Representation (psychology)
Performance- the process of mentally recreating images of objects and phenomena that currently do not affect the human senses. The term "representation" has two meanings. One of them denotes the image of an object or phenomenon that was previously perceived by analyzers, but at the moment does not affect the senses (“name of the result of the process”, deverbative). The second meaning of this term describes the process of image reproduction itself (“name of the process”, substantivized infinitive).
Description
Representations as mental phenomena have both similarities and differences with such mental phenomena as perception, pseudohallucinations and hallucinations.
The physiological basis of ideas is made up of “traces” in the cerebral cortex, remaining after real excitations of the central nervous system during perception. These “traces” are preserved due to the well-known “plasticity” of the central nervous system.
Classification
There are different ways to classify representations.
By leading analyzers (by modalities)
In accordance with the division of representations into representative systems (according to the modality of the leading analyzer), the following types of representations are distinguished:
- visual(image of a person, place, landscape);
- auditory(playing a musical melody);
- olfactory(imagination of some characteristic smell - for example, cucumber or perfume);
- taste(ideas about the taste of food - sweet, bitter, etc.)
- tactile(idea about the smoothness, roughness, softness, hardness of an object);
- temperature(idea of cold and heat).
However, often several analyzers are involved in the formation of representations. Thus, imagining a cucumber in one’s mind, a person simultaneously imagines its green color and pimply surface, its hardness, characteristic taste and smell. Ideas are formed in the process of human activity, therefore, depending on the profession, predominantly one type of ideas develops: for an artist - visual, for a composer - auditory, for an athlete and ballerina - motor, for a chemist - olfactory, etc.
By degree of generality
Concepts also differ in the degree of generalization. In this case, we talk about single, general and schematized representations (in contrast to perceptions, which are always single).
- Single representations- these are ideas based on the perception of one specific object or phenomenon. They are often accompanied by emotions. These ideas underlie such a memory phenomenon as recognition.
- General views- representations that generally reflect a number of similar objects. This type of representation is most often formed with the participation of the second signaling system and verbal concepts.
- Schematic representations represent objects or phenomena in the form of conventional figures, graphic images, pictograms, etc. An example is diagrams or graphs depicting economic or demographic processes.
By origin
The third classification of ideas is by origin. Within this typology, they are divided into ideas that arise on the basis of sensations, perception, thinking and imagination.
- Based on perception. Most of a person’s ideas are images that arise on the basis of perception - that is, the primary sensory reflection of reality. From these images, in the process of individual life, the picture of the world of each individual person is gradually formed and adjusted.
- Based on thinking. Ideas formed on the basis of thinking are highly abstract and may have few concrete features. Thus, most people have ideas of such concepts as “justice” or “happiness”, but it is difficult for them to fill these images with specific features.*
- Based on imagination. Ideas can be formed on the basis of imagination, and this type of ideas forms the basis of creativity - both artistic and scientific.
According to the degree of volitional effort
Ideas also differ in the degree of manifestation of volitional efforts. In this case, they are divided into involuntary and voluntary.
- Involuntary representations- these are ideas that arise spontaneously, without activating the will and memory of a person, for example - dreams.
- Arbitrary representations- these are ideas that arise in a person under the influence of will, in the interests of the goal he has set. These ideas are controlled by a person’s consciousness and play a large role in his professional activity.
Properties
Representations have such basic properties as visibility, fragmentation, instability And generality.
- Visibility. A person represents the image of a perceived object exclusively in visual form. In this case, there is a blurring of the outlines and the disappearance of a number of features. The clarity of ideas is poorer than the clarity of perception due to the loss of the immediacy of reflection.
- Fragmentation. The presentation of objects and phenomena is characterized by uneven reproduction of their individual parts. Advantage is given to objects (or their fragments) that in previous perceptual experience had greater attractiveness or significance. The fragmentation of representations, noted by G. Ebbinghaus and confirmed by modern researchers, is that “with a careful analysis or attempt to establish all the sides or features of an object, the image of which is given in the representation, it usually turns out that some sides, features or parts are not represented at all " If instability of representation is an analogue of incomplete constancy, then fragmentation is the equivalent of incomplete integrity or an expression of its deficiency in representation compared to perception.
- Instability. The image (or its fragment) presented at a given moment in time can be held in active consciousness only for a certain time, after which it will begin to disappear, losing fragment after fragment. On the other hand, the image of representation does not arise immediately, but as new aspects and properties of the object, new temporary connections are perceived; gradually it is supplemented, changed and “clarified”. In its essence, instability as a manifestation of impermanence is a negative equivalent or expression of the deficiency of constancy inherent in the perceptual image. It is well known to everyone from their own experience and consists in the “fluctuations” of the image and the fluidity of its components.
- Generality. The presented object, its image, has a certain information capacity, and the content (structure) of the image of representations is schematized or collapsed. As B.C. points out. Cousin, representation always includes an element of generalization. In it, the material of an individual perception is necessarily associated with the material of previous experience and previous perceptions. The new merges with the old. Ideas are the result of all past perceptions of a particular object or phenomenon. The birch as an image of representation is the result of all past perceptions of birches, both directly and in images. Therefore, a representation, while generalizing a specific object (or phenomenon), can simultaneously serve as a generalization of an entire class of similar objects due to the fact that the represented object does not directly affect the senses.
Literature
- Shcherbatykh Yu. V. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: “Peter”, 2008.
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See what “Imagination (psychology)” is in other dictionaries:
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Books
- Psychology of body types. Psychology of human capabilities. Theory of conscious harmony (number of volumes: 3), Uspensky Petr Demyanovich. The following books are included in the package. "Psychology of body types. Development of new capabilities. Practical approach". Did you know that hormones directly affect a person’s appearance and character? A…
Topic: “Cognition and knowledge”
Option I .
1. Objective reality given in the human mind is...
a) cognition;b) knowledge;c) truth;d) imagination.
2. The process of self-knowledge is not characterized...
a) determining your abilities;b) developing an attitude towards one’s appearance;
c) self-esteem;d) knowledge of social norms and values.
3. Basic information about nature, people, their living conditions, communication allows you to get...
a) mythological knowledge;b) philosophical knowledge;c) everyday practical knowledge.
4. The subject of knowledge is...
a) a set of methods and techniques that promote knowledge;b) a cognizing person;
c) what cognition is aimed at.
5. Choose the correct answer.
A. Sensory cognition is carried out in the forms of sensation, perception and
representation.
B. Concept, judgment, inference are forms of rational knowledge.
a) correct answer is A;b) correct answer B;c) there is no correct answer; d) both answers are correct.
6. A generalized sensory-visual image of reality, preserved and reproduced in consciousness through memory, is...
a) sensation;b) perception;c) worldview;d) presentation.
7. Judgment is...
a) a form of thought that establishes connections between individual concepts, and with the help of these connections something
affirmed or denied;
b) a form of thought that reflects general natural connections, aspects, signs of phenomena that
are fixed in their definitions;
c) a form of thought, which is a process and result of reasoning, during which from one or
several judgments, a new judgment is derived;
d) a holistic image of an object, directly given in living contemplation in the totality of all its
Parties and connections.
8. The criteria of truth include...
a) the duration of existence of the judgment;b) the number of people who adhere to this judgment;
c) the possibility of confirming the judgment in practice;d) consistency of judgment with everyone
Previous
9. Finish the phrase: “In philosophy, reliable, correct knowledge is called...”
10. Which of the two judgments given can be attributed to a scientific conclusion?
a) human inclinations are social in nature, they are acquired in the course of
socialization of the individual;
b) the natural basis for the development of human abilities is innate inclinations.
11. The level of scientific knowledge, characterized by the predominance of rational forms of knowledge -
concepts, conclusions, theories, laws, reflecting phenomena and processes in their aspect
internal connections and patterns is...
a) theoretical;b) sensual;c) empirical.
12. Choose the correct answer.
A. Sensory and rational cognition are two stages of cognition, they are not
are opposed to each other.
B. Sensory and rational cognition are in constant interaction,
form an inextricable unity of the cognitive process.
a) correct answer is A;b) correct answer B;c) there is no correct answer;d) both answers are correct.
13. A form of knowledge containing an assumption formulated on the basis of a number of facts, true
the meaning of which is uncertain and needs proof, is...
a) hypothesis;b) theory;c) problem;d) disposition.
14. Method of cognition, the essence of which is the initial knowledge of individual properties
phenomena being studied, on the basis of which generalizations at various levels are then made,
called...
a) induction method;b) analysis;c) synthesis;d) method of deduction.
15. Scientific knowledge presupposes...
a) using the experience of everyday life;b) experimental testing of the hypothesis;
c) understanding of literary text;d) interpretation of historical facts.
16. Explain the terms: truth, knowledge, sensationalism.
Nemov R.S. Psychology: In 3 books. Book 1. - M.: Vlados, 1999
Chapter 5. HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS (p.132-144)
Summary
The nature of human consciousness. Consciousness as a form of human reflection of reality. Basic signs of consciousness. Psychological characteristics of human consciousness. Meaning and meaning as components of consciousness. The role of speech in the functioning of human consciousness. Consciousness as a generalized, verbally defined reflection of reality by man in its essential and most stable invariant properties.
The emergence and development of consciousness. Prerequisites and conditions for the emergence of consciousness: joint productive activity of people, distribution of labor, role differentiation and activation of communication, development and use of language and other sign systems, the formation of human material and spiritual culture. The main directions of phylo- and ontogenetic development of consciousness. The emergence and development of a person’s reflexive ability. Formation of a system of concepts. Changes in the psychology and behavior of people under the influence of historical events. Advances in science, culture, industrial production, the emergence of new means of cognition and self-regulation (mental and behavioral) are factors that ensure the development of consciousness. The main directions of development of consciousness in modern conditions. Coming socio-economic changes and prospects for the development of human consciousness.
THE NATURE OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS
The significant difference between man as a species and animals is his ability to reason and think abstractly, reflect on his past, critically assessing it, and think about the future, developing and implementing plans and programs designed for it. All this taken together is connected with the sphere of human consciousness.
Consciousness is the highest level of human reflection of reality , if the psyche is considered from a materialistic position, and the actual human form of the mental principle of being, if the psyche is interpreted from an idealistic position. In the history of psychological science, consciousness has been the most difficult problem, which has not yet been solved from a materialistic or idealistic position, but on the path of its materialistic understanding many of the most difficult questions have arisen. It is for this reason that the chapter on consciousness, despite the critical importance of this phenomenon in understanding psychology and human behavior, still remains one of the least developed.
Regardless of what philosophical positions the researchers of consciousness adhered to, the so-called reflective ability
, i.e. the readiness of consciousness to understand other mental phenomena and itself.
The presence of such an ability in a person is the basis for the existence and development of psychological sciences, because without it this class of phenomena would be closed to knowledge. Without reflection, a person could not even have the idea that he has a psyche.
The first psychological characteristic of human consciousness includes the feeling of being a cognizing subject, the ability to mentally imagine existing and imaginary reality, to control and manage one’s own mental and behavioral states, and the ability to see and perceive the surrounding reality in the form of images.
Feeling oneself as a cognizing subject means that a person recognizes himself as a being separated from the rest of the world, ready and capable of studying and knowing this world, i.e. to obtain more or less reliable knowledge about it. A person is aware of this knowledge as phenomena that are different from the objects to which they relate, can formulate this knowledge, expressing it in words, concepts, various other symbols, transfer it to another person and future generations of people, store, reproduce, work with knowledge as a special object. With loss of consciousness (sleep, hypnosis, illness, etc.) this ability is lost.
Mental representation and imagination of reality is the second important psychological characteristic of consciousness.
It, like consciousness in general, is closely connected with will. We usually talk about conscious control of ideas and imagination when they are generated and changed by the effort of a person’s will.
There is, however, one difficulty here. Imagination and ideas are not always under conscious volitional control, and in this regard the question arises: are we dealing with consciousness if they represent a “stream of consciousness” - a spontaneous flow of thoughts, images and associations. It seems that in this case it would be more correct to talk not about consciousness, but about preconsciousness - an intermediate mental state between the unconscious and consciousness. In other words, consciousness is almost always associated with volitional control on the part of a person of his own psyche and behavior.
The idea of reality that is absent at a given moment in time or does not exist at all (imagination, daydreams, dreams, fantasy) acts as one of the most important psychological characteristics of consciousness. In this case, the person arbitrarily, i.e. consciously, distracts himself from the perception of his surroundings, from extraneous thoughts, and focuses all his attention on some idea, image, memory, etc., drawing and developing in his imagination what at the moment he does not directly see or does not see at all able to see.
Volitional control of mental processes and states has always been associated with consciousness. It is no coincidence that in old psychology textbooks the topics “Consciousness” and “Will” almost always coexisted with each other and were discussed simultaneously.
Consciousness is closely connected with speech and without it it does not exist in its highest forms.
, Unlike sensations and perception, ideas and memory, conscious reflection is characterized by a number of specific properties. One of them is the meaningfulness of what is represented, or realized, i.e. its verbal and conceptual meaning, endowed with a certain meaning associated with human culture.
Another property of consciousness is that not all and not random ones are reflected in consciousness, but only the basic, main, essential characteristics of objects, events and phenomena, i.e. that which is characteristic of them and distinguishes them from other objects and phenomena that are externally similar to them.
Consciousness is almost always associated with the use of words-concepts to denote the conscious, which, by definition, contain indications of the general and distinctive properties of the class of objects reflected in consciousness.
The third characteristic of human consciousness is its ability to communicate, i.e. transferring to others what a given person is aware of using language and other sign systems. Many higher animals have communicative capabilities, but they differ from humans in one important circumstance: With the help of language, a person conveys to people not only messages about his internal states (this is the main thing in the language and communication of animals), but also about what he knows, sees, understands, imagines, i.e. objective information about the world around us.
Another feature of human consciousness is the presence of intelligent circuits in it. A schema is a specific mental structure in accordance with which a person perceives, processes and stores information about the world around him and about himself. Schemes include rules, concepts, logical operations used by people to bring the information they have into a certain order, including selection, classification of information, assigning it to one category or another. We will also encounter examples of schemes that work in the areas of perception, memory and thinking on the pages of the textbook when considering cognitive processes.
By exchanging various information with each other, people highlight the main thing in what is being communicated. This is what happens abstraction, i.e. distraction from everything unimportant, and concentration of consciousness on the most essential. Deposited in vocabulary, semantics in conceptual form, this main thing then becomes the property of a person’s individual consciousness as he masters language and learns to use it as a means of communication and thinking. The generalized reflection of reality constitutes the content of individual consciousness. That is why we say that human consciousness is unthinkable without language and speech.
Language and speech seem to form two different, but interconnected in their origin and functioning layers of consciousness: a system of meanings and a system of meanings of words. The meanings of words refer to the content that is put into them by native speakers. Meanings include all sorts of shades in the use of words and are best expressed in various kinds of explanatory, commonly used and specialized dictionaries. The system of verbal meanings constitutes a layer of social consciousness, which in sign systems of language exists independently of the consciousness of each individual person.
The meaning of a word in psychology is that part of its meaning or that specific meaning that the word acquires in the speech of the person using it. The meaning of a word, in addition to the part of its meaning associated with it, is associated with many feelings, thoughts, associations and images that this word evokes in the mind of a particular person.
Consciousness, however, exists not only in verbal, but also in figurative form.
In this case, it is associated with the use of a second signaling system that evokes and transforms the corresponding images. The most striking example of figurative human consciousness is art, literature, and music. They also act as forms of reflection of reality, but not in an abstract way, as is typical for science, but in a figurative form.
THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Human consciousness arose and developed during the social period of its existence, and the history of the formation of consciousness probably does not go beyond the framework of those several tens of thousands of years that we attribute to the history of human society. The main condition for the emergence and development of human consciousness is the joint productive instrumental activity of people mediated by speech. This is an activity that requires cooperation, communication and interaction between people. She assumes the creation of a product that is recognized by all participants in joint activities as the goal of their cooperation. Individual consciousness at the dawn of human history arose , probably (it is difficult to judge this now, after tens of thousands of years), in the process of collective activity as a necessary condition for its organization: after all, in order for people to do any business together, each of them must clearly understand the purpose of their joint work. This goal must be stated, i.e. defined and expressed in words.
In the same way, apparently, in ontogenesis the individual consciousness of the child arises and begins to develop. For its formation, joint activity and active communication between an adult and a child, identification, awareness and verbal designation of the purpose of interaction are also necessary. From the very beginning of the phylo- and ontogenetic emergence and development of human consciousness, speech becomes its subjective carrier, which first acts as a means of communication (message), and then becomes a means of thinking (generalization).
Before becoming the property of individual consciousness, a word and the content associated with it must acquire a general meaning for the people who use them. This is the first time this has happened in a joint activity. Having received its universal meaning, the word then penetrates the individual consciousness and becomes its property in the form of meanings and meanings. Hence, collective consciousness appears first, and then individual consciousness , and such a sequence of development is characteristic not only of phylogenesis, but also of the ontogenesis of consciousness. The individual consciousness of the child is formed on the basis and subject to the existence of collective consciousness through its appropriation (interiorization, socialization).
The productive, creative nature of human activity is of particular importance for the development of human consciousness. Consciousness presupposes a person’s awareness not only of the external world, but also of himself, his sensations, images, ideas and feelings. There is no other way for a person to realize this, except for gaining the opportunity to “see” his own psychology, objectified in creations. The images, thoughts, ideas and feelings of people are materially embodied in the objects of their creative work and with the subsequent perception of these objects precisely as embodying the psychology of their creators they become conscious. Therefore, creativity is the path and means of self-knowledge and development of human consciousness through the perception of his own creations.
At the beginning of its development, human consciousness is directed towards the external world. A person realizes that he is outside of him, thanks to the fact that, with the help of the senses given to him by nature, he sees and perceives this world as separate from him and existing independently of him. Later, reflexive ability appears, i.e. awareness that a person himself can and should become an object of knowledge. This is the sequence of stages in the development of consciousness in phylo- and ontogenesis. This first direction in the development of consciousness can be designated as reflexive.
The second direction is associated with the development of thinking and the gradual connection of thought with words. Human thinking, as it develops, penetrates more and more into the essence of things. In parallel with this, the language used to denote the knowledge being acquired is developing. The words of the language are filled with ever deeper meaning and, finally, when sciences develop, they turn into concepts. The word-concept is the unit of consciousness, and the direction in which it arises can be designated as conceptual.
Each new historical era is uniquely reflected in the consciousness of its contemporaries, and As the historical conditions of people's existence change, their consciousness changes. The phylogeny of its development can thus be presented from a historical perspective. But the same is true for human consciousness in the course of its ontogenetic development, if, thanks to cultural works created by people, the individual penetrates ever deeper into the psychology of the peoples who lived before him. It makes sense to designate this direction in the development of consciousness as historical.
At this moment in history, the consciousness of people continues to develop, and this development, apparently, is proceeding with a certain acceleration caused by the accelerated pace of scientific, cultural and technological progress. This conclusion can be made based on the fact that all the processes described above in the main directions of transformation of consciousness exist and are intensifying.
The main direction for the further development of human consciousness is the expansion of the sphere of what a person is aware of in himself and the world around him. This, in turn, is connected with the improvement of the means of material and spiritual production, with the socio-economic revolution that has begun in the world, which over time should develop into a cultural and moral revolution.
We are already beginning to notice the first signs of such a transition. This is the growth of the economic well-being of different peoples and countries, changes in their ideology and policies both in the international and domestic arena, a decrease in interstate military confrontation, and an increase in the importance of religious, cultural and moral values in the communication of people with each other. A parallel course is the penetration of man into the secrets of life, the macro- and microworld. Thanks to the successes of science, the sphere of human knowledge and control, power over oneself and the world is expanding, human creative capabilities and, accordingly, people’s consciousness are significantly increasing.
concept, idea, reflecting a generalization of experience and expressing an attitude to reality
Alternative descriptionsHigh thought
The main, main idea of the work
A thought that not everyone has
Thought, intention, plan, intention
Defining concept underlying the theoretical system
The main idea of a literary, artistic or scientific work
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Something that cannot be explained to an idiot, and something that nothing can knock out of his head.
What lies at the heart of any endeavor
Speculation, which, as history has shown, God forbid, if it takes hold of the masses
Good offer
Dominant
Mature among the convolutions
A thought that claims exclusivity
Comes to mind, but before that it’s in the air
Good idea and on time
A fruit ripened among the gyri of the brain
Almighty Thought
It's fresh from the innovator
Idefix
Product of human thinking
Overshadowing thought
A thought ready to be implemented
Female name
Main plot line
Superthought
Obsessive...
Innovative thought
Fruit of thinking
Concept
Bright thought
Product of thinking
Creativity
Super thought
What is a dominant?
Speculation
. "Eureka!"
Idea
Head visitor
Visit of inspiration
She comes on a whim
Suddenly understanding what to do
Design, idea, intention
Leitmotif
Brilliant "thought"
Brilliant proposal
Can be intrusive
Main idea, plan, insight
Mental image
A sudden thought
Came to mind
Obsessive constructive thought
Good idea
Constructive thought
Great idea
Sudden constructive thought
the main idea
It comes with the prefix “fix”
Great idea
Bright plan
Brainstorm loot
Concept of the work
Outstanding Thought
Wonderful thought
Great idea
Wonderful idea
Brilliant idea
Initial thought
Rationalization...
Thought-insight
Thought, intention, plan
The main, main idea of the work
Thought, plan, intention
Mental image of something, concept of something
. "Eureka!"
Brilliant "thought"
Loot "Brainstorm"
J. lat. concept of a thing; mental concept, idea, imagination of an object; mental image. Thought, invention, invention, invention; intention, plan. Ideology g. thought theory, part of metaphysics or psychology that talks about thinking and thought. An ideal is a mental model of the perfection of something, in some way; prototype, prototype, beginning; representative; dream sample. Ideal, related to the ideal; ideal, imaginary, thoughtful, mental; original, archetypical or beginning-like. Ideality is the opposite of reality, a conceivable prototype of the present. Idealist m. -tka f. a speculator who is carried away by unrealistic inventions; dreamer, speculator. Idealism is a philosophy based not on the phenomena of the material world, but on the spiritual or mental. A person's tendency towards daydreaming of this kind
Thought - insight
It comes with the prefix "fix"
Among the main works of the Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev there is “Russian...”
What is a dominant
Gray matter insight