Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. Dictionary of synonyms and similar expressions Abramova N

Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions.

Printed edition M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999.

Electronic version: http://www.gramota.ru

Translation into text and proofreading (C) Alexander Ilyin, 2003

Articles: 19108

Examples of symbols

Wed.<Ясный>- compare with the dictionary entry “clear”

Wed.<Ад, Много и Углубление>compare with the articles “hell”,

“a lot” and “deepening”

Prot.<Райский>- The opposite of the article “Paradise”

[German Abschied resignation, dismissal] - explanation of the meaning of the word

|| take in advance, take in advance - stable (typical)

phrases, idioms

Fluff. - A. Pushkin, Turg., Turgenev - I. Turgenev, etc.

(Dal, hunger) - V. Dahl’s dictionary, article HUNGRY

Ah, but, however, same, only. See but

abderites see stupid

abdication [renunciation; renunciation of the dignity and power of a ruler, abdication

this title (Dal)] see refusal

paragraph see part

applicant see student

Subscribe, hire, rent (hire). Subscribe to a box, a chair.

Subscribe to a box, a chair, to read books in the library,

subscribe to a magazine, subscribe to a newspaper. Wed.<Нанимать>. See hire

subscribe see subscribe, hire, subscribe

boarding see collision

aboriginal see inhabitant, native

abort see give birth

abracadabra see absurdity

outline see sketch

absenteeism [avoidance of visits related to the performance of smb.

public duties (Ushakov)] see absence

Absolute, complete, perfect, irrespective, independent.

its height above sea level). Wed.<Безусловный>. Prot.

<Относительный>. See unconditional, complete, independent

abstract see spiritual, abstract

absurd see nonsense, absurdity

abtsug || first paragraph, from the first paragraph

abshid [German] Abschied resignation, dismissal] see dismissal

vanguard see army, front

advance || take in advance, take in advance

avantage || not to be found in avantage

avant-garde see majestic, beautiful

adventure see case || adventurer

Adventurer (born adventurer), adventurer (adventurer), tramp,

rogue. Wed.<Бродяга>. “We take tramps into the house and on tickets,

to teach our daughters everything.” Mushroom. See tramp

accident see harm, failure

Augean || clean the Augean stables

augur see soothsayer

maybe || at random, go at random

Abraham || go to the bosom of Abraham

authentic (authentic, authentic) see real

autobiography see biography

autocephalous, autocratic see independent

machine see doll

automedon see driver

creator. Wed.<Писатель>. See the culprit, the writer

autochthon see native

angel [evil spirit, devil, Satan (Dahl)] see demon

Agent, representative, authorized, attorney. Police agent, detective,

agent, provocateur. Insurance company agent. Receiving counterparty

advertisements Wed.<Посредник и Деятель>. See doer, mediator

agitator see instigator, rebel

agitation see excitement

agitate see excite

agony see agony

Hell (pitch), Gehenna (fiery), pitch, hell, abyss, inferno,

purgatory, tartarus, kingdom of shadows (Pluto). Prot.<Рай>. Wed.

<Беспорядок>. See clutter || absolute hell

Adam || dressed as Adam

Lawyer, solicitor, defender, (juror, private) attorney, intercessor;

(joking: ablakat, wood cutter); lawyer, lawyer, jurist. Wed.

Defender. See defender

adept see disciple

administrator see ruler

administration see power

Adonis see handsome

address see send, send

to address see to be directed

hellishly see very

Hellish, unbearable, convict, devilish, satanic, anathema,

infernal. Hellish torment. Hell of a life. Satanic pride.

“Hellish road: streams, snow, mud, waterholes...” Turgenev. "But you

you know what a devilish service we have.” Potter. Prot.<Райский>.

see even

agio see profit

agitation see vehemence

agitate see worry

important, see even

az see i || don't even know the basics

Excitement, inspiration, ardor, enthusiasm, frenzy, rage. Wed.

<Горячность>. Get excited, get carried away, get excited. Cm.

enthusiasm, ardor || get excited

ABC see beginning

alphabetic see ordinary, simple

alphabet sign see letter

Asian see barbarian, savage

Aish- (-eysh-) see very

academician see student

academic see spiritual, abstract

Akathist [prayers that can be listened to while standing, as opposed to

kathismas, during the reading of which one was supposed to sit (Men)] see praise ||

sing akathists in smb. honor

watercolor see painting

aquarium see pool, room

aquilon see wind

Akim-simplicity see naive

acclimatize see get used to, adapt

accompaniment see accompaniment

accompany see accompany

chord see sound

exactly see exact || keep it neat

accuracy see fidelity, diligence, diligence

Neat, serviceable, efficient, scrupulous, precise, thorough,

correct, punctual, scrupulous, pedantic, rigorous.

“And the baker, a neat German...” Fluff. A good servant. Pedant,

formalist. Prot.<Небрежный>. See caring, precise

acrobat see actor

accessory see side, accessory

accessories see furnishings

axiom see truth

act see action, document, certificate

Actor, artist (stage), actor, comedian, buffoon; guest performer;

(role: ingénue, first lover, comedian, tragedian, reasoner, extra,

figure skater, clown, gymnast, acrobat). J. b. actress. See hypocrite

act see pretend

asset see property

Midwife (m.r. obstetrician), midwife, midwife, midwife. "Tsar

The Egyptian called the midwives and said to them.” Ref. 1, 18. See

midwife

accent see reprimand

excise see tax

alarmist see alarming

Alexander the Great is a hero, but why break chairs? See get carried away

blush see blush

ale-mashir [distorted fr. allons let's go (?), German. marschieren go (?)] see

hunger see desire

Alcoholic, drunkard, drunkard. See drunk

Allah see god

allegory see fable, allusion, example

alley see road, street

allocution [lat. allocutio speech treatment, words of encouragement, consolation] see.

Gait, step, move, gait, run, jog; move, stupa. (Gaits: walk, trot,

trot, gallop, quarry, amble, jog). Walk at a free gait.

“Their (horses’) pace resembles the wild gait of a lively sexton.”

Turg. “[The horse] walked with a pinch, tame step.” Turg. See gait

diamond see jewel

altar || altar boy

altynnik [selfish, petty and low bribe-taker (Dal, altyn)] see.

bribe taker, corruptible; [miser, miser, penny pincher (Dal, Altyn)] see

The first edition of the “Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions” was published in 1900. The author of this monumental work was the famous lexicographer Naum Abramovich Pereferkovich (1871-1940). Released under the pseudonym “N. Abramov" dictionary was published four times from 1900 to 1915. In 1995, expanded and corrected, its 5th edition was published, and from 1996 to 2006 the dictionary was reprinted 3 more times. Labor N.A. Pereferkovich is truly monumental - the dictionary contains more than 5 thousand synonymous rows and more than 20 thousand words. In addition to lexemes, Abramov’s dictionary, as well as the ONLINE DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS, includes synonymous phraseological units - expressions close in meaning to the title word.

The author of the dictionary, Naum Abramovich Pereferkovich, was born in 1871 in the Stavropol region. He received his education at the Eastern Faculty of St. Petersburg University. He is known as the author of the three-volume “Textbook of Jewish Religion for Secondary Educational Institutions,” a translation of the Talmud and other religious treatises, as well as many articles and reviews. He taught at the German school Peterschule in St. Petersburg. In 1919 he emigrated to Latvia, where he continued his scientific, teaching and publishing activities. “The Dictionary of Russian Synonyms and Expressions Similar in Meaning” was not sufficiently appreciated by N. Pereferkovich’s contemporaries, however, numerous reprints of the book prove how in demand the work of this outstanding scientist is at the present time. Modern users of the World Wide Web can use a dictionary for their work or study and find SYNONYMS FOR WORDS ONLINE without visiting the library or swallowing book dust.

Synonyms are words that have different sounds, but either the same meaning or denote similar concepts. New synonymous connections arise in the language continuously. This is due to the mixing of different dialects and the introduction of borrowed foreign words into the language. In addition, in different speech styles, the same concept can be denoted by different words. For example, the word “speak” is a common word. In poetic, sublime speech, a synonym for this word will be the expression “to speak.” The popularly disparaging version of the verb “to speak” is the word “to weave,” and the word “to weave,” which was once a book version, has now acquired an ironic connotation. There are many options, they all have dissimilar sounds and different emotional tones. However, these are all synonyms of the same word. THE ONLINE DICTIONARY OF RUSSIAN SYNONYMS presents a fairly large selection of synonyms, allowing creative people, writers, as well as everyone who studies and loves the Russian language, to recall forgotten synonymic connections. Adapted for the modern user, ABRAMOV'S ONLINE DICTIONARY OF SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS allows you to feel the subtlety and versatility of the Russian language, and quickly find an elegant and fresh replacement for a hackneyed expression that has set your teeth on edge. In the dictionary of synonyms, you can choose a beautiful, caressing Russian ear replacement for any foreign word when translating texts.

Writers and students, designers, bloggers and a whole army of copywriters are constantly looking for beautiful, effective and original SYNONYMS for their work. ONLINE DICTIONARY, created on the basis of N. Abramov’s Dictionary of Synonyms, is an ideal assistant for intellectual workers. Using ABRAMOV'S ONLINE DICTIONARY OF SYNONYMS is extremely simple. To find a SYNONYM FOR THE WORD ONLINE, you just need to enter the desired word in the search bar and click the “Search” button.

Still, it’s very nice that our language is so rich that no other language in the world can match it. I mean, if we talk about specific words, then each word can be used in any way, but if we take synonyms of one word, then the meaning will be one, but the sound will be different. Now, if you take the word , then in Russian you can find several synonyms for this word, which is not the case in English. Therefore, when they say that the Russian language is a rich language, I very much agree with this!! Valentin

Yes, this is a completely serious scientific work. And yet, using only it in your work is the same as considering V. Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary” to be the last word in linguistics. Still, almost 100 years have passed since the death of N. Abramov. There were also later attempts to create a dictionary of synonyms. Alexandrova's dictionary and also the academic work "Dictionary of Synonyms" edited by A. Evgenieva. In the latter, let’s say, synonymous nests are quite conveniently constructed. But, naturally, everything said above does not detract from the importance of N. Abramov’s dictionary, in some places it is more subtle in the nuances of word usage. We also need it. Moreover, it is available online. But it would be nice if the 1977 edition of the USSR Academy of Sciences' Dictionary of Synonyms were just as easily accessible. Evgeniy Sh.

N. Abramov’s dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning has not lost its relevance to this day; in fact, it is the first and almost complete set of synonyms of the great Russian language. More than a hundred years have passed since the first edition was published. During this time, the dictionary was repeatedly republished and supplemented with new synonyms and expressions. This dictionary is of great interest not only among philologists and Russian language teachers. It can be very useful for work, both as journalists and as literary translators, including foreign ones. It is also interesting to a large circle of ordinary readers. In turn, I can say that this dictionary helps me a lot when I solve crossword puzzles. tarasatv

I write essay stories in a news style. They should be informative and elegant. We have to go through a lot of synonyms where repetitions are not acceptable. I don’t search only in the dictionary. After all, when choosing synonyms for a word, you can sometimes lose the brightness and richness of the material. Abramov’s dictionary is closest to me precisely because of what his opponents criticized him for. For word forms that are similar in meaning. The same proverbial very. Synonyms for it are both very and out of hand. Both limitless and terrible. Of course, this is understood only by specialists. And it is very, terribly difficult for a 2nd grade child to understand what the connection is between. At first glance, Abramov gives a strange analogy. Which helps me. Especially on such a resource with a convenient navigator. Alex R.

The Russian language is a great and powerful language, striking in its diversity of words, when several words with different sounds can carry the same meaning. Such words are called synonyms, most often synonyms differ from each other in the style of use in speech, for example, spouse is an official style, wife is a colloquial style, used in everyday life, etc. Often, synonyms help avoid repetition in speech, thereby decorating speech and enriching vocabulary. Thanks to the online dictionary, synonyms for a word can be found quickly and easily, without spending a lot of time searching through various book sources. The dictionary contains synonyms of all styles: from popular expressions to slang. A group of words united by one meaning, but different in sound, i.e. synonyms form a chain of words, which philologists call a synonymous series. A synonymous series may include 2 words or more. Words in a synonymous row must be one part of speech. But also in the Russian language there are words that do not have synonyms, such as forks, spoons and proper words. Elena Helen

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This preface
was prefaced by the fifth edition
printed version of the dictionary.

PREFACE

Apart from the small and not completed dictionaries of synonyms (D.I. Fonvizin, P.F. Kalaidovich, A.I. Galich), which appeared in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries and retained purely historical interest, the first serious experience of this kind in our country should be considered “Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning” by N. Abramov (Abramov 1915). It was published in 1900 and came out in its final, fourth edition fifteen years later. This dictionary was not understood by contemporaries and did not have a significant influence on the formation of the concept of a Russian synonymous dictionary. Meanwhile, in many respects he was ahead of his era and anticipated some ideas that were formed and embodied in world lexicography only very recently.

We emphasize that the title of N. Abramov’s dictionary includes not only “synonyms”, but also “expressions similar in meaning.” N. Abramov understood these latter very broadly, which, in fact, brought upon himself the fierce criticism of his contemporaries and descendants. His opponents tuned in only to the first word of the title and were disappointed when, instead of a dictionary of synonyms in the narrow sense, they received a much more tolerant and, as we see it, more interesting dictionary of synonymous means of the Russian language.

Not yet knowing the relevant theoretical concepts (as can be judged on the basis of the preface he wrote), N. Abramov purely intuitively included among the “expressions similar in meaning”, first of all, analogues (cohyponyms), hyperonyms, hyponyms1, names of parts of what is designated keyword, etc. Let's say, in a synonymous row VIGILANT it includes not only the actual synonyms of the type vigilant, but also such cohyponyms as cheerful, alert, observant. To the vocabulary list WARRIOR except for such synonyms as warrior And fighter includes hyponyms grenadier, guardsman, artilleryman, cavalryman, cuirassier. To the synonymous row WAR included hypernyms such as struggle, struggle, clash and such designations of “parts” as campaign, blockade, bombing. In many dictionary entries, through the indication “compare”, other semantic categories of words that are thematically related to the keyword are included. Yes, in a row LEARN included verb punish, denoting an action that N. Abramov apparently considered a necessary element of learning; in a row ERROR words included carelessness And crime and so on.

Another unconventional category of words included in N. Abramov’s dictionary of synonyms are antonyms. For them, N. Abramov not only had the special designation “prot.” (opposite), but also a clear understanding that they are one of the possible sources of superverbal synonymy, namely, synonymy of expressions. Explaining the term “prot.”, N. Abramov wrote that “this gives a new synonym, since all that remains is to add negative particles, such as “not”, “without”, “not very”, in order to get a suitable word with a new connotation” ( Abramov 1915:V); Wed often – often and other synonyms of this type.

Intuition guided N. Abramov further. Without stipulating this in the preface, he included words in the dictionary body, at least at the level of examples, which later became known as conversions. So, in the dictionary entry BE example appears I have = I have; in the dictionary entry SEE There is an example from Turgenev: This is what appeared to the curious eye of the observer [This is what a curious observer saw].

Another category of “expressions similar in meaning” that were systematically included in N. Abramov’s dictionary are periphrases of a key word (usually a verb), in which its actant and syntactic derivatives participate. Wed. in the same dictionary entry SEE expression to be a witness with example I witnessed a terrible incident today(i.e., with some reservations, I saw a terrible incident today) or in a dictionary entry TO HELP expressions provide assistance, give assistance.

From such expressions to phraseological units in the full sense of the word there is only one step, and N. Abramov also took it. In his dictionary, in addition to the single-word components of the keyword, some phraseological synonyms are given (but from time to time); Wed TO HELP – give a helping hand, make a mistake – fall into error, go astray, make a mistake, make a blunder.

In a very remarkable way, N. Abramov includes in his synonymous dictionary some typical combinations of the dominant of the series with other words. So, in the dictionary entry WAR combinations with adjectives are given internal, newspaper, bloody, land, internecine(with the possibility of synonymy internecine war – feud), maritime, partisan, customs; with verbs flared up, knows no truce etc. Here, therefore, another important aspect of describing the differences between synonyms is outlined - combinability.

However, we find the most striking evidence of N. Abramov’s deep intuition in the dictionary entries of words that have the most abstract meanings, such as “great degree”, “approximateness”, “causality” and a number of others. They reveal, in modern terminological language, a clear “active” or “functional” attitude, that is, an attitude toward meaning as the starting point for organizing linguistic material, regardless of the nature of the latter. For N. Abramov, it does not matter whether the given linguistic means of expressing the original meaning have the same formal features as the keyword (for example, whether they belong to the same part of speech) or not. If they express the same or similar meaning, they can be considered within the same dictionary entry.

Amazing article in this regard VERY, in which N. Abramov was close to the discovery of the lexical function Magn 2. First of all, it gives adverbial synonyms of this adverb very, limitlessly, endlessly, extremely, strongly, scary, terrible, hellishly, utterly, painfully etc., including less trivial phraseological synonyms it’s amazing what the light stands on, out of hand (Badly), a thousand times (rights), trouble how (smart), how terrible (stingy) etc. In addition, it lists ways to express the concept “very, very” with adjectives and adverbs. The first ones include the superlative degree and the adjective most, as well as "prefixes" most-, pre- (most unpleasant), once- (merry), high- (highly respected), a lot of- (difficult) etc. The latter include, in particular, reduplications of the type a long time ago, completely, black and black and so on.

In the dictionary entry APPROXIMATELY Let us note the fixation of the lexical-syntactic construction like About twenty years from now(with the word that way and inversion of word order), and in the dictionary entry the words CAUSALITY– fixation of unions for, because, because, due to the fact that, thanks to the fact that etc. The contours of the ideographic vocabulary clearly appear here.

This desire for a wider coverage of vocabulary in a synonymous dictionary, turning it into a dictionary of lexical synonymous means of the language, was clearly manifested later in two “stylistic dictionaries” by A. Reum, first published in 1910 and republished in the fifties (Reum 1953, Reum 1955 ). In modern lexicography, it is represented to one degree or another in several dictionaries of the Webster, Oxford and Robertian lines, published in the second half of the 20th century; see in particular Webster 1951, Robert 1967 and Oxford Advanced 1989. It received a solid scientific basis in the relatively recently emerged theory of lexical-syntactic periphrasis, which was formulated within the framework of the “Meaning - Text” model (see Melchuk 1974) and received a lexicographic embodiment in the “Explanatory-Combinatorial Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language” (see Melchuk-Zholkovsky 1984).

Thus, N. Abramov’s dictionary, hopelessly outdated in its lexical composition, turned out to be surprisingly modern conceptually. It is in tune with both the modern lexicographical ideology of “active dictionaries” and modern theoretical ideas.

Unfortunately, N. Abramov did not formulate and, apparently, could not formulate explicitly the ideas that he based his dictionary on. The dictionary entries he wrote leave an impression of chaos. This made it difficult for his contemporaries to understand his work and led to a return to the more traditional concept of a synonymous dictionary among lexicographers who worked after him.

Literature Cited

Abramov, N. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. Ed. 4th, additional, Pg., 1915.

Melchuk, I. A. Experience in the theory of linguistic models “Meaning “Text”. M.: Nauka, 1974.

Melchuk, I. A., Zholkovsky, A. K. Explanatory and combinatorial dictionary of the modern Russian language. Vienna, 1984.

Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Oxford, 1989.

Reum, Albrecht. Petit Dictionnaire de Style à l’usage des Allemands. Leipzig, 1953.

Reum, Albrecht. A Dictionary of English Style. Leverkusen, 1955.

Robert, Paul. Dictionnaire alphabetique et analogique de la langue francaise. Paris, 1967.

Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms. Springfield (Mass.), 1951.

PREFACE

The purpose of this book is to provide a more or less complete selection of Russian synonyms, that is, words that are similar in general meaning, but different in shades. The book should serve as a guide for finding forgotten expressions. Intending his “Dictionary” exclusively for practical use by people who know the Russian language, the author was concerned not so much with the exact definitions of shades of various synonyms, but with the completeness of synonymous nests, leaving the user to guess what is needed: language rarely takes into account philosophical definitions and distinctions, especially in the area of synonyms, usually arising precisely from imprecise, figurative phrases.

If in general our language is rather poorly developed grammatically and lexically, then so far, as far as we know, none of the scientists have paid due attention to synonyms. Dahl, in the preface to his “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” however, says that in the dictionary he “would like to see what expressions are identical or close to each other to denote different shades of the same concept,” but how many It does not provide a significant choice of synonyms. The Dictionary of the Russian Language, excellent in many respects, currently published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, completely ignores synonyms. As for the experiments in the development of individual Russian synonyms, published in various magazines at the beginning of the last century, their practical significance is insignificant (just as the value of the Russian translation of synonyms in the German “Synonymisches Handworterbuch der deutschen Sprache” by Eberhard is insignificant, where the nests consist mostly of two words, rarely going beyond four). Meanwhile, abroad the meaning of synonyms has long been recognized; There are many synonymous dictionaries there - German, English, French - some of which have already gone through up to twenty or more editions. In Western Europe and America, dictionaries of synonyms have long occupied an honorable place among the most necessary reference books for every writer. There, the study of synonyms has long been included, as one of the most important subjects, in the school curriculum of the native language, for one cannot help but see that nowhere is the richness and flexibility of a language more clearly reflected than in synonyms. Speaking now before the Russian public with the first experience of a more or less complete “Dictionary of Russian Synonyms”, which set itself practical goals, we believe that we are meeting a pressing need.

A dictionary of synonyms, in addition to its main value as a reference book that makes it possible to quickly and without any strain on memory to find the required word, has other advantages. Firstly, it expands familiarity with the language, revealing a lot of words that we have forgotten or do not use out of ignorance, and are often replaced by completely unnecessary, forced descriptions, and periphrases. At the same time, the dictionary of synonyms expands the mental horizon, introducing many new concepts, because each word has a corresponding concept. By juxtaposing words side by side that differ very little in meaning, the dictionary refines the mind and accustoms it to precise thinking.

With a dictionary in hand, a skilled literature teacher can greatly diversify his lessons, making them extremely interesting for children. Analyzing synonyms, clarifying points of contact and differences between words with related meanings, looking for examples of synonyms - such exercises, quite accessible to children, not only easily interest the whole class and give everyone healthy food for the mind, but at the same time introduce children to by the very spirit of language, they are introduced, so to speak, into the “Holy of Holies” of the people’s soul.

A dictionary of synonyms is necessary when studying a foreign language and when translating from foreign languages. All those monstrous and completely unnecessary foreign words that so spoil the native language, especially the magazine language, and with which Dal and other zealots of the Russian word are so rightly indignant, they all owe their origin only to unfamiliarity with Russian synonyms. Synonyms make it possible to convey quite accurately, in real Russian words, many of those barbarisms that have received citizenship rights in our language.

Finally, a dictionary of synonyms gives considerable pleasure to the reader, revealing to him unexpected shades of words and giving, next to the most serious and important concepts, their base synonyms.

METHOD OF USE

To find the concept you are looking for, you must remember some word that is somewhat, even if not very close, suitable to it, and look it up in the dictionary. It is possible that just for this word there will not be a list of corresponding synonyms, but there will be a link to another word to which the sought-after concept is associated in the dictionary. If none of the words included in the specified nest of synonyms expresses the desired concept, this means that a word has been taken that is too far from the searched one, and the search must continue, guided by the links available for the found word.

We tried to match the nests to the most general or most common of the synonyms. Very often, a word with the opposite meaning (“prot.”) is also indicated in a synonymous nest; this gives a new synonym, since all that remains is to add negative particles, such as “not”, “without”, “not very”, etc., to get a suitable word with a new connotation. But this is not enough: it is worth finding all the synonyms of the opposite word and adding the indicated negative particles to each of them to get a new series of synonyms. In addition, it gives you the opportunity to search for words by their opposites. You forgot, for example, the word “non-detailed”, “brief”; all you have to do is look up the word “detailed,” and you will have a clue to finding all the expressions that are the opposite of “detailed.” In many cases, to save space, we left it to the reader to form synonyms for an adverb using synonyms for the corresponding adjective, or synonyms for an adjective using synonyms for a noun (by replacing the ending). For example, the indication “see In detail" means: forming adverbs from all adjectives does not mean: see nest "In detail" (there is no such nest), but nests "Detailed". For many words, their epithets are given. They are appropriate as a help to someone looking for a forgotten definition of a given word (such, for example, are epithets for the words: eyes, rain, duty, proof, etc.); in addition, their existence in the dictionary of synonyms is justified by the following consideration: epithets give shades of words; together with the defined word, they form, as it were, a new synonym, and many epithets have become so closely fused with the defined word that in speech they are inseparable. Often the scope of a word is evident from the epithets with which it is used.

Verbal forms constitute one of the most serious difficulties in the dictionary of Russian synonyms. There are verbs whose perfect form belongs to one nest, and their imperfect form to another. In these cases, we placed the corresponding species under each nest. If both species belong to the same nest of synonyms, in order to save space, we usually left only one species, imperfect.

The examples given in our dictionary are intended to show how certain expressions included in the synonyms are used. This is done especially when a given synonym is used in only one sentence. None of the examples were made up out of our heads. All of them are taken either from classical Russian writers (in this case, if they are taken in full sentences, it is indicated from which one), or from the Academic Dictionary (where examples, as is known, are compiled by recognized experts in the Russian language) or from Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary”. Not wanting to needlessly expand the volume of the book, we were forced to limit ourselves to the most necessary examples. The same circumstance explains the extensive content of some synonymous nests and the relatively large number of references to other nests: if we repeated its synonyms for each word, the size of the book would increase by 4-5 times, which would have an extremely unfavorable effect on its accessibility.

We have introduced brackets for the same purpose. In brackets are words without which the speech makes sense. For example: “in fact” represents, in essence, two sentences: “in fact” and “in fact”. The parentheses in the example have a slightly different meaning: “I threw it out of my head.” Expanding this bracket, we get two sentences: “I threw it out of my head” and “I threw it out of my head.” However, in cases where the use of parentheses could give rise to misunderstandings, we left the expressions unabridged.

In conclusion, we consider it necessary to give two pieces of advice to those using this dictionary. First of all, first of all, read or at least leaf through it in order to become familiar with its content and arrangement of words; and secondly, mark on your copy of the dictionary, under the appropriate headings, all new words and expressions encountered, written or spoken, that have the right to exist in the language. The “dictionary of synonyms” can never be complete, since language lives and constantly changes for various reasons. Let everyone, in the sphere of his vocabulary of words, achieve the greatest completeness of the dictionary of synonyms.

Examples of symbols

Wed.<Ясный>-- compare with dictionary entry "clear"

Wed.<Ад, Много и Углубление>compare with the articles "hell", "a lot" and "deepening"

Prot.<Райский>-- The opposite of the article "Paradise" [German. Abschied resignation, dismissal] - explanation of the meaning of the word || take in advance, take in advance - stable (typical) phrases, idioms Pushk. - A. Pushkin, Turg., Turgenev - I. Turgenev, etc. (Dal, Alkat) - dictionary...

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Abramov N. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions: About 5,000 synonymous rows. More than 20,000 synonyms --7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999.

Brief abstract: From a historical point of view, this dictionary is the first relatively complete collection of Russian synonyms and has not yet lost its relevance either in relation to the composition of synonymous series or in relation to the concept that was used by the author as the basis for the dictionary. The reference book is intended both for specialists - philologists, journalists, translators, teachers of the Russian language (including foreign languages) - and for a wide range of readers.

Spelling dictionary of Lopatin V.V.

Russian spelling dictionary: about 180,000 words. / The Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Language named after. V.V. Vinogradova / O.E. Ivanova, V.V. Lopatin (ed.), I.V. Nechaeva, L.K. Cheltsova. - Moscow, 2005. - 960 p.

Brief summary: “Russian Spelling Dictionary” is the largest in volume of existing spelling dictionaries of the Russian language. This is an academic dictionary that reflects Russian vocabulary in its state that developed by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. Vocabulary units are given in their standard spelling, indicating stress and the necessary grammatical information. The spelling dictionary has two applications: “Basic common graphic abbreviations” and “List of personal names”. In the 2nd edition, the volume of the dictionary has been increased by 20 thousand units, including those that have become firmly established in use recently.

The spelling dictionary is intended for a wide range of users, including Russian language teachers, publishing and editorial workers, as well as all those who study the Russian language. The spelling dictionary was prepared in the sector of spelling and spelling of the Institute of Russian Language named after. V.V. Vinogradov RAS and is a normative, generally binding reference manual.

If in general our language is rather poorly developed grammatically and lexically, then so far, as far as we know, none of the scientists have paid due attention to synonyms. Dahl, in the preface to his “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language,” however, says that in the dictionary he “would like to see what expressions are identical or close to each other to denote different shades of the same concept,” but how many It does not provide a significant choice of synonyms. The Dictionary of the Russian Language, excellent in many respects, currently published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, completely ignores synonyms. As for the experiments in the development of individual Russian synonyms, published in various magazines at the beginning of the last century, their practical significance is negligible (just as the significance of the Russian translation of synonyms in the German “Synonymisches Handworterbuch der deutschen Sprache” by Eberhard, where the nests consist mostly of two words, rarely going beyond four). Meanwhile, abroad the meaning of synonyms has long been recognized; There are many synonymous dictionaries there - German, English, French - some of which have already gone through up to twenty or more editions. In Western Europe and America, dictionaries of synonyms have long occupied an honorable place among the most necessary reference books for every writer. There, the study of synonyms has long been included, as one of the most important subjects, in the school curriculum of the native language, for one cannot help but see that nowhere is the richness and flexibility of a language more clearly reflected than in synonyms. Now appearing before the Russian public with the first experience of a more or less complete “Dictionary of Russian Synonyms”, which has set itself practical goals, we believe that we are meeting an urgent need.