The conditional mood (English) does not reflect real facts, but desired or conjectural ones. It can also be used to express a requirement, doubt or condition, the fulfillment of which is associated with the possibility of translating certain events into reality.
The use and formation of such words is more complex than in Russian, which uses only the particle “by” before the main verb.
This mood is often confused with the subjunctive, but they represent different phenomena in meaning. (in English Conditional Mood), in contrast to the subjunctive, is used to denote actions that have not occurred or are not occurring, since there are no necessary conditions for this or they are impracticable or unrealistic in a given situation. The subjunctive denotes unrealized conditions and simply expresses wishes or regrets.
There are two tense forms of the conditional mood: past and present.
Present conditional ConditionalPresent is formed using the auxiliary forms would/should and the infinitive of the main verb without "to". In other words, this mood is identical in form to Future-in-the-Past.
Example: We wouldwork. - We would work. In this case, the action expressed by the verb can occur in the present tense or the future. Example: But for the bad weather we would work outdoors. - If it weren't for the bad weather, we would have worked outside.
Conditional past tense Conditional Past expresses an action that, under certain conditions, could have taken place in the past, but did not take place due to the absence of these conditions. Formed with should have and would have and the main verb in the third form (identical to Future Perfect-in-the-Past).
Example:She would have purchased a dress but the store was closed. - She would have bought the dress if the store had not been closed.
As a rule, the conditional mood is used in complex sentences and is less common in simple ones. The subordinate clause of a complex sentence calls the condition, and the main clause expresses the consequence (result). Both of these parts can refer to the present tense, the past or the future. Most often the parts are connected by the union if( If). Sentences are separated by a comma only if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause.
There are three types of conditional sentences. They express different degrees of probability of the described facts. The choice is determined by the speaker's attitude towards what is being discussed.
TypeI- eventsreal
If in such sentences we are talking about real events, then the conditional mood is not used, it is quite successfully replaced by the indicative.
Example: If I have more money, I willby an expensive car. - If I have more money, I will buy an expensive car.
Grammatically, the main clause uses the tense Future Simple, and the subordinate clause uses the Present Simple.
The first type can also express unlikely events, the reality of which is significantly lower than in the previous case.
Example: If I shouldhave more money, I willpurchase a car. - If I had more money, I would buy a car. (The implication is that there is not enough money at this time to buy a car, but you can save it and achieve what you want).
The main clause uses the Future Simple, and the subordinate clause uses should + infinitive.
TypeII- unlikely, almost real events
The speaker does not consider what he is reporting as a real event, but simply assumes what could have happened under a certain set of circumstances.
Example: If he had money, he wouldpurchase a car. - If he suddenly had a sufficient amount of money, he would buy a car. (There was no money to buy, but if a random inheritance had fallen on one’s head, one could have bought a car.)
In the main part, would + infinitive is used, in the subordinate clause - Past Simple.
TypeIII- completely, absolutely unrealistic events
Expresses wishes (often regrets) regarding the past, in which nothing can be changed.
Example: If he had had money, he wouldhavepurchase a car 2 years ago. - If he had money then, he would have bought the car two years ago. (But I didn’t buy it because there was no money).
The main clause uses would + perfect infinitive, and the subordinate clause uses forms that have verbs (English) in the Past Perfect tense.
Conditional mood
Conditional mood(air conditioning(is), lat. modus conditionalis) - mood, denotes actions desired or possible under certain conditions.
In Slavic languages
the mood was historically formed in two ways - with the help of the l-participle and a special conjugated form with the stem *bi- (for example, in Old Church Slavonic walked around; probably etymologically related to the Indo-European optative) and with the help of an l-participle and an auxiliary verb form that coincides with the aorist stem of the verb be (I would go). In most ancient Slavic dialects, only the second form was represented; the coexistence of the two forms, their mutual influence and contamination are characteristic mainly of the southern dialects. There is a hypothesis according to which the form with an aorist of the auxiliary verb historically represents one of the forms of the Slavic plusquaperfect.The form of the auxiliary verb, conjugated according to the aorist type, is preserved in modern Czech (čítal bych), Upper Sorbian (čitał bych), Serbo-Croatian (čitao bih), Bulgarian (bih cel). In Croatian Chakavian dialects, a conjugated form has been preserved, going back to *bimь: China bin. In many languages, the form of the auxiliary verb has turned into an unchangeable particle: rus. would/b, Belarusian would/b, Ukrainian bi, lower meadow by, Kashub. bë/b, maked. bi. This particle can be combined with the form of the present tense copula (Slovak čítal by som, some dialects of Macedonian - bi sum person; shape type naturally they would let me in in Russian monuments of the XIV-XV centuries) or its end (Polish. czytał-by-m).
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- French. Grammatical phenomena in business text. Part 2, E. S. Shevyakina. The purpose of this textbook is to prepare students to read and understand original literature in French in a broad specialty (economics, law). The author states...
Verbs of the Russian language are characterized by a category of mood, which serves to correlate the action expressed by a given part of speech with reality. Thus, there are indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive) moods of the verb. Moreover, the first two are contrasted with the third on the basis of the reality/unreality of the action. Each of the moods has its own semantic and grammatical characteristics.
Indicative mood of the verb
Verbs in the form of this mood express an action that actually occurs in one of three tenses: I slept, I sleep, I will sleep (sleep). Consequently, verbs in this mood have the category of tense, person and number (in the present and future tenses), as well as gender (in the past tense). The formal indicator of this mood of a verb is personal endings.
Imperative verb
This mood is a linguistic way of expressing an impulse to action, an order or a request. Unlike the indicative, verbs in the imperative mood are characterized only by the categories of person and number, and they do not have tense. This mood has several forms with their own formal indicators and semantic features:
The 2nd person form of both numbers is produced using the suffix -i- / suffixless and using the postfix -te. It denotes an incentive to action addressed directly to the interlocutor: run, do, touch, jump;
The 3rd person form is a call to action by third parties and even inanimate objects. The imperative mood of the verb in this case is formed in an analytical way, that is, it consists of several words: let, let, yes, plus the 3rd person form of the indicative mood, for example, long live, let them do it, let the sun rise, etc.;
the 1st person form is also formed analytically (by adding the words come on, let's go to the initial form of the imperfective form or to the 1st person form of the future perfective tense) and denotes an incentive to action, in which the speaker himself wants to become a participant: let's run away, let's sing, let's dance, etc.
Verbs in the form of this mood denote an unreal action - desirable or possible under certain conditions. The formal indicator is the particle would (b), which can be located either immediately before or after the verb, or distantly, separated from the verb by other members of the sentence: I would do, I would do, I would certainly do. Verbs in the form of the conditional mood are characterized by changes in gender and number.
Using one mood as another
There are often speech situations when, in order to achieve maximum effect, one mood of a verb in Russian is used to mean another, for example:
indicative as imperative: You're going to bed now!
imperative in the meaning of conditional: If I were a little more perspicacious...
conditional in the role of imperative: You should listen to the opinion of experts.
This article talks about how the conditional mood is formed and used in Russian speech. To make it more interesting for children to get acquainted with a complex topic, you can use a fairy tale. An entertaining story about the conditional mood will probably be remembered by students more quickly than a dry presentation of the material. So, we read the fairy tale and find in it a hint that from ancient times it was a good lesson for good fellows.
The first chapter of the fairy tale about how the conditional mood was formed
Once upon a time there lived a variety of words in the Verb State. Of course, the bulk of the population were verbs. But next to them lived both particles and short adjectives. Only the verbs considered themselves to be members of the upper class, and did not care for the rest. Particles especially suffered from them. They were too small and could not fight back.
The ones that were most proud of were the imperative verbs. They were just pretending to be gentlemen.
Everyone must obey us. Come on, quickly carry out our orders! Step by step to the kitchen! Cook dinner, wash the dishes - that's it!
They didn't even care about other verb forms. The rest of the residents of the state were very offended by them, but they could not do anything. And little by little we stopped communicating with them. Only the verbs of the imperative mood did not pay any attention to this - they continued to command.
And then take the verb in the past tense and make friends with the particle Would! Yes, they liked being together so much that they became inseparable - where one is, there is another. They climb somewhere far away from everyone and dream...
“If only there had been a good rain, a lot of mushrooms would have grown in the forest!” - says one. “And then we would go and pick up a whole basket!” - echoes his interlocutor. Only there is no rain. The earth is already cracked from the heat, and the trees have lost their leaves, what kind of mushrooms are there? After all, if there are no conditions for performing an action, there is no action itself.
The friends will sit and sit and start dreaming again. Only all the time the particle Be sets some condition: it would be possible to go to the cinema, if classes at school ended early, then it would be nice to eat ice cream, but my throat hurts. This is how the conditional mood was formed.
Chapter two: about how friends were getting ready for a space flight
Sometimes comrades were simply carried away into unreality. For example, they began to think about what would happen if a ship with aliens landed on the city. And they got such sentences with a conditional mood that at least write down a fantastic book! “We would make friends with aliens from outer space and ask to stay on their planet for a while!” No, well, has anyone heard this? Laughter, and that's all! And this is an example of using the actual conditional mood in its literal meaning!
Why literally? Yes, this is simply impossible in reality, but in fantasy or parallel worlds it’s easy. That is why this option is classified as a counterfactual meaning of the conditional mood.
It is worth saying that sometimes the direct meaning of their dreams was hypothetical, that is, quite acceptable in the real world. Friends could even give good advice to neighbors. Clear recommendations more than once helped to avoid troubles, although they used the conditional mood. Do you need examples? Please!
So their neighbor began to build a new house for himself. Yes, he lays bricks right on the sand - he builds a wall. So his comrades could not stand it, they came up and told him bluntly: “You, my friend, should have poured the foundation first, and then done the brickwork!” They hinted this modestly, carefully, and the unlucky builder listened to them - and avoided huge troubles!
Chapter four: about how friends of neighbors organized to help, or the direct meaning of the actual conditional mood in positive and negative connotations
Friends were able not only to express their desires but to aimlessly dream about the impossible. Sometimes they could put others to shame, so to speak, so that they had to hide their red cheeks for a long time. Here, for example, is how, using the form of the conditional mood, they forced the neighbors to help build a house: “At least someone would help! At least one person’s conscience has awakened!” And, expressing their negative connotation, they themselves were the first to take up a shovel - to dig a hole for the foundation.
If necessary, they could put the presumptuous neighbor in his place. It was even possible to drive someone away using the subjunctive mood. “Couldn’t you, good sir, choose further back streets for your walks?” - after such a phrase, it is unlikely that anyone will have the desire to be near those for whom this presence is undesirable.
Fifth chapter: about how Little Red Riding Hood’s friends saved her from the Wolf, or the figurative meaning of the conditional mood
So it was only at first glance that the friends might seem spineless and characterless. In fact, they knew how to both give good advice and scold. But they did it gently, carefully. This action is also called the pragmatic function of inclination.
That is, friends say real things, but not in a categorical form, which is why they say that in the sentence the conditional mood is used in a figurative meaning, because no conditions are needed to perform an action.
“We would advise you, dear girl, not to talk to this animal,” friends once intervened in Little Red Riding Hood’s conversation with the Gray Wolf. They said so strictly, with pressure. And, although the particle By, as always, stood next to the verb, it became clear to the Wolf that it was present here only to soften the address, so as not to frighten the girl. “You, bully, should have gone your way, otherwise you wouldn’t get hit between your ears with this club!” - they threatened the evil and cunning predator. And the phrase sounded as if friends were using the imperative mood.
Chapter six: how the conditional mood was elected to the government of the state
The election campaign has begun in the country. The imperative, of course, immediately began to run for president. “Vote for us! Everyone go to the polls quickly! Choose the imperative mood!” - it screamed at all intersections. And only the conditional mood modestly declared: “We should choose a different government, comrades. If everyone pulled together, we could create a truly happy society.” And the residents of the country thought: “Could you help us build a kindergarten and a hospital in the state? And it would be great if we built a sanatorium on the seashore for everyone who wants to relax, and absolutely free of charge!” And the Glagolians agreed.
So, with the help of a request, friends were able to organize the beginning of the construction of an entire social complex in the country. And it seemed like there was no order here, but no one could refuse. This is how the conditional mood turned into an imperative mood.
The citizens of the Verb State thought, and elected friends as president. But they still took representatives of other inclinations as assistants. So that everything is fair. So the indicative, conditional, and imperative moods began to rule the country together. One head, as they say, is good, but when there are many minds, it is even better.
Briefly about the main thing
The form of the conditional (subjunctive) mood in writing coincides with the past tense verb in combination with the particle “would”. With verbs, the particle is always written separately. It can appear anywhere in a sentence.
The verb is formed in the same way as the past tense form, that is, from the base of the indefinite form with the suffix -l-. It varies by gender and number. The verb is also conjugated according to the past tense pattern.
That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. Thus, permanent morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, and number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.
In contact with
What is inclination?
This is a grammatical feature of a verb that helps modify the word. This category is necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.
Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods
.Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:
- direct;
- indirect.
By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.
Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.
Thinking about the definition of a verb
Kinds
The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.
In modern times there are three types:
- Indicative.
- Conditional.
- Imperative.
The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.
The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.
The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.
Three types of verb mood
How to determine the mood of a verb
In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.
If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.
Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, a specific tense is used, for example, future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.
The conditional refers to those actions that would occur if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.
Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in its literal meaning, but also in a figurative one. Usually a figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of a word, so this category also changes.
Indicative
The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.
Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:
- The present.
- Future.
- Past.
Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and the simple form is . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).
The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.
Conditional
Words that are used in conditional form indicate actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.
The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if special capabilities were created for this, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.
The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!
Imperative
Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!