The theme of a popular uprising in “The Captain's Daughter. Essay on the topic: “Pugachev - leader of the popular uprising”

The history of Russia is full of memories of popular unrest, sometimes silent and little-known, sometimes bloody and deafening. One of the most famous such events is the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was seriously interested in Russian history. Among his historical works, the most famous are “The History of Peter” and materials on the Pugachev era. It is surprising that the dry and accurate reports of the chroniclers became the basis for the creation of a rich historical canvas - the famous story "The Captain's Daughter". Pushkin was unusually fascinated by the personality of Emelyan Pugachev, who led the popular uprising in the second half of the 18th century. Emelyan Pugachev is a Don Cossack, a veteran of two wars - the Seven Years and the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. He rose to the rank of cornet, that is, to the first officer rank in the Cossack troops of the Russian army. Instead of continuing his military career, he became the leader of the peasant war and died on the scaffold.

Pushkin shows Pugachev from different sides: he is either a counselor to whom the kind Grinev gives a bunny sheepskin coat, or an impostor posing as Emperor Peter III, or a criminal imprisoned in an iron cage. However, from these scattered pictures, the author creates the image of the leader of a popular uprising, a man of violent temperament and strong will, torn apart by internal contradictions. Noteworthy is the cruelty of Pugachev, who is inclined to execute rather than pardon. The facts of the wild, unbridled terror established by Pugachev in the captured cities are well known. Probably, from the very beginning of the uprising, the false emperor was well aware that his adventure was doomed to failure. “My street is narrow,” Pugachev says to Grinev. The leader's premonitions did not deceive him - he was betrayed by his own comrades.

Pugachev in Pushkin lives according to the legend of the eagle and the raven, that is, he chooses the bloody path. Who is he - the leader of the popular uprising, glorified by numerous historical studies of the Soviet era, or the state criminal Emelka, sentenced to public execution on Bolotnaya Square? Most likely, the second, although Pushkin does not give his own final assessment of this historical figure.

The fact is that the era of the reign of Catherine II entered the history of Russia as a completely prosperous episode. The uprising, or rather the rebellion of Emelyan Pugachev, devoid of significant objective reasons, was doomed in advance. All leaders of popular uprisings sooner or later became legendary figures. People wrote songs about them. However, Pushkin is the only one who tried to give a real portrait of the terrible and at the same time merciful Emelyan Pugachev.

The history of Russia is full of memories of popular unrest, sometimes silent and little-known, sometimes bloody and deafening. One of the most famous such events is the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.

Emelyan Pugachev is a Don Cossack, a veteran of two wars - the Seven Years and the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774. He rose to the rank of cornet, that is, to the first officer rank in the Cossack troops of the Russian army. Instead of continuing his military career, he became the leader of the peasant war and died on the scaffold.

thread, than to have mercy. The facts of the wild, unbridled terror established by Pugachev in the captured cities are well known. Probably, from the very beginning of the uprising, the false emperor was well aware that his adventure was doomed to failure. “My street is narrow,” Pugachev says to Grinev. The leader's premonitions did not deceive him - he was betrayed by his own comrades. Pugachev in Pushkin lives according to the legend of the eagle and the raven, that is, he chooses the bloody path.

Who is he - the leader of the popular uprising, glorified by numerous historical studies of the Soviet era, or the state criminal Emelka, sentenced to public execution on Bolotnaya Square? Most likely, the second, although Pushkin does not give his own final assessment of this historical figure. The fact is that the era of the reign of Catherine II entered the history of Russia as a completely prosperous episode. The uprising, or rather the rebellion of Emel-Yan Pugachev, devoid of significant objective reasons, was doomed in advance.

All leaders of popular uprisings sooner or later became legendary figures. People wrote songs about them. However, Pushkin is the only one who tried to give a real portrait of the terrible and at the same time merciful Emelyan Pugachev.

Comparative characteristic Grineva and Shvabrina

(Based on the story by A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter")

The Belogorsk fortress was located far from the cultural and political centers of that time, but the wave of Pugachev’s rebellion reached it too. The small garrison faced an unequal battle. The fortress fell. Emelyan Pugachev carries out his “imperial” trial, that is, he mercilessly deals with unarmed people. It is this moment in the story that is key for the comparative characterization of the two heroes of “The Captain’s Daughter” - Grinev and Shvabrin.

Grinev was raised in the family of a retired military man and

he himself became an officer, Petrusha is a gentle and conscientious young man, filled with the most rosy dreams. For him, the height of human well-being is service in the guard. However, life itself dispels his illusions. After losing to Zurin at cards, Grinev feels ashamed. The meeting with the counselor that soon follows shows that Petrusha is a good person. Despite Savelich’s admonition, Grinev gives the counselor a rabbit sheepskin coat from his shoulder. Service in the Belogorsk fortress turned out to be easy, Petrusha falls in love with the commandant’s daughter Masha Mironova. Falling in love makes Grinev a poet. Petrusha shares her poetic tests with Alexei Shvabrin, a young officer exiled to the fortress for participating in a duel. It turns out that Shvabrin was also in love with Masha, but was refused. Shvabrin tries to denigrate the girl in the eyes of Grinev, and he challenges him to a duel. Petrusha receives a slight wound from his former friend. But even after this, Shvabrin continues to envy Grinev, because Masha and her parents carefully look after the wounded young man. However, Shvabrin soon gets the opportunity to take revenge.

Pugachev invited everyone to join his rebellious army. Shvabrin happily agrees: he swears allegiance to the impostor. Grinev, despite the mortal danger, does not betray his military oath and dares to stand up for the orphaned Masha Mironova. Thus, rivals in love and opponents in duels stand on opposite sides of the barricades. Shvabrin’s position is still less favorable: by joining Pugachev, he thereby once and for all put himself outside the law. Grinev, whom Pugachev remembers from meeting on the road, tells the impostor the truth about his beloved, hoping for leniency from the leader. Grinev wins this psychological battle, saving himself and Masha.

Two officers of the Russian army - Pyotr Grinev and Alexey Shvabrin behave completely differently: the first follows the laws of officer honor and remains faithful to the military oath, the second easily becomes a traitor. Grinev and Shvabrin are bearers of two fundamentally different worldviews.

Baseness and double-mindedness Alexey Shvabrina(Based on the story by A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter")

Alexey Shvabrin is one of the heroes of the story "The Captain's Daughter". This young officer was exiled to the Belogorsk fortress for a duel in which Shvabrin’s opponent was killed. When Shvabrin meets Grinev, one notices that Alexey treats the inhabitants of the fortress with contempt and arrogance. Shvabrin gets closer to Grinev in order to “finally see a human face.” However, it is not only arrogance that determines the character of this hero.

The author characterizes Shvabrin as a cynical empty person, capable of slandering a girl only because she refused to reciprocate his feelings. Shvabrin commits a number of vile acts that characterize him as a low person, capable of treason, cowardice, and betrayal. Grinev and Shvabrin arrange a duel over the commandant's daughter, and, taking advantage of Grinev's inattention, Shvabrin wounds him. The list of Alexei's further actions is crowned with scenes of the assault and capture of the Belogorsk fortress. Realizing that the siege of a poorly fortified fortress could not be withstood, Shvabrin went over to Pugachev’s side. When the false emperor holds court, sitting on the porch of the commandant's house, Shvabrin finds himself among the rebel elders. In order to save his life, Shvabrin grovels before Pugachev. In truth, Alexei’s fate is unenviable: he is doomed to forever remain a stranger among his own, a friend among strangers. Probably, Shvabrin simply tried to forget about such important concepts for a Russian officer as duty to the fatherland, honor, and loyalty to the oath. Here is one example of the behavior of a traitor: “Shvabrin fell to his knees... At that moment, contempt drowned out all feelings of hatred and anger in me.

I looked with disgust at the nobleman lying at the feet of the runaway Cossack." Shvabrin tried to force Masha to become his wife through torture and hunger. This episode was resolved successfully thanks to the intervention of Pugachev himself. Alexey Shvabrin remains one of the most striking images of a traitor in Russian literature.

Pushkin was very interested in the topic of betrayal. It is not for nothing that the hero of his other famous historical work - the poem "Poltava" - is the rebellious hetman Ivan Mazepa, who committed treason against Peter the Great. However, Alexey Shvabrin is, first of all, the embodiment of a petty traitor. From the history of the Pugachev era, it is known that officers often went over to the side of the rebels. After Pugachev's defeat, the trial of such people was merciless and harsh.

Betrayal comes in many forms. Common to all types of betrayal is the abuse of another person's trust. Alexey Shvabrin betrayed his homeland, his beloved girl, his friend, and all the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress. This is quite enough to be tormented by pangs of conscience for the rest of your life. Did Alexey Shvabrin, this low and two-minded hero who found himself between the integral and self-loyal characters in the story “The Captain's Daughter”, experience them?

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The history of Russia is full of memories of popular unrest, sometimes silent and little-known, sometimes bloody and deafening. One of the most famous such events is the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.

A.S. Pushkin, throughout his career, was repeatedly interested in his native history and periods of great social upheaval. And in the 30s. XIX century under the influence of unabated peasant uprisings, he turned to the theme of the popular movement. At the beginning of 1833, A. S. Pushkin had the opportunity to study archival documents about the events of the uprising led by Pugachev in 1749–1774. and began work on a historical work and a work of art. As a result, “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” and the novel “The Captain’s Daughter” appeared. The author himself wrote: “By the word novel we mean a historical era developed in a fictional narrative.” “The Captain's Daughter” tells the life story of Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, included in a broadly expanded depiction of historical events, covering a wide range of phenomena. The theme of Pugachev's uprising is presented, despite the conciseness of the narrative, quite fully and completely: from the beginning of the uprising to the defeat and death of Pugachev.

The main reason for the uprising - the political and economic oppression of the masses - A.S. Pushkin does not fully reveal in his novel, but the reader understands it well. The author, in a number of laconic remarks in various chapters of the novel, speaks of the discontent of the people and the cruelty of the government. “The Bashkirs are a scared people, and the Kyrgyz have been taught a lesson,” says Captain Mironov, and the reader sees what “taught a lesson” means in the interrogation scene of a captured Bashkir. “I will never forget this man. He seemed to be about seventy years old. He had neither a nose nor ears... - Ehe! - said the commandant, recognizing by his strange signs one of the rebels punished in 1741. “Yes, you’re obviously an old wolf, you’ve been in our traps.” From what follows we learn that the Bashkir’s tongue was cut out. It is not surprising that it is this “mutilated” Bashkir who finds himself riding on a crossbar with a rope in his hands at the moment of the commandant’s execution. In the same chapter, in a historical digression about the “outrage” of the Cossacks in 1772, it is said: “The reason for this was the strict measures taken by Major General Trauberg.” The whole thrust of the narrative about popular indignation is such that there is no doubt about its “naturalness”.

A. S. Pushkin, in full accordance with historical truth, shows the social and national composition of the masses seized by the uprising. Among them are peaceful Cossacks, serfs, small nationalities oppressed by the tsarist government - Kyrgyz, Kalmyks, Bashkirs.

The goals of the movement are determined in general terms not by any clear political program, but by age-old popular values, such as freedom, land, and the destruction of landowners who stand in the way of these goals. A “good” king must realize these goals. The spontaneity of movement is reflected in the novel, again in full accordance with reality. But the movement meets the interests of the broad masses, which is why not only serfs and Cossacks participate in it, but also soldiers of the tsarist army quickly go over to Pugachev’s side.

There are also well-known words in the work: “God forbid that we see a Russian rebellion, senseless and merciless!” They belong to the narrator. The nature of this exclamation reflects, of course, the horror of the hero of the novel, frightened by the peasant uprising. But at the same time, these words, if taken in context, reflect the attitude not only to the peasant movement: “The government was stopped everywhere, the landowners took refuge in the forests. Gangs of rebels were committing crimes everywhere; the leaders of individual detachments punished and pardoned with autocracy; the condition of the entire vast region, where the fire was raging, was terrible...” Here the idea is expressed about the anarchy accompanying the uprising and the fact that the commanders of government troops “autocratically” punish and pardon. The writer’s attitude towards the uprising and its leader is clarified from the entire course of the narrative: Pugachev arouses the reader’s sympathy, and the uprising as a whole is depicted in such a way that it appears to us as an understandable, explainable and inevitable movement of the masses for liberation from landlord oppression. But A. S. Pushkin was frightened by the spontaneity of the movement, the inevitable cruelty of the struggle, he saw the “meaninglessness” of the rebellion. His thoughts are connected not only with one specific historical fact, but with the present and future of Russia. “When taking on a historical theme,” said K. G. Paustovsky, “the writer does not break with modernity.” Therefore, for many years to come, readers will find in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter” answers to questions of both a historical and moral nature.

In the novel “The Captain's Daughter” and in the poem “Pugachev”, two authors from different times describe the leader of the peasant uprising and his relationship with the people. Pushkin was seriously interested in history. I turned to the image of Pugachev twice: when working on the documentary “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” and in “The Captain’s Daughter”. Pushkin’s attitude towards the uprising was complex; he considered the main features of the rebellion to be the absence of a long-term goal and bestial cruelty. Pushkin was interested in the origins of the uprising, the psychology of the participants, the role […]
It is no coincidence that A. S. Pushkin’s novel, dedicated to the events of the peasant war of 1773–1774, is called “The Captain’s Daughter.” Along with the historical character Emelyan Pugachev, the fictional main character - the narrator Pyotr Grinev and other characters in the novel, the image of Marya Ivanovna, the daughter of Captain Mironov, is important. Marya Ivanovna was brought up among simple, unpretentious “old people” who had a low level of culture, limited mental interests, but courageous, […]
The figure of Emelyan Pugachev, the leader of the peasant uprising of 1773–1774. - became famous not only thanks to the scope of the popular movement itself, but also to the talent of A.S. Pushkin, who created the complex image of this amazing person. The historicity of Pugachev is secured in the novel by a government order for his capture (chapter “Pugachevism”), by genuine historical facts mentioned by the narrator Grinev. But Pugachev in the story by A. S. Pushkin is not equal to his historical prototype. The image of Pugachev is a complex alloy [...]
We encounter many female images on the pages of A. S. Pushkin’s works. The poet has always been distinguished by his love for a woman in the highest sense of the word. A. S. Pushkin’s female images are almost an ideal, pure, innocent, lofty, spiritual. Of course, not the last place in the gallery of female images is occupied by the heroine of the novel “The Captain's Daughter” Masha Mironova. The author treats this heroine with great warmth. Masha is a traditional Russian name; it emphasizes the simplicity and naturalness of the heroine. This girl has no […]
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the founder of realism and the Russian literary language, was interested throughout his life in turning points in the history of Russia, as well as outstanding personalities who influenced the course of the country's historical development. The images of Peter I, Boris Godunov, Emelyan Pugachev run through all his work. Pushkin was of particular interest in the peasant war led by E. Pugachev of 1772–1775. The author traveled a lot to the places of the uprising, collected material, wrote several works about [...]
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For a very long time after the suppression of the people's liberation uprising in 1775, the name of Pugachev, the leader of the uprising, was banned. Even during the time of Pushkin, noble historians and memoirists wrote about the uprising and its leader with hatred, scolding and cursing the rebels, calling them nothing more than “villains”, “robbers”, “robbers”, “murderers”.

Pushkin was the first of the writers and historians to see in the leader of the uprising an outstanding person from the people, a remarkable and interesting personality. Listening to the opinion of the people, talking with old people, writing down poetic traditions and legends, Pushkin noted that the people treat the “robber” with love, calling him “red sun”, “father”, protector of the oppressed, defender of the poor.

The great Pushkin managed to create a truthful historical image of Pugachev, deep and ambiguous. Pushkin reflected this difference of opinions about the rebel in the heartfelt words of Grinev, the main character of the story, a nobleman whom fate brought close to Pugachev: “I can’t explain what I felt when parting with this terrible man, a monster, a villain for everyone except me.” "Why not tell the truth? At that moment, strong sympathy attracted me to him. I ardently wanted to snatch him from among the villains... and save his head while there was still time."

For Grinev, Pugachev is an enemy, a criminal, a “villain.” However, each time the circumstances of the clashes between these people developed in such a way that they made it possible to demonstrate the intelligence, nobility, and courage of the “robber,” his deep humanity and sensitivity to the misfortune of others. Once showing the way to Grinev during a snowstorm, Pugachev becomes his counselor for life, helping in difficult situations, helping him find personal happiness,

As we read, we see that Pugachev took the path of the liberation struggle not for the sake of a senseless rebellion. He feels like a defender of the oppressed and unjustly offended, and therefore in his actions, despite their cruelty and mercilessness, there is a lot of truly royal greatness.

Pugachev believes that by joining forces and taking up arms, the people will be able to defend their rights and win freedom. He tells Grinev an old Kalmyk fairy tale. The prudent raven lives 300 years due to the fact that it feeds on carrion. The brave eagle, who lives only 33 years, does not agree with this: “than to feed on carrion for three hundred years, it is better to drink living blood.”

But, despite his wisdom, Pugachev could not control the entire course of the uprising himself, so he surrounded himself with advisers, Yaik Cossacks, without whose consent he tried not to take any action. They, for their part, often acted without his knowledge and even controlled him .

Over time, Pugachev understands the doom of the uprising, since most peasants are not accustomed to defending their rights. For them, rebellion is “a delusion, a momentary drunkenness, and not an expression of their indignation.” In addition, Pugachev’s most ardent supporters and allies are “thieves,” and he also understands this very well: “I must keep my ears open; at the first failure, they will ransom their neck with my head.” But there is no turning back for Pugachev, since the authorities will never forgive him for his rebellion: “It’s too late for me to repent. There will be no pardon for me, I will continue as I started.” And the leader of the rebellion does not want to turn back. “My street is cramped; I have little will,” he says.

Intransigence towards oppression and the desire for freedom helped Pugachev to stand at the head of the liberation uprising and lead millions of people. His image has become a symbol of the struggle of the common people for their rights, so people still keep the memory of the brave and fair intercessor and leader.

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