Schemes for constructing English sentences in groups of Simple, Continuous, Perfect tenses. Example sentences with Present Simple

The group of indefinite (simple) tense forms includes three tenses: present indefinite (simple) (Present Indefinite (Simple)), past indefinite (simple) (Past Indefinite (Simple)), future indefinite (simple) (Future Indefinite (Simple)) .

Verbs in the tense form of this group express an action regardless of the nature of its occurrence, i.e. they simply describe an action.

(present indefinite (simple) tense) coincides in form with the infinitive of the conjugated verb without the particle to in all persons except the 3rd person singular, where the ending is added to the verb - s/ -es:he work s,she studio es.

Interrogative and negative forms are formed using the auxiliary verb to do, which in the 3rd person singular has the form does, and the infinitive of the semantic verb without the particle to.

In the interrogative form, the auxiliary verb to do in the appropriate form is placed before the subject:

Do do they speak English well? Does she work?

In the negative form, the auxiliary verb to do (in the appropriate form) in combination with the negative particle not is placed after the subject:

They don't speak English well. She doesn't work.

Short answers are formed as follows:

Do they speak French? Do they speak French? - Yes, they do. Yes. / No, they do not (don't). No.

Does she live in Moscow? She lives in Moscow? - Yes, she does. Yes. No, she does not (doesn't). No.

Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense used to express:

1. Ordinary facts, regular, repeating actions in the present tense.

My friends like to travel. My friends love to travel.

He visits his grandparents every Sunday. He visits his grandparents every Sunday.

2. Well-known truths. This time is typical for proverbs and sayings that reflect human experience and wisdom.

The Universe is endless. The universe is infinite.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

Still waters run deep. Still waters run deep.

3. Sequences of actions occurring at the moment of speech.

She enters the room, sees a fax on the table, reads it, and calls the secretary.

She enters the room, sees the fax on the table, reads it and calls the secretary.

4. Actions that occur at the moment of speech with verbs that are usually not used in a continuous form. These include verbs of sensory and mental activity, as well as verbs of possession: s ee,hear,sound,believe,belong,understand,need,realize,know,remember,prefer, sound, possess, own.

I see some people in the park. I see several people in the park.

It really sounds great. Sounds really great.

Now I realize that you know everything. Now I understand that you know everything.

5. Time, concessions, conditions in subordinate clauses after conjunctions: when, till, until, as soon as, before, after, if, unless, in case, on condition that, even if.

If Ted gets this job, he"ll be happy. If Ted gets this job, he will be happy.

Shall I see you before you leave? Should we meet before you leave?

Even if he learns the truth, he will not be cross with me. Even if he finds out the truth, he won't be angry with me.

6. Future actions with verbs of motion come, go, leave, start, arrive.

The train starts in half an hour. The train leaves (will depart) in half an hour.

This tense is usually used with the following adverbs: always - Always, ever - some day, as a rule -usually , never - never, every day - every day, every week - every week, now and then, from time to time - occasionally, generally - usually, as a rule, seldom, rarely -rarely, usually - usually, regularly - regularly, sometimes - Sometimes, occasionally - occasionally, from time to time.

It should be remembered that in a sentence they are usually placed before the semantic verb:

She usually gets up at 7 o'clock. She usually gets up at 7 o'clock.

We often go to the cinema. We often go to the cinema.

But: sometimes the adverbial tense can be used both at the beginning and at the end of a sentence:

He visits us rarely. He rarely visits us.

I check my e-mail not so often. I don't check my email that often.

Sometimes I miss my schoolmates. Sometimes I miss my classmates.

Types of questions

1. General:

Do you speak English? - Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

Do you speak English? - Yes. No.

Does she speak German? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.

She speaks German? - Yes. No.

2. Alternative:

Do you live in Murmansk or Severomorsk?

Does she speak German or French?

3. Special:

Where do you live? Who do you live with?

What foreign languages does she speak?

4. Question to the subject:

Who lives here? – My friend does (I do).

Who lives here? - My friends. (I).

What students live here? – Foreign students do.

What kind of students live here? - Foreign students.

5. Dividing:

You live in Mutmansk, don’t you? You don’t live in Murmansk, do you?

You live in Murmansk, don't you? You don't live in Murmansk, right?

He speaks two foreign languages, doesn’t he? He doesn’t speak English, does he?

He speaks two foreign languages, right? He doesn't speak two foreign languages, does he?

6. Negative:

Don't you know this man? Doesn't he speak German?

Don't you know this man? He doesn't speak German?

Exercises

1. Read and translate the letter, paying attention to the use of Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.

Dear Mum,

It is ten o’clock in the evening and I am at the library at the medical school. Lots of other students are working. It is quite silent, except when someone turns a page or scratches their head. Tomorrow the end-of-term exams start. Everyone is very frightened and no one sleeps much at the moment.

The weather is a lot better now. I like living in a country which has seasons. Although the winter is horrible, it’s really exciting when the first leaves appear on the trees and the bulbs start to push up through the earth. However, I do miss the Caribbean with its blue sky and warm breeze! And the food – I specially miss that!

I have got a new gitlfriend. Her name is Sophie and she is also a medical student. I really like her. Her mum comes from Jamaica and her dad is Scottish, and she cooks almost as well as you!

I have some more good news – I have found a nice little flat near the hospital and my friend Bob and I hope to move in at this weekend! I really hate the room I live in at the moment. I'd better get back to work now.

Wish me luck with my exams – and the new flat.

Lots of love and hugs to you and Therese,

2. Read the description of a hermit crab. Fill in the gaps with verbs from the proposed list in the correct form, using Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.

lose, belong, go, live, find, use, eat, let, have, be, be

Hermit crabs (0) live in the sea around coral reefs. The hermit crab (1) ______ to the animal group called “crustaceans” (crustaceans). Crustaceans (2) ______ a shell called an exosceleton (exoskeleton). The joints in the exosceleton (3) _____ the crab move. The joints (4) ______ clearly visible on the pincers and legs. The hermit crab (5) ________ unusual among crustaceans because the back part of its body is not covered. So the crab (6) _______ into an empty mollusc shell, in this case a conch shell (strombid, a type of mollusk), and (7) _______ the shell to protect its soft rear end. Each year, the crab (8) ________ its exosceleton and (9) __________ a new, larger shell to hide in. Hermit crabs (10) __________ small fish and shrimps.

3. Choose the correct form of the verb:

1. My father (work/works) at a hospital.

2. She (don’t/doesn’t) speak German.

3. Who (helps/help) you with mathematics?

4. (Do/Does) your friends study or work?

5. My sister (knows/know) history rather well.

6. The Earth (move/moves) round the Sun.

7. What people (live/lives) here?

8. Does your grandmother still (work/works)?

9. Peter and his son often (plays/play) football at weekends.

10. Your brother studies at polytechnic faculty, (don’t/doesn’t) he?

11. No one (know/knows) this strange person.

12. (Don’t/Doesn’t) you want to get a higher education?

4. Form negative and interrogative sentences from the original ones.

Sample : She likes classical music. –She doesn't like classical music.

-Does she like classical music?

1. He leaves home for the university at 8.30 every day.

2. We usually do our homework together.

3. The train arrives in half an hour.

4. It often rains in autumn.

5. My uncle speaks two foreign languages.

6. The students often translate texts at the English lesson.

7. Our family rarely goes to the seaside in summer.

8. They always get up early in the morning.

9. Our relatives live in the Ukraine.

10. This student does his best to study well.

11. Everybody remembers this prominent scientist.

12. We have English lesson twice a week.

5. Ask 6 questions of different types to these sentences (general, special, dividing, alternative, negative, question to the subject).

1. This foreigner speaks Russian rather well.

2. She is fond of reading different magazines.

3. My aunt lives in that old house.

4. I use my father’s notebook very often.

5. This student does his best to study well.

6. Many people enter our university every year.

7. My father usually has dinner at home.

8. It is difficult to study English.

9. He wants to master three foreign languages.

10. They usually visit their grandparents at weekends.

11. My sister works as a teacher of physics at school.

12. He studies at the Polytechnic Faculty.

6. Restore the correct word order in each sentence.

1. mother, after, my, is, tired, work, often

2. letters, to, I, once, friend, write, my, month, a

3. late, not, he, for, so, is, often, classes

4. always, sister, somebody, my, love, is, with, in

5. I, my, the, in, usually, do, homework, evening

6. go, the, I, to, often, don’t, doctor

7. past, for, home, she, university, at, usually, eight, leaves, half

7. Answer the questions using time circumstances characteristic of Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense.

Sample: Are you often late for the lessons? – I'm never late.

Do you ever drink coffee? – Sometimes I do.

How often do you have meals? – I usually have meals 3 times a day.

1. Do you ever cook? 2. How often do you go to the university? 3. Are you often ill? 4. How often do you clean your teeth? 5. Is your father often busy? 6. Does your mother ever bake? 7. How often do you use the Internet? 8. Do you ever drive a car? 9. Are you always ready for the lessons and seminars? 10. How often does your friend call you? 11. Do you ever follow your parents’ advice? 12. Are you usually at home in the evenings?

8. Translate into English using Present Indefinite Tense.

1. Students study many different subjects. 2. What are your hobbies? – I like to listen to music when I have free time. 3. When do classes at the university start? – Classes start at 9 o’clock in the morning. 4. Who does the shopping in your family? – My mother, sometimes my grandmother. 5. Doesn’t your family live in Murmansk? - No, only me and my brother live here. 6. How old is your brother? - He is five years older than me. 7. Does your father speak German and Spanish? - No, he only speaks German. 8. On Sundays I usually watch TV, help my mother around the house, and sometimes go to discos. 9. What kind of music does your brother prefer to listen to? – He prefers rock. 10. Who does your daughter call so often? – She calls her boyfriend. 11. When do you usually have breakfast? – I never have breakfast, I’m not hungry in the morning. 12. Margot doesn’t like to be late for classes, she always arrives on time. 13. Where does she keep my books? – As far as I know, on the third shelf. 14. Is your nephew studying English or French? – He studies both languages. 15. Sorry, I'm in a hurry. The lecture starts in five minutes. 16. Does anyone know this person? “I know, this is my friend’s brother.”

I would like to note that this is the first place to start learning a language. This is no coincidence, since it is this group of tenses that allows us to talk about events in the past, present and future. Pay attention to the name of the group – simple. Let it immediately set you up for a positive wave. These times are really quite simple if you understand the very principle of their construction. Well, at least let you be pleased with the fact that in all tenses of the simple group (and not only) the same word order is used.

How are English simple tenses formed?

To avoid mistakes and understand how they are formed English tenses group simple, it is enough to remember two things: an auxiliary verb (that is, a word that helps to form a tense) and an ending characteristic of a given tense. True, in the past simple you still need to know the second form of the verb. But don’t let this upset you, since there are not so many most commonly used irregular verbs.

Let us consider the formation schemes of present simple, past simple and future simple. I like to indicate the subject (i.e. an object or a person) using emoticons. So I ask you to forgive me in advance for a piece of childhood in serious English grammar.

PRESENT SIMPLE

Positive offer: S \ ES(for he, she, it) + other words

He plays guitar very well.

Question:(what, where….) + do \ does+ ( + ) + action (without ending) + other words

What musical instrument does he play?

Negation: ( + ) + don't \ doesn't+ action (no endings) + other words

He doesn't play guitar.

PAST TIME (PAST SIMPLE)

Positive offer: ( + ) + action + ending ED(if the verb is regular, if not, then the second column of the table of irregular verbs is needed) + other words

He played the guitar yesterday.

I went to the gym yesterday.

Question:(what, where….) + did

What musical instrument did he play last Sunday?

Negation: ( + ) + didn't+ action (no endings) + other words

He didn’t play guitar yesterday.

FUTURE SIMPLE

Positive offer: ( + ) + will+ action + other words

He will play guitar tomorrow.

Question:(what, where….) + will+ ( + ) + action (without ending) + other words

What musical instrument will he play?

Negation: (+ ) + will not (won't)+ action + other words

He won't play guitar tomorrow.

English tenses of the group simple in examples

The best theme is " English tenses group simple» is memorized through examples and practice. The second is difficult to provide in writing, so let's move on to the first - examples.

time	examples	translation
PRESENT SIMPLE	(+) She speaks s English fluently.	(+) She speaks English fluently.
	(-) She doesn't speak _ English at all.	(-) She doesn't speak English at all.
	(?) What languages does she speaks _ ?	(?) What languages does she speak?
PAST SIMPLE	(+) Tom got up late yesterday.	(+) Tom got up late yesterday.
	(-) Tom didn't get _ up late yesterday.	(-) Tom didn't get up late yesterday.
	(?) When did Tom get _ up?	(?) When did Tom get up?
FUTURE SIMPLE	(+) They will meet _ me.	(+) They will meet me.
	(-) They won't meet _ me.	(-) They won't meet me.
	(?) Will they meet _ me?	(?) Will they meet me?

If you carefully study the examples, they clearly show the structure of the English language in simple tenses. You don't even need to use any endings for questions and negatives. Just take the auxiliary word from not or without and put it in the correct place in the sentence. Ready!

English simple tense table

For those who better perceive diagrams rather than examples, another one will be useful English tense table simple.

PRESENT SIMPLE

PAST SIMPLE

FUTURE SIMPLE

You + go _

They

She + go es

You + went

They

She + went

You + will+go _

They

She + will+go _

You + don't+go _

They

She + doesn't+go _

And now we will look at the basics of composing simple sentences to express past, present and future tenses using examples.

Construction of sentences in the Simple group

Affirmative sentences

Let's start with the Present Simple. All affirmative sentences are constructed according to the following scheme:

“I” in this example is the subject. It should not be confused with the complement, since the subject performs the action, and the action is performed on the complement. Moreover, in Russian the order of words is not important to us, because it is already clear who is performing the action. We can freely say: “I eat the cake.” But in English you won’t be able to construct a sentence like this, since the one who performs the action must come first, otherwise they will simply laugh at you when you say: “The cake is eating me.” Even in the passive voice, such a phrase will sound very strange.
In second place should be the predicate, which expresses the action itself. In the Russian language, there are often sentences with an incomplete grammatical basis, where there is no subject or predicate, or both are absent. In the latter case, we are dealing with an impersonal sentence: “It’s dark.” In English there must always be a subject and a predicate. So, if there is no verb in a Russian sentence, then it will definitely appear in English. Let's take, for example, a one-part sentence in which there is no predicate: “The telephone is on the table.” To translate it correctly, we will need to use the verb “to be”, which will connect the subject with the predicate. As a result, the phrase will literally be translated as: “The phone is on the table.”
In third place, the secondary members of the sentence are lined up according to a certain rule: first comes the direct object (answers the question “who?”, “what?”, “who?”), then the indirect object (answers the same questions, but with the prepositions “with whom?” ?”, “to whom?”, etc.). This rule is not always observed and is not strict.

As in Russian, English verbs are modified depending on the person. The main changes occur in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), where the suffix “s” or “es” is added to the predicate. As a result, we get the sentence: “He goes to school.”

Negative sentences

In addition to affirmation, there is also negation, the diagram of which looks like this:

In this scheme, all the same components are found, except for the linking verb “do” and the particle “not”, which is equivalent to the negative particle “not” in Russian. What is an auxiliary verb and why is it needed? Unlike the Russian language, where we simply put the particle “not” before the verb, in English there must be an auxiliary verb before the particle “not”. It is different for each tense, and in the case of the Present Simple it will be in the form of either “do” or “does” depending on the number and person of the subject. Example: “She does not go to school.”

Interrogative sentences

So, we have considered the affirmation, the negation, and we are left with a question, the formation of which also requires an auxiliary verb:

So, we have discussed with you the basic principles of constructing various types of sentences in Present Simple. Past Simple and Future Simple are constructed in a similar way, the main differences will be in the form of the auxiliary verb.

Constructing sentences in the Future Simple

Statement

The scheme for constructing a statement in the simple future tense (Future Simple) is as follows:

The auxiliary verb will indicates that the action takes place in the future tense, and the phrase will be translated as: “I will go to school.”

Negation

Negation is constructed using the already familiar particle “not” and the auxiliary verb “will”.

Question

Any question begins with an auxiliary verb, so when constructing a question we simply put will in first place.

Past Simple

Statement

When constructing a statement in the past tense of the Simple group, there is a small peculiarity: the suffix “ed” is added to the verb.

I specifically omitted the example with school because it uses an irregular verb. Most verbs form the simple past tense by adding the suffix “ed” to the stem (cook - cooked), but there are about 470 verbs, according to the Oxford Dictionary, that form the past tense according to their own canons. Our verb “go” also falls into their number, which will change its form to “went”: “I went to school.”

Negation

Negation in the simple past tense is constructed similarly to the Present Simple, with the only difference being that the form of the auxiliary verb “do” takes on the past form “did”.

Question

The question is also constructed by analogy with the Present Simple. We only change the form of the auxiliary verb to the past.

So we studied the construction of sentences in the entire Simple group. The main thing is to remember the patterns for all three types (affirmation, negation and question), not to forget how the word forms of verbs in the 3rd person singular change, and to memorize the main irregular verbs in order to achieve automaticity in speech.

Construction of sentences in the Continuous group

In the Continuous group there is always an auxiliary verb “to be”, the change in form of which will tell us when the action occurs: yesterday, now or tomorrow. In this group, the participle I is also always present, similar to the real participle in the Russian language. The participle itself is constructed by adding the suffix “ing” to the verb (go - going).

Statement

Let's not deviate from the structure and consider the formation of time in the Present Continuous.

The forms of the verb “to be” change depending on the person, and here the matter is not limited to changes only in the 3rd person singular. You just need to remember the forms.

In the past tense, the auxiliary verb changes its form to “was” or were” depending on the person and number.

The sentence construction scheme in the Past Continuous will be as follows:

The future tense in this group is formed without any changes, we simply put the future tense verb “will” before the auxiliary “to be”:

Denial and question

The construction of negation and question follows the general scheme for constructing sentences: when negating, we put “not” after the auxiliary verb, and when asking a question, we put the auxiliary verb in first place.

To construct the past form, you need to change the form of the auxiliary verb to “had”.

To build a future form, we additionally put “will”.

Denial and question

Negation and question are constructed in a classical way: the particle not after had (in negation), had in first place (in question).

Denial and question

Negation	Question
I have not been going.	Have I been going to school?

These sentences are given for the sake of example only; in practice, you are unlikely to find yourself in a situation where you will need to express yourself in the Perfect Continuous. It will be much easier and faster to construct a phrase from the Simple and Continuous groups.

Simplified table of formation of all types of sentences in all tenses

For those who are encountering tenses for the first time, this article may seem a little chaotic, so as a result, I offer you a ready-made table with the formation of sentences in all tenses to make it easier for you to see the whole picture. You can use it as a cheat sheet in the initial stages of studying temporary structures. The table is taken from the Pikabu resource.

NON-STATE EDUCATIONAL TRAINING

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

BAIKAL ECONOMIC AND LEGAL INSTITUTE

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

SPECIALTY "FINANCE AND CREDIT"

Test

IN THE DISCIPLINE "Foreign LANGUAGE"

Completed:

part-time student

KUTSERENKO

ALEXANDER ALEXANDROVICH

Ulan-Ude 2010

Plan

Question 1. Grammar: Simple tenses.

Question 2. Topic: The Russian Federation “Russian Federation”.

Question 3. Translation: an excerpt of text on the specialty being studied.

List of sources used

Simple Group Times

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE (present simple tense).

Application: Present simple is used when talking about events that occur regularly, as well as when describing situations that take place in general, and not just in the current period of time. This kind of tense form is used to express phenomena and actions, when describing which it would be appropriate to say that they occur regularly, usually, etc. In English, this can be expressed by using the following indicator words (indicate the need to use a given tense form): usually (usually), always (always), sometimes (sometimes), often (often), every day (every day), every week (every week), etc.

Formation of narrative sentences in Present Simple: subject + predicate (with the ending -s in the 3rd person singular)

Example: I drink tea every day. - I drink tea every day. He drinks tea every day. - He drinks tea every day.

The ending -s is added to the predicate only if the subject is in the third person singular form. -s is added if the subject matches the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”.

The ending -s for verbs in the 3rd person singular should not be confused with the ending -s to form the plural. number of nouns.

Formation of interrogative sentences in Present Simple:

The word order in a special question is: question word + auxiliary or modal verbs (do, does, forms of to be, can, must, may) + subject + predicate +?

If the sentence to which we are asking a question contains present tense forms of the verb to be, then these forms are used to construct the question. Examples: let's ask a question to the sentence He is a student. Adhering to the required word order, we get: Is he a student?

If the sentence to which we are asking a question contains a modal verb, then we use it to construct the question. Example: He can swim (he can swim). - Can he swim?

If a sentence contains any semantic verb and does not contain modal verbs, then we use the present tense forms of the verb to do.

Present tense forms of the verb to do.

Examples: He reads every day. - Does he read every day? We see that in the interrogative sentence the verb read is deprived of the ending -s. The auxiliary verb does is a “greedy” verb. It “takes away” - s from the predicate.

Formation of negative sentences in Present Simple:

The verb does maintains its reputation as a greedy auxiliary by taking away the -s from the predicate. Examples: He does not (doesn’t) read. He cannot (can’t) swim. He is not (isn’t) a student.

PAST SIMPLE TENSE (past simple tense).

Application: Past simple is used when talking about actions, situations or phenomena that took place at a certain moment or a certain period of time in the past. The duration of the event does not matter. The only important thing is that the event happened in the past and has no connection with the present. Past simple is often used in combination with such time indicators as yesterday (yesterday), last year (last year), in 2002, last week (last week), on Sunday (on Sunday), at 6 o"clock (at 6 hours) etc.

Formation of narrative sentences in Present Simple:

Subject + predicate (with ending -ed or 2nd form if the verb is irregular).

Example: He worked yesterday. - He worked yesterday. I wrote a letter 5 minutes ago. - I wrote a letter 5 minutes ago.

Formation of interrogative sentences in Past Simple:

Formed using auxiliary or modal verbs.

The word order in a special question is: question word + auxiliary or modal verbs (did, past tense forms to be, could) + subject + predicate +?

As mentioned earlier, if the question is general, then the question word is not used, but the word order is the same.

If the sentence to which we are asking a question contains past tense forms of the verb to be, then these forms are used to construct the question. Examples: let's ask a question to the sentence He was a student. Adhering to the required word order, we get: Was he a student?

If the sentence to which we are asking a question contains a modal verb, then we use it to construct the question. Example: He could swim (he could swim). - Could he swim?

If the sentence contains any semantic verb, then we use the “did” form of the past tense of the verb to do.

Examples: He worked every day. - Did he read every day? We see that in the interrogative sentence the verb worked is deprived of the -ed ending. The auxiliary verb did is a “greedy” verb. It "takes away" the -ed from the predicate or "returns" it to the infinitive if the verb is irregular. Example: He wrote a letter. - Did he write a letter? We see that the 2nd form of the irregular verb “wrote” is replaced by the 1st form of the verb “write”.

Formation of negative sentences in Past Simple:

The formation of negative sentences occurs using the same auxiliary and modal verbs. After an auxiliary or modal verb the particle not is placed.

The verb did takes away - ed from the predicate or converts the 2nd form of irregular verbs into the infinitive. Examples: He did not (didn’t) read. He couldn't (couldn't) swim. He was not (wasn’t) a student.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (future simple tense)

Usage: The Future Simple is used to express an action or several repeated actions that will be performed in the future. Future Simple can be used with tomorrow, next year, next week, in a week, in the future, etc.

Formation of declarative sentences in the Future Simple.

Subject + auxiliary verbs shall / will + predicate in the infinitive form without the particle to.

This tense form is formed using the auxiliary verbs of the future tense shall or will. Shall is used with 1st person pronouns (I, we). Will is used with all pronouns and subjects - nouns corresponding to pronouns. Today we can recommend the use of will in all cases, since the form shall is used very rarely to form the future tense. Both auxiliary verbs can be used in shortened form. Example: I shall= I’ll; He will = He'll.

Examples: I’ll go to the club tomorrow. - I'll go to the club tomorrow. They will work in 10 minutes. - They will work in 10 minutes.

Formation of interrogative sentences in the Future Simple.

Formed using auxiliary verbs shall/will.

The word order in a special question is: question word + shall /will + subject + predicate +?

If the question is general, then the question word is not used, but the word order is the same.

Examples: Where will he work? - Where will he work? Will you read it? - Will you read this?

Formation of negative sentences in the Future Simple.

The formation of negative sentences occurs using the same auxiliary verbs. After the auxiliary verb the particle not is placed.

Examples: He will not (won’t) read it. - He won't read it. I shall not (shan’t) read it. - I won't read this.

We pay attention to the reduced (shortened) forms of auxiliary verbs with the particle not: will not = won’t; shall not = shan’t.

The Russian Federation

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific , the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belarus, the Ukraine. It also has a sea- borders with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steps in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the nirth, highlands and deserts in the east.

There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.

There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers - the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena - flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.

Russia is reach in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.

Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Syberia and in the Far East.

On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.

Russia is very reach in oil, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.

Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President. The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.

The capital of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial center. It's one of the oldest Russian cities.

At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of the Russian Federation. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are constantly rising, the rate of inflation is very high. People are losing their jobs because many factories and plants are going bankrupt.

But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. I"m sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make Russia as strong and powerful as it used to be.

An excerpt of text on the specialty being studied

Finance and the credit.

The purpose of preparation of experts in the field of the finance and the credit consists in formation at students of professional skills in the sphere of the organization and functioning of the bank system, insurance, taxes and the taxation, management of the finance of firm.

The economist on a specialty “the Finance and the credit” should be prepared for professional work in financial bodies of federal, regional and municipal levels; banks, stock exchanges, the insurance companies, investment funds, economic services of the enterprises and the organizations of all patterns of ownership, on the posts demanding the maximum economic formation.

The specialty “the Finance and the credit” gives a complex of knowledge in the field of the state and municipal finance, bank and insurance business, monetary circulation, financial management, a securities market, taxes and the taxation. The specialty assumes studying processes of formation and execution of budgets of different levels, the mechanism of management of a public debt, functioning of unappropriated funds; the order of planning, the account and the reporting at the enterprises, in the organizations, establishments; the organizations and managements of monetary flows of the enterprises, investment activity of managing subjects; features of the organization of the finance of the enterprises and the organizations; bank and insurance business.

Professional work of the expert is carried out in all spheres of a national economy and directed on service of enterprise activity of the enterprises of various patterns of ownership, spheres of the state budget and unappropriated structures. Objects of professional work of the expert are the property, external obligations, own capital, incomes, charges and financial results from the basic operational and commercial activity, and also financial and investment activity of the organizations.

The main task of a specialty is preparation of the highly professional experts capable of effectively working in conditions of market economy in view of specificity of modern position of Russia.

Finance and credit.

The purpose of training specialists in the field of finance and credit is to develop students’ professional skills in the organization and functioning of the banking system, insurance, taxes and taxation, and financial management of a company.

An economist with a degree in Finance and Credit must be prepared for professional work in financial authorities at the federal, regional and municipal levels; banks, stock exchanges, insurance companies, investment funds, economic services of enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, in positions requiring higher economic education.

The specialty “Finance and Credit” provides a complex of knowledge in the field of state and municipal finance, banking and insurance, money circulation, financial management, securities market, taxes and taxation. The specialty involves studying the processes of formation and execution of budgets at different levels, the mechanism for managing public debt, and the functioning of extra-budgetary funds; the procedure for planning, accounting and reporting at enterprises, organizations, institutions; organization and management of cash flows of enterprises, investment activities of business entities; features of the organization of finances of enterprises and organizations; banking and insurance.

The professional activity of a specialist is carried out in all spheres of the national economy and is aimed at servicing the entrepreneurial activities of enterprises of various forms of ownership, the state budget and extra-budgetary institutional structures. The objects of professional activity of a specialist are property, external obligations, equity capital, income, expenses and financial results from the main operational and commercial activities, as well as financial and investment activities of organizations.

The main task of the specialty is to train highly professional specialists who are able to work effectively in a market economy, taking into account the specifics of the current situation in Russia.

List of sources used

1) Blokh M.Ya. Workshop on the English language: grammar. Collection of exercises: Textbook. manual for universities. - M.: Astrel; AST, 2000. - 240 p.

2) Bonk, N.A. English textbook. At 2 o'clock Part 1. / ON THE. Bonk, T.A. Kotiy, N.A. Lukyanova. - M.: "EXMO", 2002. - 638 p.

3) Lyubimtseva, S.N. English course for financiers / S.N. Lyubimtseva, V.I. Koreneva. - M.: "GIS", 2002. - 379 p.

4) Improve your English: textbook. manual for universities / S.E. Gridyushko [and others]. - Mn.: Higher. school, 1999. - 236 p.

5) Khvedchenya, L.V. Practical course of modern English: a textbook for universities. At 2 o'clock Part 2. / L.V. Khvedchenya. - Mn.: Higher School, 2000. - 286 p.

6) English: a manual for 2nd year students of the specialty “Accounting, Analysis and Audit” / author. - comp. Kabesheva E.V., Chigrinets M.I., Gaikova E.M. - Gomel: BTEU, 2002. - 116 p.

7) English: a manual (lexico-grammatical tests for 1st and 2nd year students of economic specialties) / author. - comp. T Dubovtsova.A. [and etc.]. - Gomel: Bel. bargain. - econ. univ., 2003. - 28 p.

8) Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian. - St. Petersburg: Norint, 2000.

9) Efremova T.F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative. - M.: Russian language, 2000.

Times of the group Simple (Indefinite)

What could be simpler than the times of the Simple group in English? Yes, probably nothing. They express indefinite time, for which they received the second name Indefinite. Let us determine by what special signs we can recognize the simplest and most pleasant of times. Indefinite tenses help express action where time is not defined.

For example,

I work (I work) or I study (I study). This does not mean that I am working right this second or learning something at the moment. On the contrary, it denotes action in general. As an answer to the question: “What do you do anyway?” Yes, I’m learning little by little.

The biggest difficulty that can be imagined with the Simple/Indefinite tenses is the formation of the past tense form. But of course, because here you need to know how the second form is formed.

When to use

They are really simple.

For example, if you want to say that you love strawberries, then feel free to put Simple. After all, it doesn’t matter when you love her: right at the moment in front of the laptop monitor or AT ALL.

The second option, when the Simple is precisely used, is a listing of sequential actions: born, married, divorced (the version for the optimistic - became a dad). Version for dreamers: I’ll be born, I’ll get married, I’ll get divorced. In all cases, Simple will help you.

Another hint: this tense expresses REGULAR actions (I wash myself, shave every morning).

Present Simple
What is currently happening IN GENERAL, that is, in principle. For example, if at the moment, right this very second, snow is falling outside the window, then a different time is required. And if you need to say in general “It’s spring now, comrades!”, take Simple.

2.1 Marker words

Every day (morning/month/year/lesson And T. d.)
Usually
Always
Seldom
Rarely
Sometimes
Often
Frequently
This day/week/winter, etc.

2.2 How it is formed
Elementary. The verb is taken, as it is in the dictionary, and put into a sentence: I go to school. I love my teacher.

A small nuance: in the 3rd person singular you will have to add –s or –es to the verb (after s, z, x, ch, sh, o): he teaches, she goes.
The ending –y, as always, changes to –i: he studies

Interrogative sentence. The auxiliary verb do or does is used (for 3 liter singular): Do you like apples? Does he teach at home?

Negative sentence. Not is added to the auxiliary verb: I don’t know.
3. Past Simple

Denotes consistent or regular actions in the past.

3.1 Markers
Yesterday
Last winter/week/year, etc.
Ago

3.2 How it is formed
Using the II form of the verb (in the correct ones we add –ed, in the incorrect ones we learn): I liked snowing last year. I was at home 2 hours ago.

Question. We use did: Did you eat sweets in your childhood?

Negation. We use did+not: I didn’t like mathematics at school.

4. Future Simple
Denotes regular or sequential actions in the future, as well as one-time actions (for example, “I’ll go to the theater tomorrow”).

4.1 Markers
Tomorrow
Tonight
Soon
Next week/month/year/time
In 2 minutes/hours/days/months

4.2. How is it formed
Using will (shall – for 1st person, slightly outdated version): We shall/will be at home in 20 minutes. He will go to London next week.

Question: Will you marry me?

Negation: will/shall+not.I will not marry you.