History lesson in 7th grade Date taughtand I ______________________
Subject: States of the East. Beginning of European colonization
Goal: find out:
How the Mughal Empire was created and what were the reasons for its disappearance, get to know the rulers, and the colonization of India by the British.
Reveal that political fragmentation, the weakness of the central government and the lag behind the West in the field of technology create the opportunity for colonial conquests by European countries
Possible personally significant problem:
Basic concepts:
Mughal, clan, sepoys.Equipment: worksheets with labeling table, additional material
States of the East: the beginning of European colonization of India
1.The Mughal Empire in India.
2. "Peace for everyone."
3. Crisis and collapse of the empire.
4.The struggle of Portugal, France and England for dominance in India.
During the classes
1.Organizational stage of the lesson.
2.Updating knowledge.Checking homework
2.1.Front survey
What forms of land ownership existed in Eastern countries?
What was the class system like in the countries of the East?
Tell us about one of the Eastern religions.
2.2 checking syncwine on the topic “Religions of the East”
3.Work on new material
3.1. Determination of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
“The Greeks called this country magical. It is famous for its treasures and for many years was the dream of conquerors who sought to conquer these lands. The population of the country was divided into castes." What country are we talking about? (India)
Problematic question: Only a strong state is able to protect the people from devastating wars and maintain independence.
Teacher: In the 16th century, the time came when the people of India lost their usual way of life. Why? (presumptive answers of the student). We have to learn about the colonization of India.
Record the topic of the lesson.
3.2. Call stage: technique “I know - I want to know - I found out” Working with the marking table
- work in pairs: A list of knowledge is compiled, discussed and summarized. During the discussion they can argue their point of view(entry in 1 column (Z))
-Read the problematic question. What do you say? (probable answers from students)
We have to find out how the Mughal Empire was created and what were the reasons for its disappearance, get to know the rulers.
-Write it in column 2 (ХЗ)
3.3.Stage of comprehension (implementation) - learning when filling out3 columns (U) marking table come into direct contact with the text of the textbook and additional material that is on their desks. As the work progresses, a note is made in the notebook of concepts:Mogul, padishah, sepoy
1.Location of India.2.classes in India, religion. Inventions.
1. How and why did the Mughal Empire arise in India?( working with the textbook text p.1.pp.286-287)
1.political fragmentation in these lands,
Due to constant wars, agriculture was ruined, trade became increasingly difficult;
· Muslim feudal lords sought to unite because they were afraid of the strengthening of the Hindu feudal lords.
2. 1526 - invasion of troopsBabura , ruler of Kabul.
3. Creation of the Mughal Empire by Babur.
What are reforms? (changes)
Who carried out reforms in the empire? What reforms were carried out?
(work in pairs: above the text of the textbook, paragraph 2. and additional material)
1.ruler Akbar (1556-1605)
2.Administrative, tax, religious, military reforms
Civil wars lead to the collapse of the country
Why did the Mughal Empire collapse?
(reading the text of the textbook, paragraph 3 and additional material)
1. Reasons for disintegration:
The disunity of Indian society;
Endless wars of conquest;
Weakening of central power; princes have real power
Return to a state of fragmentation. Disintegration
Only a strong state can protect the people from devastating wars and preserve independence.
1.Which of the European colonialists entered India?
2.Who got India? (work in pairs: reading paragraph 4 of the textbook and additional material)
1.1.Portugal
1.2.Holland
1.3.France and England
2. In the 17th century, the struggle for dominance in India began between the British and French East India Companies, which ended in the victory of Britain.
3.4.Enrichment of the colonialists.Teacher's story. Drawing up a diagram. Conclusion
England and France supported feudal fragmentation in India, as it was very beneficial to them. They provided assistance to the feudal lords, and they became obliged to them; often the feudal lords supported sepoy troops.
If in the 17th century both companies pursued exclusively trade interests, then in the 18th century the confrontation became military. For 20 years there were battles between England and France. The end of this war was put by the capture of Bengal by England and Pondicherry in 1761. The creation of British India began. The Governor-General of the East India Company was declared Governor-General of all English possessions in India.
With the capture of Bengal, the British colonialists began to plunder these territories.Enrichment occurred in different ways: ( Drawing up a diagram based on the teacher’s story)
the first thing the British did was seize the treasury of Bengal;
Trade remained an important source of income. Company representatives prohibited local merchants from conducting foreign trade; this led to the ruin of the merchants. A monopoly was also established on the salt trade, which was a significant source of income for the Indians;
the exploitation of artisans began. They had to sell their products to trading posts for next to nothing. Those who evaded this were beaten or imprisoned;
Another source of income was the peasants, for whom very high taxes were imposed;
· the princes paid tribute to the colonialists and were obliged to support sepoy troops.
As a result, the British colonialists made huge fortunes for themselves after capturing Indian territories.
4. Lesson summary. We draw a conclusion. Reflection.
Thus, you have learned that: (refer to column 3 of the marking table (U)
at the beginning of the 16th century, the Mughal Empire was created in India;
its founder was Padishah Babur;
the empire reached its greatest prosperity under Akbar, who carried out a number of reforms that contributed to the centralization of the state;
after the death of Akbar's grandson Aurangzeb, civil strife began in the empire, which led to its collapse;
in the 17th century, the struggle for dominance in India began between the British and French East India companies, ending in the victory of Britain.
How do you evaluate your work in class (active - inactive)
What was interesting in the lesson?
What difficulties did you experience while working in class?
5.Homework: paragraph 29 p.286-290, prepare syncwine for the paragraph
1.India
Marking table
Additional material
Babur created an empire calledMughal . The Mughals were the people who lived in Northern India, Central Asia and southern Central Asia.Capital new statebecame the city of Agra . Babur was an enlightened ruler; in the capital he gathered the best writers, poets and musicians. He also sought to develop cities in which new libraries and gardens appeared. The ruler himself -padishah - wrote poetry, his autobiography “Notes of Babur” brought him great fame, which became a valuable source for historians when studying this period. However, he did not rule for long; Babur died in 1530.
The empire was divided between the sons, but disagreements constantly arose between them due to the fact that most of the state belonged to the elder brother Humayun. Their struggle weakened the empire, even leading to the fact that Babur’s descendants completely lost power for several years.
Akbar's reforms . In 1556, the son of Humayun became the new padishahAkbar , it was under him that the Mughal Empire reached its peak. Akbar carried out a number of reforms that contributed to
centralization of the state.
Administrative reform :
· the entire empire was divided into 12 provinces, headed by governors;
· in order to limit the power of these governors, Akbar appointed officials in the provinces who were subordinate to him personally;
Each province was divided into districts.
Thus, the ruler exercised control over every corner of the empire.
Tax reform . Akbar introduced a new system of tax collection. His officials measured the fields in the empire and calculated their average yield. Based on these indicators, a tax was introduced, which amounted to 1/3 of the harvest from each field. However, a tax reduction was provided if part of the harvest was lost due to bad weather.
Religious reform . In the Mughal Empire, Muslims constituted a minority of the population. Akbar understood that the centralization of the state is impossible if there is a war within it between representatives of different religions. Then he proclaimed the equality of all religions in the state. The padishah himself married a Hindu princess. He also prohibited turning Hindus who were captured into slaves. Taxes were abolished for Hindu pilgrims. His actions caused discontentimams - Muslim clerics. Then Akbar arrogated to himself the supreme right to resolve any religious disputes. And in 1582 he attempted to introduce a new faith, which was called “divine faith ", it combined the principles of the three main religions of the state.
Military reform . To facilitate control over the army, Akbar introduced a system of ranks. Also, Mughal warriors used cannons and muskets during battles, for which the Mughal Empire was nicknamed the “Empire of Firearms”; war elephants were introduced into the troops.
Akbar built a new capital; for 15 years, the best architects built a city that was supposed to glorify the power of the padishah. It was calledFatehpur Sikri , or "City of Victory". It was located 40 kilometers from Agra in a desert area and was the capital from 1571 to 1585. Here Akbar gathered all his ministers and advisers; he could constantly control them. The city was built from red sandstone and marble and was larger in size than any European city of that time. The ruler always took care of his own safety, so the bedroom in the palace was a room filled with water, with a bed in the middle of the room. No one could approach the ruler and not be heard. However, Fatehpur Sikri was the capital for only 14 years; it was difficult to provide the city with water, so the capital was moved toLahore .
Mughal Empire after Akbar.
With the end of Akbar's reign, the power of the empire began to decline. Akbar's son ruled from 1605 to 1627Jahangir , he was replacedShah Jahan . They managed to annex certain lands to the empire. However, the authority of the ruler was no longer as strong as before. The military leaders were out of control, military equipment was not improved. Managing the empire became increasingly difficult.
The territory of the empire practically did not increase; the feudal lords, who did not receive new lands, increased pressure on the peasants. Taxes rose, agriculture brought less profit.
Uprisings began among the feudal lords, which led to the weakening of the ruler's power. One day Jahangir was captured by a commander.
More and more funds began to be spent on maintaining the court and the ruler, this became especially noticeable under Shah Jahan. The money that came from collecting taxes was used for the construction of various architectural structures. Shah Jahan built a mausoleum for his deceased wifeTaj Mahal , which is now one of the new seven wonders of the world.
The decline of the empire came after the death of his son Shah JahanAurangzeb . He was a devout Muslim. During his reign, religious persecution began. This policy deprived the Hindu population of support that had once supported its ancestors. More and more often, uprisings broke out in the empire.
Under Aurangzeb, the territory of the Mughal Empire reached its maximum size, but this only made it more difficult to govern.
The power of the ruler was also undermined by the massive famine that broke out in the empire at the beginning of the 18th century. In the Deccan alone, about two million people died from it.
After his death, the sons and grandsons of Aurangzeb began an internecine war, which led to the collapse of the empire and the onset of feudal fragmentation. This facilitated European colonization of Indian lands.
Colonization of India.
The beginning of the Great Geographical Discoveries is associated with the constant desire of Europeans to penetrate into India and subjugate local territories. Were here firstPorto Galese . They owned bases on the Malabar coast, Goa and the cities of Diu and Daman.
Then the territories began to be capturedDutch . They owned Chinsurah, Negapatam, and later the interests of the Dutch focused on the islands of Indonesia, which were nicknamed the Dutch Indies.
However, the main struggle for India was between the British and French East India Companies.
British East India Company was founded in 1600, during the 17th century it created itsfactories – trading settlements – on the territory of India. The British bought the right to trade from the rulers of the Mughal Empire. In 1690, they bought three villages from Aurangzeb, from which Calcutta later grew.
French East India Company pursued a policy of seizing Indian territories. Since it was expensive to transport troops from France to India, they hired local soldiers to serve -sepoyev . Later the British began to do the same. Thus, the conquest of India was carried out by the hands of its own inhabitants.
“Countries of the East” - Shintoism. A world religion based on the teachings of Buddha. The main occupation is agriculture. The main god is the Sun Goddess - Amaterasu. An ancient pagan religion based on the belief in good and evil spirits. The principle of mutual responsibility. Confucianism. The land belonged to the state. Merchants. Write what religious teaching is reflected in it.
“Culture of the Ancient East” - The oldest writing in the world is the invention of the Sumerians. Monuments of literature of the Ancient East. Culture of Ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians called their country “Kemet”. Culture of Ancient Mesopotamia. By the end of the 4th millennium BC. A new civilization arose in the Nile Valley. Monuments of Egyptian literature.
"European South" - Sugar. Resorts. Elbrus. Fish. Teberda, Dombay, Arkhyz, Elbrus region. It develops on its own fuel (oil, gas, coal). Aircraft industry Taganrog (Be aircraft). Kislovodsk. Essentuki. Transport Novocherkassk (electric locomotives), Krasnodar (buses). TPP - Rostov, Krasnodar, Stavropol.
"Far East" - Far East. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur region and Primorsky Krai. Powerful mountain-building processes and movements of lithospheric plates continue. The southern part has a monsoon climate with cold winters and humid summers. Fir. Eleutherococcus. Most of the mountain structures of the Far East were formed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
"European Countries" - EU Flag. Human rights. Brussels Strasbourg Luxembourg The Hague Frankfurt am Main. As a result, the EU does not have a model for exiting the upcoming labor market crisis. Political centers. European Union. It turns out that we need to take care of an increasing number of older people. The attitude towards the military operation in Iraq became a watershed of sorts.
“Natural resources of the Far East” - Branches of specialization of the Far East. The Far East is the most ... area from ... the Far East. Assessment of natural conditions in the north and south of the Far East. Formation of the territory of the Far East. Natural resources. Question: What area is located on the islands of the Far East? s... Climate s... s... Relief s... s... Natural areas s...
In 1750, there were vast territories in the world that Europeans had not yet visited. At the end of the 18th and throughout the 19th century. many European scientists and travelers set off on long journeys to discover new ones and explore different seas and continents (read the article ““). The discoverers (see article ““) were followed by merchants and settlers, and thus colonies began to be created that were subject to the rule of one or another European country and largely depended on it.
From 1768 to 1779, Captain James Cook led three expeditions to the Pacific Ocean. He visited various islands, in particular the island of Tahiti, where his ship was met by war canoes (a narrow, long boat) of the natives, Cook landed in Australia and explored its eastern coast. The unusual animals of Australia amazed and interested the scientists and artists participating in the expedition. Captain Cook also sailed around the islands of New Zealand. Members of the Endeavor ship's crew landed on one of the islands, where they first saw its inhabitants - the Maori.
Exploring Africa
In the 19th century there were many expeditions to explore Africa and create maps of it. Travelers along the way admired many beautiful African landscapes, such as Victoria Falls, but misfortunes also awaited them there. 
Many became infected with diseases unknown to Europeans and died. During their expedition in search of the sources of the Nile River, two Englishmen, Speck and Grant, spent some time as guests of Muteza, the ruler of the state of Buganda, who received them with great cordiality. Some explorers, like Dr. Livingston, were also Christian missionaries (people who came to these colonies and brought with them the teachings of Christ). They opened hospitals and schools for Africans, and also built churches. One of the first Europeans to explore the Sahara Desert was a Frenchman named Rene Caillet, who was also one of the first to see the ancient African city of Timbuktu with his own eyes. Among explorers of distant lands in the 19th century. there were also women. 
Shown here is Alexandrina Tinne, a wealthy Dutch woman who made a long journey through North Africa and Sudan.
Other expeditions
The brave English traveler Richard Burton, during his trip to Saudi Arabia, disguised himself as an Arab in order to visit the holy Muslim city of Mecca, where access to Europeans was closed at that time. Many travelers have gone missing in the jungles of South Africa, where they went to search for lost ancient cities and make maps. Later, expeditions to the North and South Poles began to be equipped. In 1909, American Robert Peary was the first to reach the North Pole region, and Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was the first to reach the South Pole (1911).
Colonial takeovers
Europeans sought to acquire new markets for the products produced in their factories. They also needed raw materials for industry, such as cotton or tea leaves. Often European countries sent troops to the lands where their trade missions were established to quell conflicts between local rulers. In addition, officials were sent there to organize the management of this territory. Thus, these lands turned into colonies of various European states.
More and more Europeans went to the colonies with their families to settle there for a long time or permanently. They acquired vast tracts of land and established plantations where local residents worked on them, growing tea, rubber, cotton and various food crops, as well as raising sheep or cattle. Later, when mineral resources began to be searched and found on the territory of the colonies, factories, factories and railways began to be built there, as a result of which even more people from Europe flocked to the colonies. European governments, concerned about population growth in their countries, strongly encouraged their citizens to move to live in the colonies, where they all had enough land and work.
Prepared by teacher
history and social studies
Tsitskiev V.Kh.
States of the East.
The beginning of the European
colonization
States of the East.
The beginning of the European
colonization
Lesson plan:
- The Mughal Empire in India.
2. "Peace for all."
3. Crisis and collapse of the empire.
4. The struggle of Portugal, France and England
for India.
5. Manchu conquest of China.
6. “Closing” of China.
7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Shogunate
Tokugawa.
8. “Closing” of Japan.
Great geographical discoveries
Colonial conquests
States of the East, lost their independence
States of the East, preserved freedom at the cost of “closing” their countries to Europeans ( isolation from the world )
XVIII century – countries of the East
continued to live within traditional society And lagged behind in its development from European countries
Beginning of European colonization states of the East
India
China
1. 1526-1530 - reign of padishah (emperor) Babur the Great
2.
3. Crisis and collapse of the empire
4. The struggle of European powers for India
Japan
1. 1368 - 1644 gg. – dynasty rule Min
2. 1644-1911 - governing body Manchurian Ouch dynasty And Qing
3. “Isolation” of China
1. 1603-1868 - reign of princes in Japan from the Tokugawa dynasty - from Tokugawa Yogunate
2. “Isolation” of Japan
1526 - the invasion of the ruler of Kabul (Afghanistan) Babur into India and the conquest of vast territories - the beginning of the formation of the Mughal Empire.
P reasons for Babur's victories:
- experienced and I , hardened and I in army battles I ,
- excellent and I artillery I,
- new e reception s conducting combat (covering one's infantry and artillery with a barrier of carts connected by chains).
Under Babur's successors, the Mughal Empire continuously expanded its possessions. By the end XVII V. it included almost all of India except the southernmost tip of the peninsula, and eastern Afghanistan.
1526-1530 - reign of padishah (emperor) Babur the Great
- P put an end to feudal strife,
- ABOUT showed patronage to trade,
- Z please l foundations of the empire Great Mughals,
- Declared Islam the state religion.
Babur the Great, Padishah of India
IN o increased the territory of his state many times.
1556-1605 - Akbar's reign
Akbar the Great
1556-1605
Padishah
And Mughal Empire .
Akbar's reforms:
- R eform A management :
- he got involved in everything himself ,
- he got involved in everything himself ,
- attracted to his side all the large landowners (Muslims and Hindus) and traders,
- encouraged the development of crafts and trade.
- N alogs and I reforms A:
- install l for peasants the tax is equal to th one third of the harvest cancel l positions of tax farmers ( )
- install l for peasants the tax is equal to th one third of the harvest
- cancel l positions of tax farmers ( peasants paid taxes directly to the state )
- the tax was collected not from the entire property, but only from the cultivated area.
- transferred peasants from tax in kind to cash tax
- Z took care of the good condition of the irrigation system
- Z forbade the enslavement of prisoners of war.
- P proclaimed the equality of all religions
- encouraged the study of Hinduism,
- abolished taxes levied on non-Muslim subjects, encouraged the study of Hinduism, allowed the construction of Hindu temples and celebrations.
- abolished taxes levied on non-Muslim subjects,
- encouraged the study of Hinduism,
- allowed the construction of Hindu temples and celebrations.
- Pokro ruled arts at .
- Scientists and poets translated works of the ancient Hindu epic into Persian.
- In the imperial workshop, artists created beautiful examples of Mughal miniatures,
- copied European engravings brought to the country by Catholic missionaries.
- In this workshop, portraits and genre scenes were created, and books were illustrated.
1556-1605 - Akbar's reign
Akbar's "peace for all" reforms strengthened the Mughal Empire.
During his reign, a society emerged where different religions coexisted in relative harmony.
Akbar the Great ( 1556-1605 )
Padishah And Great Mughal Empire.
Crisis and collapse of the empire
- Indian society was too divided:
- caste system, different
- caste system, Hindu and Muslim religions, different peoples who were on different levels of economic and cultural development.
- caste system,
- Hindu and Muslim religions,
- different peoples who were on different levels of economic and cultural development.
- Endless wars of conquest .
- Mutiny Naya noble I robbed peasants and ruined intact e region And.
- The treasury received less and less taxes .
- Central power was becoming weaker.
- Began o XVIII V. - the empire collapsed.
- 1739 - Persian th conqueror b Nadir Shah sacked Delhi and destroyed most of the capital's inhabitants. Then the northern part of India was overrun by Afghans.
In the first half XVIII V. India effectively returned to a state of fragmentation, which made European colonization easier.
Portugal I
Indie I
England I
Holland
1600 - founded A The East India Company established trading posts in various places in India.
1690 - built A Kolkata city , acquired large land holdings, which were controlled by the governor-general, built fortresses and created troops to protect them of mercenary Indian soldiers (sepoys), armed and trained in European style under the command of English officers.
1757 - captured A Bengal - the beginning of the systematic conquest of the entire country by the troops of the East India Company, its possessions turned into a real colonial empire.
France I
IN XVI century O tk snout sea route to India, captured A several bases on the Malabar coast.
However, I did not have A sufficient forces to advance into the interior of the country.
Main th England's rival , lost its fortresses in India and conducted only minor trade.
IN export large quantities la from India spices and occupied A exclusively through trade, without interfering at all in the lives of Indians.
From the end XVI V. The Manchu state strengthened in Northeast China. At first XVII V. The Manchus began to raid China and subjugate neighboring tribes and Korea. Then they started a war with China.
At the same time, peasant uprisings occurred in China due to the introduction of ever new taxes.
Creator of the Qing Empire -
Nurhaci
5. Manchu conquest of China
The rebel army defeated the government troops of the Ming Dynasty and entered Beijing. Frightened Chinese feudal lords opened access to the capital to the Manchu cavalry.
In June 1644, the Manchus entered Beijing. This is how the Manchu Qing dynasty established itself in China, ruling until 1911.
- state
Ming Dynasty
5. Manchu conquest of China
Palace life
during the Qing Dynasty
The Manchus secured a separate and privileged position for themselves. According to the form of government, Qing China XVII - XVIII centuries was despotism. The emperor was at the head of the state - Bogdykhan endowed with unlimited power.
The Qing dynasty waged endless wars of conquest. Towards the middle XVIII V. she conquered all of Mongolia, then annexed the Uighur state and the eastern part of Tibet to China. Conquest campaigns were repeatedly undertaken in Vietnam and Burma.
6. “Closing” China
IN XVII - XVIII centuries English and French merchants began to appear in Chinese ports. The Chinese looked at the arriving foreigners with fear and respect, seeing their superiority over themselves in military affairs and entrepreneurship.
But in 1757, by decree of the Qing Emperor, all ports except Guangzhou were closed to foreign trade.
Bogdykhan of the Qing dynasty
6. “Closing” China
This was the beginning of China's isolation. The reasons for the policy of “closing” China were that information about the colonialist policy of Europeans in neighboring countries reached the Manchu court. Contacts with foreigners, as it seemed to the authorities, undermined the traditional foundations of Chinese society.
Sculpture of Buddha
In the power struggle between feudal factions in Japan at the end XVI - at first XVII V. won in victory Ieyasu Toku-gawa , who then subjugated all the appanage princes of Japan to his power and took the title shogun. From that time on, the Tokugawa shoguns became the sovereign rulers of Japan for the next 250 years. The imperial court was forced to bow to their power.
Founder of the shogunate system
Ieyasu Tokugawa
7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate
The imperial family was deprived of real power, it was not allowed to own land, and a small rice ration was allocated for its maintenance.
There were always officials at the imperial court who observed everything that was happening. The emperor was given honors, but it was emphasized that it was not fitting for a divine emperor to “condescend” to communicate with his subjects .
Imperial Palace
7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate
Shogun's Palace
The Tokugawa shoguns received from 13 to 25% of state revenues. To strengthen power, they established their control over large cities, mines, foreign trade. To subjugate the princes, the Tokugawa introduced hostage system . They built a new capital - Edo city and demanded that each prince live for a year in the capital, and a year in his principality. When leaving Edo, the princes had to leave a hostage at the court of the shogun - one of their close relatives
7. The reign of shoguns in Japan. Tokugawa Shogunate
At first XVII V. The Tokugawa declared Buddhism the state religion and assigned each family to a specific temple. Confucianism became the doctrine regulating relations in society.
Advances in book printing XVII V. contributed to the development of literacy. Stories of an entertaining and instructive nature were popular among the urban population. But the government made sure that criticism of the shogun did not get into print media. In 1648, when a bookstore printed a book containing disrespectful statements about the shogun's ancestors, the store owner was executed .
At the beginning of the 17th century. The Tokugawa declared Buddhism the state religion and assigned each family to a specific temple. Confucianism became the doctrine regulating relations in society.
Advances in printing in the 17th century. contributed to the development of literacy. Stories of an entertaining and instructive nature were popular among the urban population. But the government made sure that criticism of the shogun did not get into print media. In 1648, when an Osaka bookstore printed a book containing disrespectful remarks about the shogun's ancestors, the store owner was executed.
Ieyasu Tokugawa
8. “Closing” of Japan
Attack on English
delegation
to Emperor Meiji.
From 1542, for almost 100 years, the Japanese bought weapons from the Portuguese. Then the Spaniards arrived in the country, followed by the Dutch and English. From the Europeans, the Japanese learned that, in addition to China and India, which in their minds limited the world, there were other countries. The missionaries preached Christian teachings in the country. The central government and nobility saw in Christian ideas of universal equality a danger to existing traditions.
Even before the establishment of the To-kugawa shogunate, in 1542, Portuguese ships dropped anchor off one of the Japanese islands. Following this, a Catholic missionary, Francis Xavier, arrived in Japan. This is how the West met Japan.
From now on, for almost 100 years, the Japanese bought weapons (arquebuses and muskets) from the “southern barbarians” (as the Portuguese were called in Japan). Then the Spaniards arrived in the country, followed by the Dutch and English. From the Europeans, the Japanese learned that, in addition to China and India, which in their minds limited the world, there were other countries. The missionaries preached Christian teaching in the country, and it was successful among the peasants. This caused the displeasure of the central government and the nobility, who saw in the Christian ideas of universal equality a danger to existing traditions.
8. “Closing” of Japan
In the 30s XVII decrees were issued on the expulsion of Europeans from the country and the prohibition of Christianity. The decree of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa read: “In the future, as long as the sun shines on the world, no one dares to land on the shores of Japan, even if he was an ambassador, and this law can never be repealed on pain of death.”
Any foreign ship that arrived on the shores of Japan was subject to destruction and its crew to death.
Decree of Shogun Iemitsu Tokugawa
8. “Closing” of Japan
Okusha - tomb of the first
shogun of the Edo era,
Tokugawa Ieyasu
What were the consequences of the “closure” of Japan? The despotic regime of the Tokugawa dynasty tried to prevent the destruction of traditional society. Although the "closure" of Japan was incomplete, it caused significant damage to traders associated with the foreign market. Having lost their traditional occupation, they began to buy land from bankrupt peasant owners and set up enterprises in the cities. Japan's technical lag behind Western countries was consolidated
Homework
- Learn paragraph 29-30, answer the questions in writing at the end of the paragraph .