GREAT LAKES, the world's largest lake system in eastern North America, in the St. Lawrence River basin. Includes freshwater lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario (see table 1). Lake Michigan is entirely located in the United States; the remaining lakes and the rivers connecting them pass the border between the United States and Canada, which owns about 1/3 of the Great Lakes.
The total area of the Great Lakes is 244.8 thousand km 2, the total volume of water is 22.7 thousand km 3 (21% of the world's surface fresh water reserves). The length of the coastline is over 15 thousand km. The lakes are connected by short, rapids and high-water rivers: Superior and Huron - by the St. Marys River (length 112 km); Huron and Erie - by the St. Clair River (43 km), through Lake St. Clair (area 1275 km 2) and the Detroit River (51 km); Erie and Ontario - the Niagara River (54 km), forming Niagara Falls. From Michigan to Huron, water flows through the Straits of Mackinac, about 3 km wide. Several hundred small rivers flow into the Great Lakes with a total drainage area of 525 thousand km 2, the largest are Escanoba, Kalamazoo, Grand River, Muskegon, Manistee, Au Sable, Saginaw, and Maumee. The flow of lake water masses (210 km 3 /year) occurs along the St. Lawrence River, flowing from Ontario; it is regulated by the Iroqua hydroelectric complex, located between its source and the mouth of its largest tributary, the Ottawa River.
The Great Lakes basins arose as a result of tectonic movements and preglacial fluvial and glacial erosion. The bowls of Lake Superior and the northern part of Lake Huron are produced in crystalline rocks of the southern edge of the Canadian shield of the North American platform, the remaining lakes are formed in the thickness of Paleozoic limestones, dolomites and sandstones of the platform cover. After the reduction of the ice cover, the steep banks were transformed by wave abrasion. Beaches, boulder and gravel-sand spits have formed along shallow areas of the coast protected from waves. In the northern part of the Great Lakes, the coastline is dissected, the shores (up to 400 m high) are rocky, steep, very picturesque, especially of lakes Superior and Huron. The southern shores are predominantly low, clayey and sandy. The largest island in the entire Great Lakes is Manitoulin, with an area of over 1000 km 2 (Lake Huron).
The climate of the Great Lakes region is temperate continental. Average air temperatures in January on Lake Superior are -8°C, on the southern shore of Erie -3°C, in July 19 and 22°C, respectively. Precipitation is 700-800 mm per year.
In the supply of Lake Verkhneye, the volume of atmospheric precipitation exceeds the influx of river water, therefore its water mass is the least mineralized. In the water balance of the remaining lakes, the role of river flow and influx of water from the lakes located above is more significant. Evaporation from the surface of the lakes is about 165 km 3 /year (20% less than the flow into the St. Lawrence River). Over the past 150 years, the amplitude of water level fluctuations in the Great Lakes has been ±2 m, and its intra-annual fluctuations have been no more than 0.3 m due to flow regulation by hydraulic structures. Surge distortions of the water surface reach 3-4 m (Superior, Michigan). The Great Lakes freeze mostly near their shores (December - January to March - April). In the central part, due to winter storms, there is no ice cover; only in Ontario is continuous ice cover occasionally observed. Navigation duration is 8-9 months a year. Subglacial stratification of the water column is weakly expressed. In spring and autumn, convective mixing of lake waters to the bottom occurs. The average surface water temperature in August is 18-22°C. The waters in the lakes have low mineralization (72-232 mg/l) (see table 2).
In Michigan, Superior and Huron, the composition of the most common plankton and benthos species is similar. The phytoplankton is dominated by diatoms, semi-submerged macrophytes include reeds, burrs, reeds, and sitworts, and submerged ones include chara and semi-submerged algae. Zooplankton consists mainly of bosminae, daphnia and copepods, zoobenthos - of oligochaetes and mollusks. In Erie and Ontario, the phytoplankton is dominated by cyanobacteria, diatoms, green and dinophyte algae, the macrophytes are cattails, urut, pondweeds, and the zoobenthos is chironomids (bloodworms). In all the Great Lakes there are smelt, yellow perch, alos, walleye, and in Huron, Superior and Michigan - coho salmon, chinook salmon, char and whitefish. On the shores of Lake Superior is Tahquamenon Falls State Park; Isle Royale Island (Upper) - part of the national park of the same name; between Superior and Michigan is the Seney Reservation.
The hydroelectric power plants of the Great Lakes system produce 50 billion kWh of energy per year. Total water consumption from the Great Lakes by the end of the 20th century exceeded 20 km3 per year. From 40 to 70% of the water taken from the lakes was consumed by thermal power plants and nuclear power plants, from 20 to 48% by industrial enterprises, and 5-9% by municipal services. From the Buffalo area, Lake Erie water is carried through the Erie Canal into the Hudson River basin, towards the city of New York. To replenish the water resources of the Great Lakes, part of the runoff from the Albany river system (Hudson Bay basin) is transferred to Lake Superior through lakes Nipigon and Long Lake.
The Great Lakes are connected to the Mississippi River basin by a system of shipping canals starting at the city of Chicago on Lake Michigan; with the Hudson River, a canal originating from the city of Buffalo on Lake Erie. The St. Lawrence River, along with the Great Lakes, is the most important natural route connecting the interior of the United States and Canada to the Atlantic Ocean. The Great Lakes Inland Waterway is 1,870 km long thanks to the presence of lock canals that bypass rapids on the St. Marys River and Niagara Falls (Welland Canal). After the reconstruction of canals completed in 1959, built to bypass rapids on the St. Lawrence River, a waterway from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes was created with a length of 3 thousand km and a depth of at least 8 m, accessible to large seagoing vessels. The main ports are Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago, Toledo, Cleveland, Erie, Buffalo (USA), Thunder Bay, Hamilton, Toronto (Canada).
By the mid-20th century, powerful anthropogenic pressures led to severe pollution and eutrophication of the Great Lakes (especially in the bays). Due to the degradation of the ichthyofauna, previously large populations of mink and otter have almost disappeared from some areas of the coasts of Michigan, Huron, and Superior. High concentrations of DDT and mercury are observed in fish tissues. Lake Verkhneye was the least affected by anthropogenic impact, maintaining its oligotrophic status due to its larger size, slower water exchange and low population density in the catchment area (4.5 people/km2). The water in it is the most transparent (> 10 m), and has the lowest content of phosphorus available for phytoplankton (<3 мг Р/м 3), низким показателем биомассы фитопланктона - хлорофилла «а» (<0,4 мг/м 3) и наименьшей первичной продукцией органических веществ (0,7 мг С/м 3 в час). Более низкое качество воды - в самом проточном озере Эри из-за меньших размеров и наибольшей нагрузки его эвтрофной экосистемы загрязняющими веществами сточных вод крупных городов. Экосистема Эри испытала сильнейшее эвтрофирование, но и ранее, чем в других озёрах, наступает её оздоровление благодаря запрету сброса в Великие озёра недостаточно очищенных сточных вод и наибольшей проточности. Водные массы Мичигана у южных берегов - мезотрофны, в центральной части - олиготрофны. Видовой состав фитопланктона Гурона характерен для олиготрофных озёр, но воды залива Сагино сильно эвтрофированы. Прибрежные воды Онтарио эвтрофны и мезотрофны. Будучи замыкающим, оно получает биогенные и токсичные вещества из остальных озёр (за последние годы скорость эвтрофирования заметно понизилась). В 1909 году правительства США и Канады подписали соглашения о совместном рациональном использовании водных ресурсов. В последней четверти 20 века работы по улучшению состояния Великих озёр активизировались. Для сохранности олиготрофии Мичигана обработанные сточные воды города Чикаго сбрасывают по судоходному каналу в бассейн реки Миссисипи.
Lit.: World water balance and water resources of the Earth. L., 1974; Biennial report under the Great Lakes water quality agreement of 1978... Wash, jsc, 1982-2004-. Vol. 1-12-; Data book of world lake environments. Otsu, 1988. Vol. 3:Americas; Kondratyev K. Ya., Pozdnyakov D. V. Ecology of the Great North American Lakes: problems, solutions, prospects // Water Resources. 1993. T. 20. No. 1; Edelshtein K.K. Hydrology of continents. M., 2005.
I still remember with horror how we had to make a huge model of the planet for a school concert! Our design team decided that it would be a great idea to cover the fitball with plasticine. As a result, it took so much that at night I dreamed of a green-blue planet and plasticine flying above it. Our idea ultimately failed, but if the model had been completed, it would have been an image of the earth's surface. True, there are much more detailed images.
Why not make all images detailed?
Depicting the planet or its parts can be very useful. And for educational purposes, and in order to navigate in space, and even just for games or theatrical performances.
It is logical that images taken for different purposes will differ. After all, in order to so that the constructed model is useful, she must display only the properties you need Earth. For example, imagine a map or globe that will be approximately the same size as the real size of the planet - yes, they will be more naturalistic, of course, but at the same time they will be absolutely inconvenient to use.
Therefore, if you need accuracy, you need to display it accurately. If the form is important, then the priority will be to convey it. Combining everything at once will only complicate the chosen model – both for production and for use.
What types of images of the earth's surface are there?
Depending on different purposes, the surface of the planet is depicted in different ways. The main methods that have practical value are:
A plan is a small image on a planetary scale terrain. Some region, town, etc. Yes, they make it very much detailed– right down to marking trees and bushes. But it correlates the sizes of objects only within the territory that is marked on the plan . And yet it depicts the volumetric Earth on a plane. Errors cannot be avoided - as is the case with a map.
globe Same does not display the exact shape of the planet . And the objects themselves too.
So it is best to understand the ratio of the sizes of areas of the earth's surface precisely in a space image.
- Lowland is a plain that rises no higher than 200 m above sea level.
- Highlands are flat areas of land with an altitude of 200 to 500 meters above sea level.
- A plateau is a plain with a flat or slightly undulating surface, elevated above sea level by more than 500 meters.
Accumulation
Seabed rise
Change of plains under the influence of water flows
Just like the mountains, the plains gradually change. Much work is done on them by water flows, both permanent (rivers) and temporary, which form on the slopes after heavy rains or during the spring melting of snow.
Each tributary of the river digs out a valley through which it flows, each tributary erodes the banks and deepens, albeit slowly, its bed. The process of erosion occurs especially quickly on hills and plateaus, since the rivers originating from them have a more rapid flow.
Water flowing over the surface washes away the top, arable layer of soil from the fields along with the nutrients that plants need so much. The washout occurs especially quickly on steep slopes not covered with vegetation; that's why steep slopes are not plowed. Slopes with a slight slope should only be plowed across. When plowing a slope transversely, the flowing water is retained by the furrows, absorbed into the ground and does not wash away the soil. Thus, millions of hectares of fertile soil are preserved from erosion. Material from the site
Changing plains under the influence of wind
The winds, sweeping over the plains, do great destructive work. It happens that hurricane-force winds blow over the plains for several days in a row, without ceasing. A dust storm begins. In one such storm, the wind can remove a layer of soil up to 25 cm thick, and previously fertile lands turn into barren wastelands.
Grass strips, which are created at certain intervals in the fields, as well as forest strips, reduce soil blowing.
The wind does especially great work on plains covered with loose sands, not held together by plant roots - dunes and dunes. The open expanse of sand is never level.
1. Mark the characteristics of the earth’s crust with a red pencil, the mantle with green, and the core with blue.
2. Label the internal shells of the Earth in Figure 9 and indicate at what depth the boundaries between them are located.
3. What does the earth's crust consist of? Complete diagram 4.
4. Select the most common minerals in the earth’s crust from the list and mark them with a “+” sign
5. In Diagram 5, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
6. Complete the sentences.
From magma slowly cooling at depth, they form deep igneous rocks.
Lava that spills onto the earth's surface forms erupted (volcanic) igneous rocks.
7. From the list (rock salt, marble, sand, clay, granite, limestone, chalk, basalt, gypsum) select:
a) deep igneous rock:
granite;
b) erupted (volcanic) rock:
basalt.
8. How do sedimentary rocks differ by origin? Complete diagram 6.
9. From the list (gneiss, granite, marble, sand, basalt, gypsum, peat) select:
a) sedimentary clastic rock:
sand;
b) sedimentary rock of chemical origin:
gypsum;
c) sedimentary rock of organic origin:
peat.
10. Underline the name of the most common metamorphic rock in the earth’s crust.
Sand, gravel, basalt, chalk, marble, granite, gneiss, coal, rock salt, gypsum.
11. Fill out table 5, selecting rocks of the appropriate origin from the list: peat, gneiss, granite, sandstone, coal, gravel, basalt, crushed stone, chalk, salts, sand, marble, limestone, gypsum, pebbles, clay.
12. How are some rocks transformed into others? Complete diagram 7.
13. Mark the characteristics of the continental crust with a red pencil, and the oceanic crust with a blue pencil.
14. Figure 10 shows the types of the earth’s crust (numbers 1-2); layers of the earth's crust of both types (numbers 3-7); thickness of the earth's crust (in numbers 8-10).
Identify and write down what each number represents.
1. Oceanic crust.
2. Continental crust.
3. Sedimentary layer of the continental crust.
4. Granite layer of the continental earth's crust.
5. Basalt layer of the continental crust.
6. Basalt layer of the oceanic crust.
7. Sedimentary layer of the oceanic crust.
8. The thickness of the oceanic crust is 0.5-12 km.
9. The thickness of the continental crust is 35-40 km.
10. The thickness of the lithosphere is 50 km under the oceans and 200 km on the continents.
11. The thickness of the continental crust under the mountains is 75 km.
15. Finish the sentence.
Lithosphere is the solid shell of the Earth, consisting of the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
16. Mark the characteristics of the lithosphere with a “+” sign.
17. Finish the sentence.
The lithosphere is not monolithic, but is divided by faults into separate blocks, which are called lithospheric plates.
18. Using Figure 44 of the textbook, determine which seven of the largest lithospheric plates of the Earth are depicted in Figure 11 by numbers 1-7. Circle the boundaries of their separation with a red pencil, and the collisions with a blue pencil.
1. South American.
2. African.
3. Eurasian.
4. North American.
5. Pacific.
6. Indo-Australian
7. Antarctic.
19. Finish the sentence.
The totality of all irregularities in the surface of the land and the bottom of the seas and oceans is called relief.
20. Fill out table 6.
21. Mark convex relief shapes with a red pencil, concave ones with a blue pencil.
22. How are landforms divided by size? Fill out table 7.
23. Consider Figure 12.
24. In diagram 8, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
25. In diagram 9, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between absolute heights and layer-by-layer colors. Color the drawing with the appropriate colors.
26. Consider a fragment of the map in Figure 13.
a) Complete the sentences.
The lines shown on the map are called contours. These lines are used to depict the terrain.
b) Is the landform shown on the map convex or concave?
Convex.
c) Color the depicted relief shape using layer-by-layer coloring.
27. Fill out table 8 by selecting from the list (continents, land plains and ocean floors, ravines, hills, mountain ranges, hummocks, gullies, intermountain depressions, ocean depressions) landforms created by internal or external forces acting on the Earth.
28. Depending on the direction, what types of slow movements of the earth’s crust are divided? Complete diagram 10.
29. Figure 14, a shows the position of the Hindustan Peninsula 70 million years ago, Figure 14, b - at the present time. The island moved to the coast of Eurasia along with the lithospheric plate at an average speed of 9 cm per year. What is the length of the route covered by Hindustan?
The length of the route of the Hindustan Peninsula is
30. Look at Figure 15 (a and b) and complete the sentences.
a) The mountains in Figure 15, a arise in places where lithospheric plates collide, and the mountains in Figure 15, b - in places where they diverge.
b) The mountains in Figure 15, a are located on land and consist of rocks crushed into folds.
c) The mountains in Figure 15, b are located on the bottom of the oceans and consist of igneous rocks.
31. The plan (Fig. 16) shows the relief of the coastal territory. Color blue the part of the area that would be flooded by the sea if the earth's crust dropped 6 m.
Earthquakes are rapid vibrations of the earth's crust caused by tremors.
33. List the types of rock occurrence shown in Figure 17.
1. Wrinkling into folds
2. Reset
3. Gorst
4. Graben
34. In diagram 11, use the arrows to establish a correspondence between the concepts and their definitions.
35. Label the source and epicenter of the earthquake in Figure 18.
36. Why are areas of frequently recurring earthquakes located on the Earth in belts?
These belts are collision zones of lithospheric plates.
37. Label in Figure 19 the names of the parts of the volcano and volcanic emissions (substances).
38. Figure 20 shows two types of volcanic eruptions. Describe them.
a) a fissure-type volcano.
b) a crater-type volcano.
39. Why do mountain building, volcanism and earthquakes occur in the same areas?
These are the boundaries of the collision of lithospheric plates.
40. Using the textbook text and a physical map of the world, give examples of large volcanoes:
a) Mediterranean belt: Vesuvius, Etna, Elbrus, Kazbek, Ararat, Stromboli.
b) Pacific belt: Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Fuji, Popocatepetl, Orizaba, Llullaillaco, Cotopaxi, San Pedro.
41. Under the influence of what internal and external forces is the Earth’s topography formed? Fill out table 9.
42. Mark the characteristics of internal forces with a red pencil, external ones with a blue pencil.
43. What types of weathering do you know? Complete diagram 12.
44. Complete the sentences.
Weathering is the destruction and change of rocks on the land surface under the influence of natural environmental conditions.
45. How does weathering affect rocks? Fill out table 10.
46. Choose the correct answer.
A highly elongated depression in the relief formed by the long-term operation of a river is called:
c) valley;
47. What is the role of external forces in the formation of relief? Fill out table 11.
48. There are no glaciers on the East European Plain. But many hills between parallels 50 and 55° N. w. consist of glacial deposits (Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow uplands, Northern Uvaly). How were they formed?
During the anthropogenic period of the Cenozoic era, an ancient glacier passed through this territory, which brought a large amount of sediment.
49.Choose the correct answer.
Sandy crescent-shaped hills that form in deserts are called:
c) dunes.
50. Determine which elements of the structure of a mountainous country are depicted in Figure 21 by numbers 1-4.
1. Mountain range.
2. Top of the mountain.
3. Intermountain Valley.
4. Mountainside.
51.Longest mountains on land:
b) Andes;
The highest mountains on land:
b) Himalayas.
52.How do mountains differ in absolute height? Complete diagram 13.
53. Figure 22 shows plains with different absolute heights. What are their names?
a) lowland;
b) elevation;
c) plateau.
54. Choose the correct answer.
The largest lowlands by area are:
d) Amazonian and West Siberian.
55. Choose the correct statement.
b) Plains occupy 60% of the land area, and mountains - 40%.
56. Using a physical map of the world, determine which forms of relief of the ocean floor are indicated in Figure 23 by numbers 1-5. Write down the name of each of them.
1. North Atlantic Ridge;
2. South Atlantic Ridge;
3.East Pacific Rise;
4. West Indian Ridge;
5. Australian-Antarctic rise.
57. Choose the correct answer.
Underwater mountain ranges with oceanic crust, forming a single mountain system with a length of more than 60 thousand km, are called:
c) mid-ocean ridges.
58. Mark the characteristics of mid-ocean ridges with a “+” sign.
59.Choose the correct answer.
The bed of the oceans occupies about the area of their bottom:
b) 50%.
60. What landforms does the ocean floor consist of? Complete diagram 14.
61. Determine and write down what forms of relief of the bottom of the World Ocean are shown in Figure 24 by numbers 1-5.
1. Shelf (continental shallows).
2. Continental (continental slope).
3. Ocean bed.
4. Mid-ocean ridge.
5. Deep water trench.
62. Insert into the sentence instead of each number one of the words given in the list under the corresponding number so that the sentence turns out to be correct in meaning.
1. Short, long.
2. Narrow, wide.
3. Rise, ridges, depressions.
4. 60 m, 600 m, 6000 m.
5. Movements, collisions.
Deep-sea trenches are long and narrow oceanic depressions with a depth of more than 6000 m, located at the boundaries of the collision of lithospheric plates.
63. Choose the correct answer.
Earth's deepest trench:
c) Marian.
64. Why does 80% of the Earth's population live on the plains (up to an altitude of 500 m) and only 1% in the mountains at an altitude of more than 2000 m?
On the plains it is easier to build buildings and roads, and conduct agriculture.
65. What threatening natural phenomena associated with the earth’s crust occur in the mountains?
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows (mudflows).
66. What economic activity does a person engage in in the mountains? How does it change depending on the height of the mountains? Describe this activity in Figure 15.
67. What methods are used to extract minerals? Complete diagram 16.
68. What is the impact of human economic activity on the earth’s crust? Complete Table 12.
Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam
Basic general education
Line UMK V. P. Dronov. Geography (5-9)
To the teaching materials on geography for grade 6 V.P. Dronova, L.E. Savelyeva
Test tasks (in Unified State Exam format) to test students' knowledge in the initial course of geography, compiled in accordance with the program for general education institutions, and intended to test the mastery of the material in V.P.'s textbook. Dronov and L.E. Savelyeva “Earth science. 6th grade".
Thematic sections contain tasks of varying degrees of difficulty: blocks “A”, “B” and “C”.
The manual is addressed to subject teachers, and is also useful for schoolchildren for self-monitoring of the compulsory education standard in the initial geography course in preparation for tests, tests and exams. The tasks are provided with keys, which gives the reader the opportunity to test himself.
Preface
Testing students' knowledge and skills is one of the important elements of the educational process. Monitoring learning outcomes should be carried out not only by the teacher, but also by the students. Both should be interested in obtaining high results of knowledge.
Test control is one of the forms of testing a student’s abilities, skills, and knowledge. It develops independent analysis skills and helps the student quickly find the necessary information from a large amount of acquired knowledge.
This manual is intended to prepare for the Unified State Exam in the initial course of geography.
The manual presents 7 versions of the examination paper (according to the number of sections of the textbook by V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva “Earth Science Grade 6”), similar to testing knowledge and skills in the Unified State Exam in geography.
Each option consists of tasks in blocks “A”, “B” and “C”
They test knowledge of all sections of the mandatory minimum content for an initial geography course:
- Earth in the Universe.
- Geographical models of the Earth.
- Earth's crust.
- Atmosphere.
- Hydrosphere.
- Biosphere.
- Geographical envelope.
The options are designed to give an idea of what geographical knowledge from each topic in the initial geography course is tested in the Unified State Exam (facts, geographical nomenclature, spatial and cause-and-effect relationships).
The tasks in block “A” are relatively simple. For each task there are four possible answers, of which only one is correct.
Block “B” consists of more complex tasks that require you to give a short answer based on the theory of the section covered.
The tasks in block “C” are the most difficult and require a detailed answer. These are mainly tasks to determine cause-and-effect relationships and the ability to use the acquired knowledge in practice.
The time for completing test tasks in the Unified State Exam format by section is calculated by the teacher in accordance with the level of preparation of students.
Test tasks for section No. 1
"Earth in the Universe." Geography, 6th grade
Block "A"
A1. Select the correct answer: Science that studies the surface of the Earth as a habitat where humanity arose and develops.
1. biology 2. astronomy 3. geography 4. geology
A2. The entire existing world is:
1. Universe 1. Galaxy 3. Milky Way 4. Space
A3. The speed of light is: (in km/s)
1. 150 million 2. 184 thousand 3. 300 thousand 4. 400 thousand
A4. How many bright stars used for orientation are called navigation stars:
1. 22 2. 24 3. 26 4. 28
A5. The asteroid belt is located between:
1. Earth and Mars 2. Earth and Venus
3. Jupiter and Saturn 4. Mars and Jupiter
A6. The smallest ocean on Earth:
A7. Find the error: Giant planets include:
1. Mars 2. Jupiter 3. Saturn 4. Uranus
A8. Most landmass on Earth in a hemisphere:
1. western 2. southern 3. northern 4. no correct answer
A9. The earth rotates around its axis with:
1. west to east 2. clockwise 3. east to west 4. north to south
A10. The earth's axis is inclined to the orbital plane at an angle (in degrees):
1. 55,6 2. 60, 6 3. 55, 5 4. 66,5
A11. The geographic consequence of the Earth's rotation around its axis is:
- The earth is slightly flattened at the poles
- The seasons change
- All moving bodies on Earth deviate to the right
- All moving bodies on Earth deviate to the left
A12. The Earth moves in orbit around the Sun at a speed (in km/s):
1. 20 2. 25 3. 30 4. 35
A13. Age of the Earth (in billions of years):
1. 3,8 2. 4,4 3. 4,6 4. 5,0
A14. Total constellations in the night sky:
1. 54 2. 56 3. 78 4. 88
A15. To find out whether it is a leap year or not, you need to divide the last two digits of the year without a remainder by:
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5
A16. The figure of the Earth is called:
1. sphere 2. ellipse 3. circle 4. geoid
A17. Length of the equator (in thousand km):
1. 40 2. 45 3. 20 4. 50
A18. The area of the earth's surface is equal (million sq. km):
1. 149 2. 361 3. 510 4. 610
A19. The polar radius of the Earth is less than the equatorial radius by (km):
1. 21 2. 22 3. 23 4. 24
A20. Ancient Greek scientist who calculated the size of the Earth:
1. Pythagoras 2. Aristotle 3. Eratosthenes 4. Ptolemy
Block "B"
IN 1. Arrange the planets of the Solar System in order of their distance from the Sun:
1. Mars 2. Mercury 3. Jupiter 4. Earth
AT 2. Determine how many times larger than Africa is the largest ocean on Earth
AT 3. How to find the North Star in the night sky?
Block "C"
C1. What are the geographical consequences of the Earth's rotation on its axis?
C2.What is the Solar System? What cosmic bodies are included in its composition?
Answers to block No. 1
"Earth in the Universe»
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. 2 – 4 – 1 – 3
AT 2. 180 million sq. km: 30 million sq. km = 6 Answer: 6 times
AT 3. Find the bucket of the constellation Ursa Major. Mentally connect the 2 outer stars of the bucket and continue this line to the first bright star, which is located at the end of the handle of the bucket of the Ursa Minor constellation. This is the North Star.
Block "C"
C1. – The rotation of the Earth affects its shape: it is slightly flattened at the poles.
Due to the rotation of the Earth, all bodies moving on its surface are deflected to the right in the direction of their movement in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
Due to the rotation of the Earth, the cycle of day and night occurs.
C2. The solar system is the Sun and the cosmic bodies moving around it.
Composition of the Solar System: planets, satellites of planets (more than 60), small planets (asteroids), comets, meteorites, cosmic dust.
Test tasks for section No. 2
"Geographical Models of the Earth". Geography, 6th grade.
Block "A"
A1. Creator of the world's first globe:
1. Herodotus 2. Ptolemy 3. Waldseemüller 4. Beheim
A2. Azimuth is measured in:
1. kilometers 2. hours 3. degrees 4. percent
A3. If the numerical scale is 1:5,000,000, then the named one will be:
1. in 1 cm 5 km 2. in 1 cm – 50 km 3. in 1 cm – 500 km 4. in 1 cm – 5000 km
A4. What is the azimuth of the northeast?
1. 0 degrees 2. 30 degrees 3. 45 degrees 4. 60 degrees
A5. The angle on the ground between the direction north and the object in degrees is
1. horizon 2. azimuth 3. pole 4. landmark
A6. Azimuth is calculated:
1. from north clockwise
2. from north counterclockwise
3. from south clockwise
4. from south counterclockwise
A7. The equator is:
1. the longest parallel
2. the longest meridian
3. the shortest parallel
4. the shortest meridian
A8. Geographic longitude is:
1. western and southern
2. western and northern
3. western and eastern
4. southern and northern
A9. Measured from the equator:
1. western and eastern longitude
2. north and south longitude
3. western and eastern latitude
4. north and south latitude
A10. Complete the phrase: “There is a city north of Moscow...” (choose an answer):
1. Astrakhan 2. Adler 3. Arkhangelsk 4. Anadyr
A11. Indicate what color the mountains are shown on the physical map:
1. dark green 2. brown 3. yellow 4. light green
A12. The lines of meridians and parallels on the globe and geographical map are...
1. horizontal 2. azimuth 3. grid 4. latitude
A13. Find the error:
1. 90 N. 125 E. 2. 5 S 170 W. 3. 17n.sh. 182 W 4. 78 S 28 E.
A14. What is one meridian degree equal to in kilometers?
1. 25 2. 110, 3 3. 111,3 4. 111, 9
A15. What is the length of the meridian in degrees:
1. 90 2. 120 3. 180 4. 360
Block "B"
IN 1. Read and choose the correct answer.
1. Parallels are lines conditionally drawn along the surface of the Earth parallel to the prime meridian.
2. A meridian is the shortest line connecting the Earth's poles.
Answer options: (yes, yes), (no, no), (yes, no), (no, yes)
AT 2. Write down the name of a line drawn along the earth's surface parallel to the equator:
Horizontal, meridian, parallel, absolute height, latitude
AT 3. Which oceans does the prime (Greenwich) meridian cross?
AT 4. What continents and oceans does the equator cross?
Block "C"
C1. In which hemispheres are Eurasia, Australia and Africa located?
C2. How many parallels and meridians can be drawn along the earth's surface?
C3. What geographical models (volumetric and flat) are used to depict the Earth and its individual areas?
Answers to block No. 2
"Geographical Models of the Earth"
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. no Yes
AT 2. parallel.
AT 3. Arctic and Atlantic.
AT 4. Continents - South America, Africa and the islands of Eurasia;
Oceans – Pacific, Atlantic and Indian
Block "C"
C1. Eurasia – in all four; Australia - in the south and east; Africa - in all four.
C2. 180 parallels and 360 meridians
C3. globe, map, site plan, aerial photograph
Test tasks for section No. 3
"Earth's crust". Geography, 6th grade.
Block "A"
A1. Temperature of the Earth's core (in degrees):
1. 2000 – 3000 2. 3000 – 4000 3. 4000 – 5000 4. 4500 – 5000
A2. Which statement about the earth's crust is true?
1. The earth’s crust under continents and oceans has the same structure
2. Under the oceans the thickness of the earth’s crust is greater than under the continents
3. The boundaries of lithospheric plates coincide with the contours of the continents.
4. Lithospheric plates move slowly along the surface of the mantle
A3. What type of rock is clay in origin?
1. sedimentary organic 2. sedimentary clastic
3. metamorphic 4. igneous
A4. What is the raised area of the earth's crust between two faults called?
1. fault 2. graben 3. horst 4. trap
A5. What landforms were formed as a result of the activity of ancient glaciers?
1. ravines 2. dunes 3. river valleys 4. moraines
A6. What are the names of plains with an absolute height of 0-200 meters?
1. plateau 2. lowland 3. highland 4. highland
A7. The largest plateau in the world?
A8. The exit of the mid-ocean ridge to the surface of the World Ocean is the island:
1. Iceland 2. Easter 3. Sakhalin 4. Madagascar
A9. The highest volcano in Russia:
1. Klyuchevskaya Sopka 2. Shiveluch 3. Kronotskaya Sopka 4. Ichinskaya Sopka
A10. Thickness of the continental crust under high mountains:
1. 35 km 2. 55 km 3. 65 km 4. 75 km
Block "B"
IN 1. Select from the list the main parts of the ocean floor
1. trench 2. mountains 3. volcanoes 4. shelf 5. continental slope 6. bed
AT 2. Identify the region of Russia using a brief description.
This is the peninsular territory of our homeland. The shape resembles a fish. It has a heavily indented coastline. Monsoons dominate. There are many active volcanoes. There is the Valley of Geysers.
AT 3. How are mountains classified by absolute height?
Block "C"
C1. Why is there such diverse terrain on Earth?
C2. Explain the reasons for the coincidence of areas of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
Answers to block number 3
"Earth's crust"
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. 1, 2,3,6
AT 2. Kamchatka Peninsula.
AT 3. low mountains, mid-altitude and high mountains.
Block "C"
C1. The relief is varied because the Earth's surface is simultaneously affected by internal and external forces. The source of energy for internal forces is heat generated in the bowels of the planet, and external forces are solar energy.
C2. These are the edges of lithospheric plates or fault lines of lithospheric plates. Here, the layers of the earth's crust shift, which leads to earthquakes or volcanism.
Test tasks for section No. 4
"Atmosphere". Geography, 6th grade.
Block "A"
A1. The atmosphere is the shell of the Earth:
1. earthly 2. airy 3. aquatic 4. living
A2. At what altitude is the conventional boundary of the atmosphere:
1. 100 km 1. 500 km 3. 1000 km 4. 1500 km
A3. At what altitude is the ozone shield of the atmosphere located?
1. 20-30 km 2. 30-40 km 3. 40-50 km 4. 50-60 km
A4. In what part of the atmosphere is the ozone layer located?
A5. In which layer of the atmosphere does the air temperature rise and is close to 0 degrees Celsius at the upper limit?
1. stratosphere 2. troposphere 3. ionosphere 4. exosphere
A6. What is the height of the troposphere above the Earth's poles?
1. 10-12 km 2. 16-18 km 3. 8-10 km 4. 12-14 km
A7. For every kilometer you rise, the air temperature decreases by:
1. 3 o C 2. 4 o C 3. 5 o C 4. 6 o C
A8. What is the name of the line connecting points with the same average temperature?
1. isobar 2. isotherm 3. isohypsum 4. isohyet
A9. How many light zones are there on planet Earth?
1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. 6
A10. A device for determining relative air humidity?
1. hygrometer 2. barometer 3. anemometer 4. psychrometer
A11. What is the maximum cloud level? (in points):
1. 8 2. 10 3. 11 4. 12
A12. With what force does the column of air press on each square centimeter of the earth's surface?
1. 1 kg 33 g 2. 1 kg 29 g 3. 2 kg 33 g 4. 3 kg 29 g
A13. For every 10.5 m rise, the pressure in the troposphere decreases by approximately:
1. 1mm Hg. Art. 2. 2 mm Hg. Art. 3. 5 mm Hg. Art. 4. 10 mm Hg. Art.
A14. Seasonal winds that change direction twice a year are:
1. breeze 2. trade wind 3. monsoon 4. northeast winds
A15. What month of the year is the hottest?
A16. What is the maximum wind force in points?
1. 12 2. 10 3. 11 4. 9
Block "B"
IN 1. List the main elements of weather.
AT 2. What properties of weather are the most important?
AT 3. What atmospheric phenomena cause the greatest damage to humans and their households?
AT 4. What causes atmospheric pressure to depend on?
Block "C"
C1. Draw a wind rose for the month of June using the following indicators:
N – 10 days, NE – 3 days, NW – 2 days, SE – 4 days, SE – 1 day, S – 4 days, W – 3 days, E – 3 days.
C2. What is the average daily air temperature and the daily amplitude of temperature fluctuations based on the following air temperature indicators?
7, -5, -1, +1, +6, +9
C3. What is the air temperature at the surface of the earth if at an altitude of 2000 m the air temperature is -10 degrees?
C4. What is the atmospheric pressure at an altitude of 1.5 km if the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth is 757 mm Hg? Art.?
C5. What is the relative humidity at a temperature of +30 degrees if the air contains 18 g of moisture?
Answers to block number 4
"Atmosphere"
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. air temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, precipitation, wind direction and speed.
AT 2. The main properties of weather are its diversity and variability.
AT 3. Droughts, hurricanes, thunderstorms, ice, hail, heavy rains, fog.
AT 4. Atmospheric pressure depends on the altitude of the area, on the air temperature, and on the nature of the earth's surface.
Block "C"
C1. The graph is built on a scale: 1 cell – 2 days.
C2. Average daily temperature: 1) (-7) + (-5) + (-1) = -13
3) 16 – 13 = +3
4) +3: 6 = +0.5 (degrees)
Daily amplitude of temperature fluctuations: 9 – (-7) = 16 (degrees)
Answer: +0.5 degrees; 16 degrees.
C3. 1. 6 * 2 = 12 (degrees)
2. - 10 – (+12) = +2 Answer: +2 degrees
C4. 1. 1500: 10 = 150 (mm Hg)
2. 757 – 150 = 607 (mm Hg) Answer: 607 mm Hg.
C5. At a temperature of +30 degrees, the air may contain 30 g of moisture, but only 18 g. From these data we make up the proportion:
X = 18g * 100% : 30g = 60% (relative humidity)
Test tasks for section No. 5
"Hydrosphere". Geography, 6th grade.
Block "A"
A1. What is the proportion of fresh water on Earth? (V %)
1. 20% 2. 30% 3. 5% 4. 3%
A2. What percent of the hydrosphere's water is in the World Ocean?
1. 96% 2. 80% 3. 55% 4. 75%
A3. What percentage of the Earth's area does the World Ocean occupy?
1. 90% 2. 80% 3. 71% 4. 75%
A4. What is the area of the World Ocean? (in square kilometers)
1. 510 2. 149 3. 361 4. 75
A5. What is the deepest ocean on Earth?
1. Pacific 2. Indian 3. Arctic 4. Atlantic
A6. What sea on Earth has no shores, its boundaries are currents?
1. Coral 2. Sargasso 3. Red 4. Fiji
A7. Which sea is an inland sea of the World Ocean?
1. Arabian 2. White 3. Okhotsk 4. Caribbean
A8. Which strait of the World Ocean is the widest and deepest?
1. Gibraltar 2. La Perouse 3. Berengov 4. Drake
A9. What is the average salinity of the waters of the World Ocean? (in ppm)
1. 37 2. 35 3. 33 4. 36
A10. What is the distance between wave crests called?
1. wave height 2. wave length 3. wave slope 4. wave bottom
A11. What is the height of the highest tides in the world's oceans?
1. 18m 2. 19m 3. 20m 4.17m
A12. What is the name of the most powerful current in the World Ocean?
1. Gulf Stream 2. Western winds 3. Kuroshio 4. Californian
A13. The longest river in the world:
A14. Which river in the world has the largest drainage basin?
1. Congo 2. Amazon 3. Ob 4. Nile
A15. Tallest waterfall on Earth:
1. Iguazu 2. Victoria 3. Angel 4. Ilya Muromets
A16. The largest lake in the world:
A17. The highest lake in the world
1. Baikal 2. Onega 3. Caspian 4. Titicaca
A18. Which of the following lakes is wastewater:
1. Baikal 2. Balkhash 3. Dead 4. Caspian
A19. How much fresh water is stored in modern glaciers?
1. 75% 2. 70% 3. 65% 4. 96%
A20. What is the origin of the lake basin of Lake Baikal?
1. karst 2. glacial 3. tectonic 4. volcanic
Block "B"
IN 1. What are underground waters? How are they formed?
AT 2. List the forms of karst?
AT 3. What groups are glaciers divided into? Where do they meet?
AT 4. List the main natural phenomena in the hydrosphere.
Block "C"
C1. Write the names: a) 2 archipelagos, b) two inland seas, c) any bay of the Atlantic Ocean, d) a strait connecting two seas of two oceans and separating two countries located on two continents.
C2. Why is the Gulf Stream a warm current, and the Canary Current off the coast of Africa a cold current, if the temperature of these currents is practically the same?
C3. How much salt can be obtained from 1 ton of water taken from the Ocean? In the Red Sea?
Answers to block number 5
"Hydrosphere"
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. Groundwater: groundwater and interstratal. Groundwater is formed on the first impermeable layer, interstratal water is formed between two impermeable layers.
AT 2. Forms of karst: karst wells, sinkholes, caves, underground lakes and rivers, stalactites and stalagmites.
AT 3. Glaciers are divided into two groups: cover and mountain. Covers are formed in Antarctica, Greenland, and on the Arctic and Antarctic islands. Mountain glaciers form only on the tops and slopes of mountains.
AT 4. The main natural phenomena of the hydrosphere: floods, avalanches, mudflows.
Block "C"
C1. a) Japanese Islands, Canadian Arctic Archipelago (optional); b) White Sea, Black Sea (free option); c) Bay of Biscay; d) Bering Strait.
C2. If the surrounding water is colder than the water in the current, it is a warm current; if the surrounding water is warmer than the water in the current, it is a cold current.
C3. An average of 35 g of various salts are dissolved in a liter of ocean water. 1 ton of water is 1000 liters. Consequently, 35 kg of salt can be obtained from 1 ton of ocean water. The salinity of the Red Sea waters is 42 ppm, i.e. 1 liter of water contains 42 g of salt, which means that from 1 ton of Red Sea water you can get 42 kg of salt.
Test tasks for section No. 6
"Biosphere". Geography, 6th grade.
Block "A"
A1. Life on planet Earth originated in water around: (in billions of years)
1. 4,6 2. 3,5 3. 3,8 4. 4,5
A2. The living shell of the earth where life exists is called:
1. atmosphere 2. hydrosphere 3. biosphere 4. lithosphere
A3. What is the ratio of plants and animals on land: (as a percentage)
1. 92: 8 2. 94: 6 3. 71: 29 4. 75: 25
A4. Which part of the World Ocean has the most living organisms?
1. on the continental slope 2. on the shelf 3. on the ocean floor 4. in trenches
A5. What proportion of the land area is covered by forests?
A6. What proportion of the Earth's total forest area is covered by equatorial rainforests?
1. third 2. fourth 3. fifth 4. sixth
A7. The forests of which climate zone of the Earth include three forest sub-zones?
1. tropical 2. equatorial 3. arctic 4. temperate
A8. Which natural area of the Earth has a wide variety of large herbivores?
1. deserts 2. savannas 3. steppes 4. forests
A9. Russian scientist who created the doctrine of soil science?
1. Voeikov 2. Alisov 3. Vernadsky 4. Dokuchaev
A10. What are the most fertile soils called?
1. chernozem 2. podzolic 3. tundra-gley 4. brown
A11. Which continent of the Earth has the highest proportion of protected areas?
1. Africa 2. Eurasia 3. Australia 4. America
A12. Russian scientist who created the doctrine of the biosphere.
1. A.I. Voeikov 2. B.P. Alisov 3. V.I. Vernadsky 4. V.V. Dokuchaev
Block "B"
IN 1. What forests are common in Russia?
AT 2. In which climate zones of the Earth are steppes and savannas common on the plains, and in which are deserts?
AT 3. What is soil?
Block "C"
C1. From the given list of trees, write down those that form broad-leaved forests: larch, oak, beech, maple, fir, aspen, birch, poplar.
C2. Write down at least seven meanings of the biosphere.
C3. What are the features of equatorial rainforests?
Answers to block number 6
"Biosphere"
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. On the territory of Russia in the temperate zone the following are common: coniferous (taiga), mixed and broad-leaved forests.
AT 2. Steppes and savannas are common in the subequatorial and temperate zones; deserts - in the tropical and temperate zones.
AT 3. Soil is the top layer of earth that has fertility.
Block "C"
C1. Broad-leaved forests are dominated by oak, beech, and maple.
C2. The meaning of the biosphere:
- keeps the composition of salts in the ocean unchanged;
- provides people with food;
- adds diversity to the environment;
- ensures self-purification of reservoirs;
- maintains the gas composition of the atmosphere;
- creates sedimentary rocks and minerals;
- carries out biological weathering of rocks.
C3. Features of humid equatorial forests: tiered, evergreen (trees shed their leaves gradually), it is easier to find 10 trunks of different types of trees than 10 trunks of the same species, 75% of all land vegetation is concentrated, “guardian” of numerous species of plants and animals, in the forest humid and gloomy, most of the inhabitants of these forests live in the treetops.
Test tasks for section No. 7
"Geographical envelope". Geography, 6th grade.
Block "A".
A1. Which statement about the geographic surface of the Earth is considered true:
1. A special shell of the Earth in which the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere touch and interact.
2. A special shell of the Earth in which the interaction of the atmosphere and hydrosphere occurs.
3. A special shell of the Earth in which the interaction of the atmosphere and biosphere occurs.
4. A special shell of the Earth in which the interaction of the hydrosphere and lithosphere occurs.
A2. What is the stage of development of the geographic shell called if the formation of the earth’s crust and the emergence of life in the ocean occurs:
- anthropogenic
- geological
- Biological
- there is no right answer
A3. A change in natural zones in the mountains is called:
1. natural complex 2. geographical envelope
3. altitudinal zonality 4. latitudinal zonality.
A4. An example of a negative impact on the geographical area is:
1. carrying out reclamation activities
2. open-pit mining
3. creation of forest belts
4. creation of a closed water recycling cycle
A5. The natural complex “steppe” is located in:
1. northern cold zone
2. southern cold zone
3. northern temperate zone
4. in a hot zone
Block "B"
IN 1. List the main components of the natural-economic territorial complex.
AT 2. List the stages of development of the geographical envelope.
AT 3. What is unique about the geographic envelope?
Block "C"
C1. What negative consequences can the formation of a ravine cause? List at least two consequences.
C2. What features determine the number and diversity of natural areas in the mountains? Please provide at least two reasons.
Answers to block No. 7
"Geographical envelope"
Block "A"
Block "B"
IN 1. Air, plants, animals, water, rocks, soil, man and his activities
AT 2. Stage 1 – geological (pre-biogenic)
Stage 2 – biological (biogenic)
Stage 3 – anthropogenic (modern)
AT 3. Only in it there are conditions for life, in it people live and manage.
Block "C"
C1. 1. lowering the groundwater level
2. reduction of soil cover (reduction in the area of arable land).
C2. How higher than the mountain and with what closer They to the equator , the more altitude zones there are and the more diverse they are.