Non-conjunction sentences with coordinating connection- these are non-conjunctive sentences, which in structure and semantic relationships between their parts are identical to compound sentences. These two types of sentences differ from each other only in the presence or absence of a connecting conjunction (a connecting conjunction can be substituted into non-union sentences, and, on the contrary, removed from a complex sentence).
Structurally, such non-conjunctive sentences can potentially consist of an unlimited number of predicative parts, therefore they are called open non-conjunctive complex sentences (or non-conjunctive sentences of open structure).
An open non-union sentence, consisting of several equal parts, names and lists a number of sequential or simultaneous events or phenomena:
The moon stands over a transparent mountain, The surrounding area is bathed in an uncertain light, A row of cypress trees are lined up, Their shadows run into the unknown (V. Ya. Bryusov)
Such non-conjunctive complex sentences are formed with a monotonous enumerative intonation, that is, all parts of the sentence are intonated equally. In addition, all parts of the non-union sentence are united by one leading topic. The order of the parts of a non-union sentence is free, that is, you can easily swap parts.
Non-conjunction sentences with subordinating connection- these are non-conjunctive sentences, which both in structure and in semantic relationships between parts are identical to complex sentences. Such non-conjunction sentences consist of only two parts and are called closed non-conjunction complex sentences (or closed structure non-conjunction sentences).
The fixed (not free) order of arrangement of the two parts of a closed non-conjunct sentence helps to establish semantic relationships between these predicative parts, that is, when rearranging the parts of a non-conjunct sentence, the semantic relationships between them change or the sentence as a whole is destroyed. For example, in the sentence I was late: the car broke down, the second part of a complex sentence tells the reason, and in the sentence The car broke down - I was late, the second part is a consequence of what is reported in the first part.
Parts of such a complex sentence are formed by explanatory intonation (one part explains the other) or contrastive intonation (the first part of the sentence is characterized by a very high tone, the second by a lower tone). Intonation depends on the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence in oral speech, and the choice of punctuation mark (colon or dash) in writing.
Between the parts of closed, non-union complex sentences, various types of semantic relationships are established, that is, the semantic role of the subordinate part in relation to the main part is determined. The following varieties can be distinguished: Material from the site
- An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the first part contains supporting words - verbs that require addition, explanation, distribution, which is the content of the second part: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me (M. Yu. Lermontov).
- An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the second part reveals, specifies, explains the content of the first part (often a separate word or word combination of the first part): The whole city there is like this: a swindler sits on a swindler and drives the swindler (N .V. Gogol).
- A non-union sentence of justification and reason is a non-union complex sentence, the second part of which contains the justification or reason for what is said in the first part: I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s so stuffy here! (A.S. Pushkin). I am sad: there is no friend with me (A.S. Pushkin).
- A non-conjunction sentence with a predicative construction of a consequence is a non-conjunction sentence, the second part of which is a consequence of the action named in the first part of the sentence. Some non-conjunctive sentences with a causal predicative construction can be turned into sentences with an investigative predicative construction. To do this, it is enough to swap the predicative constructions: I opened the window: it was stuffy (reason). It was stuffy - I opened the window (consequence).
- An adversarial non-union sentence is a sentence in the second part of which a sharp opposition is expressed to what is said in the first part: I knew about poetry from the very beginning - I knew nothing about prose (A. A. Akhmatova).
Opposition in a non-union complex sentence is often associated with negation:
Not for the songs of spring over the plain The green expanse is dear to me - I fell in love with the longing of a crane On a high mountain a monastery (S. A. Yesenin)
Many non-union sentences are characterized by polysemy of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence; these relationships often defy unambiguous interpretation: the boundaries between different meanings are blurred and not clear enough.
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On this page there is material on the following topics:
- sentences with subordinating non-conjunctive connection
- subordinating coordinating and non-conjunctive connection in one sentence
- sentences with subordinating coordinating and predicative connections
- sentence with non-conjunction and coordinating connection
- composed sentence with non-union and coordinating connection
Complex sentences with different types of connections- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple sentences , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections.
To understand the meaning of such complex constructions, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two or several parts (blocks), connected using coordinating conjunctions or without unions; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating conjunction and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.
A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: the turtle doves were murmuring nearby, the cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - coordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
3) subordination and non-union connection.
For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they began to bloom only recently, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side.
For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication
In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.
For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.
For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is my own garden](Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.
Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. However, at the same time, sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby stand out and require special attention.
In such cases, a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow. then, yes, but(in this case the subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.
For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.
You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Create a proposal outline.
SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
1. NON-UNION COMPLEX SENTENCE
General information
A non-union complex sentence is a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are interconnected in meaning and structure, and are also connected without the help of conjunctions or relative words by rhythmic and melodic means, the order of the parts. They differ:
1) non-union complex sentences of homogeneous composition (with parts of the same type). According to the meanings they express (simultaneity or sequence of events, comparison or opposition of actions, etc.) and according to some structural features (enumerative intonation or intonation of opposition, uniformity of aspect and tense forms of predicate verbs, the possibility of inserting coordinating conjunctions), sentences of this type can be correlated with complex sentences; compare:
The forest lawn is all saturated with cold dew, insects are sleeping. many flowers have not yet opened their corollas (Prishv.). - It was not wounds, not a sick lung that tormented him - it was the consciousness of uselessness that irritated him (Paul);
2) non-union complex sentences of heterogeneous composition (with different types of parts). According to the meanings they express (relations of conditionality, cause-and-effect, explanatory, etc.) and according to some structural features (intonation, the order of the predicative parts of a single whole, the lexical composition of the first part, etc.), sentences of this type can be correlated with complex sentences; cf.: I am sad: there is no friend with me (P.). - Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the hand and pushes me (T.).
Types of non-union complex sentences
Depending on the meanings of the parts of non-conjunctive complex sentences and the type of intonation as the most important formal aspect of their construction, various types of non-conjunctive complex sentences are distinguished:
1) non-union complex sentences with meaning" transfers: The snowstorm did not subside, the sky did not clear (P.); The doors and windows are wide open, not a leaf moves in the garden (Gonch.);
2) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of comparison or opposition: Measure seven times - cut once (Eat); It was not only grief - it was a complete change of life, of the entire future (Sim.);
3) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of conditionality: And if you kill, you will not get anything (L. T.); If you like to ride, you also like to carry a sled (Eat). (About non-union proposals like And if it weren’t for me, you would be smoking in
Tver, in which conditional-consequential relations are expressed by the presence in the first part of a predicate in the form of an imperative mood;
4) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of explanatory relations: With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and saw: my mother met me on the porch with an appearance of deep grief (P.); I will definitely tell you: you have talent (Fad.); Fedor understood: it was about communication (Furm.); Alexey decided: enough of the delay (B. Pol.). In these examples, the second part denotes an object related to the predicate in the first part, expressed by a verb of speech, thought, perception, etc. The second part can also perform the function of a subject in relation to the first part: It is decided: I will not show fear... ( P.); It occurred to me: why is mother sleeping so soundly?
(Adv.). This type of non-union complex sentences can also include those in which the first part contains the verbs look out, look around, listen, etc. or an expression such as raise your eyes, raise your head, etc., warning of further presentation; in these cases, between the parts of the non-union southern sentence, you can insert the words and saw that; and heard that; and felt that: I turn around: Grushnitsky (L.); Oblomov looked around, in front of him in reality, not in a hallucination, stood the real, real Stolz (Gonch.); He thought, smelled: it smells like honey (Ch.);
5) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of attributive relations: Like all Moscow ones, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars and with ranks... (Gr.); Through my sleep, a persistent thought began to disturb me: the shop will be robbed, the horses will be stolen (Boon.);
6) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of cause-and-effect relationships: I could not go out: a boy with white eyes was still spinning in front of me in the darkness (L.); Sometimes the horses sank up to their bellies: the soil was very viscous (Fad.); The rich man cannot sleep: the rich man is afraid of the thief (Episode);
7) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of temporary relations:
Let's win - you'll build a stone house (A.N.T.); I was driving here and the rye began to turn yellow.
Now I’m leaving back - people eat this rye (Prishv.); They plow the arable land - they don’t wave their hands (Seq.);
8) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of comparison: The nightingale says the word and sings (L.); ...He’ll look and give him a ruble (N.);
9) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of consequence, result, rapid change of events: ... The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it (Kr.); I
I’m dying - I have no need to lie (T.); Suddenly men with axes appeared - the forest rang, groaned, crackled (N.), Blizzard was already very close to the fire - suddenly horse rye was heard in the darkness (Fad.);
10) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of explanation; From early youth, Tatyana was kept in a black body: she worked for two, but never saw any kindness (T.); Everyone assessed Nagulnov’s behavior differently: some encouraged, others condemned, some kept a reserved silence
(Shol.);
11) non-union complex sentences with the meaning of joining: I already know all this by heart - that’s what’s boring (L.); She was sitting nearby on a bench under a rickety wooden mushroom - the kind they make in camps for sentries (Paust.); He always loved to chat - I knew that very well
(Kav.);
12) non-union proposals of complex composition. In these sentences, the second part consists not of one, but of several simple sentences:
He noticed some special disrepair in all the village buildings: the logs on the huts were dark and old; many roofs were leaky like a sieve; on others there was only a ridge at the top and poles on the sides in the form of ribs (G.);
It’s pleasant after a long walk and deep sleep to lie motionless on the hay: the body is luxuriating and languishing, the face is glowing with a slight heat, sweet laziness closes the eyes
(T.).
2. Methods of transmitting someone else's speech.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
General information
The author's narration may include the speech of another person or the statements and thoughts of the author himself, expressed in a certain situation and conveyed verbatim or in content. The statements of other persons (less often the author himself), included in the author’s narration, form someone else’s speech. Depending. How such a statement is conveyed is a distinction between direct speech and indirect speech.
The main criterion for distinguishing between direct and indirect speech is, first of all, that the first, as a rule, literally conveys someone else’s statement, preserving its lexical and phraseological composition, grammatical structure and stylistic features, while the second usually reproduces only the content of the statement, and the original words and expressions speaker, the nature of the construction of his speech changes under the influence of the author's context.
From a syntactic point of view, direct speech retains significant independence, being connected with the author's words only in meaning and intonation, and indirect speech acts as a subordinate clause as part of a complex sentence, in which the role of the main sentence is played by the author's words. These are the most important differences between both methods of transmitting someone else's speech. However, their clear delineation in a number of cases gives way to their convergence, close interaction and crossing.
Thus, direct speech may not convey someone else’s statement verbatim.
We sometimes find an indication of this in the author’s words themselves: He said something like this...; He answered something like the following... etc. It is clear that in such cases someone else's speech is reproduced with greater or lesser approximation to accuracy, but not verbatim.
Naturally, we find not a literal translation, but an exact translation in those cases when the speaker expresses himself in a foreign language, and his direct speech is conveyed in Russian: - What? What are you saying?
- said Napoleon. - Yes, tell me to give you a horse (L.T.).
On the other hand, indirect speech can literally convey someone else's words, for example, in an indirect question corresponding to an interrogative sentence of direct speech; cf: He asked when the meeting would start. - He asked: “When will the meeting start?”
Sometimes indirect speech differs lexically from direct speech only by the presence of a function word - a conjunction that subordinates the subordinate clause to the main one; Wed; He said that the manuscript had already been edited. - He said, “The manuscript has already been edited”; He asked if everyone was ready to leave. He asked: “Are everyone ready to leave?”
The rapprochement of direct and indirect speech is possible not only from the side of their lexical composition, but also from the side of the syntactic structure, the construction of speech, which in common speech reaches the mixing of both forms of transmitting someone else's statement (the so-called semi-direct speech); Of course, the postmaster and the chairman and even the police chief himself, as usual, made fun of our hero, wondering if he was in love and that we know, they say, that Pavel
Ivanovich’s heart is limping, we know who shot him... (G.).
The same mixed construction is formed in cases where there is no subordinating conjunction, with which indirect speech as a subordinate clause would have to be attached to the author’s words:
They objected to him, justifying themselves, but he persistently insisted: no one is to blame for anything before him, and everyone is to blame for himself (M. G.)
The absence of a conjunction brings such sentences closer to direct speech, and pronouns indicate indirect speech.
Direct speech
Direct speech is the transmission of someone else's statement, accompanied by the author's words. The latter first of all establish the very fact of someone else’s speech, explain to whom it belongs, and can indicate under what conditions it was spoken, to whom it was addressed, give it an assessment, etc.:
“Hush, children, hush!” - Levin even shouted angrily at the children, standing in front of his wife to protect her, when a crowd of children scattered towards them with squeals of joy (L. T.).
In the absence of the author's words, you can talk about someone else's speech, but not about direct speech: Everyone took their places. “I’m opening the meeting, comrade!” There was silence in the hall. In such a narrative, the author's text characterizes the situation, but does not introduce direct speech.
In relation to the author's words, direct speech acts as an independent sentence, in meaning and intonationally connected with the author's context, together with which it forms one whole, reminiscent of a non-conjunctive complex sentence. In some cases, the connection between direct speech and the author's words is closer and more direct speech resembles a member of the sentence formed by the author's words: We heard: “Help!”
(the author’s words do not have semantic completeness, and with a transitive verb an addition is expected; cf.: We heard a call for help); In the silence came:
"Behind me! Attack!" (the author’s words are perceived as an incomplete sentence in which a subject is necessary; cf.: In the silence a call for attack was heard); He made a request: “Give this book to the library” (cf.: He asked to hand over this book to the library - an inconsistent definition with an objective meaning). However, it should be borne in mind that direct speech is a sentence, therefore, when drawing an analogy between it and a member of a sentence, one cannot talk about the identity of these constructions.
In other cases, the analogy with subordinate clauses is closer. These are constructions in which direct speech is associated with verbs of speech: he said..., he asked..., he answered..., he objected..., etc. When replacing direct speech with indirect speech, a subordinate clause is formed, not a member of the sentence.
From here, however, it does not follow that the combination of the author’s words with direct speech forms a complex sentence: this is a special construction consisting of two independent sentences. As for such cases as Osip’s remark, conveying to Khlestakov the innkeeper’s speech: “You and your master, he says, are swindlers, and your master is a rogue” (G.) - then there is no merging of direct speech and the author’s words into one sentence, so how the word speaks acts in such cases as an introductory word, indicating the source of the message.
Direct speech can convey:
1) a statement by another person, i.e. literally someone else's words:
“Iran, you’re crying again,” Litvinov (T.) began with concern;
2) the words of the speaker himself, spoken earlier: “Why aren’t you going?” - I asked the driver impatiently (P.);
3) unspoken thoughts: “How good, “I hid the revolver in the crow’s nest,” thought Pavel (N. Ostr.).
1) precede direct speech: The “delighted” mother confidently answered:
“I’ll find something to say!” (M.G.);
2) follow direct speech: “I will, I will fly!” - it rang and went in Alexey’s head, driving away sleep (B. Pol.);
3) engage in direct speech: “We’ll have to spend the night here,” he said
Maxim Maksimych, “you can’t cross the mountains in such a snowstorm” (L.);
4) include direct speech: To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a satisfactory answer (P.).
Direct speech is most often associated with verbs of statement or thought contained in the author’s words (speak, say, ask, answer, exclaim, say, object, think, decide, etc.), less often with verbs indicating the nature of speech, its connection with the previous statement (continue, add, conclude, finish, complete, interrupt, interrupt, etc.), with verbs expressing the purpose of speech (ask, order, explain, confirm, complain, agree, etc.), as well as with phrases with nouns close in meaning or formation to verbs of speech (asked a question, heard an answer, heard exclamations, uttered words, heard a whisper, heard a cry, heard a voice, etc.), or with nouns indicating the emergence of a thought
(a thought arose, flashed in consciousness, appeared in the mind, etc.). Author's words may contain verbs indicating the action that accompanies the statement; verbs denoting movements, gestures, facial expressions
(run, jump up, shake your head, shrug your shoulders, spread your arms, make a grimace, etc.), expressing feelings, sensations, the internal state of the speaker (to be happy, upset, offended, indignant, surprised, laugh, smile, sigh, etc.) P.).
The order of words in direct speech does not depend on its place in relation to the author's words, and the order of words in the author's remark is associated with the place it occupies in relation to direct speech. namely:
1) if the author’s words precede direct speech, then in them there is usually a direct order of the main members of the sentence (the subject precedes the predicate); Zhukhrai flocked to the training machine gun site and, raising his hand, said: “Comrades, we have gathered you for a serious and responsible matter” (N. Ostr.);
2) if the author’s words come after direct speech or are included in it, then the order of the main members of the sentence in them is reversed (the predicate precedes the subject): “Fire! Fire/" - a desperate cry was heard below
(Ch.); “Gather, brothers, material for the fire,” I said, picking up some block of wood from the road. “We’ll have to spend the night in the steppe” (M. G.).
Indirect speech
Indirect speech is the transmission of someone else's speech in the form of a subordinate clause: Gurov told. that he is a Muscovite, a philologist by training, but works in a bank; once prepared to sing in a private opera, but gave up, has in
Moscow has two houses (Ch.).
The subordinate clause containing indirect speech follows the main one and is attached to the predicate of the latter using conjunctions and relative words characteristic of explanatory subordinate clauses: what, so that, as if, as if, who, what, which, which. whose, how. where, where, where, why, why, etc.
A conjunction that indicates the transfer of a real fact and is used when replacing a narrative sentence of direct speech: They said that Kuban was preparing an uprising against the Volunteer Army... (School.)
The conjunctions seem to give indirect speech a tinge of uncertainty, doubt about the truth of the conveyed content: ... Some said that he was the unfortunate son of rich parents ... (L. T.).
The conjunction so is used when replacing an incentive sentence of direct speech: ... Tell the groom not to give oats to his horses (G.). Also in some cases, with a negative predicate of the main sentence: No one could say that they had ever seen him at some evening (G.).
Relative words who, what, which, food, where, etc. are used when replacing the interrogative sentence of direct speech, i.e. interrogative pronominal words are retained in the role of interrogative-relative: Korchagin repeatedly asked me when he could check out (N. Ostr. ). Such a subordinate clause is called an indirect question. An indirect question is expressed using the conjunction particle whether, if the question in direct speech was expressed without pronominal words: The mother asked a worker working in the field how far it was to the tar factory (M.G.).
In indirect speech, personal and possessive pronouns and persons of the verb are used from the point of view of the author (i.e. the person conveying the indirect speech), and not the person to whom the direct speech belongs. Addresses, interjections, emotional particles present in direct speech are omitted in indirect speech; the meanings they express and the expressive coloring of speech are conveyed only approximately by other lexical means.
The introduction of modal particles into indirect speech, say, de, they say, etc., allows us to preserve in it some shades of direct speech: The servant... reported to his master that, they say, Andrei Gavrilovich did not listen and did not want to return (P).
Sometimes in indirect speech the literal expressions of someone else’s speech are preserved (in writing this is shown with the help of quotation marks): From Petrushka they heard only the smell of living quarters, and from Selifan that “he performed government service, but previously served at customs,” and nothing more (G. ).
Improperly direct speech
Someone else's speech can also be expressed by a special technique called improperly direct speech. Its essence lies in the fact that it, to one degree or another, preserves the lexical and syntactic features of someone else’s statement, the manner of speech of the speaker, the emotional coloring characteristic of direct speech, but it is conveyed not on behalf of the character, but on behalf of the author, the narrator. In this case, the author expresses the thoughts and feelings of his hero, merges his speech with his own speech. As a result, a two-dimensionality of the statement is created: the “inner” speech of the character, his thoughts, moods are conveyed (and in this sense, he “speaks”), but the author speaks for him.
Indirect speech is similar to indirect speech in that it also replaces the persons of the verb and pronouns; it can take the form of a subordinate clause.
The difference between direct, indirect and improperly direct speech is shown by the following comparison:
2) indirect speech: Everyone remembered this evening, repeating that they had a good time and had fun;
3) improperly direct speech: Everyone remembered that evening. How good and fun they had!
From a syntactic point of view, improperly spicy speech is:
1) as part of a complex sentence: The fact that Lyubka stayed in the city was especially pleasant. Seryozha Lyubka was a desperate girl, her own in the board
(Fed.),
2) as an independent, independent proposal:
When my grandmother died, they put her in a long, narrow coffin and covered her eyes, which did not want to close, with two nickels. Before her death, she was alive and was carrying soft bagels sprinkled with poppy seeds from the market, but now she is sleeping, sleeping... (H).
The most characteristic type of improperly direct speech is the form of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, which stand out in emotional and intonation terms against the background of the author’s narration:
She could not help but admit that he liked her very much; Probably, he too, with his intelligence and experience, could have already noticed that she distinguished him: how come she had not yet seen him at her feet and had not yet heard his confession? What was holding him back? Shyness.. pride or coquetry of a cunning red tape? It was a mystery to her (P.); Nikolai Rostov turned away and, as if looking for something, began to look at the distance, at the water
Danube, in the sky, in the sun. How beautiful the sky seemed, how blue, calm and deep! How tenderly and glossily the water shone in the distant Danube! (T)
The interaction of individual methods of conveying someone else's speech allows, for stylistic purposes, to combine them in one text: He [the provincial] is angrily silent when making such comparisons, and sometimes he dares to say. that such and such material or such and such wine can be obtained from them better and cheaper, and that such and such wine can be obtained from overseas rarities. they won’t even look at these big crayfish and shells and red fish, and it’s free, they say, for you to buy various materials and trinkets from foreigners. they rip you off, and you are glad to be idiots
(Gonch)
Literature
1. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language: Textbook. - M.: International relations, 1995. - 560 p.
Among sentences 44–53, find a complex sentence with a non-union and allied coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this
offers.
(44) Bitterness and not very clear resentment soon left Anna Fedotovna. . .
(45) In the evening, the granddaughter, as usual, read her son’s letter to her, but Anna
Fedotovna suddenly said:
- (46) He didn’t want something, but they threatened and frightened him.
(47) Tanya! (48) Look in the box!
“(49) No,” Tanya said quietly. – (50) And the funeral is in place, and
photographs, but no letters.
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes, listened intently,
but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her. (52) He faded away, died,
died a second time, and now is lost forever. (53) Letters using her
blindness, they were not taken out of the box - they were taken out of her soul, and now she is blind and
Not only she, but also her soul became deaf...
Among sentences 1–6, find a complex sentence
with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this
offers.
“(1) Grandma, this is for you,” Tanya said, entering the apartment
accompanied by two girls and one serious boy. (2)Blind
Anna Fedotovna stood on the threshold of the kitchen, not seeing, but knowing for sure that
the children shyly huddle at the threshold.
– (3) Go into the room and tell us what business you came for, –
she said.
– (4) Your granddaughter Tanya said that your son was killed in the war and that
he wrote letters to you. (5) And we took the initiative: “There are no unknown heroes.”
(6) And she also said that you were blinded by grief.
Should I explain what this complex proposal with the non-union and
conjunctional coordinating connection? And a complex sentence
with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses. And how to distinguish Complex Sentences from Compound Sentences?
Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection between parts: 53
Complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses: 4
A complex sentence with different types of connection is a complex sentence consisting of several grammatical stems, two of which, for example, are connected by a non-conjunctive connection, and the third is attached to them by a coordinating connection. For example: Taking advantage of her blindness, the letters were not taken out of the box - they were taken out of her soul, and now not only she, but also her soul has become blind and deaf... Explanation: The first grammatical basis - the predicate was taken out, the second grammatical basis also - this predicate was taken out . There is no union between them, there is a dash, that is, it is a non-union connection. And then comes the third gram. the base (subjects she and soul, predicate deaf), and it joins the second with the coordinating conjunction and. Thus, in this sentence there are two types of connection - non-conjunctive and coordinating.
A complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is when subordinate clauses refer to the same word in the main word or to the entire main word. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected to each other without conjunctions and with the help of conjunctions and, and, but. Example: Your granddaughter Tanya said that your son was killed in the war and that he wrote letters to you. The subordinate clauses: that your son was killed in the war and that he wrote letters to you refer to the same word in the main part - she said. And they are united by the union and.
Compound sentences are sentences consisting of two or more grams. bases connected by coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, etc. The parts of a compound sentence are equal in rights and can be used without each other.
Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more grams. bases connected by subordinating conjunctions what, how, when, where, because, etc. The parts of a complex sentence are unequal and cannot be used without each other, since the subordinate part depends on the main one.
Non-union and allied connection
between parts of a complex sentence
Pechkazova Svetlana Petrovna,
teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU “Lyceum No. 1”, Chamzinka, Republic of Mordovia
- continue preparing for the OGE in Russian in 9th grade;
- systematize knowledge about non-union and allied (coordinating and subordinating) connections between parts of a complex sentence;
- practice the skill of performing a task of this type
Assignment on this topic
in KIMs it is formulated
in the following way:
Among the sentences... find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating (subordinating) connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
To complete this task,
try to compose
action algorithm
Execution algorithm
of this assignment
Determine the number of grammatical stems in a sentence
One grammatical
Two or more
grammar basics
offer
offer
composed
subordinate
non-union
Execution algorithm
tasks
Find a sentence in which
more than two grammatical stems
Establish the type of connection between simple sentences
as part of a complex
coordinating connection type:
offers
relatively
independent, connected
conjunctions AND, YES (=AND), BUT,
THEN, HOWEVER, YES (=BUT),
A, OR, EITHER, THAT-...THEN...
subordinating connection: from
you can ask a question to the main clause; conjunctions and allied words: WHAT,
WHEN, HOW, IF, AS, BECAUSE, AS WHICH...
non-union connection: parts of a complex sentence are connected without conjunctions, in meaning
Non-union complex sentence
, .
(listing facts)
; .
(listing of facts, proposals are common, complicated)
Birds sing cheerfully and carefree , butterflies flutter.
Hazel bushes grew along the banks of the stream ; The swimsuit flowers bowed their yellow heads to the water.
: [ reason ].
(because)
Pavel didn't like autumn : she brought him suffering.
: [explanation].
(namely)
After a while we hear : The lapwings scream at the top of their lungs.
: [ addition ]
(and saw, and heard, and felt)
[ → ] - [ ← ].
(opposite)
Chin followed him – he suddenly left the service.
I looked up : The cloudless sky shone joyfully above me.
: [ addition ].
(like what)
[time, condition] - .
(when, if)
- [ output (so) ].
Suddenly Pavel felt : someone's fingers touch his arm.
The morning will come – let's hit the road.
Called himself a milk mushroom – get into the back.
The smoky sun is rising – It will be a hot day.
The cheese fell out – There was such a trick with him.
Compound sentence
, coordinating conjunction.
[ Two or three large drops of rain fell ] , And [ suddenly lightning flashed ] .
[ Only the oriole gi shouting ] , Yes [ cuckoos vying with each other to count down someone's unlived years ] .
That [ the sun shines dimly ] , That [ a black cloud hangs ] .
Not that [ it was getting light , not that [ it was getting dark ] .
Coordinating Conjunctions
Connecting
Nasty
And, yes(s), too, also; no no; both... and
Separating
A, but, yes (but), but, however, etc.
Or, either, then..., then..., not that..., not that...
Complex sentence
, ( subordinating conjunction...).
( Subordinating conjunction...) , .
[… , ( subordinating conjunction...) , … ] .
[ I'm back in town ] , (Where my childhood is over).
(If open the window) , [ the room will be filled with the aroma of summer flowers ].
[ Father, ( When returned from fishing) , boasted of an unprecedented catch ] .
Types of subordinate clauses .
Definitive
Explanatory
Which? Whose?
Conjunctive words
Circumstantial
Questions about oblique cases
What, how, to, as if, as if.
Which, which, which, whose, who, what, where
Demonstrative words
Meaningful questions
That, such, such, everyone, any
Who, what, whose, how, why, why, where, when, where, how much.
I live in a house that is located on the edge of the village [..noun], (which).
[He knew] (that the basis of everything is morality).
Adverbial clauses
Where? Where? Where?
[Never go back to where] you were happy. […where…).
When? How long? Since when? How long?
Comparisons
How? How much?
Mode of action and degree
(When I opened the window), [the room was filled with the aroma of flowers]. (When…), .
How? How? To what extent? To what extent?
[Gerasim grew up dumb and powerful], (like a tree grows on fertile soil). , (How …).
For what? For what purpose? For what?
[Uncle sang like this] (like the common people sing).
, (How …).
Under what condition
[One must love every task] (in order to do it well). , (to …).
Why? From what?
For what reason?
[I will buy a new phone], (if I have money).
, (If …).
Consequences
[I didn’t come to school] (because I was sick).
, (because …).
What follows from this
Despite what? Against all odds?
[The weather was cold and windy], (so the snowdrifts were high). , (So).
[We went for a walk] (although it was raining).
Operating instructions
with training simulator
- Each task has several answer options. You must choose the right one.
2. If you have chosen the correct answer, then when you click the mouse, a plus sign appears (correct).
3. If you choose the wrong answer, a minus (wrong) icon appears when you click the mouse.
4. Move to the next task by clicking the mouse.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–5, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and allied subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
The rain flooded the forest; Boiling lakes formed at the edge of the forest where Gorbunov was located. The branches of the trees trembled under the weight of the water falling on them. In the darkened, distorted air, the German fortifications were no longer visible. But the enemy's shelling did not subside. Bluish, ghostly pillars of explosions darted in the dark depths of the downpour; flashes of fire ran across the field.
Test your knowledge
The guys crawled all over the island in search of unmelted snow. Seryozha managed to find in the crevices between the rocks the remains of last year’s snow, compacted like ice. Secretly from Petrovich, Seryozha was lowered down on a rope, he chopped the snow with an ax and sent it up in a bucket. Climbing the rocks was dangerous. Petrovich categorically forbade doing this, but the guys secretly brought buckets of last year’s snow to Ilyinichna. She kept grumbling and threatening to complain to the foreman, but she didn’t refuse the snow: she had to cook dinner.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–3, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and conjunctive coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
These remarks were enough for the hectic, sparkling thought of escaping from class to flash like lightning. (7) Our class was considered exemplary, there were eight excellent students in it, and there was something funny and piquant in the fact that it was we, respectable, exemplary children, who would amaze all the teachers with a strange, unusual trick, decorating the dull monotony of school everyday life with a bright flash of sensation. My heart sank with delight and anxiety, and although no one knew what our adventure would lead to, there was no turning back .
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–5, find complex non-union sentences. Write the numbers of these sentences.
Before the war, I never had to return home after a long separation. But we didn’t have to leave for long. The very first time I left home for a pioneer camp, the second time I left for the front. But even those who returned home before the war after a long separation did not then experience what we are experiencing now. They returned bored - we are returning alive...
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–6, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and allied subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
Grandmother spent whole days sitting on the rubble under the split cherry tree. One cherry tree trunk has already dried up, the one that hugged and protected the house. The grandmother was waiting for her grandson and slowly, imperceptibly fell into a doze. (4) And she no longer heard the rustle of leaves above her head, or the chime of birds - the world went out and moved away from her with all its bustle. She only heard the roar of war and shuddered from this roar. And she thought: from under the roots of this clumsy cherry tree, which she once planted for some reason, it comes, from the very interior of the earth.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–5, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and conjunctive coordinating and subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
On the bridge stood Captain Zamyatin, the head of the expedition and several members of the crew. With tense, concentrated faces, they looked at the sea and sky. Everyone understood that the ships were now passing through a particularly dangerous section of the Barents Sea: at any moment a submarine’s periscope could emerge from the depths, and a fascist plane could appear in the sky. This concentration of the sailors was transferred to the guys: they became more restrained. Dozens of eyes watched the surface of the restless sea, the gray, quickly moving clouds.
Test your knowledge
The guillemot's body is squat, its legs are moved far back, and its toes are connected by swimming membranes. On the ground it moves slowly and clumsily, and can only take off from cliffs and water. (3) She is an excellent swimmer, can dive to a depth of ten meters, and moves underwater with the help of her wings. Guillemot weighs up to two kilograms, its meat is edible. She places the only egg directly on the rocks; it is shaped in such a way that it does not roll off the rocks. A guillemot egg is equal in weight to two chicken eggs and is not inferior to them in nutritional value. Local industrialists also collect guillemot eggs to lure arctic foxes.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–6, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
The days are already unusually warm. There is a chill in the spring air. The taiga is majestic and calm, but this is only apparent calm: a huge amount of work is going on inside every tree, every bush. Day and night, the roots with all their lobes absorb moisture from the ground, abundantly filled with recently melted snow. The snow-white lambs on the talniks have already fluffed up, the earrings on the alder have turned yellow, although the roots still lie under the snow. There are no greenery or flowers on the tiny lawns yet, but even here there is tireless activity.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–7, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and allied subordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
Thirty years have passed since then, but I still remember that incident with the book, when I accidentally destroyed the huge house of human faith. I hurt someone else and didn’t have the courage to correct the mistake. (25) And our life took a different road, where everyone is hurt and lonely, where there are no those who can raise the fallen. Pain became my inseparable companion. (….. She looks at me with the eyes of a lanky eighth grader and patiently reminds me: human life is short, so never regret what you can give, never take away what is asked of you.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–6, find a complex non-union sentence. Write the number of this offer.
The girl called the dog to her:
Nipper, come to me! Well, good one, well, dear, go! Do you want some sugar? Well, go ahead!
But Kusaka didn’t go: she was afraid.
The old man smoothed out his long beard.
I want to help you. There is such a magic word. I'll tell you this word. But remember: you need to say it in a quiet voice, looking straight into the eyes of the person you are talking to. The old man leaned close to the boy’s ear and whispered something.
Test your knowledge
He sat in front of me, so chocolate-colored, and he had different eyes: one of his own was yellow glass, and the other was a large white one made from a sewn button from a pillowcase. But it didn’t matter, because Mishka looked at me with his different eyes and raised both paws up, as if he was already giving up. And I suddenly remembered how long ago I had never parted with this Mishka for a minute. I carried him with me everywhere, and sat him at the table next to me for dinner, and put him to bed, and rocked him to sleep, like a little brother. I loved him then, loved him with all my soul, I would have given my life for him then.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–10, find a complex non-union sentence. Write the number of this offer.
- Wow! - said Mishka. - Where did you get it? Will you give it to me at home?
- No, I won’t give it: it’s a gift.
The bear pouted and moved away from me. It got even darker outside, and mom it still didn't work. Here Mishka says:
- So you won’t give me a dump truck?
And he handed me a box of matches. I took it, opened it and at first I didn’t see anything, and then I saw a small light green light, as if I was now holding a tiny star in my hands.
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–5, find a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this offer.
“He didn’t want something, but they threatened and frightened him. (47.. Tanya! Look in the box!
“No,” Tanya said quietly. – The funeral is in place, there are photographs, but no letters.
Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes and listened intently, but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her. He faded away, died, died a second time, and now he is dead forever. Taking advantage of her blindness, the letters were not taken out of the box - they were taken out of her soul, and now not only she, but also her soul has become blind and deaf...
Test your knowledge
Among sentences 1–5, find complex sentences with non-conjunctive and conjunctive coordinating and subordinating connections between parts. Write the numbers of these sentences.
The crab was terribly large and flat, and if you looked closely, you could see bumps and spines on it, some kind of seams, jagged combs. If you dry it, it would probably make a wonderful souvenir! (4... The crab sat under the bed for a week. He kept sitting in the same place, near the foot of the bed, and when someone leaned over him, he put his jagged claw forward with menacing impotence. (6...) On the third day, about foam appeared on his whiskers, but when Zybin touched him, the crab pecked his finger painfully, until it bled.
at the lesson
Well done!
Solid knowledge:
you can work with the dough
BE
PLEASE CAREFUL
There were many errors:
need to repeat the rule
Everyone
Thank you
get to work!
- Ivanova Yu.S. Russian language: help in preparing for the practical exam. – M.: Trigon, 2013.
- Makarova B.A. Absolute spelling literacy in 30 days. – M.: AST Astrel, 2014.
3. Novikova L.I. A manual for preparing schoolchildren for centralized testing. – M.: Exam, 2014.
4. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements: http://opengia.ru/subjects/russian-9/topics/6?page=3
Material used