To narrow down the search results, you can refine your query by specifying the fields to search for. The list of fields is presented above. For example:
You can search in several fields at the same time:
Logical operators
The default operator is AND.
Operator AND means that the document must match all elements in the group:
research development
Operator OR means that the document must match one of the values in the group:
study OR development
Operator NOT excludes documents containing this element:
study NOT development
Search type
When writing a query, you can specify the method in which the phrase will be searched. Four methods are supported: search taking into account morphology, without morphology, prefix search, phrase search.
By default, the search is performed taking into account morphology.
To search without morphology, just put a “dollar” sign in front of the words in the phrase:
$ study $ development
To search for a prefix, you need to put an asterisk after the query:
study *
To search for a phrase, you need to enclose the query in double quotes:
" research and development "
Search by synonyms
To include synonyms of a word in the search results, you need to put a hash " #
" before a word or before an expression in parentheses.
When applied to one word, up to three synonyms will be found for it.
When applied to a parenthetical expression, a synonym will be added to each word if one is found.
Not compatible with morphology-free search, prefix search, or phrase search.
# study
Grouping
In order to group search phrases you need to use brackets. This allows you to control the Boolean logic of the request.
For example, you need to make a request: find documents whose author is Ivanov or Petrov, and the title contains the words research or development:
Approximate word search
For an approximate search you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of a word from a phrase. For example:
bromine ~
When searching, words such as "bromine", "rum", "industrial", etc. will be found.
You can additionally specify the maximum number of possible edits: 0, 1 or 2. For example:
bromine ~1
By default, 2 edits are allowed.
Proximity criterion
To search by proximity criterion, you need to put a tilde " ~ " at the end of the phrase. For example, to find documents with the words research and development within 2 words, use the following query:
" research development "~2
Relevance of expressions
To change the relevance of individual expressions in the search, use the " sign ^
" at the end of the expression, followed by the level of relevance of this expression in relation to the others.
The higher the level, the more relevant the expression is.
For example, in this expression, the word “research” is four times more relevant than the word “development”:
study ^4 development
By default, the level is 1. Valid values are a positive real number.
Search within an interval
To indicate the interval in which the value of a field should be located, you should indicate the boundary values in parentheses, separated by the operator TO.
Lexicographic sorting will be performed.
Such a query will return results with an author starting from Ivanov and ending with Petrov, but Ivanov and Petrov will not be included in the result.
To include a value in a range, use square brackets. To exclude a value, use curly braces.
Lexical homonyms two or more words with different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical form are called.
It differs from polysemy either by the absence of common semes among words (different meanings of one word always have common semes), or by the words belonging to different parts of speech.
For example, "boron"- chemical element and "boron"- forests are completely unrelated in meaning. Words with sound shell "know" in contexts “to know the city”, “to know the city” and “to know it’s getting colder”" refer to different parts of speech. In both cases, homonymy is presented.
There are two types of homonyms: complete and incomplete (or partial)
Full lexical homonyms include those words of the same part of speech in which the entire system of forms coincides. 1 – key (for the lock), 2 – key (spring)
For incomplete people, not the entire system of forms coincides. factory (enterprise) – factory (hours)
The emergence of homonyms.
1. Semantic splitting, the collapse of a polysemantic word. The original meanings of one word diverge and become sooooo distant.
debt - obligation, debt - borrowed. In the 50s - variants of the same word. Duration of the splitting process.
2. Homonymy can be the result of a coincidence of sound, spelling and complete or partial coincidence of the form change of the original word and the borrowed one.
cabin (Russian, dissection) - cabin (Dutch, closed room on the upper deck of a ship or the superstructure of a ship)
3. Two or more words borrowed from different languages, due to certain phonetic reasons, turned out to be consonant in Russian.
block - union (from French), block - machine for lifting weights (English).
Often different words borrowed from the same language turn out to be homonymous in the Russian language. quarry - the fastest running of a horse (from French corriere)
quarry – quarry (from French carriere)
By structure:
simple (non-derivative) most often in the circle of nouns. They arose as a result of coincidences of original and borrowed words, through phonetic transformations of original Russian words, as well as in the process of word formation. Among them, Vinogradov identifies: 1) homonymous derivative stems each consist of two (or more) homomorphemes of the same type: thick - ovk - a (a follower of Tolstoy - horror, it should be called that) and thick - ovk - a (a shirt of a special cut)
2) homonymous derivative stems consist of morphemes that do not coincide in sound: paper - ik (paper industry worker) and wallet - nik (wallet for papers)
3). make you slow down at full speed)
4) one of the homonymous stems is derivative in nature, the other is non-derivative
nor-k-a (diminished to nora) and mink (animal and animal skin)
In Akhmanova’s dictionary, similar types of derived homonyms are called “words with a pronounced morphological structure”, among them there are five subtypes: 1) homonymy of stems
2) homonymy of affixes
3) homonymy with different internal structure
4) homonymy of different parts of speech
and they didn’t write the fifth one
derivatives
Homophony - 1) coincidence of the pronunciation of the words flu - mushroom
2) coincidence of words and phrases: dumb - not mine, skid - by the nose
3) the coincidence of individual forms of the word (homoforms, or grammatical homonyms): saw (she drank) – saw (noun), I fly (to treat) – I fly (to fly)
Homographs are often also classified as homonymy, i.e. words that have the same spelling, but differ in pronunciation, in particular stress. Iris (candy) – Iris (type of thread), selo – village.
Stylistic function: to create images, to actualize, puns
Homonym dictionaries:
first: 1974 “Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language”, O.A. Akhmanova
1976 “Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language” (Kolesnikov, ed. Shansky
in the magazine “Russian Language at School” the “Brief word-formation-etymological dictionary of Russian polysemy and single-root homonymy” (Shansky, Romanov, Filippov) was published for the first time.
Paronyms words of different meaning are called, similar in pronunciation, lexico-grammatical affiliation and, as a rule, the relationship of the roots: addressee - addressee, breath - sigh, earth - earth, etc.
They differ from homonyms: 1) paronyms have different spellings
2) do not have complete coincidence in pronunciation
Kolesnikov: incomplete paronyms. Words of this type are close to synonyms of the same root, although they also have obvious distinctive features: 1) paronymic words refer either only to original Russian words (vagrant - vagrant, remains - remains, pay - pay, litters - marks), or only to borrowed ones (subscriber – subscription, being – essence, fact – factor)
2) synonyms, denoting the same or similar concept, are often semantically extremely close, while paronyms always denote completely different concepts and differ from each other by clear semantic differentiation.
Reasons for mixing paronymic words:
1) confusion arises as a result of the convergence of the realities denoted by these words (bottom - bottom, chara - cup, bowl - cup)
2) the commonality of the scope of application of the concepts, objects, processes, actions, qualities, etc. they call. or the similarity of emerging associative connections: anaphora - epiphora, apogee - perigee, gross - net, pilot - boatswain, baroque - rococo.
3) a consequence of the possibility of their synonymous connection and the proximity or identity of the boundaries of lexical compatibility: anecdotal (anecdotal), apathetic (apathetic), tragic (tragic)
4) non-distinction of the stylistic affiliation of words (bringing book words closer to colloquial words (meaninglessness - nonsense (colloquial), foulbrood - foulbrood (simple)
5) close semantic connections of word-forming suffixes: n and sk; ovit, ov and n; stvo and ost, etc. (inventive - inventive, businesslike - businesslike - efficient)
Stylistic functions: paronomasia (paronomasia) is a stylistic figure, the essence of which is the deliberate mixing or deliberate collision of paronymic words: not stupid, but oak; and deaf and stupid.
a means of creating an unusual image in order to enhance its persuasiveness., puns
Dictionaries of paronyms:
first – “Difficult cases of using cognate words of the Russian language” (Belchikov, Panyusheva) – 1968
1971 – “Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language” (Kolesnikov)
1976 – “Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language” (Rosenthal, Telenkova)
1984 “Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language” by Vishnyakova
Here is a good example of homoforms (grammatical homonyms, in the first stanza) + stylistic function
By morning the pigeons are cooing...
Valentin Vikhorev
By morning, pigeons are cooing about one thing, their girlfriends' heads are spinning, scribbling the asphalt with their wings. Pay attention: From a flock of pigeons, spring thawed patches have become pigeons! The windows of my city are turning pink, We are walking with you through the wet streets. Somewhere on the outskirts, Golden rubbish, The dawn is hastening on a date with us. The domes are blazing with helmets, In the squares the shadows are viscous, like tar. The city is shaking off the darkness from the roofs. So, my proud one, Are you silent? 1965
Synonyms.
It is very important to determine what underlies the synonymous series.
2 positions:
1) Alexandrova. Synonyms should be considered words that have the same meaning, differing only in shades of meaning, expressive coloring, and belonging to one or another style; must have partially overlapping compatibility.
A.P. Evgenieva. Synonyms are words that are identical or similar in meaning.
Budagov. Synonyms are words that are close in meaning and express shades of the same concept.
2) Reformed. Synonyms are words that name the same thing, but relate it to different concepts and thereby reveal different properties of this thing through naming.
Supporters of the 1st position approach the definition linguistically, from the point of view. systems proceed from the identity of concepts.
The 2nd concept comes from extralinguistic reality. Words denote the same phenomenon of reality.
Denotation is a homogeneous set of objects, phenomena of reality, which can be called the same linguistic unit (denoted).
Referent is an object of extra-linguistic reality that the speaker has in mind by relating a word (designation) to it.
What kind of differences are allowed between synonyms?
Only semantic identity, and not proximity of meanings, allows us to consider words as synonyms.
Difference in emotions coloring, in own style coloring, functionality style differences that are formally grammatical.
Characteristics of synonyms.
Using the example of a synonymous series: ask - beg - beg - beg - beg - whine - gypsy - shoot.
At the heart of the LP of these words is one concept: ‘strives to get something, to achieve something, to contact someone. with the request'.
Dominant is the word that most clearly and objectively expresses the concept underlying the synonymous series. This word, as a rule, has a direct nominative meaning and is stylistically neutral.
Beg: beg intensely to the point of humiliation.
Pray: ask + passionately, ardently.
Beg: “very” beg.
Beg and whine: ask + persistently, tediously, intrusively (in rude speech + emotional assessment “disapproves.”).
Gypsy: to ask as is characteristic of gypsies - relentlessly, obsessively (colloquial, reduced).
Shoot: ask for conversation. money or cigarettes.
Classification of synonyms.
The basis of classification may vary.
I. From view differences between synonyms.
Ideographic (semantic) - synonyms that differ in shades of meaning.
Quickly - hastily (forced speed).
Stylistic are synonyms that, while coinciding in meaning, are distinguished by emotion-expressive and stylistic coloring.
Semantic-stylistic - synonyms that differ in both semantic shades and stylistic qualities.
Absolute (doublets) - one stylistic layer + identical in meaning, without prejudice interchangeable in speech.
Language strives to get rid of doublets. Very often, old vocabulary remains in dialects, or differentiation (semantic or stylistic). For example, image - image.
II. From view structures (word structure).
Cognates (to ask - to beg);
Multi-rooted.
III. From view language and speech.
Language (usual);
Speech (occasional).
Functions of synonyms in language.
1. Clarification, detailing, specification.
2. Purely stylistic.
3. Purely technical (to avoid repetition).
Details Category: “The great, powerful and truthful Russian language” Published 03/09/2016 18:07 Views: 2980The world of Russian language dictionaries is huge.
Dictionaries aspectualcharacterize the vocabulary of the Russian language from different points of view. They are divided into two large groups.
First group: synonymous, antonymic, paronymic, homonymic, word-forming, dialect dictionaries. They describe single-order linguistic units that form a homogeneous microstructure.
The second group: etymological, historical, spelling, orthoepic dictionaries, dictionaries of grammatical difficulties, foreign words, etc. In these dictionaries, relatively different-quality lexical material is analyzed from a strictly defined angle.
Dictionaries of synonyms
Synonym dictionaries provide synonymous rows for the dominant word. The meanings of words, features of the combination, stylistic coloring, scope of use, examples of use in texts can be indicated.
Synonym dictionary. Edited by A.P. Evgenieva, L., 1975.
Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Author N. Abramov, M., 1999.
Alexandrova Z. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language: About 9000 synonymous rows / Ed. L. A. Cheshko.
Complete online dictionary of Russian synonyms and other dictionaries.
Homonym dictionaries
Homonyms(from ancient Greek ὁμός “same” and ὄνομα “name”) – words, morphemes and other units of language that are different in meaning, but identical in sound and spelling.
For example: leak (verb, meaning “to leak”) and leak (noun, meaning “leaking.” Leak in the roof).
Homonym dictionaries indicate the type of homonymy and the meaning of homonym words. Information about the origin of homonyms and other indications may be provided.
Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language: Over 2000 dictionary entries, M., 1986.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. M., 1976; 2nd ed., rev. M., 1978.
Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. M., 1986.
Antonym dictionaries
Dictionaries of antonyms include antonymic pairs, the meanings of which are revealed with the help of interpretations or examples from artistic, journalistic, and scientific works. Dictionaries may indicate the features of combining antonyms with other words, their synonymous and word-formation connections.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: about 3200 antonymic pairs.
Author M. R. Lvov, M., 1988.
Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language, Rostov-on-Don, 1971.
Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language online.
Dictionaries of paronyms 
Paronyms(from ancient Greek παρα- (prefix with the meaning of contiguity), ὄνομα - “name”) - these are words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in sound (due to a common root or base), but differ in their values.
Paronyms often become a source of speech errors: the similarity of words is often the reason for their confusion (for example: put on - put on).
In 1971, the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” by N.P. Kolesnikov was published in Tbilisi, which contains words that are similar in morphological composition and sound, but have different meanings ( grant leave, word; But submit a report, report, submit for encouragement, award or a couple of words: put on - put on, health resort - health resort and so on.).
In 1984, the “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” by O. V. Vishnyakova was published. Her manual for students “Paronyms of the modern Russian language” is also interesting. M., 1981.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. Tbilisi, 1971.
Vishnyakova O. V. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 1984.
Grigoriev V.P., Kozhevnikova N.A., Petrova Z.Yu. Materials for the dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 1992.
Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. M., 1994.
Dictionaries of paronyms give an interpretation of paronymous words, illustrate them with examples from fiction, journalistic, and scientific literature, and indicate the features of their combination with other words. Paronyms can be compared with synonyms and antonyms and characterized by examples of their erroneous use.
Dictionaries of neologisms
Dictionaries of neologisms characterize new words, meanings, phraseological units that are not registered in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, word meanings, or combinations of words that appeared in a certain period of time or were used only once (occasionalisms). In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year amounts to tens of thousands.
The essential features of neologisms are their freshness and novelty. But these signs are temporary, since usually neologisms are quickly absorbed by the language, become familiar and lose these initial signs (cf., for example, the rapid entry into speech of such initially new words as astronaut, space vision, laser, rotaprint, transistor).
New words and meanings // Ed. N. Z. Kotelova, Yu. S. Sorokina L., 1973, 1984.
New words and meanings // Ed. E. A. Levashova. St. Petersburg, 1997.
Dictionary of Perestroika / Ed. V. I. Maksimova. St. Petersburg, 1992.
New in Russian vocabulary. Vocabulary materials. 1977-1996.
Dictionaries of foreign words
Dictionaries of foreign words characterize words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages or formed from morphemes of ancient Greek and Latin and recognized as foreign languages. Dictionaries provide interpretations of words and indicate the source and path of borrowing.
Dictionary of Foreign Words / Ed. I.V. Lekhina, F.N. Petrova et al. M., 1988.
Lokshina S.M. A brief dictionary of foreign words. M., 1988 and many other dictionaries, including online dictionaries.
Dialect dictionaries
Dialect dictionaries reflect the vocabulary of one dialect, a group of dialects of a certain territory, or all Russian dialects. Many dialect dictionaries have been compiled for regions (Arkhangelsk, Bryansk, Vologda, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Pskov, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, etc.) and for other regions (Moscow Region, Don, Mordovia, Middle Urals, Siberia, Transbaikalia, etc.). The dialect vocabulary is most fully reflected in the consolidated multi-volume Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, published in 1965 under the editorship of F.P. Filin, and then F.P. Sorokoletova.
Phraseological dictionaries
These dictionaries interpret the meanings of phraseological units, indicate their stylistic nature and origin. Exist monolingual phraseological dictionaries(Kuzmich V. Burning verb - dictionary of folk phraseology. - 2000; Bystrova E. A. Educational phraseological dictionary. - 1997; Phraseological dictionary of expression of feelings and emotions; Fedorov A. I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language, 2008; Fedosov I. V. Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language, 2003) and bilingual(Kunin A.V. Large English-Russian phraseological dictionary. M.: “Russian language”, 1984; Kunin A.V. Russian-English phraseological dictionary. M.: “Russian language”, 1984; Lukshin Yuri. Great Polish- Russian, Russian-Polish phraseological dictionary. – Warsaw, 1998.
Writers' language dictionaries
The Dictionary of the Language of Writers reflects the words used by a given author in all of his works or in one of them. For example:
Dictionary of Dostoevsky's language. Ch. ed. Yu.N. Karaulov;
Dictionary of Pushkin's language. Rep. ed. V. V. Vinogradov. This is the most complete theoretically developed explanatory dictionary of the writer. It consists of 4 volumes. The dictionary contains and explains 21,191 words.
The original “Dictionary of the plays of A. N. Ostrovsky” by N. S. Ashukin, S. I. Ozhegov, V. A. Filippov was released in Moscow in 1993. This dictionary is unusual, it is a whole encyclopedia of Russian life, which has gone into the distant past.
Pertsova N. N. Dictionary of neologisms by Velimir Khlebnikov, 1995.
Dictionary of the language by K. G. Paustovsky / Comp. L. V. Sudavichene. Vilnius, 1996.
Dictionary of the poetic language of Marina Tsvetaeva: In 4 volumes. M., 1996.
Onomastic dictionaries
Onomastic dictionaries describe proper names: anthroponyms (personal names) and toponyms (geographical names).
Petrovsky N.A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1984.
Fedosyuk Yu.A. Russian surnames. M., 1981.
Nikonov V.A. Brief toponymic dictionary. M., 1966, etc.
Dictionaries of abbreviations
These dictionaries provide a decoding of letter abbreviations and compound words used in the language, as well as graphic abbreviations used in writing.
Alekseev D.I., Gozman I.G., Sakharov G.V. Dictionary of Russian language abbreviations. M., 1983.
Dictionaries of correct speech
Such dictionaries contain words and expressions, the use of which causes certain difficulties.
Difficulties of the Russian language / Edited by L.I. Rakhmanova. M., 1981.
Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1987.
Efremova T.F., Kostomarov V.G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1986.
Aspect dictionaries of another type look at all words from one angle, specific to each dictionary.
Spelling dictionaries
These dictionaries provide the correct spelling of words and some forms. Spelling dictionaries are the most popular among dictionaries and the most numerous.
Spelling dictionaries
These dictionaries provide information about the correct pronunciation and stress of words and grammatical forms. They reflect the rules of literary pronunciation.
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language / Edited by R.I. Avanesova. M., 1989.
Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of accents of the Russian language. M., 1993.
Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of difficulties of Russian pronunciation. M., 1997.
Frequency dictionaries 
Frequency dictionaries show the degree of use of different words in speech. The dictionary can be sorted by frequency, alphabetically (then its frequency will be indicated for each word), by groups of words (for example, the first thousand most frequent words, followed by the second, etc.), by typicality (words with the most frequent texts), etc. Frequency lists are used for language teaching, creation of new dictionaries, applications of computational linguistics, research in the field of linguistic typology, etc.
Frequency Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. L. N. Zasorina. – M.: Russian language, 1977.
Frequency dictionary of the language of M. Yu. Lermontov // Lermontov Encyclopedia / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House). M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1981.
Sharov S. A. Frequency dictionary.
Steinfeldt E. A. Frequency dictionary of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1973.
Reverse dictionaries
These dictionaries list words in alphabetical order of the final letters of the words, which makes it possible to identify all words with the same endings, suffixes, and final root sounds. Such dictionaries are useful in studying word formation and structural features of the ends of words. In computational linguistics they are used as a basis for compiling and checking dictionaries of word forms.
A reverse dictionary can also be used as a rhyming dictionary.
Greve R., Kroesche G. Reverse dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. M. Vasmera. Wiesbaden, 1958-1959.
Reverse dictionary of the Russian language / Scientific consultants A. A. Zaliznyak, R. V. Bakhturina, E. M. Smorgunova. M., 1974.
Kudryavtseva L. A. Reverse derivational dictionary of Russian neoplasms. Kyiv, 1993.
Grammar dictionaries
Grammar dictionaries contain information about the grammatical properties of words. One of the best grammatical dictionaries is considered to be the “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language. Word Change" by A. A. Zaliznyak (M., 1977). It contains about 100,000 words, arranged in reverse alphabetical order, for which a unique system of indexes has been developed, assigning words to a specific category, type within it, type of stress, etc.
The dictionary-reference book for press workers by D. E. Rosenthal “Management in the Russian Language” (Moscow, 1981) contains 2,100 dictionary entries that give an idea of the possible choice of design options that differ in semantic or stylistic shades. In 1986, the 2nd, significantly expanded edition of this dictionary was published.
Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of indeclinable words. M., 1978.
Morphemic and word-formation dictionaries
Such dictionaries provide lists of Russian morphemes, show the division of words into morphemes, and establish ways of forming words from other words.
Morpheme (from the Greek morphe - “form”) is the minimum significant part of a word.
Shklyarov V. T., Kühnert H. Brief word-formation dictionary of the Russian language. Potsdam, 1973.
Tikhonov A. N. School word-formation dictionary. M., 1978.
Potikha Z. A. The structure of the Russian word: Educational dictionary for foreign schools. M., 1981.
Etymological dictionaries
Etymological dictionaries explain the origin of words. Since the origin of many words cannot be accurately determined, etymological dictionaries record different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.
Some etymological dictionaries include information about groups of languages and contain a reconstruction of the vocabulary of the proto-language and its contacts with other proto-languages being reconstructed.
Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. N. M. Shansky (1963-1999), A. F. Zhuravleva (since 1999), Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1963-2007 (publication continues).
Vasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 vols. / Ed. B. A. Larina. M.: AST, 2009.
Historical dictionaries
Historical dictionaries reflect the vocabulary of past historical eras and are compiled on the basis of written monuments.
Sometimes Russian classics are not always clear. For example, this line by A.S. Pushkin:
Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,
On the firewood updates the path;
His horse smells the snow,
Trotting along somehow;
Reins fluffy exploding,
flies wagon daring;
Coachman is sitting on irradiation
In a sheepskin coat, in a red sash.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
« The coachman sits on the bench, in a sheepskin coat, in a red sash..." - in these lines from Pushkin, only the words “sitting” and “in red” do not raise questions for modern schoolchildren; the rest may cause difficulties.
To overcome these difficulties, historical dictionaries of the Russian language are being created.
Dictionaries
Dictionaries of this type serve to interpret and explain the meanings of words.
The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794). It included over 43,000 words and was focused mainly on the transmission of words of high style, including those of Old Church Slavonic origin.
4-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl was published in 1863-1966. (second edition with corrections by the author - in 1880-1882) and included about 200,000 words. Of these, about 80,000 words were collected by V.I. himself. Dahlem.
The arrangement of words in the explanatory dictionary can be nesting(in one dictionary entry a nest of related, cognate words is given) or alphabetical.
Authors of the most famous explanatory dictionaries: D.N. Ushakov, S.I. Ozhegov.
Lapatukhin M. S., Skorlupovskaya E. V., Snetova S. P. School explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: A manual for students / Ed. F. P. Filina. M., 1981.
4000 most common words in the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. M., 1981.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: A Manual for Students of National Schools / Ed. M. M. Makhmutova, A. V. Tekucheva. N. M. Shansky. L., 1982.
Gabuchan K.V. Educational explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1983.
Lopatin V.V., Lopatina L.E. Small explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M., 5th ed., M., 1998.
Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. - 448 p.
The dictionary contains more than 2,000 onomastic pairs (groups). The dictionary entry includes information about the type of formation of homonyms, grammatical, stylistic characteristics, qualifications of homonyms in terms of their formation or origin, information about word-formation connections between members of homonymous groups, and illustrative material. Translations of homonyms into English, German and French are also provided.
The dictionary includes the following applications: 1. Functional homonymy; 2. Homographs.
Sample dictionary entry
FURI-II*II
FUR I, pl. fur´. English. fur; wine-skin fr. fourrure; outre, him. Fell, Pelz; Schlauch. Fur, fur, fur, fur.
~ hare, fox, mink, squirrel; fox, sable, fluffy, precious ~; with wine, for wine.
FUR II, pl. furs´. English. bellows, fr. soufflet, soufflerie, him. Blasebalg.
inflate, expand ~; ~ and accordions.
Kim O.M. Dictionary of grammatical homonyms of the Russian language: About 11,000 words: About 5,000 homonymic rows. - M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC: NPP Ermak CJSC, 2004. - 842, p.
The dictionary is devoted to the problem of distinguishing grammatical homonyms. The dictionary entry includes grammatical and stylistic characteristics of homonyms, as well as illustrative material.
Sample dictionary entries
AROUND
1. Around, adv. The sea for hundreds of miles around seemed deserted. Kataev. Some forests stand like a wall around, and only the rain dances in the huge grass. Brodsky.
2. Around, pretext. Sit around the table. Traveling across the world. Fence around the house. Conversations around politics. ■ Take in my scattered gaze in silence And don’t stop others from making noise around me. Annensky.
CANDIDATE'S
1. PhD,-oh, w., adj. PhD degree. Work on a Ph.D. dissertation.
2. Ph.D.-oh, f., noun. Razg. Successfully defend your PhD thesis.
Vvedenskaya L.A., Kolesnikov N.P. Educational dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - Moscow: ICC “MarT”, Rostov-on-Don: Publishing Center “MarT”, 2005. - 256 p.
The dictionary consists of “Introduction”, “Dictionary of Homonyms” and “Practice”. The “Introduction” talks about the reasons for the appearance of homonyms, their use in speech, and existing dictionaries of homonyms. The dictionary itself includes about 400 dictionary entries, which can have from two to five homonyms with an interpretation of their lexical meaning. The “Workshop” presents various tasks that help you find errors in speech associated with the use of homonyms and correct them.
Sample dictionary entries
RULER
1. Ruler 1. A straight line on paper, a board, etc., helping to write in even lines. 2. A straight bar or block for drawing straight lines. 3. The border of the camp is a line marked in one way or another. 4. Line up in one line.
2. Line - a long multi-seat carriage with a longitudinal partition, in which people sit sideways to the direction of travel (obsolete).
DISSOLVE
1. Dissolve 1. Open, open (something closed). 2. Move apart, move the ends of something to the sides (with the legs of a compass, the blades of scissors, etc.). Committed dissolve (special).
2. Dissolve 1. Cause to dissolve. 2. By diluting the flour with water, prepare the dough. Committed dissolve (colloquial).
Dictionary of phraseological homonyms of the modern Russian language / Ed. ON THE. Pavlova. - Omsk: Heritage Publishing House. Dialogue-Siberia, 2003. - 290 p.
The dictionary contains 623 phraseological homonyms of different types. The dictionary entry includes the interpretation of a phraseological unit, the type of categorical meaning, grammatical, stylistic characteristics, illustrations, etc. Intended for a wide range of readers.
Sample dictionary entry
Without year week 1- "recent" Recognized Nom. Unism. Tale Razg. Disapprove. Komsomolskaya Pravda no year a week,- she said, pursing her lips. A. Fadeev. You, Vasily Karpovich, chairman without week of the year so instead of walking around with a glove, we would figure it out first. S. Antonov. I wonder where it goes, professor’s child? - Lavtsov teased again. - That's enough, that's enough... why are you lifting up your snout in front of him? Also a locomotive without a year a week,- Titov interrupted him sedately. L. Leonov. - You, father, are in the regiment without yeara week; here today, tomorrow they will move to the adjutants. L. Tol-wait. When the lists and award sheets for the fighters were being prepared, the political officer added medical instructor Likhobaba to this list. He, Mechetny, took this presentation: without a year in a company, throwing around awards is not good. B. Field.
The dictionary contains more than 200 rows of paronyms - words that are similar in sound and close, but not identical, in meaning. The article includes an interpretation of the word, its grammatical characteristics, a pattern of use in literature, and the semantic differences of each paronym of one paronymic series are explained in detail. In addition, examples of possible errors that arise due to incorrect use of paronyms are given. The dictionary is intended for schoolchildren, students, translators, journalists, philologists, and anyone interested in the problems of the Russian language.
SUBSCRIPTION - SUBSCRIBER.
SUBSCRIPTION, noun, m. A document granting the right to use something, to receive any service, as well as such a right itself. Interlibrary loan. Concert subscription. Sale of subscriptions. Tickets for the film festival can be purchased at the stadium box office.
SUBSCRIBER, noun, m. One who uses a subscription, as well as a client of some public services (telephone network, electricity and gas supply). Telephone network subscriber. In this small town... subscribers were not called by numbers, but asked for a telephone operator... G. Baklanov. Karpukhin. [An unknown man] impudently called directly to the philosophy department and asked for Maisa, namely Maisa, and not Maria Ardalionovna, and then she changed a lot, and this hurt Joseph Yakoechevich so much that he was ready to strangle the annoying caller. V. Khlumov. Old Maid Mary.
Subscription. Concert, theater, library, children's, school, subscription, new, old, expired, invalid, expensive, cheap... subscription.
A subscription to a series of lectures (concerts), to a film festival, to a stadium, to a swimming pool, to a conservatory, to a theater...
Sale, purchase, return, payment, card index, number... of subscriptions. Placing an order for a subscription.
Buy, redeem, acquire, order, receive, beg, sell, give, rub, return, pay, extend... subscription. Refuse... the subscription.
Subscriber. City, factory, new (recent), old (old), neat... subscriber.
Subscriber of what: energy sales, radio network, philharmonic society...
Payment book statement, request, demand, rights, obligations, obligation... of the subscriber. Card index list, number... of subscribers. Reception hours... subscribers.
Download the e-book for free in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language, Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S., 2002 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
Download pdf
Below you can buy this book at the best price with a discount with delivery throughout Russia.