A dictionary that provides an explanation of the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary, which provides information about relevant objects, phenomena, and events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A four-volume explanatory dictionary containing interpretations of Russian and Church Slavonic words, compiled and published by the Second Branch of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1847. This was the second significant explanatory dictionary of the Russian language after ... Wikipedia
Multivolume Latin Dictionary This term has other meanings, see Dictionary (programming). Dictionary book ... Wikipedia
- “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” (SSRL; Big Academic Dictionary, BAS) is an academic normative explanatory historical dictionary of the Russian literary language in 17 volumes, published from 1948 to 1965. Reflects... ... Wikipedia
A collection of words (sometimes also morphemes or phrases), arranged in a certain order, used as a reference book that explains the meaning of the units described, gives various information about them or their translation into another... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order … … Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, edited by S. I. Ozhegov. “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” one-volume normative ... Wikipedia
- “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov, is one of the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Under the editorship and with the author’s participation of D.N. Ushakov, in 1935-1940, 4 volumes of “Explanatory ... ... Wikipedia” were published
- (Greek) a list of words of one or more languages, systematized in alphabetical or some other order; the work of compiling S. is called lexicography. Work on compiling translated (bilingual or multilingual) dictionaries... ... Literary encyclopedia
- (Greek λεξικόν, Latin dictionarium, glossarium, vocabularium, German Wörterbuch) a collection of words belonging to a language, arranged for more convenient use in one or another systematic order, most often in a purely external, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- Dictionary of the Russian Academy, part 1. from A. to G., . Anyone who has experienced the chronicles knows quite well that popular education everywhere moves in slow steps if the wisdom and care of the Sovereigns themselves do not advance it. Great...
- Dictionary of the Russian Academy. Part 5, . Dictionary of the Russian Academy. Part 5 MK AN-4 / 89-S: 1794: Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1794 edition. IN…
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60. Dictionaries of Church Slavonic and Russian litas, created before 1830. "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" 1789-1794
The main stages in the history of Russian vocabulary generally coincide with the stages of development of lexicography in Western Europe.
At the origins of vocabulary in Rus', as in the West, are handwritten glossaries; the earliest surviving glossary contains 174 words and dates back to 1282. The discrepancy between book Church Slavonic and spoken Old Russian, as well as the needs of communication with foreigners, especially Greeks, led to the emergence in Ancient Rus' of several types of dictionaries, among which it is customary to distinguish between dictionaries of proper names (onomasticons, for example, a dictionary of biblical names called Speech of the Jewish language); so-called tributaries (from the word “parable”) - collections of words to which symbolic meaning was attributed; Slavic-Russian dictionaries that interpreted incomprehensible words of the book language (for example, Interpretation of the inconvenience of cognizable speech); and translation dictionaries (for example, Speech of Greek subtlety).
In the 16th century New principles for compiling dictionaries are being formed, in particular, the alphabetical principle of arranging material is gradually being established. With the advent of printing, printed dictionaries were also published. The first one, Lexis, that is, sayings briefly collected from Slovenian[those. Church Slavonic, not to be confused with modern Slovenian] language into simple Russian dialect interpreted Lavrentiy Zizaniy Tustanovsky was published in Vilna (Vilnius) in 1596. In 1627, a much larger volume (about 7 thousand words) was published in Kyiv. Slavic Russian lexicon and interpretation of names Pamva Berynda, republished in 1653 and had a significant influence on subsequent dictionaries. During the same period, numerous translation dictionaries appeared.
With Peter's reforms, many foreign words came into the Russian language, which stimulated the emergence of numerous dictionaries of foreign language vocabulary, many of which remained in manuscript. The first was Lexicon of new vocabulary in alphabetical order, compiled at the beginning of the century. In 1771, the etymological dictionary of F. Gelterhof appeared Russian Cellarius. Almost simultaneously (in 1773) the first Russian dictionary of synonyms was published The experience of a Russian estate D.I. Fonvizin, containing 32 synonymous rows.
At the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, under the leadership of M.V. Lomonosov, preparatory work began on the creation of an explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, and in 1783 the Russian Academy was established, within which a national lexicographical project was launched, in many ways similar to the dictionary project of the French Academy. The result was Dictionary of the Russian Academy, published in 6 parts in 1789-1794. This first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language contained 43,257 words, and its publication became a major milestone in the Russian lexicographical tradition. The second expanded edition was published in 1806-1822, and the third edition of the academic dictionary was a four-volume Dictionary of Church Slavonic and Russian languages 114,749 words long, published in 1847.
In the 19th century Vocabulary in Russia has achieved significant development. Dictionaries were created, and above all Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language V.I. Dahl (first edition - 1863-1866; third edited by I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay - 1903-1911), which are actively used to this day and occupy an important place in modern Russian culture
Catherine II was a patriot of Russia, the development of culture was not alien to her, Russian. She spoke the language perfectly. Thanks Ek. II, a real Russian theater appeared in Russia. This gave a big outbreak of Russian. dramaturgy. The 3rd third of the 18th century is the era of drama. Creators of Russian plays appear. This is the beginning of Russian orthoepy, a tradition of correct pronunciation is emerging, a standard is emerging. The emergence of thick magazines as a focus of intellectual action. Discussions. The letter becomes significant as lit. genre. The desire to imitate European stocks. Following the example and laws of France. the courtyard forms the Russian courtyard. At this time, people learn to write openly, with thoughts about the world and life. Salon conversations arise at this time. They simply involve communication on various topics (what is happening in the world) - usually in French. language.
Alignment of 3 calms from the 50s. 18th century => contradictory state of vocabulary (many borrowings, deviations from the Lomonosov canon). The gradual development of a common style. The idea of the dictionary was born by Dashkova and was supported by Catherine II. It was necessary to educate society and reform vocabulary. Dictionary: theory for vocabulary selection - Lomonosov's. Dashkova involved in the work on the dictionary Knyazhnin, Fonvizin, Bogdanovich, Derzhavin, (later Vostokov), Musin-Pushkin, mathematicians, naturalists, physicists, Russian antiquities, etc.
Ek II attempted to create a Russian Academy to create a dictionary. Russian vocabulary was codified - the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (DAR) was created, which set the task of describing the vocabulary of the literary language. The French had an encyclopedic dictionary, Ek II published an explanatory dictionary of Russian. language. The founders were prominent writers of the time and adherents of humanism. Sci. The dictionary includes national vocabulary and some borrowings, but foreign ones. there was a barrier to words there. There are very few borrowings from the 18th century. SAR paid attention to the vocabulary of Central Slavic and Latin/Greek. origin [eg. pif And k – monkey from Greek. πισηφ – pit e k – through Byzantine reading] Very good design of the dictionary with many systems of new markings (which are still in use). There was stylistic and grammatical normalization and the word was a unit of the Russian system. language and Russian culture. SAR met with a wide response, in the 10s of the 19th century it was reissued, doubled, and in this form went to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. SAR is the first step forward in Russian. lexicography. Detailed development of values was the first time in the ATS.
The dictionary is built according to the nesting principle - the influence of French. [“detective” - search with “and”, because “to search, to seek, detective”] SAR is a worthy chord for improving Russian. language. A clear turn towards decompression. speeches, codification of norms. .Created very quickly. Dictionary of more than 43,000 words. The criteria for selecting vocabulary among different authors differed: Church leaders tried to introduce Church Slavonicisms (including “dilapidated”), contrary to Lomonosov’s theory. Slavicisms were introduced: incomplete vocabulary (vran - see raven). Attitude to barbarism. According to Lomonosov: take only what is necessary and what is not, translate if possible. In the 2nd half. 18th century Purism was fashionable, and even many assimilated barbarisms did not enter the dictionary. In total, from foreign vocabulary - about 700 foreign words (not many), mostly of Latin-Greek origin, old; vocabulary that was included in the Petrine period was not included in the dictionary. Some words that were part of the active stock and existed in the Self were not included in the dictionary (the theory of purism had an effect). Dashkova suggested: if a foreign word is often found, then it should be entered into the dictionary, but with a reference to the Russian word (botanist - see herbalist, opponent - see contradictor, dessert - see snacks, snacks). The Russian word was often invented, the translation was inaccurate.
Low style: vernacular, peasant vocabulary, dialectisms. It needed comprehension and reflection (with restrictive marks: vernacular, vernacular, regional). By vernacular were meant words used by the common people, that is, unlearned, low, non-different, not characteristic of noble society. Scientific terminology. Vocabulary without stylistic markings, selected according to the Lomonosov canon. The meaning of the dictionary in the normalization of the Russian language of the 18th century. The principle of interpretation of semantics: 1) synonymous substitutions; 2) encyclopedic method (for terms, concepts are revealed). The dictionary was also historical: it included words from written monuments, mainly historicisms (veche, chain mail). The combination of two types - normative-stylistic and historical - is unsuccessful. The authors failed to combine, and it was impossible; besides, the historical knowledge was insufficient. The dictionary quickly sold out and was appreciated by contemporaries.
Lit. 18th century language:
– morphological syntax is a consequence of the influence of fr. and German languages (verb at the end). Understanding of language is dictated by morphology. Morphological syntax of colloquial speech is not typical; makes speech difficult to understand. Adj. – in postposition (as in European languages), although for r.ya. characteristic adj. in preposition
– unstructured semantics
- abundance of relative adjectives. (which are literally composed on the fly), undictionary
- excessive semantics [I quickly fly along the cast-iron rails, thinking my thoughts] - “butter oil” - repetition to stake out the thought. In modern This is not the case in language - everything unnecessary is removed.
- simple metaphors. They do not rely on a complex of signs, but on one sign (red like fire, yellow like sand).
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About the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy”
Parts I-VI. St. Petersburg, 1789-1794
Member of the Russian Academy Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin at the ceremonial meeting of the Imperial Russian Academy on December 5, 1818 said: “The Russian Academy marked the very beginning of its existence with a creation that is most important for language, necessary for Authors, necessary for anyone who wants to offer thoughts with clarity, who wants to understand themselves and others. The Complete Dictionary, published by the Academy, is one of those phenomena with which Russia surprises attentive foreigners. Italy, France, England, Germany were already famous for many great Writers, without yet having a Dictionary: we had church, spiritual books; they had poets, writers, but only one truly classical one (Lomonosov), and presented a system of language that can be equal to the famous creations of the Academy of Florence and Paris.” It is difficult to say whether Karamzin consciously used the word “system” and what content he put into it, but this word, better than many others, reflects the design and implementation of the Dictionary of the Russian Academy (SAR).
Creation of the Russian Academy
In 1783, a conversation took place between Empress Catherine II and Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, which was destined to go down in the history of Russian linguistics. In her Notes, Dashkova says that once, when she was walking with the Empress in the Tsarskoye Selo Garden, they started talking about the beauty and richness of the Russian language. “I expressed my surprise why the empress, who was able to appreciate his dignity and was a writer herself, never thought about founding the Russian Academy. I noticed that we only need rules and a good vocabulary to make our language independent from foreign words and expressions that have neither the energy nor the power inherent in our word.
“I myself am surprised,” said Catherine, “why this idea has not yet been implemented.” Such an institution for improving the Russian language often occupied me, and I have already given orders regarding it.” The Empress instructed the princess to draw up the Charter of the proposed Academy and a work plan. Soon followed
The Highest Decree on the creation of the Russian Academy and the appointment of E. R. Dashkova as its president.
Among the points of the Charter, the following attracts attention: “The Academy is the guardian of the language; and therefore it must, with all possible zeal for the common benefit, arm itself against everything unusual, alien, incomprehensible, dark, immoral in the language.”
Start working on the dictionary.
Compiled by
After the approval of the Academy's Charter, extensive preparatory work began on the creation of the dictionary. Princess E.R. Dashkova herself not only organized the work, but collected the words.
Academician I.I. Lepekhin participated in the selection of materials, supervised the publication, and described words from the field of natural sciences as a scientist. As specialists in their fields, academicians were engaged in defining words for the dictionary: S. Ya. Rumovsky (mathematician, physicist, chemist, geographer, expert on ancient languages), N. Ya. Ozeretskovsky (Doctor of Medicine), S. K. Kotelnikov (Professor of Mathematics - defined units of measure, weight, money), A. P. Protasov (Doctor of Medicine - terms of anatomy and physiology), P. B. Inokhodtsev (astronomer, mathematician, geographer and ethnographer - used his dialectological materials), I. N. Boltin ( historian), I. I. Melissino (rector of Moscow University - involved in this work), S. E. Desnitsky (professor of Moscow University - ancient Russian legal terminology).
Active workers on the dictionary were persons of clergy ― Metropolitan Gabriel, the author of the “Church Dictionary” P. A. Alekseev, D. Semenov-Rudnev, who collected and defined words from church books.
The selection of words and illustrative material was carried out by outstanding writers - M. M. Kheraskov, D. I. Fonvizin, G. R. Derzhavin, I. F. Bogdanovich, M. I. Verevkin and others; Fonvizin, in addition, wrote “Inscription for compiling an explanatory dictionary of the Slavic-Russian.” In total, about 60 people took part in the work on the dictionary; many of them, for their ascetic work, were awarded a large gold medal with the inscription “By bringing excellent benefit to the Russian word.”
Thus, the entire color of Russian science, culture and the church of that time took part in the creation of the dictionary. The constant inspirer of all dictionary, and indeed linguistic work in Russia in general, was Empress Catherine II herself.
Statement of problems
The compilers of the ATS had to solve five main problems: the problem of the dictionary, the problem of sources, the problem of spelling of words, the problem of stylistic and semantic description of vocabulary.
1. The SAR dictionary was the first attempt in Russia to collect the basic vocabulary of the Russian literary language and provide an interpretation and stylistic characteristics of each word. The dictionary included 43,257 words. The authors of the dictionary determined that their work should be a dictionary of the Slavic Russian language: “The Slavic Russian language for the most part consists of Slavic, or, more clearly, has its basis in it; although in other respects a great many words contain Russian words proper, due to the properties of which some of them, drawn from the Slavonic language, have a different ending, a different formation, while others have received a new meaning.”
The criterion for selecting words for the dictionary was the principle of “universal use.” On this basis, the compilers of the dictionary made it a rule to exclude from the dictionary: a) proper names; b) professionalisms that “are known only to scientists and artists”; c) “all words and speeches of decency are disgusting”; d) archaisms that have fallen out of use, “while retaining those that contribute to the understanding of ancient acts, rituals or customs, like Trizna”; e) “all regional words, except those that, with their clarity, strength and brevity, can serve to enrich the language, or mean works from those countries, or ultimately can serve to replace foreign words”; f) “all foreign words introduced unnecessarily, and to which equivalent Slavonic or Russian words are found.”
2. The range of text sources used by the compilers was sufficient to determine and record the meanings of words. The main source, especially at the first stage, were church books, but as work on the dictionary progressed, the involvement of the works of secular writers became more and more noticeable.
3. In church texts there is a whole series of doublet letters, and non-church texts of the 18th century, due to the influence of living pronunciation, show high variability in spelling; many colloquial and foreign words had several spellings, for example: kanat - konat, heel - kobluk, kryuchek - hook, glass - stokan, tavar - goods, lye - sholok, etc.; therefore, the question of the rules for spelling words was very acute. The approach of the Dictionary’s compilers to solving this problem was as follows: “The Academy considered it necessary to follow the spelling of church books in its Dictionary, until this same work revealed to it satisfactory ways to establish spelling rules once and for all.”
Thus, the compilers of the dictionary, like Lomonosov, proclaimed tradition as the basis of their attitude to spelling problems; in other words, the traditional historical principle of Russian spelling, which dominates to this day, originates from SAR.
4. The creators of ATS were able, for the first time in Russia, to solve the main stylistic problems of describing the vocabulary of a literary language. The theoretical basis of the ATS was the stylistic system of Lomonosov, which affected primarily the division of vocabulary.
The leading position was occupied by vocabulary of Slavic origin, it was designated by the mark “Sl.” - Slavic. The composition of this category was very wide. It included: a) archaic words and meanings, as well as archaic grammatical forms characteristic of the Church Slavonic, and not the Russian language - banya ‘ablution’, conversation ‘property of language, adverb’; spiritual teaching’, violence ‘simplicity, ignorance’, clothes, introduced, inspired, beah, godishi, wiser, nyyu, dska, osm; b) genetic Slavicisms with a touch of bookishness, used in different genres and styles of speech - breg, perishable ‘weak, easily crushable, meager’; c) the actual stylistic Slavicisms, which constituted the main feature of the high syllable: vlas, grad, hand, daughter, midnight, fisherman.
This category is stylistically opposed to the category of words marked “In space.” - “Used in common parlance or in conversations,” therefore, this category includes all colloquial vocabulary as distinguished from book vocabulary, for example: “ERSH, just iorsh, sha.” With. m. 1) Perca cernua. The fish is predatory but very tasty and provides easy food.”
See also autumn and autumn, copper and copper; I walk, walk, walk, walk and walk, walk, walk, walk; from childhood and from youth. Among the words marked “Into space.” There are not only colloquial words used in the middle and low styles, but also dialect words, for example: “Vyalitsa, or simply Vyalitsa, tsy. With. and. Blizzard."
The interpretations specifically stipulate the colloquial meanings of Slavic words, for example:
“GrѢHЪ, ha. With. m. 1) Violation, crime of God's law; a deed that is contrary to one of God’s commandments. Everyone commits sin, he is a slave of sin. Ioan: viii. 34. Every untruth is a sin. I Ioan. V. 17.<∙∙∙>2) colloquially: Wine. This is my sin”; “Boldness, niya. With. Wed 1) Speaking in a good way: cheerfulness, courage, courage in something. Forgive my boldness that... It is worthy of speaking with boldness. Acts 11. 29. Seeing Peter's boldness. Right there. IV. 13. We thank God for accepting boldness. Right there. XXVIII. 15. 2) In ordinary language use it is said in a bad way and means: unfounded, reckless enterprise in something, or discourtesy, immodesty; immoderate, excessive courage. It is worth punishing him for such daring. Unforgivable insolence. His boldness is immeasurable.”
Later, in the literary language of the 19th century, some of these words, having lost their connotation of expressiveness and depression, will move into the category of neutral words, for example: life, quite, heat, arrogant, tasty, baggy, youth, silent, importunate, stray, meditation, immediately , luck, prim; the same applies to phraseology: to be rich, to bury yourself alive, to lower your wings, to speak through your teeth, to pout your lips, he is no match for you. Other words, while retaining their expressive-emotional connotation of rudeness, familiarity, and abusive language, will form the category of colloquial words in the modern sense of the word; these are the words: rubbish, eat, die, horse, bastard, henchman, snore, scoundrel, idle talker, prick, rotozey, rokhlya, turuses, grab, grunt, nonsense, tricks; to an even greater extent this applies to phraseology: to survive out of your mind, turn up your nose, wash your dirty laundry in public, headlong, keep your ears open, sharpen your skis, fill your pocket, hang your nose, go cold turkey, run away. The fall of the classicist system of three styles led to the release of the stylistic energy of these words, turning them into truly stylistic synonyms of high and neutral words.
5. The achievements of ATS in the field of semantics are the solution of problems of polysemy, homonymy, and phraseological conditionality of meanings. Theoretical ideas about the semantics of words were set out in a draft dictionary, the authors of which were D. Fonvizin, N. Leontiev, I. Lepekhin, S. Rumovsky, headed by Metropolitan Gabriel. Thus, polysemy was assessed by the compilers as a great benefit and dignity of the language: “Great effort must be made to explain this metaphorical meaning, which constitutes the main abundance of languages, which was achieved without multiplying words.” At the same time, the compilers were aware that the dictionary cannot establish and describe the entire variety of actual and potential figurative meanings: “In other respects, as a metaphorical signification of a word, it is not always so defined and limited that it cannot gain some distribution as mind and imagination of writing, then it follows that one cannot strictly impose strict standards on the Dictionary. All metaphorical signs and appropriations are enough if there are more common ones in it.” The figurative meanings of words were indicated by an asterisk (*).
The main semantic procedure when describing a word in the ATS was to establish the word’s own, primary, or original, meaning, and then the common, metaphorical meanings. Describing the progress of the work, the compilers noted that it was necessary to “determine the primitive and precise meaning of words; observe the various shadows of their sign; deduce deviations or their transition into another meaning.” In this description of the semantic procedure, the deep idea of the semantic development of the meaning of a word from the primary to all its branches deserves attention. This theoretical attitude determined the increased attention of the ATS compilers to etymology, but in an era when scientific etymology based on the comparative historical method did not yet exist, the compilers were not always able to correctly determine the original meaning of the word. For example, the meaning of the word “arrogant” in the ATS is described as follows: “Insolent. 1. Impudent, daring. An impudent man. 2. * In relation to the winds: strong, stormy, swift,” however, it is unlikely that the second meaning can be recognized as a metaphorical use of the first. The Trilingual Lexicon of the early 18th century correctly states that the original meaning of this adjective is ‘sudden’, with which its figurative meanings are associated.
Different meanings of one word, at Lepekhin’s suggestion, began to be denoted using numbers, which then became part of the practice of not only Russian, but also European lexicography. The interpretation of meanings was carried out with the help of etymological references, “classes”, i.e. synonyms, detailed definitions, or both; meanings were also demonstrated through quotations from various texts and phrases coined by the compilers themselves.
For example: “ENEMY, ha. With. m. Sl. 1) Opponent, enemy; actually refers to people who openly inflict violence on each other during war. I will marry my enemies, and I will suffer. Psalm. XVII. 38. Overcome, defeat enemies. The enemies are running onto the ditch, onto the rampart, fortified. M. Lom. Often in this sign it is used in the singular as a collective name. The enemy is approaching, advancing. 2) In a broad sign, it means a person who hates another, or has an aversion to something; villain, hater; it just says thief. If your enemy is hungry, feed him. Proverbs XXV. 22. Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you. Checkmate. V. 44. The enemy of lies and drunkenness. Do not let your enemies rejoice / in their unrighteous enmity. M. Crowbar.”
The compilers of the Dictionary took into account various spheres of word use - poetry, eloquence (“florid syllable”), church and ancient books, science, technology, art, crafts, spoken language, regional dialects - in each of which the development of special figurative meanings occurs. For example:
“IRON. 1) Metal has hung up the srago, not as heavy and viscous as it was like it, but much more rigid and more firmly elastic than any other metal, forging and viscous, from which all kinds of weapons, most of the craftsmen, and many other things are being done. 2) In the flowery style, and especially among the Poemers, it is taken instead of a sword, a spear, and in general for any weapon. He fell into our hands: we took out the iron: // Crimson streams flowed rapidly. Tragedy. Sinav. and Truv."
Describing the semantics of words, the compilers of ATS drew attention to the fact that their semantic “deviations” often depend on their “conjugation” with other words, i.e., on their lexical compatibility. It is believed that this problem arose before linguistics when the general task of creating machine translation was being solved, however, as we see, it was already the subject of consideration by philologists of the 18th century. For example:
“ALIVE. 1) Enjoying life, having life. 2) This name is given by superiority to God, to mean that there is no one else except God, who lives and exists without beginning and without end. 3) * Speaking about a person, it is opposed to sluggish. He is the most alive child. 4) * In relation to things it means: a) Speaking about vegetation: unharmed, whole, safe. In winter, flowers are kept alive behind glass. M. L. b) Въ Сл. language: guiding to eternal bliss. Give birth to our living hope. 1. Peter. 1. 3. c) Explicit, obvious, valid. You have a living example of imitation in the affairs of your parent. It is also said: Living mind. Living imagination. Fast, ardent, sharp mind; a sharp, penetrating imagination, gifted with the ability to quickly and easily understand and decide. - Living expressions: i.e., filled with sharpness, ardor in the imagination; or words that are strong and depict exactly what is being proposed.”
Probably the most remarkable feature of ATS was the nested arrangement of words according to “derivative order.” “For the first time, this procedure was recognized by the Academy as necessary for the approval of the language; for through this root, power, different uses in different cases, complexity, deviation or transition into another meaning, allegory, and allegorical words and speeches dependent on them, are interpreted and explained in one place.” This is probably what Karamzin had in mind when he said that the SAR introduced a “language system.”
Indeed, the alphabetical method of arranging words, with all its practical convenience, represents the dictionary of a language as a mechanical conglomerate of words that are not connected with each other in any way, while the nested method reveals the systemic connections of words - etymological, word-formation, semantic, stylistic, to a lesser extent - synonymous and antonymous, that is, it introduces the reader, so to speak, into the interior of the language. So, under the word DOBA “time, time, chance; “same age”, such derivatives are given as: necessary, necessary, need, need, drug, appropriate, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like and like, unlike, like, reverend, venerable, reverend, highly reverend , worthy, worthy, worthy, likening, likening, likening, likened, likening, likening, worthy, baking, rich, convenient, convenient, convenience, inconvenience, convenience, convenience, inconvenience, as well as expressions: reverend father, highly reverend father.
Consideration of a word against the background of a nest of related words, a unit against the background of the whole, belongs to the most valuable achievements of ATS: it reveals to the reader such aspects of a word that remain unnoticed in an elementary dictionary. Learning a language using such a dictionary should be an effective and exciting activity, since not isolated facts will “settle” in students’ heads, but systemic, meaningful connections and relationships, when one linguistic phenomenon will be explained through another.