No. 1. Rurikovich.
The oldest dynasty. This clan of Rurik's descendants was initially considered princely, and then became royal, and over time branched into a huge number of related clans. According to chronicle texts, the Novgorod prince Rurik ruled the lands in the 9th century, he is also considered the founder of the statehood of Rus'. The descendants of the Rurikovichs are such eminent dynasties of rulers as the Monomashichi, the Izyaslavichs of Turov, the Izyaslavichs of Polotsk, the Svyatoslavichs, and the Rostislavichs. The reign of the Rurikovichs ended during the reign of Fyodor the First Ioannovich and Vasily Shuisky - they were the last kings of this venerable dynasty.
No. 2. Romanovs.
The Russian dynasty of kings, and later the emperors of Russia, the princes of Finland and Lithuania, the kings of Poland. According to genealogical research, representatives of the Romanov dynasty, starting with Peter III, had ancestors with the surname Holstein - Gottorp - Romanov. Nicholas II, who was dethroned in 1917, became the last of the Romanov czars.
No. 3. Bourbons.
A dynasty of European descent who took the throne of France in 1589. The Bourbon dynasty is not only one of the most numerous, but also one of the most ancient. To this day, one of the branches of the family continues to exist - the Bourbon-Busset. The Bourbons, at different times, ruled the following cities and states: Sicily, Naples, the Duchy of Parma, France, and the modern descendants of the dynasty still rule Luxembourg and Spain today.
No. 4. Habsburgs.
Among all the European dynasties of the Middle Ages and Modern times, the Habsburgs were one of the most powerful. They ruled the Austrian Empire, at some point in time were the rulers of the Roman Empire, sat on the thrones of Croatia, Hungary, Mexico, Portugal, Spain, Tuscany, Transylvania and many other small powers.
No. 5. Windsor.
The Windsor dynasty until 1917 was known as Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. After the end of the First World War, George V abandoned his family surname and all German titles, and began to call himself Windsor - he took the surname after the name of the castle. Today, the Windsors are the ruling dynasty of Great Britain - the throne is occupied by Queen Elizabeth II.
No. 6. Min.
The Ming Dynasty gave the name to the whole empire: “Ming Empire”. They ruled China for about 300 years - from 1368 to 1644. During the reign of the Ming dynasty, a very strong navy and army were created in China, in which almost a million soldiers served. But when Zhi Yuanzhang, who was not interested in politics, and then his son Zhu Di ascended the throne, all power in the empire passed to those close to him. The result of such rule was rampant corruption, and the appearance of the first signs of a split, which later became the reason for the annexation of China to Manchuria, which was ruled by the Qing dynasty.
No. 7. Stuarts.
Scottish royal dynasty, which later, from the 14th to the 16th centuries, ruled the whole of Great Britain. Rulers from the Stuart dynasty: Charles I and II, Mary Stuart, who was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII.
No. 8. Tudor.
A dynasty of famous English kings who were on the throne from 1485 to 1603. It was during the reign of the Tudor dynasty that the period of revival in England fell. The country took an active part in the politics of all of Europe and began to develop rapidly in economic and cultural directions. At the same time, the colonization of America took place. But not everything was so smooth; during the reign of the Tudors, repressions began against representatives of Protestantism. And during the reign of Elizabeth, Anglicanism became the main religion.
No. 9. Chingizidov.
Representatives of the Genghisid dynasty are direct descendants of Genghis Khan, who had four sons: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei and Tolui. Only these sons and their descendants had the right to become Great Khans. Jochi, the eldest son, became the father of 40 sons!, and one of his grandchildren had 22 sons! According to preliminary estimates, today Genghis Khan has approximately 16 million descendants in the male line!
No. 10. Gediminovich.
Representatives of the Gediminovich dynasty were the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (a generalized name for the princely families of Belarus, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine). The Gedimins descended from Prince Gedimin, although scientists consider Gedimin's grandfather Skolomend to be the founder of the dynasty. His descendants were the famous princes Sigismund, Olgerd, Keistut, Vytautas, and Jagiello.
Our world is based on money, power, eternal struggle and inequality, so only strong and strong-willed individuals can survive in it, but for those who have wealth and titles, this path to the top becomes easier. Over the centuries, property and monetary savings were transferred from heir to heir, which made it possible to create entire dynasties that prospered with each new generation, staunchly maintaining their positions and increasing wealth.
Unfortunately, not all ruling families became great and influential. However, this article will highlight the most powerful and majestic dynasties of the world that have made special contributions to the future of their country and their people.
Rothschild dynasty
The Rothschilds were a dynasty of German financiers and bankers who controlled all of Europe. The family was also granted nobility by the governments of England and Austria. Its founder is Mayer Amschel Rothschild, who sought to leave the business in family circles, so few people knew about the business achievements and monetary accumulations of the dynasty.
The founder of one of the most powerful and influential clans in the history of the family very carefully chose future spouses for representatives of his family, so he looked for the most suitable candidate exclusively in the circles of close relatives. The beginning of the financial empire was the opening of the bank “N. M. Rothschild and Sons" in 1811. The institution is still in operation today.
The dynasty reached particular prosperity and prosperity in the period from 1825 to 1826, as it began to issue its own coins. In the 19th century, the dynasty had about $1 billion. She took an active part in financing various projects.
Today its representatives own three world banks, two holding companies, hundreds of beautiful gardens and parks, an insurance fund, etc. The dynasty has an incredibly large heritage, which is why it is considered the richest and most influential in the modern world.
Plantagenet Dynasty
Unlike the Tudors, the Plantagenet dynasty (1126-1400) left behind a significant contribution to the development of the political and cultural system of England, which continues to function successfully to this day. The Plantagenet family dates back to 1126. At that time it was a royal house, the founder of which was Henry II.
In the period from 1154 to 1485, the dynasty was led by about fifteen monarchs of this family, which included junior government lines. During their reign, the Plantagenets were able to shape English monastic art and culture. In those years, the Gothic style itself was of particular value, with the use of which, with the support of the dynasty, the world famous York Cathedral and Westminster Abbey were erected.
The rulers also paid special attention to the social sphere, which was partially changed under them. For example, Edward III signed the so-called Magna Carta, which over time radically influenced the formation of constitutional and common law. Also, the current Parliament of England, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge are the “brainchildren” of the Plantagenet dynasty, which ended with Richard III in 1400.
Nehru-Gandhi dynasty
The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi dynasty is exclusively political, since its representatives not only took an active part in the National Indian Congress party, but also occupied leading positions in it. They made significant contributions to the country, especially in the early years of its independence.
The founder of the family business was Motilal Nehru Gandhi, after whom the dynasty was continued by his direct heir Jawaharlal Nehru Gandhi. Also, family aspirations were supported by his son Rajiv and daughter Indira, who took the positions of Indian prime ministers, but after a few years they were killed.
Rajiv is survived by his wife Sonia, who today is the head of the National Indian Congress, and their son named Rahul has been working in the country's Parliament since 2004. Without a grain of doubt, it can be argued that this particular Indian dynasty is the personification of the traditions of tribal governance on the territory of democratic Asian republics.
Khan Dynasty
The Mongol Empire was created in the 13th century. She quickly became incredibly powerful and brought fear to literally the whole world. Its founder was Genghis Khan, who was able to unite the nearby territories. He assembled his own huge army from the tribes of nomads who lived in the Asian northeastern lands. This fearless and at the same time merciless ruler attacked cities and small settlements, appropriating other people's possessions and conquering thousands of peoples.
At the time when power was in the hands of Genghis Khan, the bulk of the territory of Central Asia was under the control of the Khan dynasty. After his death in 1227, his son Ogedei took the throne, but his grandchildren and other children also received a small share. It is not known for certain where the great Genghis Khan is buried now, but there is an assumption that he rests on the territory of Mongolia. His descendants continued his work, each time adding new vassal states to the family's possessions. The reign of the Khan family ended in 1370.
Julio-Claudian dynasties
The Yulio-Claudian dynasty was a union of several clans, the main one of which was the Claudian family. The imperial family included such world-famous Roman rulers as Augustus, Caligula, Tiberius, Claudius and Nero.
It was under their leadership that the majestic Roman Empire developed and flourished from 27 BC to 68 AD. The imperial line ended with the last heir, Nero, who committed suicide. All these great personalities were related to each other either by adoption or by marriage with representatives of these great families.
Each of these rulers made a special contribution to the expansion of Roman borders, and thanks to them, many buildings were erected, among which the Colosseum, which the whole world knows about today, occupied a special place. As historians of Ancient Rome assert in their writings, emperors were held in high esteem by the common people, but senators did not like them. There is also evidence that members of the imperial family were not only crazy and tyrants, but also sexually perverted.
Ming Dynasty
Despite the fact that the rulers of one of the greatest dynasties in the world had the surname Zhu, the founder of the Chinese empire, Zhu Yuanzhang, named his “brainchild” Ming. The translation of this name sounds like “diamond”. Its historical path began after the fall of the Mongol Yuan Empire in 1368, and lasted a relatively short time - only until 1644.
However, despite this, the short period of her reign became one of the greatest in the entire history of mankind, since she was able to influence the correct and stable development of social life not only in China, but throughout the world. The Ming Dynasty was the last in Asian lands to be ruled by ethnic Chinese.
At that time, the empire had significant privileges, which included the presence of a huge army and enormous military forces, which were created by millions of warriors. With its help, the Great Wall of China was restored and the Forbidden City was erected. At that time, such projects required enormous financial investments. It was also during the existence of the Ming family that the formation of capitalism began.
Habsburg Dynasty
The House of Habsburg was founded presumably in 930 by Guntram the Rich, which lasted until 1918. Throughout its reign, the dynasty controlled the lands of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the lands of the Austrian and Spanish empires. The Habsburg family had Swedish roots, but despite this, they were able to be one of the most influential and powerful in Austria for 600 years.
The dynasty differed from the rest, first of all, in its ability to successfully conclude marriage alliances with other royal families, thereby increasing not only its territorial possessions, but also creating profitable alliances. For example, Maria Theresa gave the dynasty ten heirs. And today there are descendants of the Habsburgs, but they live an ordinary life without continuing their “blooded” empire.
Ptolemaic Dynasty
The Ptolemies were a Macedonian Hellenistic royal dynasty that ruled Ancient Egypt from 305 BC to 30 AD. It was founded by one of the assistants of Alexander the Great - Ptolemy. It was he who was appointed Egyptian satrap in 323 BC after the death of the ruler.
In 305 BC, Ptolemy declares himself king. The dynasty ruled until 30 AD, but its end came when the Egyptian lands became the property of the Roman conquerors. The last and most outstanding queen of a noble family was Cleopatra VII. She became famous for her political qualities in the fight against Pompey and Julius Caesar, as well as Mark Antony and Octavian. However, the great ruler committed suicide when her possessions became the property of the Romans who hated her.
Medici Dynasty
The Medici dynasty was an oligarchic dynasty that ruled from the 13th to the 17th centuries in the territory of Florence. Representatives of the family also included the Popes, French and English royal families, as well as many high-ranking personalities of Florence. The dynasty contributed to the beginning of the development and prosperity of humanism and art.
Moreover, in concert with powerful Italian families such as the Sforzas, Visconti, Mantuans and Este de Ferrara, the Medici Empire ushered in the Italian Renaissance. At one time, the dynasty was considered one of the richest and most powerful in European territory. Its representatives were able to gain political power not only in the lands of Florence, but also throughout Europe.
Capetian Dynasty
The Capetian dynasty was the largest and most influential royal house in Europe. It consisted of purebred descendants of the French king Hugh Capet, who founded the empire in 987. Also among its representatives were the Grand Duke of Luxembourg Henri and the Spanish ruler Juan Carlos. For centuries, the family took root throughout Europe and founded completely different units, ranging from estates to kingdoms.
Moreover, the dynasty became famous as the most incestuous, especially the monarchs of Spain. Many years have passed since then, but the empire was able to survive to this day. Evidence of this fact is the Duke of Anjou and Prince Luis Alfonso de Bourbon, who rule over the territory of the kingdom of Luxembourg and Spain.
Culture
In our world of inequality and endless struggle for money and power, there are always those who can be called the most powerful and strong, since they have titles and money. Since money and property are inherited, entire dynasties emerge that prosper with each new generation, increasing the wealth of their ancestors and maintaining their positions.
We invite you to learn about the most famous and powerful families in history.
1) Rodschild dynasty
The Rodschild dynasty (or Rodschilds) was a dynasty of bankers and financiers from Germany of German descent who founded and controlled banks throughout Europe and were ennobled by the Austrian and English governments. The founder of the dynasty is considered Mayer Amschel Rothschild(1744-1812), whose plans for the future were to keep the business in the hands of the family, which allowed them to keep the extent of their fortune and business achievements in complete secrecy.
Riches of the Rodschild dynasty
Mayer Rodschild successfully kept his fortune within the family. Carefully choosing spouses for your descendants from close relatives, Nathan Rodschild opened his bank in 1811 in London, called N. M. Rothschild and Sons, which still exists today. In 1818 the company provided a loan of £5 million to the Prussian government, and issuing bonds for the government loan provided the main support for a thriving business. The Rodschilds gained such a strong position in London that by 1825-26 they were able to mint coins for the Bank of England to enable it to ward off the threat of a market crisis.
2) Plantagenet Dynasty
If we compare the royal dynasties of the Plantagenets and the Tudors, the former left a much larger mark on history, since the development of English culture and the political system (which still remains) took place during their reign. The Tudors founded the Church of England and some have argued that they marked a Golden Age in English history, but the Plantagenets' significance is far more profound.
The Plantagenets were a royal house whose founder is considered Henry II, eldest son Geoffrey V Plantagenet. The kings of this dynasty began to rule England in the 12th century. From 1154 to 1485, a total of 15 Plantagenet monarchs ruled the state, including those who belonged to the junior lines.
Achievements of the Plantagenet dynasty
The Plantagenet era saw the birth of distinctive English culture and art, which was encouraged by the monarchs. Gothic style architecture and famous buildings such as Westminster Abbey And York Minster were built in this style.
There have also been some changes in the social sector, for example by the King John I was signed Magna Carta. This influenced the development of common and constitutional law. Political institutions such as Parliament of England and others were born precisely during the reign of the House of Plantagenet, and some famous educational institutions were also founded, for example Universities of Cambridge and Oxford.
3) Nehru-Gandhi dynasty
The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi dynasty is a political dynasty whose representatives dominated the party Indian National Congress most of the early history of independent India. Three members of this dynasty ( Jawaharlal Nehru, his daughter Indira Gandhi and her son Rajiv Gandhi) were prime ministers of India, two of whom (Indira and Rajiv) were assassinated.
Running a country is a family matter
The fourth member of the dynasty, the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi, is currently the leader Indian National Congress, and their son Rahul Gandhi is the youngest member of the family, who entered politics after winning a seat in the lower house of the Indian Parliament in 2004. The Nehru-Feroz Gandhi dynasty is not related to the leader of the struggle for Indian independence Mohandas Gandhi. The Nehru-Gandhi dynasty is the most prominent example of the tradition of dynastic governance in Asian democratic republics.
4) Khan Dynasty
Genghis Khan- founder of the Mongol Empire, the largest empire in history, uniting territories bordering each other. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After the founding of the Mongol Empire and declaring himself Genghis Khan, that is, the ruler, he began to launch attacks on neighboring territories, conquering peoples and appropriating their possessions.
Endless seizure of territories
During the reign of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire occupied most of Central Asia. Before his death, Genghis Khan appointed his son as his successor Ogedei, and also divided the empire between his children and grandchildren into khanates. He died in 1227 after conquering the Tanguts. He was buried in an unknown grave somewhere in Mongolia.
His descendants continued to seize new lands and increase the possessions of the Mongol Empire in Eurasia, creating vassal states, among which were modern China, Korea, the countries of the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as a huge part of modern countries of Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
5) Dynasties of Claudius and Julia
The two dynasties merged into one, becoming one of the most important families of Ancient Rome, which later became known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty, whose members were the most famous Roman emperors: Caligula, Augustus, Claudius, Tiberius And Nero. These five emperors ruled the Roman Empire from 27 BC to 68 AD, with the last of them, Nero, committing suicide.
These five rulers were related either through marriage or adoption to the Julius and Claudians. Julius Caesar is sometimes inaccurately considered the founder of this dynasty, since he was not an emperor and had no connection with the Claudian family. Augustus should be considered the rightful founder of the dynasty.
General features of the reign of emperors
The reign of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty had similar features: they all came to power through indirect family ties. Each of them expanded the territory of the Roman Empire and started large-scale construction projects. They were generally well-liked by the people, but disliked by the senatorial class, according to ancient Roman historians. Ancient historians described the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty as crazy, sexually perverted and tyrannical individuals.
6) Ming Dynasty
Zhu is the surname of the emperors of the Ming Empire. First Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang began to call the Ming Dynasty, which means “diamond.” The Ming dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 after the fall of the Mongol Yuan dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty was considered one of the greatest eras of social stability and good governance in human history. This was the last dynasty in China led by ethnic Chinese. Although the capital of the Ming Empire, Beijing, fell in 1644 as a result of a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, the regimes that were adopted during the reign of the Ming emperors lasted until 1662.
Grand construction of the Ming Dynasty
The Ming Empire possessed enormous military forces and had an army consisting of a million soldiers. She organized huge construction projects for those times, including restoration Great Wall of China and construction in Beijing "Forbidden City" in the first quarter of the 15th century. According to some estimates, the population in the last period of the Ming dynasty was between 160 and 200 million people. The reign of the Ming Dynasty is often considered as the most important pages in the history of Chinese civilization; it was during this dynasty that the first signs of capitalism arose.
7) Habsburgs
The House of Habsburg was an important royal house in Europe and is known to have ruled the Holy Roman Empire between 1452 and 1740, as well as long-time rulers of Spain and the Austrian Empire. Originally from Switzerland, the dynasty first came to rule Austria, which it ruled for more than 6 hundred years, but a series of royal marriages allowed the Habsburgs to also take over Burgundy, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary and other territories. This dynasty got its name from the Habsburg castle in the Swiss region of Aargau.
Large family and marriage ties
The motto of this dynasty was "Let others fight, and you, happy Austria, should get married", which indicated the Habsburgs’ talent for connecting representatives of their clan with other royal families through marriage, creating alliances and inheriting territories. Empress Maria Theresa, for example, remained in the history of Europe not only due to its political merits, but also as "Great Grandmother of Europe", 10 of whose children lived to adulthood and left heirs.
8) Ptolemaic Dynasty
The Ptolemies were a Hellenistic Macedonian royal dynasty that ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for approximately 300 years from 305 BC to 30 BC. Ptolemy was one of the commanders who served with Alexander the Great, who was appointed satrap of Egypt after the death of Alexander in 323 BC.
Egyptian Queen Cleopatra
In 305 BC he declared himself king Ptolemy I. The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. They ruled the country until the Roman conquest in 30 BC. The most famous representative of the family was the last queen Cleopatra VII, known for playing an important role in the political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide after the conquest of Egypt by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule.
9) Medici Dynasty
The Medici family was a powerful and influential family of Florence, whose members were in power from the 13th to the 17th centuries. Among them were four Popes ( Leo X, Pius IV, Clement VII, Leo XI), a large number of rulers of Florence, as well as members of the royal families of England and France. They also dominated the city's government, taking control of Florence completely into their own hands, making it a city in which art and humanism flourished.
Great Renaissance
Together with other influential families of Italy, such as Visconti And Sforza from Milan, Este de Ferrara And Gonzaga from Mantua, the Medici contributed to the birth of the Italian Renaissance. The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and respected banks in Europe. At one time they were even called the richest family in Europe. Thanks to money, the Medici were able to gain political power, first in Florence, and then in Italy and throughout Europe.
10) Capetian Dynasty
The Capetian dynasty is the largest royal house in Europe. It includes direct descendants of the King of France Hugo Capeta. Spanish king Juan Carlos And Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg- members of the Capetian family, both from the Bourbon branch of the dynasty.
Over many centuries, the Capetians spread throughout Europe and stood at the head of a variety of units, from kingdoms to estates. Besides being the largest royal family in Europe, the Capetians are also one of the most incestuous, especially among the Spanish monarchs. Many years have passed since the Capetians ruled most of Europe, but still some members of this family remain kings and have many other titles.
Modern European kings
At present, the kingdom of Spain and Luxembourg is headed by the Capetians. Prince Luis Alfonso de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, another member of the family, is a contender for the throne of France. There are still various branches of the Capetian dynasty in Europe.
STATE ORGANIZATION OF Rus' for 1000 years
THREE RULING DYNASTY in Rus'
© N.M. Mikhailova. Homeland studies. Tutorial. M. 1995
For 1000 years existence of the Russian State supreme rulers(princes, kings and emperors) in the male line there were representatives three kinds:
RURIKOVYCHY(princes and kings) ruled for 700 years, from 879 to 1598
ROMANOVS(kings and emperors) ruled for 143 years, from 1613 to 1760
HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP(emperors) ruled for 157 years, from 1760 to 1917
After Elizabeth's death in 1760 the throne was taken by the grandson of Peter I from his daughter Anna, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp named Karl-Peter-Ulrich. During the transition to his Orthodoxy renamed to Peter and gave the patronymic Fedorovich. In 1762 he was killed conspirators who placed his wife, nee princess, on the Russian throne Sophia-Frederik-August Anhalt-Zerbstst. Upon arrival in Russia, she converted to Orthodoxy and was renamed Ekaterina Alekseevna.
After her death, her son became emperor Paul, common ancestor all members Houses of Holstein-Gottorp, known in Russia as the Romanovs. His sons, grandsons and great-grandsons took princesses from different Houses of Germany as wives, and they dragged their relatives to serve in Russia. Therefore, by the end of the 19th century, in addition to persons assigned to the House of Holstein-Gottorp, there were the so-called "rulers" princes from other Germanic Houses: Oldenburgs, Württembergs, Leutenburgs, Mecklenburg-Schwerins and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Finishing the conversation about the ruling dynasties in Russia, one cannot help but pay attention to the fact that all three were extremely unhappy if misfortune is measured number of violent deaths.
In table 1 at the top (in the header of each column) The ancestors of three dynasties and the places from where they came to our land are indicated. In the third column rulers from first dynasty(Ruriks, called Rurikovichs), in the second - from the second dynasty (from the family of boyars Kobylin - Romanovs), and in the first column - emperors from the family of dukes Holstein-Gottorp. On the right are foreign births, with whom they were connected by family ties (in the second column, since they did not fit in the first). The end of the dynasty is marked by a shaded line with extreme dates of reign.
The fourth (far right) column shows names of direct descendants a native of the Horde of Mirza Kichi Bey - ancestor of the Korobin family of boyars, from which my maternal grandfather, Yuri Korobin, came. The tree of this genus is located at the end of the 1st volume of the Chronicler on the flyleaf. In just 600 years, from the beginning of the 14th to the middle of the 20th century, people were born and lived 14 generations that's it. They survived all the disasters and were participants in all the wars waged by the “Russian Sovereigns” during this time.
THIRD DYNASTY : HOLSTEIN-GOTTORP (Romanovs)
PETERIII. Prince of Holstein-Gottorp
his wife
CATHERINEII. Princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbt.
REFORMES OF 1764 AND 1785. WARS with Turkey.
Rise of Pugachev (executed). Uprising in Poland
their son
PAULI. Wife Dorothea of Württemberg
Grand Master of the Order of Malta.
ALEXANDERI. Wife Augusta of Baden
WARS: with Sweden, with Napoleon 1812 -1815. The beginning of the war in the Caucasus
MILITARY CONSPIRACY. Regicide plan. Died. Version: poisoned???
NICHOLAYI Pavel...Wife Charlotte of Prussia
Uprising in Poland in 1831. WAR with Turkey (Crimean) in 1854− 1855
Died.(According to rumors: poisoned ?).
ALEXANDERII. Wife Augusta of Hesse
1861.MANIFESTO on the emancipation of the serfs. REFORM 1860s
Uprising in Poland in 1863. WAR with Turkey 1877-1878
KILLED BY Terrorists March 1, 1881. The Narodnaya Volya were hanged.
ALEXANDERIII. Wife Dagmara of Denmark
Attempted regicide in the 1880s . The revolutionaries were executed.
NICHOLAYII. Wife Alice of Hesse
Khodynka. WAR with Japan 1903 -1904. Bloody Sunday 9 Jan 1905.
Dispersal of the I and II State Dumas. Terrorists.
Military courts. Lena execution 1912.
WAR with Germany and Turkey since 1914. Gr. Rasputin since 1904.
THE END OF THE EMPIRE AND MONARCHY
By order of the Time. Rights in Aug. 1917 ON THE. Romanov was arrested and exiled without trial along with his wife and children beyond the Urals, to the Tobolsk province.
By order of the Council of People's Commissars the family of the former tsar was transported to Yekaterinburg. Due to the approach of Kolchak July 18, 1918 royal family, doctor Botkin and servants without trial were shot in the basement of the house of the merchant Ipatiev.
In the early 1980s, under the Secretary of the Regional Committee of the CPSU Comrade. B.N. Yeltsin this house was destroyed. When he became President of the Russian Federation, the royal family was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. The remains were found and they were buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Leningrad was renamed St. Petersburg. A great many descendants of this German family live abroad and are considered the “ruling House of Romanov.” Probably, they would not mind returning the lost throne, but so far the monarchy has not been restored.
Despite the fact that we live in a world where there is more and more talk about democracy and the electoral system, dynastic traditions are still strong in many countries. All dynasties in Europe are similar to each other. Moreover, each dynasty is special in its own way.
Windsors (Great Britain), since 1917
The youngestBritish monarchs are genealogically representatives of the Hanoverian and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasties, and more broadly of the Wettins, who had fiefdoms in Hanover and Saxony.
During the First World War, King George V decided that it was wrong to be called in German and in 1917 a proclamation was issued, according to which the descendants of Queen Victoria, representing the Hanoverian dynasty, and Prince Albert in the male line were declared members of the new House of Windsor - British subjects, and in 1952, Elizabeth II improved the document in her favor, declaring her descendants who are not descendants of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in the male line to be members of the house. That is, de facto, from the point of view of normal monarchical genealogy, Prince Charles and his descendants are not Windsors, the dynasty is interrupted by Elizabeth II, and they belong to the Glucksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg, which rules in Denmark and Norway, because Elizabeth’s husband, Prince Philip, is from there. By the way, the Russian Emperor Peter III and all his descendants in the male line are also from the House of Oldenburg by blood.
Bernadotte (Sweden), from 1810
The most revolutionaryThe son of a lawyer from Gascony, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte chose a military career and became a general during the French Revolution. His relationship with Napoleon did not work out from the very beginning; the ambitious Gascon considered himself better than Bonaparte, but he fought very successfully for the emperor. In 1810, the Swedes offered him to become the adopted son of a childless king, and, after he accepted Lutheranism, they approved him as crown prince, and soon as regent and de facto ruler of Sweden. He entered into an alliance with Russia and fought against the French in 1813-1814, personally leading the troops. So the current ruler, Carl XVI Gustav, is very similar to the Gascon with his nose.
Glücksburg (Denmark, Norway), from 1825
The most RussianThe full name of the dynasty is Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg. And they themselves are a branch of the House of Oldenburg, the interweaving of whose descendants are extremely complex; they ruled in Denmark, Norway, Greece, the Baltic states, and even under the name of the Romanovs - in Russia. The fact is that Peter III and his descendants, according to all dynastic rules, are just Glücksburg. In Denmark, the Glucksburg throne is currently represented by Margrethe II, and in Norway by Harald V.
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, from 1826
The most accommodatingThe family of the Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha originates from the ancient German house of Wettin. As was customary in the 18th-19th centuries, the descendants of various German branches of the ancient ruling houses were actively used in dynastic marriages. And so the Saxe-Coburg-Gothas did not spare their offspring for the common cause. Catherine II was the first to establish this tradition by marrying her grandson Konstantin Pavlovich, Duchess Juliana (in Russia - Anna).
Then Anna betrothed her relative Leopold to the British Princess Charlotte, and his sister Victoria, married to Edward of Kent, gave birth to a daughter, Victoria, who would become the most famous British queen. And her son Prince Alfred (1844-1900), Duke of Edinburgh, married Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, sister of Alexander III. In 1893, the prince inherited the title of Duke of Coburg and it turned out that an Englishman and a Russian were at the head of the German family. Their granddaughter Princess Alix became the wife of Nicholas II. The Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty is now genealogically on the British throne and completely, without any reservations, in the Belgian in the person of Philip Leopold Louis Marie.
Orange dynasty (Netherlands), from 1815
The most power-hungryThe descendants of the glorious William of Orange regained influence in the Netherlands only after the final defeat of Napoleon, when the Congress of Vienna established monarchical rule there. The wife of the second king of the Netherlands, Willem II, was the sister of Alexander I and the daughter of Paul I, Anna Pavlovna, so the current king, Willem Alexander, is the great-great-great-great-grandson of Paul I. In addition, the modern royal family, although it continues to consider itself part of the Orange dynasty, is actually the grandmother of Willem Alexander Juliana belongs to the House of Mecklenburg, and Queen Beatrix belongs to the Westphalian princely House of Lippe. This dynasty can be called power-hungry because the three previous queens abdicated the throne in favor of their descendants.
Bourbons of Parma (Luxembourg), since 1964
The most seedyIn general, the Parma Bourbon line was at one time a fairly famous and ambitious Italian dynasty, but it fell into almost complete decline with the loss of its fiefs at the end of the 19th century. So she would have vegetated, being a more or less successful aristocratic family, but one of the offspring, Felix, married the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Charlotte of Orange. So the Bourbons of Parma became the ruling dynasty of the dwarf state of Luxembourg and lead a modest life, raising children, protecting wildlife and preserving the Luxembourgish language. The status of an offshore zone and 200 banks per microcountry allows them not to think about their daily bread.
Liechtenstein (Liechtenstein), since 1607
The most nobleThroughout its rich history - the house has been known since the 12th century - they have not gotten involved in big politics, perhaps because at the very beginning they realized that they could part with everything quite quickly. They acted slowly, cautiously, helped the powers that be - they far-sightedly bet on the Habsburgs, created successful alliances, easily changed religion, either leading the Lutherans or returning to Catholicism. Having received the status of imperial princes, the Liechtensteins did not seek to intermarry with foreign families and strengthened their dynastic ties within the Holy Roman Empire.
Actually, Liechtenstein was at first a secondary possession for them, which they acquired, since their overlord was de jure the emperor, in order to enter the Reichstag and increase their political importance. Then they became related to the Habsburgs, who confirmed their homogeneity, and to this day the Liechtensteins are distinguished by great attention to dynastic ties, marrying only with high-ranking nobles. It is worth adding to what has been said that GDP per capita in Liechtenstein is second in the world after Qatar - $141,000 per year. This is not least due to the fact that the dwarf state is a tax haven where various companies can hide from the taxes of their countries, but not only. Liechtenstein has a thriving high-tech industry.
Grimaldi (Monaco), from 1659
The most rootlessGrimaldi is one of the four families that ruled the Genoese Republic. Since constant skirmishes took place there in the 12th - 14th centuries between supporters of the power of the pope, the Ghibellines, and the emperor, the Guelphs, Grimaldi had to periodically run around nearby Europe. That's how they found Monaco for themselves. In 1659, the owners of Monaco accepted the princely title and received the title of Dukes de Valentinois from Louis XIII. They spent almost all their time at the French court. But this is all in the past, and in 1733 the family was cut short, and those who are now Grimaldi actually descend from the Duke of Estuteville, who was obliged by the marriage contract to take his surname by the rulers of Monaco. The current Prince Albert and his sisters are descended from the marriage of Count Polignac with the illegitimate daughter of Prince Louis II, who ruled the principality from 1922 to 1949. But Albert’s lack of nobility more than makes up for it with the publicity he works for the principality.
Princes of Andorra - Bishops of Urgell, from the 6th century
The most ancientSince 1278, Andorra has had two prince-rulers - the Bishop of Urgell and someone from France, first the Count of Foix, then the King of Navarre, and now the president of the republic. Episcopal rule is a historical atavism of the secular rule of the Catholic Church. The Urgell, or, more correctly, Urgell diocese was founded in the 6th century, and since then the bishops have traced their genealogy. The current prince is Bishop Joan Enric Vives i Sisilla, a theologian, practicing priest and social activist. But for us, of particular interest in the history of Andorra and the bishops of Urgell is 1934, when they were removed from the throne by the Russian adventurer Boris Skosyrev. He came to Andorra, proclaimed himself king, and either the instigated or bribed General Council of the country supported him. The new king issued a lot of liberal documents, but when he decided to make a gambling zone there, the previously loyal bishop rebelled. And although King Boris I declared war on him, he still won, calling reinforcements from Spain of five national guards.
Spanish Bourbons (since 1713)
The most extensiveEveryone knows that recently the Spanish Bourbons are the most disgraced, but they are also the most extensive of the Bourbons historically. They have as many as six lateral branches, including the most significant - Carlist - from the Infanta Don Carlos the Elder. At the beginning of the 19th century, he was the purest contender for the Spanish throne, but due to the pragmatic sanction of Ferdinand VII in 1830, who transferred the throne to his daughter Isabella, he remained out of work. A strong party formed behind Carlos, he started two wars, called Carlist (his grandson Carlos the Younger participated in the third). The Carlist movement in Spain was significant until the 1970s; formally it still exists, but it has no significance in politics, although they have their own contender for the throne - Carlos Hugo.