The word cheerful is native Russian or borrowed. The origin of Russian words: interesting facts that you probably didn’t know

We don't often think about how the words we use originated and how their meanings may have changed over time. Meanwhile, words are quite living beings. New words appear literally every day. Some do not linger in the language, while others remain. Words, like people, have their own history, their own destiny. They may have relatives, a rich pedigree, and, on the contrary, be orphans. A word can tell us about its nationality, its parents, its origin. An interesting science - etymology - studies the history of vocabulary and the origin of words.

Railway station

The word comes from the name of the place "Vauxhall" - a small park and entertainment center near London. The Russian Tsar, who visited this place, fell in love with it - especially the railway. Subsequently, he commissioned British engineers to build a small railway from St. Petersburg to his country residence. One of the stations on this section of the railway was called "Vokzal", and this name later became the Russian word for any railway station.

Hooligan

The word bully is of English origin. According to one version, the surname Houlihan was once borne by a famous London brawler who caused a lot of trouble for city residents and the police. The surname has become a common noun, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.

Orange

Until the 16th century, Europeans had no idea about oranges at all. Russians - even more so. Oranges don't grow here! And then Portuguese sailors brought these orange delicious balls from China. And they began to trade them with their neighbors. The Dutch word for apple is appel, and the Chinese word for apple is sien. The word appelsien, borrowed from the Dutch language, is a translation of the French phrase Pomme de Chine - “apple from China”.

Doctor

It is known that in the old days they treated with various conspiracies and spells. The ancient healer said something like this to the patient: “Go away, disease, into the quicksand, into the dense forests...” And muttered various words over the sick person. The word doctor is originally Slavic and is derived from the word “vrati”, which means “to speak”, “to talk”. Interestingly, “to lie” comes from the same word, which for our ancestors also meant “to speak.” It turns out that in ancient times doctors lied? Yes, but this word initially did not contain a negative meaning.

Scammer

Ancient Rus' did not know the Turkic word “pocket”, because money was then carried in special wallets - pouches. From the word “moshna” and produced “swindler” - a specialist in thefts from the moshon.

Restaurant

The word "restaurant" means "strengthening" in French. This name was given to one of the Parisian taverns by its visitors in the 18th century after the owner of the establishment, Boulanger, introduced nutritious meat broth into the number of dishes offered.

Shit

The word “shit” comes from the Proto-Slavic “govno”, which means “cow” and was originally associated only with cow “patties”. “Beef” means “cattle”, hence “beef”, “beef”. By the way, from the same Indo-European root is the English name for a cow - cow, as well as for the shepherd of these cows - cowboy. That is, the expression “fucking cowboy” is not accidental, it contains a deep family connection.

Heaven

One version is that the Russian word "heaven" comes from "ne, no" and "besa, demons" - literally a place free of evil/demons. However, another interpretation is probably closer to the truth. Most Slavic languages have words similar to "sky", and they most likely originate from the Latin word for "cloud" (nebula).

Slates

In the Soviet Union, a famous manufacturer of rubber slippers was the Polymer plant in the city of Slantsy, Leningrad region. Many buyers believed that the word “Shales” embossed on the soles was the name of the shoes. Then the word entered the active vocabulary and became a synonym for the word “slippers.”

Nonsense

At the end of the 17th century, French physician Gali Mathieu treated his patients with jokes. He gained such popularity that he did not have time for all the visits and sent his healing puns by mail. This is how the word “nonsense” arose, which at that time meant a healing joke, a pun. The doctor immortalized his name, but nowadays this concept has a completely different meaning.

COMMUNICATIVE

Word communicative in modern Russian it means: “easy to communicate with people”, “not withdrawn, inclined to maintain lively communication with others.” The same meaning is reflected in the derived noun: sociability –“Tendency to communicate with people, talkativeness.” Word communicative seems to be derived from the verb communicate -“to be in communication, to maintain mutual relationships.” This word bears the stamp of deep Old Slavic antiquity. In the Old Russian language the verb was used communicate, derived from the Old Church Slavonic adjective in general Along with the Church Slavonic form get along Sreznevsky noted this word in Russian form: - clean yourself up: Cherntsem and his wives clean yourself up and demons can do nothing with them (Cyprian, Epistle to Abbot Athanasius, 1390). The ancient meaning of this word is close to the modern one, but is not homogeneous with it: “to communicate, to unite in a society, in a union” (Sreznevsky, 2, p. 583). Communicate was later taken to be a perfective form; to it the correlative form of the imperfective form is communicate. In the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” the verb communicate is recognized as “Slovenian” and is defined as follows: “to become a participant in something; have a message” (fol. 1822, part 4, p. 146). Obviously, this word was alien to the simple and middle styles of the literary language of the 18th century, it was also alien to business language, since it is illustrated only by a church quotation: “Let the teacher communicate in all good things” (Epistle to the Galatians, ch. 6, verse 6). Thus, one might think that the verb communicate – communicate did not enter the system of general literary dictionary of the second half of the 18th century, the norm of the emerging national Russian language. The further fate of this word in the Russian literary language of the first third of the 19th century indicates the same. In the 1847 dictionary the word communicate qualifies as “ecclesiastical”, obsolete and is defined as: “to share; make a participant." The same reference to the church-biblical text of the New Testament remains as in the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (see pages 1867–1868, 3, p. 78). However, apparently, in the raznochinsky-democratic styles of the Russian literary language of the 30s and 40s, including in official business styles, the word communicate becomes more widespread and changes its meaning, semantically combining with commonly used words community - society, common, together etc. In V.I. Dahl’s dictionary there is the following explanation of this word: “ Communicate, communicate what to what - add, connect, mix; count together, at the same time. Not common one thing to another, sort it out separately. Don't talk to me my accounts with others. Communicate, why, join, unite, be at one; // be connected to him; // with whom, to know each other, to hang out, to communicate, to be friends; // church share together, give someone free rein, participation. Communicating proud, be faithful to him. Don't communicate revelers or with revelers” (words by Dahl 1881, 2, p. 654).

In connection with this stylistic revaluation of the verb communicate there are changes in the use of the word communication. Communication - Old Church Slavonicism, which in ancient times became part of the Russian literary language. This word in the Old Church Slavonic language served to convey the Greek. κοινωνία and lat. communio. The same meanings - 1) community, intercourse, participation; 2) the participle - it remained in the language of Old Russian writing until the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries. (see Sreznevsky, 2, p. 579). In the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” the word communication recognized as "Slovenian". Its use is illustrated only by biblical, Church Slavonic expressions. Its meanings are defined as follows: 1) Participation, participation in something. 2) India takes on alms, providing someone with necessities... 3) Communion, communion (word 1822, part 4, p. 147). Obviously the word communication was also not included in the general literary active dictionary of the 18th century. and was not included in the lexical norm of the Russian literary language at the end of the 18th century. It remained outside the boundaries of living literary styles in the first third of the 19th century. In any case, the dictionary of 1847 qualifies this word as “church,” that is, in the general literary language of the first quarter of the 19th century. uncommon or not very common (3, p. 79). In a word communication the same three Church Slavonic meanings are noted, which are indicated in the dictionaries of the Russian Academy: 1) Community; 2) Alms. 3) Communion. The illustrations are all borrowed from the text of church books.

We must think that the word communication received the right of literary citizenship no later than 30–40 years. XIX century In any case, the compilers of the 1847 dictionary themselves, who did not include the word communication into their vocabulary, they freely used this word in our, modern meaning. So, message is defined as “a means of communication” (sl. 1867–1868, 4, p. 385).

Dahl's dictionary indicates a new general literary understanding of the word communication, different from its ancient church usage: “action on the verb ( communicate), message, community, mutual treatment with whom” // church"alms, alms." Holy communication, communion (words by Dahl 1881, 2, p. 654).

Words sociable, sociability are not listed in Sreznevsky’s “Materials”. However, the use of the word communicative in the later language of biblical books it is attested (“to be gracious, sociable» . ). Apparently the word communicative was formed in the high styles of the Slovenian language of the 16th–17th centuries. It meant: “pliable” (i.e. generous), “giving something to others.” With this meaning, it was included in the dictionaries of the Russian Academy (see page 1822, part 4, p. 149). Here it is placed without any stylistic markings, therefore, it is recognized as suitable for high and medium style. However, in the 1847 dictionary the word communicative is already recognized as ecclesiastical, that is, not characteristic of the commonly used literary language. In this regard, it is explained in the old way: “giving to others, generous” (fol. 1867–1868, 4, p. 385).

Thus, there is reason to assume that the word communicative in its modern meaning became widespread in the Russian literary language no earlier than the 30s–40s of the 19th century. Wed. from D. V. Grigorovich in “Literary Memoirs”: “His (Dal’s) appearance... corresponded to his character, somewhat cruel, pedantic, far from sociable" (With . 165). Dahl noted as a commonly used expression: “ Talkative person - who willingly communicates with people, loves company, friendly, welcoming, welcoming, frank. Sociability, property, quality” (words by Dahl 1881, 2, p. 655). However, one might think that these new meanings of words sociability, sociable appeared vaguely even earlier - precisely in the Russian literary language of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. It is characteristic that in the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” the word sociability was semantically isolated from communicative and was explained as follows: “The tendency to comply with all duties in society” (word 1822, part 4, p. 149).

The activation of these words and their new meanings could not but be influenced by closely related words, widespread in the language of the 18th century: report, communicate(cf. in addition to the meaning of “transfer” - the old Church Slavonic meaning: “to become a participant in something”), message, community, informer, communicatively, communication And communicative(“willingly communicating, revealing his thoughts”, e.g., “he is a person communicative"; sl. 1867–1868, 4, p. 385).

The article has not been previously published. The archive preserves the manuscript - 8 unnumbered sheets.

The manuscript is published here with the necessary amendments and clarifications. – V.P.

Have you ever wondered how many words from any phrase we utter belong to the language of which we are all native speakers? And does something foreign always sound so obvious that it hurts the ear with its dissonance? Let's talk about the origin of words in the Russian language as if we were getting to know them for the first time - and in fact, in fact, this is the case.

Among archaeological researchers, it has long been accepted as an axiom that our Slavic ancestors, in countless genera, covered the area of their settlement from the Pacific coast to the very north of Italy. Of course, the dialects of that time were countless, but the basis, without a doubt, was laid not in the modern Cyrillic alphabet, but in the original Slavic - ancient Aryan writing.

The Old Church Slavonic language was never primitive, but it always reflected the essence, without indulgence in grandiosity. The use of words was reduced to twelve components of the full and free transmission of any information, feelings, sensations:

Name of elements of the human (animal) body, internal organs, structural features: hump, liver, leg;
Temporal indicators, with units of time intervals: morning, week, year, spring;
Natural and natural phenomena, various natural objects: drifting snow, wind, waterfall;
Name of plants: zucchini, sunflower, birch;
Fauna: bear, gudgeon, wolf;
Household items: axe, yoke, bench;
Concepts embedded in imaginative thinking: life, decency, glory;
Verb concepts: know, protect, lie;
Characterizing concepts: old, greedy, sick;
Words indicating place and time: here, at a distance, side;
Prepositions: from, on, about;
Conjunctions: and, a, but.

In any language, be it ancient Germanic or Vedic Slavic, the Word initially had an essence extracted from the image it created. That is, the original meaning of any word was created on the basis of well-known concepts:

aster = Ast (star) + Ra (sun god) = Star of the sun god Ra;
Kara = Ka (spirit of death) + Ra = deceased divine principle (in man).

However, with the acquisition of new concepts, new images also came. As a rule, these images brought with them ready-made names.

For example, the word “cream” is “cr? me“- in this form, it came to us from France, and meant a mass of whipped cream with some kind of fruit syrup... or shoe polish of a thick, uniform consistency.

Another condition for borrowing involves the convenient replacement of a multi-word concept with a single-word one.

Imagine the familiar and simple word “case”, which came to us from the German language (Futteral) and is translated as “case with lining”. In literal Slavic it would sound like “storage box.” Of course, in this situation, it is much more convenient and meaningful to pronounce “case”. The same goes for “glass” - “bocal” from French - a tall vessel for wine in the shape of a shot glass.

The influence of fashion trends on the preferential use of more euphonious words cannot be denied. After all, “bartender” somehow sounds more respectable than just “bartender,” and the “piercing” procedure itself seems something different and more modern than a banal “piercing.”

But a much stronger influence than even the trend of foreignness was exerted on the original Russian by its closest ancestor, the Church Slavonic language, which came into everyday life in the 9th century as a model of writing in Rus'. Its echoes reach the ears of modern man, characterizing his affiliation with the following characteristics:

letter combinations: “le”, “la”, “re”, “ra” in a prefix or root, where in the current sound we pronounce: “ere”, “olo”, “oro”. For example: head - head, pred - before;
the letter combination “zhd”, later replaced by “zh”. For example: alien - alien;
the primary sound “sch”, then identified with “ch”: power - to be able;
The primary letter is “e” where we can use “o”: once - once.

It is worth mentioning that the closest related Slavic languages to us left a noticeable imprint in the mixture of words, often replacing the Old Russian originals: pumpkin for tavern, shirt for shirt.

In addition to the facts already mentioned, the 8th century, with its active trade and military movements, had a huge influence on the original Russian language. Thus, the first language reforms turned out to be for the entire ancient Slavic people:

Scandinavians (Swedes, Norwegians);
Finns, Ugrians;
Germans (Danes, Dutch);
Turkic tribes (Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians);
Greeks;
Germans;
Romans (as speakers of Latin).

New words appear literally every day. Some do not linger in the language, while others remain. Words, like people, have their own history, their own destiny. They may have relatives, a rich pedigree, and, on the contrary, be orphans. A word can tell us about its nationality, its parents, its origin...

Railway station

Hooligan

The word bully is of English origin. It is believed that the surname Houlihan was once borne by a famous London brawler who caused a lot of trouble for city residents and the police. The surname has become a common noun, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.

Orange

Until the 16th century, Europeans had no idea about Oranges at all. Russians - even more so. Oranges don't grow here! And then Portuguese sailors brought these tasty orange balls from eastern countries. And they began to trade them with their neighbors. They, of course, asked: “Where do the apples come from?” - because we haven’t heard of oranges, but the shape of this fruit is similar to an apple. The traders answered honestly: “The apples are from China, Chinese!” The Dutch word for apple is appel, and the Chinese word for apple is sien.

Doctor

In the old days they treated with incantations, spells, and various whisperings. An ancient doctor or healer would say something like this to the patient: “Go away, disease, into the quicksand, into the dense forests...” And muttered various words over the sick person. Do you know what muttering or chatter was called until the beginning of the 19th century? Muttering and chatter were then called lies. To mumble meant to lie. He who trumpets is a trumpeter, who weaves is a weaver, and whoever lies is a doctor.

Scammer

In Rus', swindlers were not called deceivers or thieves. This was the name of the craftsmen who made the purse, i.e. wallets.

Insect

The origin of the word animal is quite obvious: from belly - “life”. But how to explain the strange name of the insect?

To answer this question, you do not need to be an entomologist, that is, a scientist who studies insects, or a linguist. It’s enough to remember what these same insects look like. Do you remember? Animals with “notches” on their bodies are insects. By the way, pure tracing paper from the French insect - from the Latin insectum “notched, with notches (animal).”

Here we will answer another simple question, why insects are called boogers. Yes, because the antennae of insects resemble goat horns. You can't call them goats - they are too small, but boogers - just right. Remember, from Chukovsky: “Little-legged goat-bug”...

Heaven

One theory is that the Russian word "heaven" comes from "ne, no" and "besa, demons" - literally a place free of evil/demons. However, another interpretation is probably closer to the truth. Most Slavic languages have words similar to "sky", and they most likely originate from the Latin word for "cloud" (nebula).

Slates

The other day

Now the word the other day is almost synonymous with the word just now and means “recently, one of these days, but I don’t remember which days.”

However, the other day comes from the Old Russian phrase onom dni (“on that day,” that is, “on that day”), which was used as a completely accurate indication of specific days that were already discussed. Something like this: on the second and third of February, someone met someone in a nearby forest, and on those same days, that is, the other day, that is, the other day, such and such happened in Paris...

In general, with the invention and spread of calendars and chronometers, all these beautiful words really became very outdated and lost their true meaning. And their use is hardly justified now. If only for a catchphrase.

Nonsense

At the end of the last century, the French doctor Gali Mathieu treated his patients with jokes. He gained such popularity that he did not have time for all the visits and sent his healing puns by mail. This is how the word “nonsense” arose, which at that time meant a healing joke, a pun.

The doctor immortalized his name, but nowadays this concept has a completely different meaning.

Zakharov Vladimir

The Russian language is the soul of Russia, its shrine. Our destiny is in the words we speak. That is why it is necessary to emphasize the historical processes taking place in it; based on the similarities between the Old Church Slavonic and Russian languages, using material from historical grammar to illustrate linguistic phenomena. The enrichment of the spiritual world of students is facilitated by both a comprehensive analysis of the text, which includes key concepts of Orthodox culture: home, temple, family, duty, honor, love, humility, beauty, and work on the etymology of a single word.

Download:

Preview:

Fascinating etymology or secrets of Russian words

Student's work

GBPOU RO PU No. 36 Zakharov Vladimir

Our orthography, being almost consistently etymological, provides the richest food for this. It forces you to decompose words into their component parts and look for related forms for them Sherba L.V.

Introduction

1.Science etymology

Etymology - (Greek ἐ τ ῠ μολογ ί α "true meaning of the word")

The subject of etymology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the sources and process of formation of the vocabulary of a language andreconstruction vocabulary of the language of the most ancient period (usually preliterate).

Semantics, as a branch of linguistics, answers the question of how a person, knowing the words and grammatical rules of any natural language, is able to convey with their help a wide variety of information about the world (including his own inner world), even if he encounters them for the first time with such a task, and to understand what information about the world contains any statement addressed to him, even if he hears it for the first time.

IN vocabulary Each language has a significant fund of words, the connection of which form with meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers, since the structure of the word cannot be explained on the basis of the word formation models existing in the language. Historical changes in words obscure the original form and meaning of a word, andiconic the nature of the word determines the difficulty of reconstructing the primary motivation, i.e. connection between the primary form and meaning of a word. The purpose of the etymological analysis of a word is to determine when, in what language, in whatword-formation models on the basis of what linguistic material, in what form and with what meaning the word arose, as well as what historical changes in its primary form and meaning determined the form and meaning known to the researcher.

Semantics emerged as an independent linguistic discipline relatively recently, at the end of the 19th century; the term “semantics” itself to denote a branch of science was first introduced in 1883 by the French linguist M. Breal, who was interested in the historical development of linguistic meanings. Until the end of the 1950s, the term “semasiology” was also widely used along with it, now preserved only as a not very common name for one of the branches of semantics. However, questions related to the management of semantics were raised and, one way or another, resolved in the oldest linguistic traditions known to us. After all, one of the main reasons that forces us to pay attention to language is a lack of understanding of what the oral or written statement (text) addressed to us or some part of it means. Therefore, in the study of language, the interpretation of individual signs or entire texts - one of the most important activities in the field of semantics - has long had an important place. Thus, in China, even in ancient times, dictionaries were created that contained interpretations of hieroglyphs. In Europe, ancient and medieval philologists compiled glosses, i.e. interpretation of incomprehensible words in written monuments. The truly rapid development of linguistic semantics began in the 1960s; Currently, it is one of the central sections of the science of language.

In the European scientific tradition, the question of the relationship between words and “things”, the objects to which they referred, was first posed by ancient Greek philosophers, but to this day various aspects of this relationship continue to be clarified. Let us consider the relationship of the word to the “thing” more carefully.

2.Origin of words

Asphalt. I wonder what this Greek word meant before there were paved sidewalks and highways. Let's open the ancient Greek dictionary. First syllable A – denial. Noun sfalma - fall, misfortune, failure. So the underlying meaning is bad. The prefix A turns the word into its opposite, giving it a good quality. Asfaleya means: confidence, reliability, safety. Exactly with that word asphaltos was named in Ancient Greece by the resin of coniferous plants. The name comes from the resin asphalt - tarred road.

Birch. From the word white in ancient times the words “birch”, “linen”, “squirrel” originated. Birch is a tree with white bark; white squirrel - a type of squirrel of a very rare and expensive breed, named after the color of its fur; “linen from white” of the type “junk from old” originally meant undyed white linen, then linen made from this linen, then linen in general.

Nonsense. When the first shipbuilders arrived in Russia under Peter I, they spoke mainly in German, accompanying their words with intense gestures, they explained the structure of the masts, their installation, purpose, while saying hier und da, which in German means here and there . In Russian pronunciation and awareness this has turned into nonsense , which means something obscure and unnecessary.

Shabby dress.Everyday, homely, everyday. After a meal in the last century, cheap fabric was called - after the name of Zatrapeznov, in whose factory it was produced.

Clumsy . In some Russian writers you can find the word clumsy

Okay, neat: “Okay, clumsy words come by themselves” (A. Kuprin). Writers use it from popular vernacular. It comes from the ancient word man - order, beauty.

Hence the sticky and clumsy – handsome, stately; clumsy - awkward, ungraceful.

It is forbidden. What is not – it’s clear, it’s important to establish what it is lzya . It once sounded lz and was the dative case of a noun lie - Liberty. Traces of the word's existence lie we see in our modern benefit, benefit ; it no longer occurs separately.

Education. They believe that this word is a copy of the German - a picture, an image, and the whole word means enlightenment. Word education can be found in Russian church books already in the 17th century, and German influences could hardly have penetrated into them. More likely, a direct connection with Old Church Slavonicto form - to create,compose, from Slavicimage - likeness.

Forgive. The etymology of this word may seem surprising. Old Russian simple, corresponding to our simple, it meant straight, unbent. I'm sorry therefore, it mattered to straighten, and then to allow the guilty person, who had bent in an apologetic bow, to straighten up. The cry of “Forgive me!” therefore meant: “Let me raise my guilty head, get up from my knees...”. To forgive means to liberate, to make free.

Rainbow. Word rainbow recorded in Russian language dictionaries only starting from the 18th century. This word is East Slavic in origin, derived from the adjective glad meaning cheerful. First the word rainbow referred to something cheerful, and later to something shiny, sparkling. Word meaning connection rainbow meaning cheerful is also confirmed by the fact that in some regional dialects rainbow called veselka, veselukha.

River. One of the most archaic, ancient words of our language. It is related to the ancient Indian rayas - stream, current, with the Celtic renos - river, from which the geographical name Rhine arose. Probably in the mists of time river it meant a stormy stream, rapids.

Child. Such a good, sweet word, but in origin it is associated with a disgusting slave . In Old Russian timidly meant little slave, child of a slave. But a slave, or rob, then meant an orphan. Gradually, the robe acquired the meaning of just a child, and it turned into a child under the influence of assimilation.

Day. Once existed days – collision. This is precisely how this word was originally understood, as the meeting of day and night, their totality.

Drawing. This word refers to the number of native Russians. It is an old derivative of the verb draw, which in the Proto-Slavic language had the meaning of cutting, chopping something. That is, initially drawing - this is cutting through, slicing, notching, as well as a forest clearing.

In the familiar sense: “an image of some objects on paper, a plan of something” the word drawing has been used in Russian for a long time. At least since the 16th century.

Conclusion

Etymological analysis allows you to instill interest in the Russian language through entertaining exercises, developing your linguistic sense, expanding your horizons and vocabulary. Mechanical memorization of words and text without understanding and comprehension is the most difficult and uninteresting form of acquiring knowledge.

The formation of coherent speech begins with work on the word; etymological analysis has an impact on spelling literacy.