scaffold”(man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the “king” in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

*In the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the “Russian blues”, also because he was indifferent to nature. And the “sweet ideal” of the author, Tatyana, felt like a part of nature (“She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony ...”) and therefore showed herself to be a spiritually strong person in a difficult life situation.

*The rebellious lyrical hero of M.Yu.’s poetry, tuned to conflict and eternal struggle. Lermontov finds harmony only by merging with nature: “I go out alone onto the road; Through the fog the flinty path shines; The night is quiet. The desert listens to God, And star speaks to star.”

* Full name Tyutchev wrote:

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face -

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has language...

*The famous writer and publicist S. Zalygin writes that “nature once sheltered man in its house, but he decided that he was the sole owner, and created his own supernatural house in the house of nature. And now he has no choice but to shelter nature in this house of his.”

*Russian writer Yu. Bondarev wrote: “Sometimes it seems to complacent humanity that, like a universal commander, it has subjugated, conquered, curbed nature... Man forgets that in a long war, victory is deceptive, and wise nature is too patient. But in due time everything comes to an end. Nature menacingly raises her punishing sword.”

* Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “The Scaffold” showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to dangerous human deformation. And this happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savannah is a global problem, not a local one.

The problem of a person’s attitude to the landscape, to the external appearance of his native places, to his small homeland with its natural world

* Our great-grandfathers worshiped the Sun, Rain, Wind. Every tree, every blade of grass, every flower meant something special and unique. Our ancestors believed in the harmony of Mother Nature and were happy. We have lost this faith. Our generation owes a huge debt to our children and grandchildren. V. Fedorov wrote:

To save yourself and the world,

We need, without wasting years,

Forget all cults and introduce

The infallible cult of nature.

*I was struck by the story told by the famous writer Yu. Bondarev about a cut down birch tree, which, dying, painfully groaned in death pain, like a person.

*The well-known modern publicist V. Belov wrote that meeting with one’s small homeland, with the places where one spent one’s childhood, brings a person a feeling of joy and happiness. The author recalled his childhood, believing that it was the past in his native village that did not allow him to grow old, healing his soul with its green silence.

*The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty scattered in the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that you need to stop in front of her, “without thinking about time,” only then will she “invite you as an interlocutor.”

*The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of rain-wet leaves and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest strength.”

*Modern publicist, writer Yu. Gribov argued that “beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to awaken it, not to let it die without waking up.”Friendship

If you don’t take care of your clothes, they will be torn; if you don’t take care of your friendship, they will end in ruins. Tuvan proverb

A cowardly friend is more dangerous than an enemy, for you fear an enemy, but rely on a friend. Russian proverb

A friend in need is a friend indeed. Russian proverb

Human needs human,

So that the soul can open up in communication

And absorb the light of your treasures.

Human needs human. N.KonoplyovaStory

By studying the old, you learn the new. Japanese proverb.

If you shoot at the past with a gun, the future will shoot at you with a cannon. Eastern proverb

2. The problem of preserving historical memory . The epigraph to this topic could be the words of the academicianD.S. Likhacheva : “Memory is active. It does not leave a person indifferent, inactive. It controls the mind and heart of a person. Memory resists the destructive power of time. This is the greatest significance of memory.”The theme of those innocently repressed and tortured during the years of Stalin's terror is especially prominent. People must learn the truth, no matter how cruel it may be. The revival of our history is painful. In the story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” by A. Pristavkin, the writer strives to convey with utmost accuracy the atmosphere that reigned in our country during the years of repression. Even the air was poisoned by general suspicion and fear, when for one careless word a person was thrown into prison, declared an “enemy of the people,” and his family was destroyed. He carefully examines the influence of the situation on people, their psychology, and tries to find the answer to the question of what happened to us. Today, memory education is no less important for us. We all run away from life, without looking back, in a hurry. And we don’t notice how our personal history goes further and further. How many of us know our ancestry? Many people cannot even name their grandfather. And they immediately ask the question in surprise: “Why is this necessary? What are we, princes? Is Russia really only famous for its princes? After all, there were heroic soldiers, and masters - golden hands, and just honest people! From here, from this ignorance, all the main troubles of our society come.

* K. Balmont wrote:

You can leave everything you cherish, You can stop loving everything without a trace,

But you can’t cool down on the past. But you can’t forget about the past.

*In the story “Farewell to Matera” V. Rasputin talks about a small village standing in the middle of the mighty Siberian river Angara. According to the plan, the island should be flooded. It seems to local residents that “the world has been broken in half.” The author painfully shows that with the loss of roots and traditions, irreparable things can happen - an overflow of lack of spirituality, a shallowness of morality and a loss of humanity.

The arrogant footman Yasha from A. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard” does not remember his mother and dreams of leaving for Paris as soon as possible. He is the living embodiment of unconsciousness.

Ch. Aitmatov in his novel “Burany Stop Station” tells the legend about the Mankurts. Mankurts are people forcibly deprived of memory. One of them kills his mother, who was trying to free her son from unconsciousness. And over the steppe her desperate cry sounds: “Remember your name!”

- Bazarov, who disdains the “old men”, denies their moral principles, dies from a trifling scratch. And this dramatic ending shows the lifelessness of those who have broken away from the “soil”, from the traditions of their people. – Futurists – rejection of the past

6. The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. The problem of loneliness.

V. Rasputin “The Last Term”... Children who came from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before her death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are separated, they have forgotten about the moral lessons they received in childhood. Anna passes away from life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still have time to live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some of their business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky's story “Telegram” is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to be carried away by work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember your loved ones, your mother - the most sacred being in the world, not limiting yourself only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between worries about those “distant” and love for the person closest to her. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, the unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

3. The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries . M. Bulgakov (the fate of the Master and his novel), misunderstanding of creativity by contemporaries,Vysotsky’s songs, not officially recognized, distributed in the form of amateur recordings, performed by the author at semi-legal concerts and just at parties, “went to the people”, became known throughout the country, were disassembled into quotes, and individual phrases turned into proverbs.

4., the problem of Russian character. At the center of the stories, novels, and poems of many Russian writers and poets is the problem of the Russian national character. In the works of B. Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”, B. Vasilyev “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet”, M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man”, V. Rasputin “Fire”, A. Solzhenitsyn “Matrenin’s Dvor” In search of the Russian national character Solzhenitsyn looks into “the very interior of Russia” and finds a person who perfectly preserves himself in the inhuman conditions of reality - Matryona Vasilievna Grigorieva. According to Solzhenitsyn, independence, openness, sincerity, and goodwill towards people are natural to the national character. She “couldn’t refuse” anyone. At the same time, she did not experience even a hint of envy if she saw abundance in others, was sincerely happy for people, and understood the uselessness of material wealth. She considered all this stupidity and did not approve. People were stupid, not understanding the true value of life and arguing over the hut of the deceased Matryona)

Work

If you want to eat rolls, don’t sit on the stove. Russian proverb

He who has a fire in his chest has everything in his hands that burns. Russian proverb

The most difficult courage is the courage of everyday, long-term work. V.A. Sukhomlinsky

Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils him. Russian proverb

Customs

Whatever nation you live in, adhere to that custom. Russian proverb

Drug addiction problem.

Drug use (as once alcohol use) has become a virtually universal problem.
Aitmatov was one of the first to raise this topic in fiction.
Indeed, Ch. Aitmatov was the first to openly say that drug addiction exists and is gaining strength. And you and I must know the nature of this phenomenon, the ways of its spread, the possibilities of combating it.

The problem of drug addiction in Russia: statistical data

Every year, 70 thousand Russians die from drugs.b) Growth dynamics
Parents of drug addicts have a very difficult time dealing with their children's illnesses. For parents, this is a great grief, severe stress, shame, shame, and huge expenses. Because of this, the parents of drug addicts also do not live out their lives and die prematurely from illnesses.
In addition, many drug addicts contribute to the spread of drug addiction among their friends, who also become suicide bombers.
Secondly, the destruction of the population occurs without murder, without blood and violence. There is no need to waste time, money and labor on a neutron bomb and military action. Drug addicts will do everything with their own hands .

The problem of love for one's country

IN . G. Rasputin “French Lessons” (1973), “Live and Remember” (1974), “Farewell to Matera” (1976) According to V. Rasputin, the formation of a person’s consciousness begins with love for his small homeland, love is manifested in knowledge of the details of the domestic history, in respectful preservation in memory of his small homeland, in a sense of responsibility for the past, present and future of his land. The writer rightly believes that the Russian person sees the highest meaning of his life in serving the Fatherland. It is very important for everyone to feel not like a random person on Earth, but a successor and continuation of their people. In the story “Farewell to Matera,” a vivid embodiment of the people’s character is the image of Daria, who surpasses her fellow villagers in strength of spirit, strength of character, and independence; she stands out among her mother’s old women “with her strict and fair character,” primarily because she managed to preserve in herself those qualities that were characteristic of her ancestors. This appeal of the heroine to the experience of the past testifies to the precious feeling of the family given to her, the feeling that only “in a small share she now lives on earth.”

The son cannot look calmly

On my dear mother's grief,

There will be no worthy citizen

I have a cold heart for my homeland. N.A. Nekrasov

While we are burning with freedom,

While hearts are alive for honor,

My friend, let's dedicate it to the Fatherland

Souls have wonderful impulses. A.S. Pushkin

If every person on his piece of land did everything he could, how beautiful our land would be.

A.P.Chekhov

A person is, first of all, a son of his country, a citizen of his fatherland V.G. Belinsky

Without a feeling of your country - especially, very dear and sweet in every detail - there is no real human character. K.G.Paustovsky

You can't understand Russia with your mind,

The general arshin cannot be measured:

She will become special -

You can only believe in Russia. F.I.Tyutchev

A man cannot live without his homeland

The outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land

Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” reveals the “military secret” - the reason. which helped Russia in the Patriotic War of 1812 to defeat the hordes of French invaders. If in other countries Napoleon fought against armies, then in Russia the entire people opposed him. People of different classes, different ranks, different nationalities rallied in the fight against a common enemy, and no one can cope with such a powerful force.

The great Russian writer I. Turgenev called himself Antey, because it was his love for his homeland that gave him moral strength.

7.The problem of choosing a profession . Freedom of choice and meaningful pursuit of one’s calling is one of the newest privileges of humanity; the choice is influenced by many factors (the opinion of parents and friends, social status, the state of the labor market, His Majesty’s chance), but the last word usually remains with us. Dmitry Kharatyan, for example, who had not thought about an acting career, was invited to a screen test by a girl he knew. And of all the contenders, director Vladimir Menshov chose Kharatyan for the main role in the film “The Hoax.” Conclusion Choosing a profession is as important for a young person as food, rest, sleep, etc. By taking a step towards a profession suitable for himself, a young man takes a new step in his life. His entire future life depends on his choice. And there is nothing wrong with the fact that a young man has chosen an unsuitable profession for himself. You can fix everything in life if you try. But if a person the first time chooses a profession that suits him and enters a university, and then works in his own special way, then the person’s life can be considered successful.
And the main thing is never to lose heart. There is always a way out of any situation. The main thing is to believe and know that whether you will be successful or not depends not on your success at school, but on the person himself. Therefore, if you did poorly at school, do not think that you will not do anything good in life. If you want, you can achieve more than your classmates who only got straight A's.

Russian language

Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this heritage passed on to us by our predecessors, among whom Pushkin again shines! Treat this powerful instrument with respect: in the hands of skilled people it is capable of performing miracles... Take care of the purity of the language as if it were a shrine!

I.S. Turgenev

You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed in Russian words... There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language. K.G.Paustovsky

8. The problem of human action . Beauty will save the world...” - said F. M. Dostoevsky, meaning the inner content of this quality, a certain harmony. Hence, a beautiful deed, according to the writer, must meet God’s commandments and must be good.
Which of the characters in Dostoevsky's novel acted truly beautifully?
The main character of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who takes other people’s pain hard and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect a drunken girl from men pestering her, worries about his sister, Dunya, tries to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation., loves and pities his mother, tries not to bother her. her with her problems. But Raskolnikov’s trouble is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to achieve such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya does truly beautiful things. She sacrifices herself for the sake of her loved ones because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money honestly, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
Sonya's most beautiful act is saving Raskolnikov...
Sonya Marmeladova's whole life is self-sacrifice. With the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and resurrect. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of human action.

To the heroes of L.N. Tolstoy is highly characterized by the feeling of the need to conform his life to certain moral criteria, the absence of discord between his actions and his own conscience. Undoubtedly, this is the position of the author, who often deliberately takes his heroes through difficult life trials so that they can realize their actions and develop strong moral principles in their souls. These convictions, hard-earned from the heart, will not allow the heroes in the future to go contrary to what they consciously learned from everyday difficulties. Pierre Bezukhov, one of the writer’s favorite heroes, becomes a particularly illustrative example of the unity of thought and action. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, worrying after their duel with Dolokhov. Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I?” And when one of the smartest Masonic figures calls on him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed “in the possibility of the brotherhood of people united with the goal of supporting each other on the path of virtue.” And Pierre does everything to achieve this goal. what he considers necessary: ​​donates money to the brotherhood, establishes schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make the life of peasant women with small children easier. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of rightness gives him confidence in life.

9. The problem of moral duty, moral choice.

A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin” (Tatiana’s choice of husband, her adherence to moral duty); L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (choice of Andrei B., Pierre);

B. Vasiliev “Not on the lists.” The works make us think about the questions that everyone strives to answer for themselves: what is behind a high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, destiny, what helps a person resist, show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die “like a human being”?

Let us remember the main character of M. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of Man”. Despite the difficulties and trials that befell him, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength or eradicated his sense of duty.

V. Vysotsky has many poems in which a person faces a choice and needs courage and will to win:

Yes, we can turn around, go around the cliff, But we choose the difficult path,

Dangerous, like a military path.

IN Wars are started by politicians, but led by the people. This is especially true for the Patriotic Wars. The idea of ​​the popular nature of war lies at the heart of the epic novelL. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

Let us recall the famous comparison of two fencers. The duel between them was initially conducted according to all the rules of fencing combat, but suddenly one of the opponents, feeling wounded and realizing that this was a serious matter and concerned his life, threw down his sword, took the first club he came across and began to “nail” it. Tolstoy's thought is clear: the course of military operations does not depend on the rules invented by politicians and military leaders, but on some inner feeling that unites people. In war, this is the spirit of the army, the spirit of the people, this is what Tolstoy called “the hidden warmth of patriotism.”

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “the Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from the skeleton and go with it to the fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people, their resilience is the true reason for the victory. In the novelY. Bondareva “Hot Snow” the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier.War and Peace

Listen up, people, and sound the alarm! Block the road to a deadly war.

Let there be no more grief or tears Under the roar of guns and the groans of birches.

Sofia Skorokhod

This is the price my country paid for the peace of the Earth,

That no insane force can be defeated. E. Lavrentieva

11. The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier

N The bearer of people's morality in war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov “In the trenches of Stalingrad” » . He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter. A simple peasant guy, who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

12. The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

G The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episodeV. Nekrasova (“In the trenches of Stalingrad”) : the killed fighter lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this... As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad”, Karnaukhov is engrossed in Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.

Literature and poetry

… Not the poet who knows how to weave rhymes And, creaking his pens, does not spare paper: Good poetry is not so easy to write... A.S. Pushkin

Our literature is our pride, the best that we have created as a nation. It contains all of philosophy, it captures great impulses of the spirit; in this marvelous, fabulously quickly built temple, to this day the minds of great beauty and strength, the hearts of holy purity - the minds and hearts of true artists - burn brightly. A.M.Gorky

To be a poet means the same thing, If you don’t violate the truths of life, To scar yourself on your delicate skin, To caress other people’s souls with the blood of feelings. S.A. Yesenin

The joy of working on a book is the joy of victory over time, over space. It seems to me that real writers always have a piece of something fabulous in their feeling of joy from a completed work. K.G.Paustovsky

The power, wisdom and beauty of literature reveals itself in all its breadth only to an enlightened and knowledgeable person. K.P. Paustovsky - The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. L.N. Tolstoy

Mind, knowledge, book, science

The mind is a garment that never wears out; knowledge is a spring that you can never exhaust Kyrgyz proverb

The sun rises - nature comes to life, you read a book - the mind enlightens. Mongolian proverb

Books are a spiritual testament from one generation to another, advice from a dying old man to a young man beginning to live, an order passed on to a sentry going on vacation, to a sentry taking his place A.I. Herzen

Reading good books is a conversation with the best people of past times, and, moreover, such a conversation when they tell us only their best thoughts. R.Descartes

The role of books in human life

*According to the famous writer F. Iskander, “the main and constant sign of the success of a work of art is the desire to return to it, reread it and repeat the pleasure.”

*The famous writer and publicist Yu. Olesha wrote: “We read a wonderful book more than once in our lives and each time, as it were, anew, and this is the amazing fate of the authors of golden books... They are timeless.”

*M. Gorky wrote: “I owe everything good in me to books.”

* There are many examples in Russian literature of the positive influence of reading on the formation of a person’s personality. Thus, from the first part of M. Gorky’s trilogy “Childhood” we learn that books helped the hero of the work overcome the “lead abominations of life” and become human.

good and evil

If you repay good with good - well done, if you respond to evil with good - you are a sage. Turkmen proverb

You can live in a house where the stove smokes, but you can’t live in a house where anger rages. Japanese proverb

In “White Robes,” V. Dudintsev tried to answer the question: how to recognize good and evil, how to distinguish the white robes of good from the camouflage thrown over evil.

Good Speech

Good speech is good to listen to. Russian proverb

Speech is the image of the soul. Latin proverb

Oral literature fades away,

Conversational beauty;

Retreating into the unknown

Russian miracle speeches.

Hundreds of native and apt words,

Locked up

Like birds in cages

They doze in thick dictionaries.

Let them out of there

Return to everyday life,

So that speech - a human miracle -

Not poor these days. V. Shefner

The development of language follows the development of folk life N.G. Chernyshevsky

The obscurity of the word is an invariable sign of the obscurity of thought. L.N. Tolstoy

A wound inflicted by a sword will heal, but not by a tongue.

Armenian proverb

We can't predict

How our word will respond, -

And we are given sympathy,

How grace is given to us... F.I. Tyutchev

Conscience, morality

There is only one undoubted happiness in life - to live for another. L.N. Tolstoy

Everything in a person should be beautiful: his face, his clothes, his soul, and his thoughts. A.P.Chekhov

Gratitude is the least of virtues, ingratitude is the worst of vices English proverb

Life without a goal is a man without a head. Assyrian proverb

As you do to others, they will do to you. Assyrian proverb

Judge not lest ye be judged. From the Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ

Youth, youth

Youth is the main force, the fundamental power of humanity of tomorrow. A.V.Lunacharsky

Life gives every person a huge invaluable gift - youth, full of strength, youth, full of aspirations, desires and aspirations for knowledge, for struggle, full of hopes and hopes N.A. Ostrovsky

Whoever in his youth did not connect himself with strong ties to a great and wonderful cause, or at least to simple, but honest and useful work, can consider his youth lost without a trace, no matter how fun it was and no matter how many pleasant memories it left. . D.I.Pisarev

Will, freedom

Only he is worthy of life and freedom,

Who goes to battle for them every day. Goethe

The meaning of life, duty, profession

Why deep knowledge, thirst for glory,

Talent and ardent love of freedom,

When we cannot use them. M.Yu.Lermontov

A person who has fulfilled his duty is a rather lofty concept. And the one about whom this is said must perceive this as a high and at the same time accurate assessment of his activities or his actions. K.M.Simonov

All works are good - choose according to your taste. V.V. Mayakovsky

Learn to live even when life becomes unbearable. Make it useful. N. Ostrovsky

The most precious thing a person has is life. It is given to him once, and he must live it in such a way that there is no excruciating pain for the years spent aimlessly, so that the shame does not burn for the mean and petty past... N. Ostrovsky

The best pleasure, the highest joy of life is to feel needed and close to people. A.M.Gorky

Everything beautiful on earth comes from the sun, and everything good comes from man. M.M. Prishvin

The wise power of a builder is hidden in every person, and it must be given free rein to develop and flourish so that it enriches the earth with even greater miracles. A.M.Gorky

Great will is not only the ability to desire and achieve something, but also the ability to force oneself and give up something when necessary. Will is not just a desire and its satisfaction, but it is a desire and a stop, and a desire and a refusal. A.S. Makarenko

I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening.

Words by Chatsky from A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”

Human! It's great! It sounds... proud. A.M.Gorky

About mother poets have already found the words,

Equalizing it to the Fatherland...

O woman!.. O mother!.. You are the salt of the earth!

Without a mother, the field of life would die out.

You illuminated the world for artists,

Revealing your wondrous forms...

Shakespeare without Desdemona is not Shakespeare,

And heaven would become hell without Beatrice! T. Zumakulova

Woman is a great word. She has the purity of a girl, she has the dedication of a friend, she has the feat of a mother.

N.A. Nekrasov

All the pride in the world comes from mothers. Without the sun, flowers do not bloom, without love there is no happiness, without a woman there is no love, without a mother there is neither a poet nor a hero! A.M.Gorky

Heroism, exploits

Let you die!.. But in the song of the brave and strong in spirit you will always be a living example, a proud call to freedom, to light!... A.M. Gorky

There is always room for exploits in life. A.M.Gorky

Feat, like talent, shortens the path to the goal. A. Leonov

Great people and heroes most fully express the image of their people, and their names live on for centuries. J. Lafitte

A hero is a person who, at a decisive moment, does what needs to be done in the interests of human society. Yu. Fuchik

Let's not forget those heroes

What lies in the damp ground,

Giving my life on the battlefield

For the people, for you and me... S.V. Mikhalkov

At important epochs of life, sometimes a spark of heroism flares up in the most ordinary person, hitherto unknown to smolder in his chest, and then he accomplishes deeds that he had never even dreamed of before. M.Yu.Lermontov

Art

Art is the highest manifestation of power in man. L.N. Tolstoy

Simplicity, truth, naturalness - these are the three great principles of beauty in all works of art by K. Gluck

Sports, movement

Movement is the storehouse of life. Plutarch

HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY

Today man, only he alone, is responsible for everything on earth. For thousands of years he fought nature as an enemy. Now he is responsible for her as the eldest... Who is this man? This is all of us together and each of us individually.

D.S. Likhachev

The problem of responsibility.

*Famous publicist D.S. Likhachev noted that “to be responsible for others means to be able to be responsible for oneself.” The author compares our Earth with a spaceship, and us with its team, on whose coordinated work a lot depends. A person cannot transfer responsibility for the planet to anyone, since only he is endowed with the power of reason.

A person must live in the sphere of good, made by himself... Good connects, unites, makes one related.

D.S. Likhachev

What's on your heart? Isn't it darkness? Take some of my light. A. Reshetov

Your heart will break into pieces,

If we forget how to love. E. Ogonkova

The outstanding Russian writer B. Vasiliev spoke about Dr. Jansen. He died saving children who had fallen into a sewer pit. The man, who was revered as a saint during his lifetime, was buried by the entire city.

U M.Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man”. IN It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.

In ancient Babylon, a sick person was taken out into the square, and every passerby could give him advice on how to heal, or simply say a sympathetic word. This fact shows that already in ancient times people understood that there is no other person’s misfortune, there is no other person’s suffering.

The life drama of Evgeny Onegin, an extraordinary man, is caused precisely by the fact that “he was sick of persistent work.” Having grown up in idleness, he did not learn the most important thing: to work patiently, achieving his goal, to live for the sake of another person. His life turned into a joyless existence “without tears, without life, without love.”

It is more correct to divide all the heroes of L. Tolstoy not into good and bad, but into those who change and those who have lost the ability for spiritual self-development. Moral movement, the tireless search for oneself, eternal dissatisfaction is, according to Tolstoy, the most complete manifestation of humanity.

N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human SOUL. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.

The image of Oblomov is the image of a man who only wanted. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.

False values

I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.

* The famous writer and publicist V. Soloukhin believes that technology has made the state and humanity as a whole more powerful. But the question immediately arises: when a person is left alone without these greatest inventions, will he be more powerful than all his predecessors on planet Earth?

U in everyone's hands fate peace

A. Kuprin wrote the story “The Wonderful Doctor”, based on real events. A man, exhausted by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the famous doctor Pirogov, who happens to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate man, and from that moment his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story eloquently shows that the actions of one person can affect the destinies of other people.

The role of personality in history

1) "Notes of a Hunter" AND. Turgenev played a huge role in the public life of our country. People, having read bright, vivid stories about peasants, realized that it was immoral

owning people like cattle. A broad movement for the abolition of serfdom began in the country.

2) After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man,” which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, forced society to take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

The role of art (science, media) in the spiritual life of society

) Many front-line soldiers talk about how soldiers exchanged smokes and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, which published chapters from A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin.” This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important to the soldiers than food.

When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, Dmitri Shostakovich's 7th Symphony had a huge impact on the city's residents. which, according to eyewitnesses, gave people new forces to fight the enemy.

7) In the history of literature, a lot of evidence has been preserved related to the stage history of “The Minor”. They say that many noble children, having recognized themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a true rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

Interpersonal relationships

Fear in human life

B. Zhitkov in one of his stories depicts a man who was very afraid of cemeteries. One day a little girl got lost and asked to be taken home. The road went past the cemetery. The man asked the girl: “Aren’t you afraid of the dead?”"WITH I’m not afraid of anything!” - the girl answered, and these words forced the man to gather his courage and overcome the feeling of fear.

The famous revolutionary G. Kotovsky was sentenced to death by hanging for robbery. The fate of this extraordinary man worried the writer A. Fedorov, who began to work for pardon for the robber. He achieved the release of Kotovsky, and he solemnly promised the writer to repay him with kindness. A few years later, when Kotovsky became a red commander, this writer came to him and asked him to save his son, who was captured by the security officers. Kotovsky, risking his life, rescued the young man from captivity.

*The famous writer and publicist A. Solzhenitsyn wrote: “Human freedom includes voluntary self-restraint for the benefit of others. Our obligations must always exceed the freedom given to us."

*The story of the moral disintegration of Andrei Guskov’s personality is told by V. Rasputin in the story “Live and Remember.” This man was in the war and was wounded and shell-shocked more than once. But, having been discharged from the hospital, he did not go to his unit, but having stolen his way into the village, he became a deserter.

*Ch. Aitmatov in “The Scaffold” wrote about the moral decline of the Oberkandalovites and Anashists.

The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more. Let's imagine a baby dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes... Doesn't this picture remind you of a modern man? Without having time to grow morally, mature, mature, he became the owner of powerful technology that is capable of destroying all life on Earth.

2) Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what lurks there, around the bend.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?

9) There are still ongoing debates about how morally legitimate experiments related to human cloning are. Who will be born as a result of this cloning? What kind of creature will this be? Human? Cyborg? Means of production?

History knows many unsuccessful attempts to force a person to be happy. If freedom is taken away from people, then heaven turns into a prison. The favorite of Tsar Alexander 1, General Arakcheev, when creating military settlements at the beginning of the 19th century, pursued good goals. Peasants were forbidden to drink vodka, they were supposed to go to church at the prescribed hours, children were supposed to be sent to schools, and they were forbidden to be punished. It would seem that everything is correct! But people were forced to be good. they were forced to love, work, study... And the man deprived of freedom, turned into a slave, rebelled: a wave of general protest arose, and Arakcheev’s reforms were curtailed.

Man and cognition

Archimedes, knowing that people were suffering from drought and hunger, proposed new methods of irrigating land. Thanks to his discovery, crop yields increased sharply and people stopped being afraid of hunger.

3) The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.

Problem of conscience

*One of the heroines of V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera” recalls the main testament of the fathers: “The main thing is to have a conscience and not suffer from conscience.”

*V. Rasputin’s “Fire” tells about the Arkharov tribe, devouring the spiritual values ​​of a great people, already losing the idea of ​​goodness and justice, of truth and lies.

*Famous scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that you should never allow yourself to compromise with your conscience, try to find an excuse for lying, stealing, etc.

Many people tend to blame unfavorable conditions for everything: family, friends, lifestyle, rulers. But it is precisely struggle, overcoming difficulties that is the most important condition for full-fledged spiritual formation. It is no coincidence that in folk tales the true biography of the hero begins only when he passes a test (fights a monster, saves a stolen bride, obtains a magic object).

Science knows many cases where a child, abducted by wolves, bears or monkeys, was raised for several years away from people. He was then caught and returned to human society. In all these cases, a person who grew up among animals became a beast and lost almost all human characteristics. The children could not learn human speech and walked on all fours, which at Their ability to walk upright disappeared, they barely learned to stand on two legs, children lived about the same age as the average life of the animals that raised them...

ABOUTwhat does this example say?ABOUTthat a child needs to be educated daily, hourly, and his development needs to be purposefully managed. About what is outside of human societychildturns into an animal.

Scientists have long been talking about the so-called<<пирамиде способностей». IN at an early age there are almost no untalented children, there are already significantly fewer of them at school, and even fewer in universities, although they get there by competition; in adulthood, there remains a very insignificant percentage of truly talented people. It has been calculated, in particular, that only three percent of those engaged in scientific work actually move science forward. In socio-biological terms, the loss of talent with age is explained by the fact that a person needs the greatest abilities during the period of mastering the basics of life and self-affirmation in it, that is, in the early years; then acquired skills, stereotypes, acquired knowledge, firmly deposited in the brain, etc. begin to predominate in thinking and behavior. In this regard, a genius is “an adult who remains a child,” that is, a person who maintains a heightened sense of novelty in relation to things, to to people, in general - to the world

The problem of spirituality

According to the famous publicist S. Soloveichik, many confuse this concept with intelligence, good manners, and education. Spirituality is fortitude, the desire for goodness and truth. Visiting theaters and reading books, unfortunately, is not always good for the soul of some people.

E. Bogat believes that “spiritual life is communication with people, art, the autumn forest and with oneself.”

The problem of preserving the concept of “honor” in the modern world

D. Granin wrote that the concept of “honor” is given to a person once along with his name and that it can neither be compensated nor corrected, but can only be preserved. This is the moral core of a person.

D. Shevarov, in one of his essays, reflected that the concept of honor, eternal and universal, includes the ability to defend one’s life values, a clear conscience, honesty, dignity, and the inability to lie. The author does not call for the return of the duel, he only uses the example of A.S. Pushkina argues that honor must be defended.

* In the story “Powerlessness,” Yu. Bondarev tells the story of two young people who collided on the street. One hit the other in the shoulder, the second was not timid, but fear of the will of a braver opponent stopped him from fighting back. The author concludes that both of them, the winner and the loser, in a short street battle of primitive pride, appeared as pitiful, insignificant males.

* Y. Bondarev in the story “Beauty” assessed the behavior of an ugly, at first glance, girl and a dandy guy who invited her to a dance in order to expose her to ridicule. The heroine accepted the handsome man's challenge. The author writes that her proud gaze transformed her into a beauty. The writer admires a man who managed to resist baseness and meanness without losing his dignity.

The problem of resisting evil and aggression

The famous writer and publicist V. Soloukhin told the story of a long feud between two neighbors. In response to aggression, each of them responded with a new evil act. During this war, the rooster of one and the kitten of the other died. The author writes that a grain of evil gave birth to a pea of ​​evil, a pea gave birth to a nut, and a nut gave birth to an apple. And now an ocean of evil has accumulated, where all of humanity can drown.” One of them made the right decision - to go in peace to her neighbor. Peace reigned in the house. Therefore, only good can resist evil.

The Christian commandment says: “If you hit one cheek, turn the other.” Only then can you help the one who hit you to heal.

In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "Blizzard" the main character Marya Gavrilovna, having learned to live in accordance with God's commandments, becomes happy. Her mutual love with Burmin is a gift from God for both.

The main idea of ​​the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is simple and clear. She is the embodiment of God's sixth commandment - “thou shalt not kill.” The author proves the impossibility of committing a crime out of conscience using the example of the story of Rodion Raskolnikov.

The problem of Christian morality

D. Orekhov in the book “Buddha from Benares” talks about the teaching, about the transmigration of souls, about the magical world of ancient Indian spirituality.

A striking example of an arrogant attitude towards other people is the heroine of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Ellen Kuragina. Beautiful in appearance, she was spiritually empty, hypocritical, and false.

In the story “The Old Woman Izergil” M. Gorky tells the legend of Lara, for whom pride and confidence in his superiority were not enough for happiness. And the greatest good - life - becomes hopeless torment for him.

* Traits of manic stinginess are presented in the image of Plyushkin, the hero of the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Taking care of an insignificant detail, showing penniless stinginess, the landowner loses hundreds and thousands, throwing away his fortune, ruining his estate.

The moral and ethical problem of a person’s attitude to what is called “having more than others”, “living for show”.

The well-known publicist I. Vasiliev wrote that “with the category of the self-satisfied, living for show, the same thing happens as with the “hiding” ones - closure, distance, isolation from people. Their lot is mental loneliness, which is worse than criminal punishment.”

Having a lot, according to I. Vasiliev, is becoming fashionable. The desire to “have” turns into a painful passion for hoarding. But a metamorphosis occurs with a person: acquiring more and more material things, he becomes poor in soul. “The place of generosity, responsiveness, cordiality, kindness, and compassion is replaced by stinginess, envy, and greed.”

The famous publicist G. Smirnov wrote that “in the 21st century, humanity faces a painful rejection of the fictitious values ​​of material life and the difficult acquisition of the values ​​of the Spirit.”

The hero of V. Astafiev’s novel “The Sad Detective” is one of the people who “know how to live.” Fedya Lebeda has a police salary, but he bought a two-story dacha. And all because he adheres to the principle: “Don’t touch us, we won’t touch...”

Let us remember the story of A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper". The main thing that attracted Olga Ivanovna to the world of art was the desire to make acquaintances with celebrities, and not at all the spiritual need for beauty. Admiring mediocre artists and writers, she failed to discern in Dr. Dymov a talented scientist whose interest in art was truly genuine.

In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Dowry" merchant Knurov, not finding worthy interlocutors, goes to talk to St. Petersburg and abroad. And Vozhevatov’s “Europeanization” is expressed in the fact that in the morning he drinks champagne poured into teapots in a coffee shop.

*In L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Lucerne,” a scene is depicted when all its noble inhabitants, concerned about global issues, came out onto the balcony of a hotel for very rich people to listen to the violin playing of a poor wandering musician. While listening to beautiful music, people experienced the same emotions, thought about the same things, and even seemed to breathe in unison.

*The famous scientist and thinker D.S. Likhachev paints an image of our Earth as “flying defenselessly in the colossal space of a museum.” He is convinced that human culture, created over thousands of years, is designed to unite all people living on the planet.

The science fiction writer A. Belyaev in his novel “The Head of Professor Dowell” narrates that the fruits of scientific thought in the hands of arrogant and irresponsible people become a real disaster for the entire human race. At the same time, the author convinces the reader that evil will not go unpunished.

The famous French writer D. Coveler in the documentary book “Clone Christ?” tells how yesterday's science fiction becomes reality today.

* The main character of V. Shukshin’s story “Cut”, Gleb Kapustin, is confident in the truth of his knowledge, obtained as a mishmash from different sources. He is pleased when he manages to “click on the nose” the visitors whom he sternly examines.

The problem of heredity

*The famous publicist L. Serova discussed the problem of heredity in one of her essays. She believes that the manifestation of the genotype will vary depending on the conditions in which a person develops.

*Theodosius Dobzhansky, a 20th century geneticist, noted that “a person is what he is because his genotype plus his biography made him that way.”

* V. Kharchenko wrote that scientific activity requires patience, perseverance, and courage. It brings pleasure and joy to the scientist and helps him survive in difficult life circumstances.

The Importance of the Humanities

*Famous publicist, scientist D.S. Likhachev argued that the humanities are very important, since they teach us to understand art, history, and cultivate morality. * The ruler of thoughts Einstein was inspired by the work of F.M. Dostoevsky. And the famous scientist R. Jacobson said that before writing his works he liked to look at the paintings of Larionov or Goncharova.

*Famous publicists often address the problem of the truth of art. Thus, I. Dolgopolov, admiring the creations of Andrei Rublev, notes that the creations of real masters live for centuries, because they were written with the heart. They may be outwardly simple, but wise “with that bottomless spiritual depth that marks the poetry of Pushkin, the music of Glinka, the prose of Dostoevsky.”
*I. Dolgopolov also shows the power of the witchcraft skills of great painters in his essay dedicated to Raphael’s “Sistine Madonna.” According to the author, our soul, “despite all the dictates of the mind, which suggests that this is just a mirage, an artist’s invention,” freezes, contemplating this miracle of painting.”

*G.I. Uspensky more than once noted that a true work of art can transform a person morally. The writer in his work “Straightened Up” recalls the impression that the statue of Venus de Milo in the Louvre made on him, about “the life-giving mystery of this stone creature.” Beauty ennobles the human soul, the creations of brilliant masters “bewitch the eye.” Such is the miracle of painting!

* N.V. talks about the true purpose of art. Gogol in the story “Portrait”. The author talks about two artists, each of whom chose their own “type” of creativity. One started working without putting in much effort. However, it brought him a decent income. Another decided to penetrate into the essence of art and devoted his whole life to learning. In the finale, he creates a true masterpiece, although his path was not accompanied by universal fame.

Famous scientist, publicist A.F. Losev compared the benefits of education to the harvesting of the land by a peasant who works despite all the hardships in the summer, but then enjoys rest and material wealth all year round.

Psychologist Landreth said: “Education is what remains when everything learned is forgotten.”

The mother of the main character of the novel I.A. Goncharova “Oblomov” believed that education is not such an important thing, for the sake of which you need to lose weight, lose your blush and skip holidays. It is only needed to advance in your career.

L. Gumilyov wrote that at school they teach different subjects. Many of them do not cause any interest, but they are necessary, since without a broad perception of the world there will be no development of the mind and feelings. If children have not learned physics, they will not understand what energy and entropy are. Without knowledge of languages ​​and literature, connections with the surrounding world of people are lost, and without history, with the heritage of the past.

The problem of attitude towards learning

*According to the famous scientist and publicist Max Planck, “science and religion do not contradict each other in truth, but for every thinking person they need to complement each other.”

*The famous publicist, scientist A. Menu believes that “science and religion - two ways of understanding reality - should not just be independent spheres, but in a harmonious combination contribute to the general movement of humanity along the path to Truth.”

*The brilliant scientist A. Einstein noted: “The more knowledge about the world science gives us, the more clearly I see the hand of the Almighty, ruling the Universe.”

*Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, as if exposing the greatest secret of the universe, was a believer and studied theology.

*The great Pascal, a mathematical genius, one of the creators of new physics, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe.

In the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn's "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" the main character I. Shukhov, despite all the difficulties of his situation, lives and enjoys life. He did not exchange his spiritual ideals for someone else's plate of food or felt boots.

In A. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” Molchalin lives by the principle bequeathed to him by his father:

Firstly, please all people without exception - the owner where you happen to live,

To the chief with whom I will serve, to his servant who cleans dresses,

To the doorman, to the janitor, to avoid harm, to the janitor's dog, so that it is affectionate.

A striking example of depicting the morals of bureaucratic Russia in the 19th century is the comedy by N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General". According to the author, complete lawlessness, bribery, embezzlement, widespread arbitrariness of landowners and inactive neglect of state institutions have become the norm. By ridiculing and criticizing the bureaucracy, the writer reveals the entire inconsistency of the administrative structure of the state.

The problem of philistinism

In the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" describes the life of the provincial town of Kalinov. The life of ordinary people here is boring and monotonous. It sucks you in like a quagmire, and there is no way to get out of it or change anything. “It’s better in the grave,” says the main character Ekaterina Kabanova, and she finds a way out only in death.

In the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych" tells about the fate of Doctor Startsev, who gradually becomes an ordinary man. He is destroyed by the desire for satiety and peace, suppressing all previous impulses, hopes and plans.

In the play “The Bourgeois,” M. Gorky, on the one hand, presented the world of the bourgeoisie in the person of the foreman of the paint shop Vasily Bessemenov and his family, and on the other hand, people opposing this musty life, led by Neil.

*The famous publicist V. Levi wrote that “people with the talent to be happy are sunny people. It’s always light around them and you can breathe freely.”

*I.A. Bunin wrote in the poem “Evening”:

We always only remember about happiness.

And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it is

This autumn garden behind the barn

And clean air flowing through the window...

The hum of a threshing machine can be heard on the threshing floor...

I see, I hear, I am happy. Everything is in me.

*The modern famous publicist E. Lebedeva wrote that we must try to appreciate the simple moments of life in order to feel like a happy person without reason.

* In the story “The Scream,” Yu. Bondarev tells about an incident that happened to him one autumn day. The author enjoyed a walk along the street strewn with rustling golden leaves and pondered the mysteries of nature. But suddenly I heard a woman’s desperate cry from the window of the house. At that moment, happiness turned to bitterness. It seemed to the writer that humanity itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost the feeling of the joy of its unique existence.

F. Abramov, in one of his essays, spoke about his teacher Alexei Fedorovich Kalintsev, who possessed such qualities as erudition, energy, self-esteem, dedication to his work, etc. According to the author, “a teacher is a person who holds in his hands the day of the country, the future of the planet.”

Giovanni Odarinni wrote: “A teacher is a candle that shines for others while burning itself out.”

In V. Rasputin’s story “French Lessons,” teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught her student the main lesson... kindness and mercy.

A. Dementiev wrote:

Don't you dare forget your teachers! Let life be worthy of their efforts!

Russia is famous for its teachers. The disciples bring glory to her.

*I recall lines from one poem:

If it weren't for the teacher, it probably wouldn't have happened.

Neither a poet, nor a thinker, nor Shakespeare, nor Copernicus...

Without his sunny smile, Without his hot fire

The sunflowers would not be able to turn towards the light of our eyes.

*We repeat together with N.A. Nekrasov's lines:

Teacher, before your name

Let me humbly kneel...

*The famous poet, writer, publicist R. Rozhdestvensky believed that the irresponsibility of officials at various levels leads to tragic consequences in our lives. A disregard for one's own and other people's work gives rise to mismanagement. To cope with it, you need to ask each person.

*A. Platonov wrote about the problem of irresponsibility in the story “Doubting Makar”, ridiculing the dairy boss, who referred to his superiors from Moscow, and was indifferent to his work.

*The problem of irresponsibility was ridiculed in the “Directive Bow” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, and back in the early 20th century they asked: “When will this end?” Almost a hundred years have passed, and we are still faced with mismanagement and our own negligence in work.

The problem of the Russian village

* A. Solzhenitsyn in the story “Matryonin’s Dvor” described the wretched life of the village in the early fifties. People worked for workdays. The main entertainment after work was dancing, drinking, and street brawls.

The problem of the heroic struggle of the people for their independence

In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" tells the story of the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for national liberation from the Polish magnates. For people living in the Zaporozhye Sich, there is nothing higher than the interests of the people, freedom and independence of the Fatherland.

In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the chronicler spoke about the struggle of the Russian people against the Polovtsians.

The problem of love of freedom

In the image of Katerina Kabanova, the main character of the play “The Thunderstorm” - A.N. Ostrovsky captured all the beauty and broad nature of the freedom-loving Russian soul.

N.V. called him “an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength.” Gogol is the main character of his story, Taras Bulba. Stern and unyielding, the leader of the Cossack army leads a life full of hardships and dangers. Zaporozhye Sich is his element. And the soul is imbued with only one desire - for the freedom and independence of its people.

Mtsyri, the main character of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov, despised people who had reconciled themselves to life in a prison-monastery. Having tasted freedom, he paid a high price for those wonderful moments that he lived in freedom - his life.

The famous poet V. Vysotsky wrote:

But is this life when in chains,

But is it really a choice if you are constrained?

* L.G. Protopovich in the book “Where did the Indigos come from?” talks about children for whom there are no geographical, linguistic or cultural barriers. They are born in any country. Their distinctive feature is the bright blue color of their aura. Another distinctive feature was their special talents and ultra-high level of intelligence.

In the tragedy “Boris Godunov” A.S. Pushkin raises political and moral issues. The people, who at first became a blind instrument in the hands of the criminal king, are shown by the author as the ideal of truth and conscience.

A.S. Pushkin continued to reflect on the role of the people in the history of Russia in the story “The Captain's Daughter.” This work tells about the peasant uprising of 1773-1775 led by E. Pugachev. The author tries to find ways to bring the nobles and peasants closer together, but concludes that this is not yet possible.

A.N. Tolstoy in his novel “Peter the Great” touched upon the eternal problem of the relationship between state power and the people. The writer resolutely denies any state violence against its people, no matter how it is justified.

In the review novel “The History of a City” M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin shows that the city of Foolov exists only because of the obedience and ignorance of the people. The mayors rob, commit tyranny, and ordinary people die of hunger, suffer torture, and are consoled by the false promises of the authorities. Only sometimes they rebel, but the rebellion ends in flogging. And again everyone lives in fear.

V.F. Myasnikov, a participant in the round-the-world Antarctic expedition that sailed the course of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, talks in the book “Journey to the Land of the White Sphinx” about the courageous work of hydrographers beyond the Arctic Circle.

Yuri Modin is one of the successful Soviet intelligence officers. His memoirs about the heroic work of the famous spy group “Cambridge Five” in the book “The Fates of the Scouts. My Cambridge friends."

In B. Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans,” Yegor Polushkin was not afraid to go against poachers, saving birds, because he felt responsible for them. Osip Dymov, the hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", fully aware of the danger and the risk he is taking, decides to save a boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies.

The problem of selfless labor

* Osip Dymov, hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", fully aware of the danger and the risk he is taking, decides to save a boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies. The author believes that the ability to follow one’s professional duty even under dangerous circumstances is a gift without which society will not survive.

*In the story “The Photograph That I’m Not in,” V. Astafiev talks about young teachers who made repairs at the school, found textbooks, etc. One day one of them rushed to save children from a snake. Probably, such a person will become a worthy example for his students.

*Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk,” in occupied Belarus, risking his life, instilled in his students hatred of the invaders. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the fascists in order to support them in a tragic moment.

*We learn about the heroism of soldiers from A. Fedorov’s book “Nightingales”.

*The cruel truth of the war is shown in B. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet.”

*Looking back, we have no right to forget the countless sacrifices. E. Yevtushenko was right when he wrote in the story “Fuku”:

The one who will forget yesterday's victims,

Maybe tomorrow's victim will be.

The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during WWII

The breeders of besieged Leningrad, in conditions of wild famine, managed to preserve priceless varieties of selective wheat for a future peaceful life.

E. Krieger, a famous modern prose writer, in the story “Light” tells how during the hostilities the power plant workers decided not to evacuate with the residents of the village, but to work. The “light-emitting power plant,” as the author called it, not only generated electricity, but also inspired the soldiers and helped them remember what they were fighting for.

The cycle of stories by A. Krutetsky “In the steppes of Bashkiria” shows the hard work of collective farmers living with the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”

F. Abramov’s novel “Brothers and Sisters” tells about the feat of Russian women who spent the best years of their lives on the labor front during the Great Patriotic War.

Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk,” in occupied Belarus, risking his life, instilled in his students hatred of the invaders. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the fascists in order to support them in a tragic moment.

In the poem “Ukraine” M. Rylsky wrote: You see: the Russian is with you, the Bashkir and the Tajik, All brothers and friends - an avalanche of a formidable army. Our union is holy, the people are infinitely great, infinitely strong in their lion's fury.

The prisoner of war problem

V. Bykov’s story “The Alpine Ballad” shows the tragedy of people who were captured.

M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man” shows the tragic fate of Andrei Sokolov. The main character went through the trials of fascist captivity, lost his family, but managed to defend his human dignity, and did not lose the will to live, a sense of compassion for people.

The problem of patriotism

Talking about the Patriotic War of 1812 in the novel “War and Peace,” L.N. Tolstoy, with love and respect, paints people of different social class, who were united by a common love for Russia.

In the novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy paints pictures of military operations and various types of their participants. We see both the faithful sons of the Fatherland (Denis Davydov, elder Vasilisa, etc.), and false patriots who think only about their own selfish interests.

*In I. Dolgopolov’s article “Genius” it is noted that a genius is not a bright-winged angel who appears to people once a century.” The only passion of a genius—the desire to create—completely rejects his other aspirations, and therefore the true creator is doomed to eternal suffering. And, nevertheless, despite all the hardships that befell the geniuses, “the light from them continues to reach us through a string of centuries after their death.”

*Famous writer and publicist V.G. Belinsky, in an article about Lomonosov, wrote: “Willpower is one of the most important signs of genius

The main character of A. Solzhenitsyn's story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” is an extraordinary person. Shukhov survives in the most vile camp life thanks to his extreme hard work and patience. In a world of evil and violence, lawlessness and enslavement, “sixes” and “thieves” who profess the camp law “you die today, and I die tomorrow,” it is not easy to preserve the soul and human warmth. But Ivan Denisovich had his own sure way to restore a good mood - work.

Y. Bondarev spoke about the inhumanity and horror of the situation that developed in the country during the reign of Stalin in his work “Bouquet”. The fate of the heroine was typical for that time. The heroine’s only fault was that she was young, pretty, and naively believed in the decency of those in power.

The role of personality in history

A true exponent of the national spirit was M.I. Kutuzov. L.N. Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” historically accurately painted the image of the great commander.

A.N. Tolstoy in his novel “Peter the Great” talks about the life of the Tsar-Reformer. On the one hand, Peter the Great seems to love his people and believes in their creative powers, on the other, he brutally deals with the participants in the Streltsy rebellion, and later builds a beautiful city on the bones of convicts and serfs. The main tragedy, according to the author, is that for Peter the people are only a means, an instrument for realizing his plans.

Yu. Ovsyannikov in the book “Peter the Great. The First Russian Emperor" talks about how Peter determined the character of the new Russia through his activities. With the clash of axes and the thunder of cannons, the medieval state entered the union of European countries as an equal partner. A force to be reckoned with.

In M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” the history of Palestine and Jerusalem is resurrected. The author prophetically showed the inevitable tragedy of the Jewish religious authorities, which claim a monopoly in the spiritual and legal sphere.

D. Lyskov in the book “Stalin’s repressions. The Great Lie of the 20th Century” tries to understand the problem of terror objectively and impartially, avoiding ideological cliches, relying not on emotions, but on facts.

A. Pristavkin’s story “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night” tells about the tragic fate of the Kuzmenysh brothers, who became unwitting participants in an interethnic conflict. Small children, whose orphanage was destroyed by the Chechens, became victims of the struggle of the state machine with small nations.

One of the founders of historical novelism, A. Chapygin, in his novel “Stepan Razin” describes the era of the great peasant war, led by S. Razin.

V. Rasputin’s story “Live and Remember” presents the story of deserter Andrei Guskov.

V. Bykov in the story “Sotnikov” the Fisherman becomes a traitor, and later the executioner of his former comrade.

Motherhood problem

The topic of motherhood is touched upon by N.A. Nekrasov in the poem “Nightingales”. A mother teaches her children to appreciate beauty and love nature. She really wants her children to be happy. Expressing the dream of all mothers, she says that if there were lands for people where they would live freely, then “peasant women would carry everything there in the arms of their children.”

Matryona Timofeevna, one of the heroines of N.A.’s poem, raises her children by her personal example. Nekrasov “Who lives well in Rus'?” She takes upon herself the humiliating punishment intended for her son, protecting his pure soul from shocks.

The famous writer A. Fadeev in “A Word about a Mother” urged readers to look back at their lives and answer the question: “Isn’t it because of our failures and isn’t it because of our grief that our mothers turn gray?” He noted with disappointment that “the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother’s grave.”

The story by V. Astafiev tells about the cat Belogrudka, whose kittens were taken away by the children from the village. The author writes with pain about the pain of a mother searching for her children.

The famous writer A. Fadeev wrote in “A Tale about the Mother”: “Isn’t it because of our failures, mistakes, and isn’t it because of our grief that our mothers turn gray? But the hour will come when all this will turn into a painful reproach to the heart at the mother’s grave.”

In the short story “Happiness,” the famous writer Yu. Bondarev tells about a story that happened in one ordinary family. The main character reflected on hopelessness, on the misfortunes that haunt people throughout their lives. She was struck by the fact that her father considered himself a happy man, because everyone was alive, there was no war, the whole family was together. The woman’s soul warmed, she realized that happiness is feeling loved by loved ones and giving them your love.

In the story “The White Goose,” the famous children's writer E. Nosov tells the story of a handsome goose who covered his babies with himself during a heavy hailstorm. All twelve fluffy “dandelions” survived. He himself died.

* The famous talented writer I. Bunin in the story “Beauty” tells about the cruel treatment of a stepmother towards her little stepson. It’s also scary that his own father chose to betray his own child, exchanging him for his own well-being and peace of mind.

Life and fate of women

*The essence of the life of the main character of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" by Natalia Rostova is love.

*A.N. wrote about the female lot in his works. Nekrasov.

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The closest and dearest to L.N. Tolstoy's heroes are those who are in constant moral search, whose souls are working on the problem of choice, on solving the eternal question of the meaning of life. These, of course, are Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. These are people with a restless soul and a proud heart. They are in continuous internal development. Wanting to depict the development of their personality, the artist prepared a difficult fate for them.

The main character of V. Hugo's novel "Les Miserables", having gone through many trials, having been in hard labor, did not become hardened in soul, but was able to continue his life's path, helping others and even compassion for his enemies.

*Famous writer and publicist V.P. Astafiev wrote in one of his essays that the moral health of the nation depends on each of us. People must understand that there is no need to look for the causes of vices on the outside. The fight against drunkenness, lies, etc. in society must begin with eradicating such things in oneself.

M.A. reflects on the fate of the intelligentsia living in the conditions of the civil war and general chaos of 1918. Bulgakov in the novel "The White Guard".

Intellectual heroes were portrayed by writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. For example, in M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” it was the writer, weak and not adapted to life, who was able to see and reflect in his novel those eternal moral values ​​that humanity has developed and which in the 30s of the 20th century could resist social evil .

The famous Russian writer, translator, and literary critic V. Nabokov wrote about the role of the intelligentsia in the modern world. The author believes that the presence of such people is a guarantee of “a better future for the whole world,” because they are an example of self-denial and moral purity.

V. Dudintsev wrote about the plight of the intelligentsia in White Clothes.

The problem of lonely old age

*I.S. Turgenev, in his prose poem “How beautiful, how fresh the roses were...” contrasts the loneliness and cold of old age with a passionate feeling of youth. He bitterly regrets the lost youth, about everything that warmed his soul, with which his life was once filled. Just as “a candle fades and goes out,” human life comes to an end.

*The well-known publicist M. Molina wrote: “For Russian-speaking people living in Russia or scattered all over the world, language is the only common heritage... The primary concern is not to let it perish.”

*WITH. Erichev noted that “with the help of verbal mental images we can create or destroy our genetic structure... Some words heal the body..., others destroy.”

*“War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy begins with a lengthy dialogue in French, and the babble of Anatoly Kuragin, who unsuccessfully tried to tell a joke in Russian, looked very pitiful.

*Well-known publicist A. Prosvirnov in the article “Why do we need imported weeds?” is outraged by the unreasonable abuse of foreign words and jargon in our language.

* S. Kaznacheev in one of his essays wrote that the “blind” use of borrowings today leads to distortion of the alphabet, destruction of words, disruption of the functioning of the language, and loss of cultural traditions.

* N. Gal believes that one of the most dangerous diseases of our speech is clericalism. Cliches depress the “living core” of language; they are dangerous both in the living speech of people and in the speech of characters in literary works.

*Publicist V. Kostomarov is sure that “language is subordinate to the people who use it.” It reflects the state of society. So “it’s not the language that needs to be corrected now...”

The problem of inspiration

*The famous writer K. Paustovsky noted: “Inspiration enters us like a shining summer morning, which has just cast off the mists of a quiet night, splashed with dew, with thickets of wet grass. It gently breathes its healing coolness into our faces.”

*Tchaikovsky argued that inspiration is a state when a person works with all his strength, like an ox, and does not coquettishly wave his hand.

*The famous writer and publicist S. Dovlatov in his essay reflected on what an inferiority complex is: a perpetual brake or a perpetual motion machine. He is sure that everything depends on us.

*According to the popular scientist and publicist M. Moltz, “inferiority and superiority are two sides of the same coin. Getting rid of them is realizing that the medal itself is fake.”

The problem of fathers and children

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova believes that the constant repetition of the generational conflict is inevitable. The reason most often lies in the fact that young people are trying to deny the experience accumulated by their fathers. The older generation should adopt a position of greater compromise due to the fact that they are better able to analyze the situation, since they have more life experience and more information about similar situations in human history.

* The problem of relationships between generations is one of the most important in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Generation change is always a complex and not painless process. “Children” receive from their “fathers” the entire spiritual experience of humanity as an inheritance. In this case, a certain revaluation of values ​​occurs. Experience is reimagined. In the novel, the rejection of the experience of the “fathers” is embodied in Bazarov’s nihilism

To the hero of the story V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician", born blind Peter, had to go through many obstacles on the path to happiness. The inability to see the light and the beauty of the surrounding world upset him, but he imagined it thanks to his sensitive perception of sounds.

At different points in history, people have had different attitudes towards people with disabilities. For example, in Sparta, newborn children with physical disabilities were killed.

In the esoteric thriller “The Fool’s Path,” S. Sekorisky writes that “physically strong by nature are rarely smart, since their mind is replaced by fists.”

The famous Russian writer and publicist V. Soloukhin writes in one of his essays that limitation is a relative concept. The space unknown to man is so vast that all of humanity as a whole can be considered limited.

Convincing proof of the validity of V. Soloukhin’s opinion can be the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov was a very smart man with extensive life experience. But still, his knowledge was limited and gave rise to many contradictions.

*The brilliant psychiatrist A. Adler believed that this complex “is even useful, because a person, solving his problems, is forced to improve.”

* F. Iskander in the essay “Soul and Mind” writes that humanity can be divided into “wretched” and “beasts”. The fate of the former is to do good during a short life, since “they are doomed to perish.” The latter have no choice but to recognize the loyalty to the life position of the “poor” and return back to the shell of self-defense.

* N. Gumilev in the poem “Excerpt” wrote:

Christ said: the poor are blessed,

The fate of the blind, the crippled and the poor is enviable,

I will take them to the villages above the stars,

I'll make them knights of the sky

And I will call them the most glorious of the glorious...

*A. Pristavkin talks about one of the children’s colonies in his work “Kukushata, or a Complaint Song to Calm the Heart.” One of the heroes speaks on behalf of juvenile delinquents: “We have only anger left. Moreover, the souls are brutalized against everyone: against the cops, against the village... And against the world in general.”

*L. Gabyshev wrote about the difficult fate of juvenile delinquents in his work “Orlyan, or the Air of Freedom.”

*Modern publicist A.K. Perevozchikova wrote in one of her essays that the danger of young people’s non-standard spiritual search is that it can lead to spiritual and physical destruction of the individual.

*Who among us does not remember Mowgli, the hero of the fairy tale of the same name by R. Kipling? Incredible trials befell him, and the only phrase: “You and I are of the same blood - you and me!” - turned wild animals into friends and helpers. A wonderful fairy tale, probably more for adults, because it teaches love for everything around us, teaches us to live in complete harmony with the world.

*U L.N. In Tolstoy’s diary there is an interesting entry that “a powerful means to true happiness in life is, without any laws, to shoot out from oneself in all directions, like a spider, a whole web of love and catch everything that gets there...” Similar foundations of worldview The hero of S. Dovlatov’s story also preaches. Kenneth Bowers believed that people around the world are related.

*The famous writer A. Kondratiev wrote that the mixing of languages, races, and cultures has been going on for centuries. There are no higher and lower races, no “cultured” and “barbarian” languages, no “entirely independent” and “completely borrowed” cultures. For us, people of the 21st century, who know our past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - HUMANITY.

*The famous publicist I. Rudenko wrote that “in a country that defeated fascism, suffered from fascism, where the very word “fascist” is still a curse, lovers of the swastika will be able to lead people... The superiority of some over others, the decline in the value of human life is a breeding ground from which fascism can grow.”

* Scientist, publicist D.S. Likhachev believed that “nationalism is a manifestation of the weakness of a nation, not its strength.” In his opinion, weak peoples become infected with nationalism. A great nation with its great culture and national traditions is obliged to be kind, especially if the fate of a small nation is connected with it.

* L. Zhukhovitsky in his essay talked about how in Moscow, Hero of Russia, aircraft and spacecraft tester Magomet Tolboev was brutally beaten by police sergeants in Moscow only because they wanted to more thoroughly check a person of Caucasian nationality. Thanks to journalists, this story became known to the public. They apologized to the victim. But the author asks: “What if a simple person were in Tolboev’s place?”

* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin in the story “Treacherous Sausage” tells about the amazing, interesting world of animals. The author believes that our four-legged pets are sometimes unusually smart and are capable of surprising us with their behavior no less than people.

* The famous Russian writer M. Prishvin, in the story “Treacherous Sausage,” argued that if there is a four-legged friend in the house, the owner is obliged to be responsible for him, to educate him in order to avoid unpleasant misunderstandings and tragedies.

*WITH. Exupery wrote: “We are responsible for those we have tamed.”

* D. Granin, in an essay about the book of the English veterinarian D. Herriot “On All Creatures - Great and Small,” admires the work of this man, who day after day heals and sometimes saves our little brothers.

*In M. Moskvina’s story “Don’t Step on a Bug,” seventh-grader Zhenya learns that her classmates are killing dogs and giving them to businessmen to make hats. The girl asks: “What are people thinking about? How will they live?

* In N. Leonov’s story “Vultures,” an outwardly respectable young man destroys animals and then humans for the sake of self-affirmation...

* In the works of V. Mayakovsky there is a wonderful poem about a horse that “fell on its croup.” The poet condemns people who do not notice a fallen animal in the turmoil of the city, which looks at everything upside down and understands that no one needs it. The author feels very sorry for the horse; he convinces the reader that not only people can suffer and worry. They just forget about it for some reason.

* In the story “Ors” Y. Bondarev tells how the owners killed a dog with a shovel just because it did not protect the apples in the garden from thieves.

The problem of attitude towards learning

*The famous publicist S. Soloveichik believes that “there are two types of activities in the world: learning with pain and learning with passion.” And it is learning with passion that leads to a “happy life.”

* An irresponsible attitude towards studies is shown in “The Minor” by D. Fonvizin.

*Famous publicist A.A. Zinoviev writes that computers “have become the omnipotent deities of our Global Humanity.” According to the author, they are considered the materialization of our spiritual life, our souls, a kind of “confessor” of our thoughts.

The problem of the future of the book

*The popular publicist S. Kuriu discussed in his essay “The Book and the Computer Age” whether the book will die given the development of modern information technologies. The author argued that a book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the work.

* V. Soloukhin writes about the huge advantage of books over movies. The reader, in his opinion, “directs” his own film; the film director does not impose on him the appearance of the characters. Thus, reading books is a more creative process than sitting in front of a “box,” when a person is more of a consumer than a creator.

I. Bukin is an Honored Artist of Russia, a famous entertainer, the author of the book “Well, burn me at the stake!...” In his work, he talks about how he walked up the ladder of success, as well as about such performers as A. Pugacheva, I. Kobzon and others, with whom he worked.

In N. Nadezhdin’s book “Fredie Mercury: “I Want to Become a Legend,” he presented the biography of the wonderful singer, leader of the group Queen, a unique voice, whose expressive style of singing will long be remembered by fans of his work.

V. Kholodkovsky in the book “House in Klin” spoke about the life and work of the great Russian composer P.I. Tchaikovsky.

*Modern publicist A. Varlamov believes that “a totalitarian offensive of yellowness is underway.” In contrast, it is necessary to publish literary magazines that will be called upon to preserve our main wealth - language, must make life facts a fact of literature, and present Russian life in all its richness from the western borders to the eastern.

*The well-known publicist V. Kutyrev believes that television is likened to the “gifts of the Danaans.” This is an illusory benefit that conceals a threat, depriving a person of joy and direct communication.

* V. Soloukhin wrote that the general fascination with television programs forms a consumer attitude towards art and reduces a person’s cognitive and creative activity. Entertainment programs are of greatest interest, while special programs are more likely to interest a non-specialist.

* I. Petrovsky in the essay “We are staying. Where should we go?” writes with regret that there are few truly talented, useful, interesting programs left on television. From year to year, the increasing disproportion between what the viewer needs and what is beneficial to television itself cannot but worry more or less thinking people.

*Love...What kind of feeling is this? Why do people deify him? Light, gentle bliss or all-consuming passion? This is a question to which we will search for an answer, perhaps throughout our lives. Let us recall the poetic lines of W. Shakespeare:

What is love?

Madness from fumes

Playing with fire leads to fire

Igniting a sea of ​​tears,

Thought - for the sake of thoughtlessness,

Mixing poison and antidote...

*The famous publicist O. Kozhukhova wrote: “Love elevates and has mercy, but it also punishes with the objectivity of an impartial but strict judge, rejecting the insignificant, vile, petty. The power of attraction to a beloved being can overcome all obstacles and difficulties.”

In the cycle of poems “The Ballad of Love,” V. Vysotsky argued that a great feeling unites all lovers in a single Land of Love. The following lines sound unusually reverent:

I lay the fields in love's bed -

Let them sing in their dreams and in reality!...

I breathe, and that means I love! I love, and that means I live!

Love

Love is the greatest feeling, which generally works miracles, which creates new people, creates the greatest human values. A.S. Makarenko

Pepper:

The problem of the relationship between man and nature.

The role of nature in human life

The problem of environmental disaster

The problem is seeing beauty in the ordinary

Friendship

Story

The problem of preserving historical memory.

Attitude to cultural heritage The role of cultural traditions in the moral development of man Fathers and sons

The problem of disrespectful attitude of youth towards old age and old people. The problem of loneliness.

The problem of assessing talent by contemporaries.

Work

The problem of drug addiction.

The problem of love for one's country

The problem of choosing a profession.

Russian language

The problem of moral duty, moral choice.

The problem of the national spirit in tragic moments of history

War and Peace

The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier

The problem of the heroic everyday life of war

Literature and poetry

Mind, knowledge, book, science

The role of books in human life

good and evil

Good Speech

Conscience, morality

Youth, youth

Will, freedom

Heroism, exploits

Art

Sports, movement

HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY

The problem of responsibility.

Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor.

Self-realization of a person. Life is like a struggle for happiness

False values

The problem of the development of science and technology

In everyone's hands fate peace

The role of personality in history

The impact of art on the spiritual development of a person

The educational function of art

Interpersonal relationships

Fear in human life

The problem of human rights and responsibilities

The problem of moral degradation of the individual

Man and scientific progress The role of science in modern life The spiritual consequences of scientific discoveries Scientific progress and moral qualities of man

Laws of social development. Man and power

Man and knowledge.

Problem of conscience

The role of example. Human education

The problem of spirituality

The problem of boorish attitude towards others (or (un)worthy behavior in society)

The problem of the influence of religion on human life

The problem of moral disgust

The problem of human stinginess

The problem of true and false human interest in culture

The influence of art and culture on humans

The problem of ethical aspects of human cloning

The problem of true and false education

The problem of heredity

The problem of the influence of scientific activity on human life and habits

The problem of the truth of art

The problem of timely education

The problem of attitude towards learning

The problem of the relationship between science and religion

The problem of human perception of the surrounding world

The problem of hypocrisy and sycophancy

The problem of bribery, lawlessness of officials

The problem of philistinism

The problem of the transience of human happiness

The problem of the influence of a teacher’s personality on the formation of students’ character

The problem of irresponsibility of officials

The problem of the Russian village

The problem of love of freedom

The problem of a person realizing superpowers

The problem of the relationship between the people and the authorities

The problem of courage and heroism in peacetime

The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War

The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during the years of HE

The problem of national unity during the Second World War

The prisoner of war problem

The problem of patriotism

The problem of true and false patriotism

The problem of geniuses confronting the world around them

The problem of the tragic situation of man in a totalitarian state

The role of personality in history

The problem of moral lessons from history

The problem of betrayal during the war years

Motherhood problem

The problem of the transformative power of parental love

The problem of parenting

The problem of the unmerciful attitude of adults towards children

Life and fate of women

The problem of finding the meaning of life

The problem of the moral health of the nation

The problem of the role of the intelligentsia in society

The problem of lonely old age

The problem of attitude towards the native language

The problem of inspiration.

Psychological problem of inferiority complex

The problem of fathers and children

The problem of human limitations

The problem of juvenile delinquency

The problem of the non-standard spiritual search of modern young people

The problem of the unity of peoples and cultures

The problem of crime based on interethnic hostility (or nationalism)

The problem of human perception of the animal world

The problem of human relations with animals

The problem of attitude towards learning

Computer abuse problem

The problem of the future of the book

The problem of educating true masters of the performing arts

The role of printed publications in modern Russia

The role of television in human life

The problem of relationships between women and men

Love

Figure 1. Scheme of formation of tacheometric survey blocks

Subsequently, the individual blocks are connected into a single network. The location of the determined points is calculated in a single coordinate system. Upon completion of the survey, a mathematical model of the area is compiled, which is stored in the computer memory and can be implemented in the form of a topographic plan.

5.2. Scheme of calculations in moves

The coordinates of tie points Хс, Ус and stations Хт, Ут can be calculated from the measured values ​​of horizontal angles 1 and 2, horizontal distances S1, S2, S3, S4, adjacent angle o and coordinates Xa, Ua of the starting point, Fig. 2. From triangle AC1C2 we have:

d 2 = S1 2 + S2 2 - 2S1S2cos1;

sin1 = S2  sin1 / d.;

Xt1 = Xc1 + S4cosc1t1, Yt1 = Уc1 + S4sinc1t1,

where с1т1 = ас1 + (1+2) - 180.

The control for calculating coordinates is to re-define the corresponding elements through the angles 3 and 4.

The heights of tie points are determined by trigonometric leveling. To do this, the angles of inclination to the tie points must be measured at stations and starting points. The excesses between stations are defined as the sum of two excesses: from the starting point (or previous station) to the connecting point and from it to the determined one.

During processing, you can select the running line A - C1 - T1 - C4 - B, along which you can adjust the measurement results and calculate the coordinates and heights of the stations. Subsequently, using these coordinates, the coordinates of the pickets are calculated. Thus, a digital model of the area is created, which is subsequently presented in a form convenient for use.

Figure 2. Tacheometric traverse diagram

5.3. Bringing stations to a single coordinate system

In block tacheometry, the orientation of the electronic tacheometer at the station is performed arbitrarily. This leads to the fact that the coordinates of tie points are actually determined in different coordinate systems. If there are two nearby stations, then in both systems the origin of coordinates is combined with the installation point of the device, and the direction of the abscissa axes is chosen along the zero stroke of the horizontal circle limb. Therefore, the systems will be rotated relative to each other by some angle , Fig. 3.

Figure 3. Communication diagram of station coordinate systems

In the coordinate system of point A, the coordinates of tie points are determined by the formulas:

Xc1 = Xa + S1cos1; Yc1 = Ya + S1sin1;

Xc2 = Xa + S2cos2; Yc2 = Ya = S2sin2,

where S1, S2, 1, 2 are the measured horizontal distances and corresponding directions.

Similarly, when determining the position of tie points from station B, we have:

ХС1 = Хb + S1cos1; YC1 = Yb + S1sin1;

XC2 = Xb + S1cos2; YC2 = Yb + S2sin2.

To calculate the angle of rotation of coordinate systems, the directional angles of the line C1 - C2 connecting the tie points are determined based on the solution of the inverse geodetic problem and their difference is found:

 = 1 - 2,

where: 1 - directional angle C1 - C2 calculated at station A,

2 - directional angle C1 - C2 calculated at station B.

The parallel shift of the coordinate system of point B relative to point A is determined by comparing the same coordinates of the corresponding points.

Chemistry. Thematic tests for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Tasks of a high level of complexity (C1-C5). Ed. Doronkina V.N.

3rd ed. - R.n / D: 2012. - 234 p. R. n/d: 2011. - 128 p.

The proposed manual is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the new Unified State Examination specification and is intended to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Chemistry. The book includes tasks of a high level of complexity (C1-C5). Each section contains the necessary theoretical information, analyzed (demonstration) examples of completing tasks, which allow you to master the methodology for completing tasks in Part C, and groups of training tasks by topic. The book is addressed to students in grades 10-11 of general education institutions who are preparing for the Unified State Exam and planning to get a high result in the exam, as well as teachers and methodologists who organize the process of preparing for the chemistry exam. The manual is part of the educational and methodological complex “Chemistry. Preparation for the Unified State Exam", including such manuals as "Chemistry. Preparation for the Unified State Examination 2013", "Chemistry. 10-11 grades. Thematic tests for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Basic and advanced levels”, etc.

Format: pdf (2012 , 3rd ed., rev. and additional, 234 pp.)

Size: 2.9 MB

Watch, download: 14 .12.2018, links removed at the request of the Legion publishing house (see note)

CONTENT
Introduction 3
Question C1. Redox reactions. Metal corrosion and methods of protection against it 4
Asking question C1 12
Question C2. Reactions confirming the relationship between various classes of inorganic substances 17
Asking question C2 28
SZ question. Reactions confirming the relationship between hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic compounds 54
Asking question SZ 55
Question C4. Calculations: masses (volume, amount of substance) of reaction products, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities), if one of the substances is given in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance 68
Asking question C4 73
Question C5. Finding the molecular formula of a substance 83
Asking question C5 85
Answers 97
Application. Interrelation of various classes of inorganic substances. Additional tasks 207
Tasks 209
Solving problems 218
Literature 234

INTRODUCTION
This book is intended to prepare you for completing tasks of a high level of complexity in general, inorganic and organic chemistry (part C tasks).
For each of the questions C1 - C5, a large number of tasks are given (more than 500 in total), which will allow graduates to test their knowledge, improve existing skills, and, if necessary, learn the factual material included in the test tasks of Part C.
The content of the manual reflects the features of the Unified State Exam variants offered in recent years and corresponds to the current specifications. The questions and answers correspond to the wording of the Unified State Examination tests.
Part C tasks have varying degrees of difficulty. The maximum score for a correctly completed task is from 3 to 5 points (depending on the degree of complexity of the task). Testing of tasks in this part is carried out on the basis of comparing the graduate’s answer with an element-by-element analysis of the given sample answer; each correctly completed element is scored 1 point. For example, in the SZ task you need to create 5 equations for reactions between organic substances, describing the sequential transformation of substances, but you can only create 2 (let’s say the second and fifth equations). Be sure to write them down in the answer form, you will receive 2 points for the SZ task and will significantly improve your result in the exam.
We hope that this book will help you successfully pass the Unified State Exam.

Safronova N. S., Grishantseva E. S., Korobeinik G. S. HYDROCARBON GASES (C1 – C5) AND ORGANIC MATTER OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE IVANKOVSKY RESERVOIR OF THE VOLGA RIVER // Materials of the V All-Russian. symp. with international participation “Organic matter and nutrients in inland waters and sea waters.” September 10–14, 2012 Petrozavodsk. - Publishing house KarRC RAS ​​Petrozavodsk, 2012. - P. 160-164. HYDROCARBON GASES (C1 – C5) AND ORGANIC MATTER OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE IVANKOVSKY RESERVOIR OF THE VOLGA RIVER Safronova N.S. 1, Grishantseva E.S. 1, Korobeinik G.S. 2 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geology, 119991 Moscow, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS, 119991 Moscow, GSP-1, Kosygina St., 19, e-mail: [email protected] The paper presents the results of a study of the composition of hydrocarbon gases (C1-C5) and determination of the content of total indicators of organic matter in the bottom sediments of the Ivankovo ​​Reservoir in 1995, 2004 and 2005 (Fig. 1). To study the composition of bottom sediments, we used the vapor-phase gas chromatography method with a flame ionization detector (Tsvet-500, Russia), the instrumental pyrolytic gas chromatography method (ROCK-EVAL 2/TOC, FIN BEICIP-FRANLAB, France) and the mass spectrometric method for determining organic carbon δ 13Сorg (Delta S and Delta Plus). Fig.1. Scheme of sampling bottom sediments of the Ivankovo ​​reservoir. Sections: 1- Gorodnya, 2- Melkovo, 3- Nizovka-Volga, 4- Nizovka-Shosha, 5- Gorodishche, 6- Ploski, 7- Konakovo, 8- Korcheva, 9- Klintsy, 10- Dubna. Bays: 11 - Vesna Bay, 12 - Fedorovsky Bay, 13 - Korovinsky Bay, 14 - Redkinsky Channel. The gas field of bottom sediments is very variable in different areas of the reservoir, both in terms of the level of gas saturation and the spectrum of hydrocarbon gases. This indicates the heterogeneity of the composition of organic matter in sediments and the differences in the conditions of its supply and transformation processes. The heterogeneity of OM determines the different resistance of its components to decomposition and determines the different contribution of the resulting gaseous hydrocarbons to the total composition of the gas phase of BS. Saturated hydrocarbons from methane to pentane C1–C5, including isomers i-C4-i-C5 and unsaturated compounds C2-C4, were identified in the gases. The predominant component among the limiting hydrocarbons is methane; it is present in all the studied samples, accounting for 75 to 99% of the total content of С1-С5 gases (СН4/С1-С5 limit). As studies have shown (Kodina et al. 2008, Korobeinik 2002), homologues of methane hydrocarbons of the C2–C3 fraction can be formed as a result of the biochemical transformation of terrigenous OM in freshwater river basins, such as the ecosystem of the Ivankovo ​​Reservoir. The genesis of hydrocarbons of the C4–C5 fraction can be associated both with terrigenous OM and freshwater plankton, and with technogenic pollution, because pentane essentially opens the gasoline range of liquid petroleum hydrocarbons. Methane concentration varies within a fairly wide range from 9610-4 to 2429 10-4 ml/kg, depending on the location and period of sampling. The composition of hydrocarbons in the gas phase of bottom sediments at the Vidogoshcha, Konakovo, Korcheva sections and the mouth of Moshkovicheskiy Bay, sampled in 1995, is characterized by low concentrations of methane and saturated (marginal) hydrocarbons, the presence of homologues only of the C2 – C3 series. This composition of bottom sediments corresponds to the transformation of organic matter of predominantly natural origin in unpolluted areas of the reservoir. The composition of hydrocarbon gases in bottom sediments at cross-sections and bays sampled in 2005 has changed. Low contents of methane and saturated hydrocarbons of fractions C2-C3 correspond to the Gorodnya, Gorodishche, Ploski, Klintsy sections, the channel part of the Dubna section and the Vesna, Korovinsky and Peretrusovsky outlets. Characteristic features of the composition of gases in bottom sediments of Moshkovicheskiy Bay are the high content of methane and the presence of its C2–C5 homologues. In 1995, increased contents of saturated hydrocarbons of the C2–C4 series were detected in this section; in 2005, hydrocarbons of the C5 series were discovered. Municipal wastewater from the city of Konakovo, as well as industrial wastewater from the State District Power Plant and other enterprises in the city of Konakovo, enters Moshkovicheskiy Bay. In the composition of gases from the Shosha reach near the road bridge of the Moscow-St. Petersburg highway, along with high methane contents, the concentrations of its homologues up to C5 were also determined. In the bottom sediments of the Nizovka-Shosha section in 2004-2005, hydrocarbons up to C5 were also recorded. This confirms that technogenic pollution from road and rail transport continues to have a negative impact on the ecological state of the reservoir. Unsaturated hydrocarbons were also found in most samples. Unsaturated hydrocarbons C2-C4 are intermediate products of the destruction of organic matter and are very reactive due to the instability of the double bond. The presence of these compounds in relatively high concentrations in gases indicates that bottom sediments are constantly supplied with fresh, bioavailable organic matter, which is subjected to intensive processing as a result of biodegradation processes, which leads to the constant replenishment of unsaturated hydrocarbons and even their accumulation. In the studied samples, among unsaturated hydrocarbons, ethylene has the highest concentrations; its content in a wide range of concentrations, from 2 to 2500 times, exceeds the content of the nearest saturated hydrocarbon, ethane. As an indicator of the intensity of ongoing processes, the ratio of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is used - coefficient K = C2-C4 pre/C2-C4 unpredicted. The lower the value of the coefficient K, the more intense the process of transformation of organic matter. The value of the coefficient K is significantly less than unity and varies from 0. 003 to 0.49 (at most points up to 0.08), which indicates very active processes occurring in the bottom sediments of the Ivankovo ​​Reservoir, although of varying intensity. In 1995, the maximum value of the K coefficient (0.12) was obtained for bottom sediments at the Ploski section, located slightly below the Gorodishche section. In 2004-2005, the concentration of ethylene in samples increased significantly. Two regions are identified in which the value of the coefficient K increases by an order of magnitude, and, consequently, the intensity of microbiological processes decreases. Bottom sediments collected at the Gorodnya site, downstream from the city of Tver, and at the Gorodishche site, at the point of mixing the organic-rich waters of the Shoshinsky reach and the polluted waters of the Volga River, downstream of the city of Tver, have the value of this indicator 0.49 and 0.2, respectively. At the Gorodnya site there is an active accumulation of technogenic organic matter, which comes as part of domestic and industrial waters, the transformation of which is difficult under natural conditions. The Shoshinsky Reach drains marshy areas rich in organic matter. Downstream, at the Gorodishche site, the processes of transformation of technogenic organic matter occur more intensively, which is probably due to the influx of water from the Shoshinsky reach, enriched with natural organic matter. A comparison of the values ​​of K coefficients obtained for sediments sampled at identical sections in 1995 and 2005 showed that for most of the presented areas the value of K coefficients decreased on average by 2.5 times. In Moshkovicheskiy Bay the value of the coefficient K has not changed. This indicates that there has been no improvement in the environmental situation in the Moshkovicheskiy Bay area. The exceptions are the Gorodnya and Konakovo sections, in which the value of the K coefficient increased by 8 and 1.5 times, respectively. Thus, if at the Konakovo site there is a slight increase in the content of technogenic organic matter, then at the Gorodnya site the accumulation of technogenic organic matter occurs very significantly. This determines not only the level of organic matter content, but also indicates the possibility of changing the forms of occurrence and migration ability of heavy metals. Hydrocarbons of the limiting series C4-C5 were discovered during the study period in different areas of the reservoir: in the areas of the Shoshinsky reach and Ploski in 1995; in the areas of Melkovo, Nizovka-Shosha, Ploski and Klintsy in 2004; at the Nizovka-Volga, Nizovka-Shosha, Moshkovicheskiy Bay and Dubna sections in 2005. In the lower part of the reservoir, located near the city of Dubna, the dam serves as a mechanical barrier, where the speed of the river flow decreases, and as a result, clastic material is deposited, which is accompanied by the accumulation of organic matter, and gases accumulate here, the origin of which may be associated with terrigenous organic matter. substance and freshwater plankton, which causes high concentrations of all hydrocarbons in the gas phase of sediments. Increased concentrations of heavy methane homologues are characteristic of samples from the Shosha reach area and the downstream Nizovka-Shoshi section. It can be assumed that the increased content of butane and pentane compounds at these points is associated with the technogenic influence on the reservoir of road and rail transport of the Moscow - St. Petersburg highway. This is also indicated by the nature of the distribution of hydrocarbon components in the gas phase of bottom sediments. In the early diagenesis of organic matter, the formation of high-molecular hydrocarbons in the process of chemogenic generation is possible. In this case, as a rule, the general pattern in the distribution of components is observed in the process of chemogenic generation: C1>C2>C3>C4>C5. In our case, this pattern is violated due to the increased content of petroleum hydrocarbons and takes the form: C3<С5, С4<С5. Следует отметить, что повышенное содержание суммы предельных углеводородов (С4, С5 пред) в образцах, отобранных в створах Мелково и Низовка-Волга, объясняется, по-видимому, влиянием другого участка той же автомобильной магистрали, которая проходит вдоль берега р. Волги, выше створа Мелково, а также влиянием поступающих от г.Тверь загрязненных вод. В тоже время в районах города Конаково и Мошковического залива, где значительное влияние на состояние окружающей среды оказывает Конаковская ГРЭС, уровень содержания предельных углеводородов С4, С5 практически не изменился. Таким образом, увеличение в топливном балансе ГРЭС экологически более чистого газового топлива привело к стабилизации экологического состояния окружающих районов, на что указывает не изменяющееся в течение рассматриваемого периода содержание нефтяных углеводородов в донных отложениях водохранилища. Проведенный корреляционный анализ и сопоставление характера кривых распределения концентраций метана в исследуемых образцах в 1995, 2004 и 2005 г.(общее количество проб 67) и концентрацией его более высокомолекулярных гомологов, показывает идентичность, что подтверждает их генетическую связь. Результаты корреляционного анализа показали значимую положительную связь между содержанием метана и суммарным содержанием его гомологов в донных отложениях. Отбор донных осадков для определения содержания ТОС также проводили из основных створов водохранилища. Кроме этого в 2005 году также были отобраны донные отложения в зарастающих водной растительностью заливах. Пробы донных осадков отбирались из-под корней водной растительности. Суммарное содержание органического вещества в твердой фазе донных осадков (ТОС) для исследуемых створов с 1995 по 2005г. изменяется в широком диапазоне, от 0.02 до 29 %, которые генерируют (0.2 -9.9) мг/г породы легких углеводородов (S1). Самые высокие содержания ТОС, от 3% до 29%, получены для заливов, зарастающих водной растительностью. Содержание высокомолекулярных углеводородов и углеводородов крекинга (S2) изменяется в широком интервале (0.1 – 42) мг/г породы, и от 0.3 до 23 мг/г породы варьирует содержание СО2 при крекинге остаточного органического вещества (S3). На образование свободных углеводородов С1- С10 (S1/ТОС) тратится от 5 до 17 % ТОС. Самые высокие значения этой величины (>10%) belong to the Vidogoshchi, Nizovka-Shosha, Babninsky, Moshkovicheskoe and Korovinsky bays. This indicates that the bulk of organic matter (more than 80%) is represented by heavy non-volatile compounds. In the case of autochthonous hydrocarbons, this ratio (S1/TOC) correlates with the parameter S1/S1+S2, which characterizes the degree of realization of the hydrocarbon potential of organic matter. It should be noted that high absolute values ​​of the S1 parameter, which appear in the samples from the indicated sections, are a sign of the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in the upper layers of bottom sediments. The highest values ​​of the S1 parameter are observed in the Moshkovichesky and Korovinsky bays, as well as in the middle of the Omutninsky off-island shallow water. Relatively high values ​​of the T-parameter with a high content of free, including gaseous, hydrocarbons indicate the possible migration of hydrocarbons, and, consequently, the danger of encountering hydrocarbon accumulations in the underlying layers. This is clearly manifested for Moshkoviysky Bay in the place of water discharge from treatment facilities, Babninsky, Korovinsky bays (macrophytic bottom sediments) and Omutninsky off-island shallow water. By the value of the index HI/OI, which determines the ratio S2/S3, one can evaluate the type of organic matter, its sources and the nature of transformation. Organic matter of algal, planktonic and terrigenous origin can be distinguished. In the bottom sediments of the sections Gorodnya, Vidogoshchi, Shoshinsky Reach, Dubna, in the area of ​​the treatment facilities of Moshkovicheskiy Bay, the mouth of Donkhovka, thickets of vegetation of Moshkovicheskoe, Peretrusovsky, Korovinsky, Omutninsky, Fedorovsky bays and the Nizovka-Shoshi section, kerogen of algal origin appears (high S2 and low S3 , HI/OI>1), which obviously depends on microbiological processes that determine the degree of decomposition of abundantly growing aquatic vegetation in these sections, and is also determined by physicochemical parameters and the structure of bottom sediments. In the Ploski, Konakovo, Korcheva sections, in the stream. M. Peremerki, at the outlet of Moshkovicheskiy Bay, in the channel of the Nizovka-Volga section, the degree of maturity of organic matter increases (high S3, low S2, HI/OI ratio<1) и в донных осадках проявляется кероген терригенного происхождения. На примере образцов 2004 года, отобранных в основных створах водохранилища с разным гранулометрическим и литологическим составом, рассмотрим влияние гранулометрического состава на содержание органического вещества в донных осадках. Низкие его значения (0.02-0.6%) характерны для песчаных и супесчаных проб, что на порядок ниже значений ТОС для глинистых и суглинистых проб (1,0-29,0). Минимальные значения ТОС соответствуют пробам, отобранным в районах руч.Перемерки, створов Мелково и Низовка-Волга, которые по гранулометрическому составу идентифицируются соответственно, как супесь легкопесчаная, песок связный мелкозернистый и песок связный крупнозернистый. В створах Перемерки и Низовка-Волга наблюдается минимальное содержание метана и его предельных и непредельных гомологов, что свидетельствует о незначительном поступлении свежего органического вещества. В створе Мелково значительно возрастают концентрации метана и его гомологов, на фоне низкой концентрации ТОС. Это говорит об увеличении доли техногенной составляющей в составе поступающего органического вещества. Значение коэф. К указывает на интенсивный процесс преобразования органического вещества в этих районах водохранилища. Распределение суммарных показателей углеводородов (S1, S2 , S3) в исследуемых пробах идентично распределению ТОС. Данное распределение подтверждается высокими положительными значениями коэффициента корреляции между S1, S2, S3 и ТОС. Однако количественные соотношения индексов НI и ОI в исследуемых пробах отличаются. В донных осадках створа Низовка-Волга, где высокий индекс кислорода, в молекулах органического вещества преобладают кислородные структуры. Кислородные структуры преобладают и в донных осадках створа Мелково, расположенного вблизи створа Низовка-Волга. В створе руч.М.Перемерки более высокий водородный индекс, следовательно, в молекулах органического вещества донных осадков преобладают водородные структуры. В ходе наших исследований впервые были выполнены исследования изотопного состава органического углерода донных отложений Иваньковского водохранилища. Наиболее низкие значения -29 -30%0 характеризуют органический углерод в створах Конаково, Низовка-Шоша, Мелково, Низовка-Волга. Наиболее высокие δ13 С от -26 до -28 характерны для районов Плоски, Клинцы, М.Перемерки. Как говорилось ранее, параметр (HI/OI) определяется соотношением кислородных и водородных атомов в органическом веществе. В терригенном материале содержится много кислородных функциональных групп. Поэтому он обладает низким отношением (HI/OI), при этом терригенное органическое вещество обладает более низкими значениями δ13 С. Это районы Конаково, Мелково и Низовка-Волга (HI/OI<1, δ13 С-29-30%0) - здесь главенствующий процесс поступление терригенного органического вещества. В районах створов Плоски, Клинцы и М.Перемерки в донных осадках накапливается высокоокисленное органическое вещество (HI/OI>1) heavier isotopic composition (HI/OI>1, δ13 C-26...-28%0), which indicates a large contribution of planktonogenic material. The organic matter of the bottom sediments of the M. Peremerka stream also has unique geochemical features - equal values ​​of the hydrogen and oxygen indices (HI/OI = 1) and the average of all studied samples δ13C -28.77%0, which is due to the influx of technogenic organic matter as part of wastewater water REFERENCES 1. Kodina L.A., Tokarev V.G., Korobeinik G.S. Vlasova L.N., Bogacheva M.P. Natural background of hydrocarbon gases (C1-C5) in the water mass of the Kara Sea // Geochemistry. 2008. No. 7, pp. 721-733. 2. Korobeinik G.S., Tokarev V.G., Waisman T.I. Geochemistry of hydrocarbon gases in the Kara Sea sediments // Rep. Polar mar. Res. 2002. v.419. p.158-164. 3. Safronova N.S., Grishantseva E.S., Korobeinik G.S. Hydrocarbon gases (C1-C5) and organic matter of bottom sediments of the Ivankovo ​​reservoir of the Volga River // Water resources, in press.