GBOU SPO LO "Besedsky Agricultural College"
1941 – 1945
Completed the work: student of group 321, GBOU SPO LO "Besedsky Agricultural College"
Yakovleva Anzhelika Ivanovna.
Head: Kikina Inga Anatolyevna
Among those who drank the cup of war, full of bitterness, suffering, humiliation, hunger, beatings, loneliness and complete insecurity, there were not only veterans, but also former juvenile prisoners of fascism.
- On that distant summer day, June 22, 1941, people were doing their usual business. Schoolchildren were preparing for their prom. The children played, they did not even suspect that all this would soon end and there would be only one word on their lips - war. An entire generation born between 1928 and 1945 had their childhood stolen from them. “Children of the Great Patriotic War” is what today’s 65-82 year old people are called. And it's not just about the date of birth. They were raised by war.
- According to well-known statistics, the Great Patriotic War claimed about 27 million lives of citizens of the Soviet Union. Of these, about 10 million are soldiers, the rest are old people, women, and children. But statistics are silent about how many children died during the Great Patriotic War. There simply is no such data. The war crippled thousands of children's destinies and took away a bright and joyful childhood.
- Children fought along with adults both in the active army and in partisan detachments. And these were not isolated cases. According to Soviet sources, there were tens of thousands of such guys during the Great Patriotic War.
- The guys collected rifles, cartridges, machine guns, grenades left over from the battles, and then handed it all over to the partisans; of course, they took a serious risk. Many schoolchildren, again at their own peril and risk, conducted reconnaissance and served as messengers in partisan detachments. We rescued wounded Red Army soldiers, helped organize underground escapes for our prisoners of war from German concentration camps. They set fire to German warehouses with food, equipment, uniforms, and fodder, and blew up railway cars and locomotives. Both boys and girls fought on the “children's front”.
- In addition, the Germans in the rear were not at all shy, and dealt with the children with all cruelty. "...Often, because of entertainment, a group of Germans on vacation arranged a release for themselves: they threw a piece of bread, the children ran to it, followed by machine-gun fire. How many children died because of such amusements of the Germans throughout the country! Children swollen from hunger could "I take something, without understanding, something edible from a German, and then there’s a burst of fire from a machine gun. And the child is full of food forever!" (Solokhina N.Ya., Kaluga region, Lyudinovo, from the article “We do not come from childhood”, “World of News”, No. 27, 2010, p. 26).
- Boarding schools were created for evacuated children. For those youth who left school at the beginning of the war and were employed in industry or agriculture, schools for working and rural youth were organized in 1943.
- Meanwhile, hunger, cold, and disease quickly dealt with fragile little lives...
Low bow to you!
Questions at the beginning of a paragraph
Question. What ideas about the world did Europeans have in the Middle Ages? What processes and events in the development of European society in the XV-XVI centuries. influenced the change in old ideas about the world? What role did the invention of printing play in the development of scientific knowledge?
In the Middle Ages, Europeans imagined the world to be flat, with the city of Jerusalem at the center of the world. Europeans had little understanding of lands outside of Europe. India and China seemed like semi-mythical countries. The world was also presented in the form of an earthly city and a divine city. In the earthly city there was a struggle between God and the devil for human souls.
These ideas about the world changed under the influence of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the spread of the ideas of humanism, which called into question the previous church idea of the world.
Typography played a key role in the development of scientific knowledge, because accelerated the process and increased the scale of knowledge dissemination. In the Middle Ages, books were available only in the libraries of large monasteries, where not everyone was allowed and not all books were copied by the monks. With the discovery of printing, these restrictions disappeared.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
Question 1. Why do you think that at the beginning of modern times man’s interest in the world around him sharply increased?
Because discoveries made at the end of the Middle Ages and at the beginning of the New Age called into question the traditional picture of the world, which was formed on the basis of the Bible.
Question 2. Fill out the table “The main scientific ideas that contributed to the development of new views on the world and society” in your notebook. Columns of the tables: “Scientists and thinkers”, “Country”, “Basic ideas”, “Discoveries”, “What new views they influenced in the formation.”
Question 3. Tell us about the structure of the Universe based on the teachings of N. Copernicus, G. Bruno and G. Galileo.
N. Copernicus. J. Bruno and G. Galileo laid down the modern idea of the universe as an infinite space in which the movement of stars, planets and other bodies occurs according to certain laws. If previously the Earth was at the center of the universe, around which the Sun moved, then scientists have proven the heleocentric model of the universe. Moreover, if Copernicus believed that the Sun is motionless and is in the center of the universe, then Bruno, and then Galileo proved that there are many stars in the universe around which planets revolve.
Question 4. Explain the title of the part of the paragraph that talks about the scientific discoveries of I. Newton.
This name was given because It was I. Newton who completed the creation of a new picture of the world, discovering the law of universal gravitation, the laws of classical mechanics and the laws of motion, thereby moving from the description of the universe to the study of the laws of its motion. Newton's work showed that nature operates according to certain laws that can be studied.
Assignments for the paragraph
Question 1. Name the main difficulties in the activities of early modern scientists.
The main difficulties in the activities of early modern scientists were: lack of knowledge, lack of equipment, the authority of the church, which could not be questioned, and persecution by the Inquisition.
Question 2. Compare the methods of understanding the world proposed by F. Bacon and R. Descartes. Why are Bacon and Descartes considered the creators of modern philosophy?
F. Bacon proposed the method of reasoning from the particular to the general, based on experimental data, as the main method of understanding the world. After all, only with the help of experience based on experiment can the reliability of knowledge be verified. Bacon believed that true knowledge can only be obtained by combining theory with practice. R. Descartes believed that the basis of knowledge is the human mind. He considered the main method to be the method of doubting the correctness of scientific assumptions; as a result of this process, true knowledge is born. Thus, two scientists laid the foundation of modern philosophy: experiment and doubt.
Question 3. Explain how the new picture of the world, created by European science in the 16th–17th centuries, differed from the medieval picture of the world.
The new picture of the world created by European science differed from the medieval one in that it established not the divine essence of all things, but the exact laws according to which development occurs, and also proposed new scientific methods for studying nature through observation and experiment, in contrast to medieval scholasticism, which was speculative and relied only on the Bible as a source of true knowledge.
Question 4. Discuss in class: what is independent thinking? Should a scientist be an independent thinker? Support your opinion with facts from the lives of early modern scientists.
Independence of thought lies in the fact that no one can impose a point of view that will be impossible to doubt. Any scientist must have independent thinking, doubt his own and others’ conclusions, this is the only way science will move forward. For example, F. Bacon believed that any theory must be proven through experiment in order to be considered true. R. Descartes also believed that he called for doubt and looking for arguments and evidence to confirm his views.
Questions about the document
Question. Read the documents and find in them the arguments used by Copernicus and Bruno to prove that the Sun does not revolve around the Earth, the Universe is infinite.
Copernicus: The Earth does not revolve around the Sun, because... the immeasurable will not revolve around the insignificance
Bruno: the universe is infinite because... It is unworthy to believe that God, having the ability to create, in addition to this world, another and other infinite worlds, created a finite world.
At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. under the influence of the turbulent events of the era, important changes occurred in European science. It developed under the sign of contradictions. On the one hand, Europeans' knowledge of the world expanded, education achieved significant success, and science experienced a real rise. On the other hand, in the flames of religious wars and the atmosphere of religious intolerance, all kinds of superstitions flourished, the most wild manifestation of which was the “witch hunt.”
The focus of the creators of the Renaissance was on man and the humanities. At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. interests shifted to a different plane: numerous inventions and improvements provided a huge supply of new knowledge and provided a breakthrough in the development of the natural sciences. A real scientific revolution has begun in this area. The emergence of new developments in the field of natural sciences was dictated by the needs of growing production and practical human activity. Long sea voyages contributed to the success of astronomy. The use of the compass gave impetus to the study of the phenomena of magnetism. The successes of dyeing, metallurgy, and the manufacture of medicines led to the accumulation of new knowledge in chemistry. The need to determine the distance of throwing a shot while firing from a cannon prompted the study of the laws of the fall and movement of bodies.
At the same time, the rise of material production armed scientists with new means and opportunities for scientific work, and prepared an invention at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. extremely necessary for the development of research on precision instruments. At this time, more advanced watches were made, a microscope, a telescope, a thermometer and other instruments necessary for astronomy and physics appeared. The first big discoveries were made by astronomers.
Since antiquity, Western Europe has been dominated by ideas about the Earth as the center of the Universe. The Moon, Sun and planets revolved around it in a certain sequence. This point of view was fully consistent with Catholic doctrine, so it could only be denied by rebelling against the authority of the church. The Polish scientist was the first to take this bold step. Nicolaus Copernicus(1473-1543). He expressed the idea that the Earth, together with the planets, revolves around the stationary Sun. Copernicus substantiated his theory in his work “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres.” Fearing the Inquisition, the astronomer did not dare to publish his treatise for many years and saw the first printed copy only on the day of his death.
The discovery of Copernicus found further substantiation in the research of the German Johannes Kepler(1571-1630). While studying to become a theologian, the gifted young man soon became interested in the exact sciences. He carried out mathematical processing of astronomical data and not only confirmed, but also further developed the theory of Copernicus. In 1627, Kepler compiled tables of the motion of the planets around the Sun. He suggested that the planet's orbit is not a circle, but an ellipse. The significance of the scientist’s activity is evidenced by the fact that the laws of planetary motion he discovered are still called “Kepler’s laws” today.
| Jan Vermeer. Astronomer. 1668 |
History has brought to us the story that at the beginning of the 17th century. In the small Dutch city of Middelburg there lived a master, Hans Lippershey, who made and sold glasses. One day his children were playing in the shop and decided to look through two pieces of glass at the beautiful cockerel on the spire of the cathedral belfry. To the greatest surprise, the cockerel increased in size. The boys told their father about this, and he found out that one glass was convex and the other was concave. He attached them to the ends of two tubes and placed them inside each other. This is how the first telescope was created. As often happens with brilliant discoveries, several other people made similar pipes almost simultaneously with the Dutch master. The glass in them was ground in the shape of a lentil grain. In German, lentils sound “linze”, hence the name “lens”.
At first, no one imagined using telescopes for scientific research. Only great Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), having constructed a telescope with a magnification of 32 times, directed it into the starry sky. The scientist discovered new stars and saw mountains on the Moon, and left the first sketches of the lunar surface. He discovered spots on the Sun, and also confirmed that the Earth, like other planets and the Sun, rotates around its axis. For this statement, the Inquisition took up arms against Galileo. Fleeing from burning, he was forced to publicly renounce his beliefs, although he did not stop doubting their correctness. According to legend, leaving the courtroom, the great scientist quietly but firmly said: “And yet she is spinning!”
An Italian Franciscan monk became a strong supporter of the teachings of Copernicus Giordano Bruno(1548-1600). He went further than his predecessor and, unlike Copernicus, believed that the Universe is not limited to the Solar system alone. Bruno expressed the idea of the infinity of the Universe and the existence of many worlds in it, including inhabited ones. These views were too divergent from church teaching and became the basis for accusations of heresy. Eight years in prison, interrogations and torture by inquisitors did not break Bruno and did not force him to renounce his views. A man of amazing education, one of the most original thinkers of the 16th century,
Giordano Bruno was burned in Rome. He remained true to his words: “Whoever is captured by the greatness of his work does not feel the fear of death.”
Brutal reprisals could not stop the development of new science and the search by scientists from different European countries for new ways of understanding the world. English philosopher Francis Bacon(1561-1626) was confident that in his work a scientist should rely on the results of long-term observations. Only repeated experiments can provide grounds for generalizing conclusions; only experience forms the basis of scientific knowledge, is the only source of truth and its only confirmation. Bacon's belief that science should give man power over nature and improve life was expressed in his catchphrase “Knowledge is power.”
The versatility of Bacon's interests is simply amazing: he was a politician and statesman, lawyer and diplomat, historian and writer. The philosopher described the world transformed by omnipotent science in his utopian novel “New Atlantis,” where he depicted a fascinating picture of life in an ideal state. All power in it is concentrated in the hands of a perfect government called the “House of Solomon.” It includes only scientists; thanks to their achievements, a wonderful future opens up for the country, and its inhabitants will enjoy universal prosperity.
XVII century From "The New Atlantis" by Francis Bacon. Read not to deny and refute, not to accept on faith, and not to find a subject for conversation, but to think and reflect... I am just a trumpeter and do not take part in the battle.. Our trumpet calls people not to mutual strife or battles, but, on the contrary, to ensure that they, having concluded peace among themselves, join forces to fight nature, storm its impregnable fortifications and push the limits of human power. Material from the site
Unlike Bacon, the outstanding French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes(1596-1650) assigned experience a secondary role. He considered reason to be the source of true knowledge. The philosopher captured his boundless faith in the great mind in the words: “I think, therefore I exist.” Descartes' teaching - Cartesianism (from his Latinized name - Cartesius) - found numerous adherents and followers. It laid the foundations of rationalism of the 17th century. — the conviction that the measure of truth is reason.
The development of scientific thought and the needs of the natural sciences contributed to the rapid development of mathematics. Discoveries in it were made one after another: logarithms were invented, letters and signs of addition and subtraction, equalities, parentheses and others began to be used. From now on, clear algebraic formulas came into use, which greatly facilitated complex calculations.
The beginning of a new era in the development of mathematics and physics is associated with the name of the outstanding English scientist Isaac Newton(1643-1727). He studied the nature of light, the movement of planets in orbit, and the principles of interaction of physical bodies. In each of these areas, Newton made brilliant discoveries, which allowed him to formulate the law of universal gravitation and make a huge contribution to the creation of a scientific picture of the world.
The German scientist had a colossal influence on European scientific thought Gottfried Leibniz(1646-1716). A man of exceptional talent, he defended the idea of the unity of knowledge and achieved considerable results in various fields of science - law, history, linguistics, geology, physics and others. The scientist argued that the world is built on the basis of precise mathematical calculations and consists of small living particles - monads. Their different combinations create an endless variety of world, in which all elements are closely interconnected. One of Leibniz's inventions is the adding machine. It performed all arithmetic operations and aroused great interest and high praise in Europe at that time.
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Slide 2
Let's get acquainted with the development of new European science; Let's get acquainted with scientists who contributed to the development of science; Develop the ability to work with a textbook Today in class:
Slide 3
Plan:
The birth of a new science. Nicolaus Copernicus. Giordano Bruno. Galileo Galilei. Isaac Newton. Francis Bacon Rene Descartes.
Slide 4
The birth of a new science based on experimental knowledge.
Features of the New Age: 4) cities are growing 5) the development of manufacturing production and the world market.
Slide 5
In the Middle Ages, European science observed the principle of authority (thoughts of antiquity were accepted as truth): Geography, medicine, physicist, Ptolemy, Hippocrates, Archimedes
Slide 6
The growth of curiosity and a critical attitude towards reality forces people to personally observe natural phenomena. The first to take this path were the humanists, who recognized the human mind’s ability to understand and explain the world.
Slide 7
The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought, the main achievement of which was the growing conviction that humanity can improve the world in which it lives through reliable knowledge.
Slide 8
"He undermined the foundation of faith"
Observing the celestial bodies, I concluded that the Earth rotates around the Sun and around its axis. In 1543, the book “On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres” by N. Copernicus was published
Slide 9
"Enemy of all law, all faith"
Studying the teachings of Copernicus, I came to the conclusion: the Universe has no center Giordano Bruno
Slide 10
“A man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage...”
Discovered new stars; Galileo Galilei
Slide 11
Isaac Newton "Completed the creation of a scientific picture of the world"
Slide 12
"The best proof of all is experience"
Francis Bacon proposed a new method for studying nature - reasoning from the particular to the general, based on experimental data
Slide 13
"I think, therefore I am"
scientific knowledge is born. Rene Descartes
Slide 14
Let's summarize the lesson:
-
Slide 15
Homework:
Paragraph 10, records.
View all slides
Abstract
�PAGE � �PAGE �1�
Municipal educational institution of Budinskaya secondary school
Antonenkova A.V.
During the classes.
Checking homework:
Germany
Humanists are...
Residents of big cities
Servants of the Catholic Church
Humane lovers
Manufactory owners
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Thomas More
Francois Rabelais
William Shakespeare
"Hamlet"
" Don Quixote"
"Utopia Island"
"In Praise of Stupidity"
Rafael Santi
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Rembrandt
Diego Velazquez
Rafael Santi
Albrecht Durer
" Sistine Madonna"
"Gioconda"
"Madonna Conestabile"
"Madonna Litta"
Netherlands
Germany
Portugal
P. Bruegel the Elder
A. Durer
Rembrandt
Lesson plan:
The birth of a new science.
Nicolaus Copernicus.
Giordano Bruno.
Galileo Galilei.
Isaac Newton.
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes.
Learning new material.
Teacher's story:
Features of the New Time
1) a person’s interest in the world around him increases;
2) as a result of geographical discoveries, the borders of the world expanded
3) the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed;
4) cities are growing
Kolya Copernicus was born
The Universe has no edge, it is immense and infinite.
The universe has no center
The Universe is a countless number of stars.
Galileo Galilei(Italian Galileo Galilei
Let's write it down in your notebook:
Discovered new stars;
Observed mountains on the Moon and spots on the Sun
Formulated the law of falling bodies, the movement of a pendulum and other laws of physics
Wrote the book Dialogues on Two Systems
Isaac Newton
He discovered the law of universal gravitation, created an optical laboratory, carried out a legendary experiment in the decomposition of light, in 1641 he built a small reflecting telescope and the laws of light propagation and new methods of mathematical calculations.
Francis Bacon Philosophy Treatise
Considered the founder of science and philosophy of the New Age. He came up with a formula: a person thinks and doubts
scientific knowledge is born.
Created his own analytical geometry, introduced the concept of a variable quantity and algebraic notation
Summing up the lesson.
Game "Tic Tac Toe"
6. Homework:
Paragraph 10, questions, notes, assignments.
�PAGE � �PAGE �1�
Lesson on the history of modern times in 7th grade on the topic: “The birth of a new European science.”
Material developed by a history teacher
Municipal educational institution of Budinskaya secondary school
Antonenkova A.V.
Objectives: To get acquainted with the development of new European science;
Get acquainted with scientists who have contributed to the development of science;
Develop the ability to work with a textbook, find the necessary information;
Equipment: presentation, computer, test,
During the classes.
Organizational start of the lesson.
Checking homework:
The birthplace of the Renaissance was:
Germany
Humanists are...
Residents of big cities
Servants of the Catholic Church
Humane lovers
Manufactory owners
Which of the following provisions forms the basis of the views of humanists:
a person's faith in his capabilities
conviction in the value of the afterlife over earthly life
renunciation of the joys and pleasures of worldly life
denial of a person's ability to change his destiny
Which of the humanists was the author of the novel Gargantua and Pantagruel?
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Thomas More
Francois Rabelais
William Shakespeare
Miguel Cervantos owns the work:
"Hamlet"
" Don Quixote"
"Utopia Island"
"In Praise of Stupidity"
“Madonna Litta”, “Gioconda” belong to the brush:
Rafael Santi
Leonardo da Vinci
Michelangelo Buonarotti
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
“Portrait of an Old Man in Red,” dedicated to the tragic story of a difficult life lived, is by:
Rembrandt
Diego Velazquez
Rafael Santi
Albrecht Durer
Based on the description, determine the title of the painting: “The artist placed the figure of a woman in the center against the background of the soft outlines of low hills around the lake. The subtle tilt of Madonna's head emphasizes her love for her son."
" Sistine Madonna"
"Gioconda"
"Madonna Conestabile"
"Madonna Litta"
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, who depicted commoners and folk scenes, was from:
Netherlands
Germany
Portugal
The painting “Four Horsemen”, personifying the terrible disasters of man: Pestilence, War, Famine and Death, which should destroy part of humanity, belongs to:
P. Bruegel the Elder
A. Durer
Rembrandt
Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
Lesson plan:
The birth of a new science.
Nicolaus Copernicus.
Giordano Bruno.
Galileo Galilei.
Isaac Newton.
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes.
Learning new material.
Teacher's story:
Features of the New Time
1) a person’s interest in the world around him increases;
2) as a result of geographical discoveries, the borders of the world expanded
3) the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed;
4) cities are growing
5) development of manufacturing production and the world market.
The spiritual life of people has also changed. Along with the constant concern of believers for the eternal, their interest in earthly life became more and more apparent. In the Middle Ages, European science observed the principle of authority (thoughts of antiquity were accepted as truth): geography according to Ptolemy, medicine according to Hippocrates, physics according to Archimedes. The growth of curiosity and a critical attitude towards reality forces people to personally observe natural phenomena. The first to take this path were the humanists, who recognized the human mind’s ability to understand and explain the world.
Although science was not free from religious views, and many great scientists were believers, educated people wanted to find a reasonable explanation for all natural phenomena and did not rely on religion in their research.
The Renaissance gave Europeans independence of thought, the main achievement of which was the growing conviction that humanity can improve the world in which it lives through reliable knowledge.
“He undermined the foundation of faith” N. Copernicus
Nikolai Nikolaevich Copernicus (1473-1543) - Polish astronomer, creator of the heliocentric system of the world. He made a revolution in natural science, abandoning the doctrine of the central position of the Earth, accepted for many centuries. He explained the visible movements of the celestial bodies by the rotation of the Earth around its axis and the revolution of the planets (including the Earth) around the Sun. Copernicus outlined his teaching in his work “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” (1543), which was banned by the Catholic Church from 1616 to 1828. Kolya Copernicus was born February 19, 1473 in the Polish city of Torun in the family of a merchant who came from Germany. He was the fourth child in the family. He most likely received his primary education at a school located near his home at the Church of St. John the Great. Until the age of ten, Kolya grew up in an atmosphere of prosperity and contentment. Carefree childhood ended suddenly and quite early, barely ten years old, when Nicholas was ten years old, when the “pestilence” - a plague epidemic, a frequent guest and a formidable scourge of humanity at that time, visited Toruń, and one of its first victims was Nicolaus Copernicus the father. Lukas Wachenrode, his mother's brother, took care of his nephew's education and future fate.
In the second half of October 1491, Nicolaus Copernicus, together with his brother Andrzej, arrived in Krakow and enrolled in the Faculty of Arts at the local university. After its completion in 1496, Copernicus went on a long journey to Italy.
Observing the celestial bodies, I concluded that the Earth rotates around the Sun and around its axis. In 1543, the book On the Rotation of the Celestial Spheres was published, in which he outlined his views. Today no one knows where Copernicus’s grave is; his teaching has found its followers.
"The enemy of every law, of every faith." Giordano Bruno.
A supporter of the Copernican theory was the Italian Giordano Bruno (1548-1600). However, from it he drew conclusions that were deeply alien to Copernicus himself, as a priest and a believing Christian.
Giordano Bruno was born near Naples. From an early age he was brought up in a monastery and became a monk of the Dominican order. The young man spent a lot of time poring over books in the monastery library, secretly reading treatises banned by the Inquisition, and reflecting on the ideas of the Italian “heresiarchs” and European reformers. Gradually he developed contempt for scholastic theological science and the Dominicans who stood guard over it. Fearing denunciations and accusations of heresy, Bruno fled from the monastery and spent many years in those countries where the Reformation triumphed - in England, Germany, the Czech lands, and Switzerland. Everywhere he met with humanistic scientists, participated in debates, and gave lectures.
Giordano Bruno was influenced by ancient philosophical and natural science theories. He believed that the world is eternal and the Universe is infinite. There are countless worlds in it and, perhaps, inhabited ones. Each planet, each star is a special world. Such ideas contradicted the biblical picture of the universe, according to which God created the world, which means it had a beginning and was the only one. In fact, Bruno’s ideas were openly pagan in nature and were alien to both the leaders of the Catholic and Protestant churches, so Bruno could not find refuge anywhere for a long time.
In 1591 he was invited to teach in Venice, but returning to Italy, Bruno found himself trapped. Following a denunciation, he was arrested by the Inquisition and transferred to Rome, where he spent eight years in prison. All these years, Catholic theologians urged Giordano to renounce his views. But he stubbornly refused to do this. Then he was tortured, but to no avail. The Inquisition Tribunal condemned him to be burned. On February 17, 1600, Bruno was burned in the Piazza des Flowers in Rome.
Studying the teachings of Copernicus, Giordano came to the conclusion:
The Universe has no edge, it is immense and infinite.
The universe has no center
The Universe is a countless number of stars.
“A man of extraordinary will, intelligence and courage...”. Galileo Galilei.
Galileo Galilei(Italian Galileo Galilei; February 15, 1564, Pisa - January 8, 1642, Arcetri) - Italian physicist, mechanic, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician, who had a significant influence on the science of his time. He was the first to use a telescope to observe celestial bodies and made a number of outstanding astronomical discoveries. Galileo is the founder of experimental physics. With his experiments, he convincingly refuted Aristotle's speculative metaphysics and laid the foundation of classical mechanics
During his lifetime, he was known as an active supporter of the heliocentric system of the world, which led Galileo to a serious conflict with the Catholic Church.
Galileo was born in 1564 in the Italian city of Pisa, in the family of a well-born but impoverished nobleman, Vincenzo Galilei, a prominent music theorist and lutenist. Little is known about Galileo's childhood. From an early age the boy was attracted to art; Throughout his life he carried with him a love of music and drawing, which he mastered to perfection. In his mature years, the best artists of Florence - Cigoli, Bronzino and others - consulted him on issues of perspective and composition; Cigoli even claimed that it was to Galileo that he owed his fame. From Galileo's writings one can also conclude that he had remarkable literary talent.
Galileo received his primary education at the nearby Vallombrosa monastery. The boy loved to study and became one of the best students in the class. He weighed the possibility of becoming a priest, but his father was against it.
Soon, the father’s financial situation worsened, and he was unable to pay for his son’s further education. The request to exempt Galileo from paying fees (such an exception was made for the most capable students) was rejected. Galileo returned to Florence (1585) without receiving his degree. Fortunately, he managed to attract attention with several ingenious inventions (for example, hydrostatic balances), thanks to which he met the educated and wealthy lover of science, the Marquis Guidobaldo del Monte. The Marquis, unlike the Pisan professors, was able to correctly evaluate him. Even then, del Monte said that since the time of Archimedes the world had not seen such a genius as Galileo. Admired by the young man’s extraordinary talent, the Marquis became his friend and patron; he introduced Galileo to the Tuscan Duke Ferdinand I de' Medici and petitioned for a paid scientific position for him.
In 1589, Galileo returned to the University of Pisa, now as a professor of mathematics. There he began to conduct independent research in mechanics and mathematics. True, he was given a minimum salary: 60 crowns a year (a professor of medicine received 2000 crowns). In 1590, Galileo wrote his treatise On Motion.
In 1591, the father died, and responsibility for the family passed to Galileo. First of all, he had to take care of raising his younger brother and the dowry of his two unmarried sisters.
In 1592, Galileo received a position at the prestigious and wealthy University of Padua (Venetian Republic), where he taught astronomy, mechanics and mathematics. Based on the letter of recommendation from the Doge of Venice to the university, one can judge that Galileo’s scientific authority was already extremely high in these years
Let's write it down in your notebook:
Discovered new stars;
Observed mountains on the Moon and spots on the Sun
Formulated the law of falling bodies, the movement of a pendulum and other laws of physics
Wrote the book Dialogues on Two Systems
“Completed the creation of a scientific picture of the world.” Isaac Newton
Isaac Newton(1643-1727) - English mathematician, mechanic, astronomer and physicist, creator of classical mechanics, member (1672) and president (from 1703) of the Royal Society of London. One of the founders of modern physics, formulated the basic laws of mechanics and was the actual creator of a unified physical program for describing all physical phenomena on the basis of mechanics, discovered the law of universal gravitation, explained the movement of planets around the Sun and Moon around the Earth, as well as tides in the oceans, laid the foundations of solid mechanics media, acoustics and physical optics.
Fundamental works “Mathematical principles of natural philosophy” (1687) and “Optics” (1704), expressed a hypothesis that combined corpuscular and wave concepts. Built a reflecting telescope.
Isaac Newton formulated the basic laws of classical mechanics. He discovered the law of universal gravitation, gave a theory of the movement of celestial bodies, creating the foundations of celestial mechanics. Space and time were considered absolute. Newton's work was far ahead of the general scientific level of his time and was poorly understood by his contemporaries. He was the director of the Mint and established the coin business in England.
The famous alchemist, Isaac Newton, studied the chronology of ancient kingdoms. He devoted his theological works to the interpretation of biblical prophecies (mostly not published).
He discovered the law of universal gravitation, created an optical laboratory, carried out a legendary experiment in the decomposition of light, in 1641 he built a small reflecting telescope and the laws of light propagation and new methods of mathematical calculations.
Francis Bacon- English statesman and philosopher Philosophy(from Phil... and Greek sophia - wisdom) - a form of social consciousness, worldview, system of ideas, views on the world and the place of man in it; explores the cognitive, socio-political, value, ethical and aesthetic attitude of a person to the world. Historically established main sections of philosophy: ontology (the doctrine of being), epistemology (theory of knowledge), logic, ethics, aesthetics., the founder of English materialism. Lord Chancellor under King James I. In a treatise Treatise(from the Latin tractatus - consideration) - a scientific essay that examines a separate issue or problem; discussion on a special topic. The “New Organon” (1620) proclaimed the goal of science to increase human power over nature, proposed a reform of the scientific method - cleansing the mind from errors (“idols” or “signs”), turning to experience and processing it through induction, the basis of which is experiment. Author of the utopia “New Atlantis”.
Emphasizing the importance of method allowed Bacon to put forward an important principle for pedagogy, according to which the goal of education is not the accumulation of the greatest possible amount of knowledge, but the ability to use methods for acquiring it. Bacon divided all existing and possible sciences according to the three abilities of the human mind: history corresponds to memory, poetry to imagination, philosophy to reason, which includes the doctrine of God, nature and man.
Bacon considered the reason for the delusion of reason to be false ideas - “ghosts” or “idols”, of four types: “ghosts of the race” (idola tribus), rooted in the very nature of the human race and associated with man’s desire to consider nature by analogy with himself; “ghosts of the cave” (idola specus), arising due to the individual characteristics of each person; “market ghosts” (idola fori), generated by an uncritical attitude to popular opinions and incorrect use of words; “ghosts of the theater” (idola theatri), a false perception of reality based on blind faith in authorities and traditional dogmatic systems, similar to the deceptive verisimilitude of theatrical performances. Bacon viewed matter as an objective variety of sensory qualities perceived by man; Bacon's understanding of matter had not yet become mechanistic, like that of G. Galileo, R. Descartes and T. Hobbes.
Bacon's teaching had a huge influence on the subsequent development of science and philosophy, contributed to the formation of the materialism of T. Hobbes, the sensationalism of J. Locke and his followers. Bacon's logical method became the starting point for the development of inductive logic, especially in J. S. Mill. Bacon's call for the experimental study of nature was a stimulus for natural science in the 17th century. and played an important role in the creation of scientific organizations (for example, the Royal Society of London). Bacon's classification of sciences was adopted by French enlighteners - encyclopedists.
“I think, therefore I exist.” Rene Descartes.
French philosopher, physicist, mathematician and physiologist Rene Descartes (Latinized name - Cartesius; Cartesius) was born in Lae near Tours into a noble but poor family. He received his education at the Jesuit school La Flèche in Anjou (graduated in 1614) and at the University of Poitiers (1616). In 1617 (at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War) he entered military service, which he left in 1621; after several years of travel, he moved to the Netherlands (1629), where he spent twenty years in solitary scientific studies. His main works were published here - “Discourse on the Method...” (1637, Russian translation 1953), “Reflections on First Philosophy...” (1641, Russian translation 1950), “Principles of Philosophy” (1644, Russian translation 1950). In 1649, at the invitation of the Swedish Queen Christina, he moved to Stockholm, where he soon died.
Considered the founder of science and philosophy of the New Age. He came up with a formula: a person thinks and doubts
scientific knowledge is born.
Created his own analytical geometry, introduced the concept of a variable quantity and algebraic notation
Summing up the lesson.
Game "Tic Tac Toe"
1. One of the features of the New Age was the increased interest of man in the world around him (X)
2. In the Middle Ages, European science did not accept the thoughts of the great scientists of antiquity as truth. (ABOUT)
3. N. Copernicus concluded that the Earth rotates around the Sun and its axis (X)
4. Galileo Galilei proved that the Universe has no edge, it is immense and infinite. (ABOUT)
5. For deviating from the views of the church, Galileo Galilei was burned at the stake. (ABOUT)
6. Giordano Bruno built a small telescope that allows you to see celestial bodies (O)
7. The law of universal gravitation belongs to Isaac Newton (X)
8. Rene Descartes said: “The best of all proofs is experience” (O)
9. Rene Descartes believed that the source of reliable knowledge is the human mind. (X)
6. Homework: