Abstract: History of the cities of Kuzbass. The Legend of the Kuznetsk Land

Introduction

This topic is important and relevant in our time. Many writers, artists, publicists have turned and are turning to the history of Kuzbass. This is a great region rich in natural resources. The author believes that this problem is relevant and interesting in our time, since many people do not know the history of the formation and development of Kuzbass. The author decided to turn to this topic to find out the details of the formation of his native land. In the work, the author refers to the historical data of the formation of Kuzbass using various sources.

The subject of the study will be Kuzbass. The object of the author’s research will be historical information about the formation of Kuzbass.

The purpose of the author’s work is to research and study the history of the cities of Kuzbass using various sources. The formulated goal involves solving the following tasks: 1) studying various literature on local history 2) turning to historical data 3) identifying factors that contributed to the formation of Kuzbass 4) identifying the main directions of development of the Kemerovo region 5) expanding one’s own horizons in the study of the history of the native land.

The author used various research methods for the abstract. For example, he used theoretical analysis by highlighting and reviewing the history of Kuzbass. This method helps to penetrate into the essence of the phenomena being studied. In addition, the author used the historical method. With the help of it, he was able to systematize the considered data on the history of the cities of the Kemerovo region. The author also used theoretical methods. Using this method, he studied the necessary literature on the history of Kuzbass. In addition to the listed methods, I used the generalization method. Using this method, the author was able to draw a conclusion from his work and summarize the results.

Let us turn to the historiography of the problem. Many writers and historians turned to her. For example, since the 20s. One of the trade unionists of Siberia, V.I., takes an active part in studying the history of Kuzbass and its productive forces. Shemelev (1885-1942). He is interested in the history of the industrial development of the region and the role of foreign capital, the Ural-Kuznetsk problem, the history of the formation of industrial personnel in Kuzbass, the history of factories. My essay uses the work and research of Nikolai Pavlovich Shuranov in the book “History of Kuzbass” Novosibirsk 2002. In his works, based on historical research and his own research, he talks about the cities of Kuzbass, their formations and development, the modern significance of the cities of Kuzbass. The author shows how important and significant Kuzbass is. The magazine "Siberian Lights" constantly published essays about new buildings in Kuzbass and its people. Early 70s N.P. also made a major contribution to the study of the history of Kuzbass during the Great Patriotic War. Shuranov. These same sources are discussed in the collective monograph “Miners of Kuzbass”, in which a section on the issue of replenishing miners during the war was prepared by N.P. Shuranov.

The available literature shows that the topic of the author of the abstract is not new. But many turn to it again and again, because there are many unknown facts. It can also be said that based on research and literature, it can be understood that Kuzbass has only been partially explored. The author has included many sources in his work. In addition to books and articles, he used various Internet sites and modern magazines. The author used various methods to study this problem. He also applied one of the new methods - the use of modern information technologies. In addition to the history of Kuzbass, the author tried to touch on the architecture and modern significance of Kuzbass.

In the abstract, one of the main historical sources is Nikolai Pavlovich Shuranov’s book “History of Kuzbass”. This source shows the main historical facts of the research and development of Kuzbass, and Shuranov also draws certain conclusions on the modern significance of the Kemerovo region.

In the work, the author used the problem-chronological principle. Since first in his work he talked about the history of the formation of Kuzbass, and then turned to the formation of a specific city and its modern significance.

Kemerovo and its several architectural monuments

Date of formation - 1918

Area - 278.6 sq. km.

Population - 527.1 thousand people.

Kemerovo is the administrative center of the Kemerovo region. The city is located in the middle reaches of the Tom River, in the Kuznetsk Basin. It consists of 5 districts: Central, Leninsky, Zavodsky, Kirovsky, Rudnichny - and 5 workers’ villages. Kemerovo arose on the site of ancient Russian settlements, near the stronghold for the development of these lands - the Verkhnetomsk fort, founded in 1657 (now the village of Verkhotomskoye).

In 1859, on the site of modern Kemerovo there were 7 settlements: the village of Shcheglovo (Ust-Iskitimskoye), the villages of Kemerovo (known since 1734), Evseevo, Krasny Yar, Kur-Iskitim (Pleshki), Davydovo (Ishanovo), Borovaya. The village of Kemerovo got its name from the first settlers of Kemerovo and gave the name to the Kemerovo mine that arose there. In 1703, there were only six houses in Shcheglov. It was not far from it, on the right bank of the Tom River, that Mikhailo Volkov discovered coal deposits in 1721. In the middle of the 19th century, the peasants of the nearby village of Kemerovo began to mine coal and transport it on rafts to Tomsk, but the board of the Altai Mining District forbade this. In 1892, an artel of peasants received permission to open adits here, but a year later the permission was revoked. And only in 1907, after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the board of the Altai Mining District founded the Kemerovo mine, designed to produce 8,300 tons of coal per year. A little later, the shareholders of Kopikuz began the construction of new mines in Kuzbass.

In 1915, near the village of Shcheglovo, a coke plant with chemical workshops was formed. In the same year, train traffic opened on a railway line that connected the plant and the mine through the Topki station with the railway being laid from the Yurga station to Kolchugin and further to the south of Kuzbass. The area of the village of Shcheglova and the villages of Kemerovo, Krasny Yar, Pleshki (Kur-Iskitim), Borovaya became an important industrial center. But the old-timers sought to retain all the lands for themselves and did not want to allocate estates to the arriving builders and miners. Then, in order to equalize the rights of arriving workers and local residents, the question of transforming the village of Shcheglova into a city was raised before State Duma deputy Durov, who came here in 1916. But that issue was resolved already under Soviet rule; the year the city was founded is considered to be 1918, when Shcheglovo was transformed into the city of Shcheglovsk, which included the village of Kemerovo. After the establishment of Soviet power, local industry began to develop. Workers of the Autonomous Industrial Colony of Kuzbass (AIK) took an active part in this. In 1924, the first-born of the city's industry, the coke plant, was put into operation. Coal mining was carried out at 1 mine "Central".

In 1925 the city became a regional center. It had 2,510 wooden residential buildings, 9 schools, including one secondary school - nine years. The population numbered 21.7 thousand people, the main occupation of local residents was arable farming. In 1927, the first stone building was built in Shcheglovsk - the Palace of Labor. However, A.V. Lunacharsky, People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, who visited here in 1928, described Shcheglovsk as a “meager town.”

The rapid development of the city was caused by the beginning of industrialization and the construction of the Ural-Kuznetsk plant. In 1931, a decision was made to build a gunpowder plant in the city, on the site of the demolished village of Evseevo. On March 27, 1932, after lengthy discussions, Shcheglovsk was renamed Kemerovo.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, thousands of townspeople went to the front and bravely fought against the Nazi invaders. For military feats, over 6,000 Kemerovo residents were awarded military orders and medals.

On January 26, 1943, Kemerovo was proclaimed the regional center of the newly formed Kemerovo region. This choice is not accidental. By this time, the city was already a major industrial center and the flagship of the defense industry of Kuzbass: 33 factories were evacuated here from the west of the country. It also played a role that from 1918 and throughout the 1920s, Shcheglovsk was also an administrative - first a county, and then a district - center.

Today Kemerovo is a city with developed industrial, cultural and scientific potential, economically connected with all regions of the CIS and foreign countries. It is the second largest city in Kuzbass (after Novokuznetsk). The presence of coal deposits, reserves of refractory clay, limestone, rubble stone, gravel, a convenient industrial site, a river, and a railway connection - all this led to the creation of a powerful energy-chemical complex.

The city's industry is characterized by a diversified structure and a high degree of concentration of production. The chemical and fuel and energy specialization of the city's industry is preserved. The volume of industrial production in 2001 amounted to 17,938 million rubles. The basis of the economy - 35% of output - is the chemical industry. OJSC Azot is the largest chemical enterprise in Western Siberia. The company produces competitive products on the world market.

Khimprom OJSC operates a large-scale production of chlorine and caustic soda, producing thermoplastics, organic synthesis products, hydrochloric acid, auto chemicals, and vitamin feed additives. This is the only enterprise in Russia and neighboring countries that produces choline chloride.

JSC Khimvolokno is one of the largest suppliers of cord fabric for the tire industry. CJSC "Firm "Tokem"" is engaged in the production of phenol-formaldehyde resins, phenolic plastics, ion-exchange resins and textolite. The company has a modern technical base for the design and manufacture of equipment for processing plastics by pressing and injection molding. OJSC "Polymer" produces polyethylene products: packaging, agricultural films, materials for the construction industry and consumer goods. Ferrous metallurgy is represented by Koks OJSC, which is engaged in advanced coal processing. The main products are coke, coal tar, crude benzene. In Kemerovo there are enterprises in the woodworking, light and food industries, as well as enterprises producing building materials. In recent years, the city has begun to manifest itself as a large shopping center with a developed infrastructure for the consumer market and entrepreneurship. The share of exports accounts for about half of industrial production, which is taken into account when forming the city’s development strategy.

Kemerovo is one of the largest Siberian educational centers. Tens of thousands of students study in 13 higher educational institutions and 17 technical schools. The most famous of the universities are Kemerovo State University (branches in Novokuznetsk, Belovo, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Prokopyevsk), Kuzbass State Technical University (branches in Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Mezhdurechensk, Novokuznetsk, Tashtagol, Prokopyevsk), Kemerovo Technological Institute of Food Industry and etc.

The social and cultural sphere of the city is developing. The Kemerovo Drama Theater and the Operetta Theater successfully tour both in Russia and abroad. The halls of the city museums - local history and fine arts - are not empty. The Tomsk Pisanitsa Museum-Reserve, located on the right bank of the Tom, 55 km from the city, is especially popular among citizens and guests of the city. Here, in the open air, unique historical monuments are collected, the oldest of which date back to the fourth millennium BC.

The city's prospects are determined by the characteristics of Kemerovo as a regional center and the development of industry. Priority will remain in the energy, chemical and coal industries, as well as the production and sale of consumer goods to the population. The processing industries of the food industry (flour and cereals, meat and dairy, confectionery, etc.), light industry, mechanical engineering (for the coal and chemical industries) and industries related to the construction industry (woodworking, production of building materials) will receive further development.

The city development model for the next 10 years provides for the creation of a favorable climate for the development of the investment process; radical modernization of the economy and attraction of investments for the development of production of competitive products; ensuring sustainable rates of economic growth by improving investment and business conditions; improving the quality and organization of medical, transport, communal, and consumer services for the population; implementation of the program for housing and socio-cultural development of the city; ensuring universal accessibility of basic social benefits.

Architectural monuments of the city of Kemerovo

RUTGERS HOUSE

The residential building was built in 1916 for I.I. Fedorovich, mining engineer, managing director of Kopikuz (Joint-stock company of Kuznetsk coal mines and metallurgical plants, founded in 1912). The architecture of the building is stylistically close to the architecture of the house of the manager of the Kolchuginsky mine, the author of which was the technician Sadov, the head of construction of the mine since 1914. It is known that after Kolchugin, Sadov was appointed head of the construction of the Kemerovo mine, which gives reason to assume that he could also be the author of the project for the manager’s house on Krasnaya Gorka. In 1922, after the transfer of Kopikuz’s property to the Autonomous Industrial Colony “Kuzbass”, the head and one of the founders of the AIC, Dutch engineer and communist Sebald Rutgers, settled in the house. Besides him, other foreign specialists and their families who came to Kemerovo stayed here. From that time on, the name “Rutgers House” stuck to the house.

Until 1946-47 The Rutgers house was used as a hotel, a cinema, an administrative building, then the House of Technology with a library was organized in the building, and in 1961-1989. a kindergarten-nursery was located.

Historical information

The main office building was built for the board of Kopikuz - the Joint Stock Company of the Kuznetsk Coal Mines and Metallurgical Plants, formed in 1912. During the first construction season of 1916, a one-story building was erected and roofed. The construction of the office was completely completed in 1918. During the years of operation of AIK Kuzbass, the building served as the main office of AIK. The flat roof of the entrance vestibule was used, as was the podium, during rallies and festive demonstrations. From 1926 to 1949 a mining school was located here, in 1950-1956 - mining school No. 8, in 1957-1974 construction school No. 63, in 1974-1992 - a sewing school. Since the mid-1990s, the building has housed the office of the Ugol-S company.

General assessment of the social, scientific, historical and artistic value of the monument

A historical monument associated with the initial stage of the industrial region. It is of architectural, artistic and constructive value as the first large administrative building in Kemerovo with elements of Art Nouveau style, built from natural stone using monolithic reinforced concrete structures.

House of Cinema Moscow

The site for the construction of the first sound cinema with a hall for 750 seats, approved by the City Council after a lengthy discussion in the Kuzbass newspaper, was chosen taking into account the future development of the city. It was located opposite the post office, at the junction of two emerging residential areas - Pritomsky and Priskitimsky. The design of the cinema was entrusted to the Kemproekt team led by technical architect D. F. Zezin. Then a competition was announced among architects of the Novosibirsk region, which until 1943 included the city of Kemerovo. In accordance with the competition program, the number of seats was increased to 1000; the premises were required to include spacious foyers, recreation rooms, a reading room, an exhibition hall, a concert hall, a buffet, and a shooting range. The first prize at the competition was awarded to a project from Novosibirsk, the second prize to a project by Kemerovo architects L.I. Donbai and A.A. Polyansky. The design of the building was completed by D.F. Zezin based on his own and competitive options. The city's public widely participated in the construction, which began in 1935: a committee to promote construction was created, headed by the editor of the city newspaper Kuzbass. After finishing the brickwork, it was decided to announce an additional competition for the design of the facades, as a result of which the version of the architect S.P. Kemproekt was accepted. Skoblikova. According to this project, the already erected middle square columns of the central six-columned portico were dismantled and replaced with paired round columns at the height of the first floor. There was a wide balcony above them. The facades were decorated using simplified elements of classical architecture. Construction of the cinema was completed by May 1937. During the entire period of operation, the building was used for its original purpose. During the Great Patriotic War, performances of the city drama theater were staged on the stage of the House of Cinema. In 1965, a marble memorial plaque was installed on the main facade in honor of Hero of the Soviet Union V.I. Myzo, who worked at the Moscow Cinema House as a graphic designer in 1939-1941. By decision of the Kemerovo Regional Executive Committee No. 212 of 05/06/1978, the building was accepted under protection as a historical monument of local significance.

Currently, Kemerovo is one of the largest industrial centers in eastern Russia, a city of energy, mechanical engineering, and chemistry. It has a developed infrastructure. It has important monuments of art and architecture.

Novokuznetsk and its several architectural monuments

Date of formation - 1622

Area - 424.27 sq. km

Population - 549 thousand people

Novokuznetsk is the largest city in the Kemerovo region. Located on the southern edge of the Kuznetsk Basin, surrounded by the Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria and the Salair Ridge, which determined its mineral, climatic, soil and plant resources.

The city is located in a bend of the Tom River, stretching along it for almost 50 km. The main mineral resource within Novokuznetsk is coal. The outskirts of the city are rich in building materials - sand, brick clay, sand and gravel mixtures. Groundwater reserves are also significant. Novokuznetsk consists of 6 districts: Central, Zavodsky, Kuibyshevsky, Kuznetsky, Ordzhonikidze, Ilyinsky. About 40 nationalities live in the city, including Russians (91.8%), Ukrainians (2.4%), Tatars (1.3%), Shors (0.3%).

The Kuznetsk fort, which laid the foundation for the city, was built in 1618 by Cossacks who arrived from Tomsk to collect tribute from the local population. At first it was located on the left bank of the Kondoma River, not far from its confluence with the Tom, and in 1620 it was moved to the high right bank of the Tom. The settlement received this name because blacksmithing was common among the indigenous inhabitants of these places, the Northern Shors: they mined and smelted ore, forged utensils and weapons from iron. In Russian documents of the 18th century they are called “Kuznetsk people” or “Kuznetsk Tatars”, and their area of residence is called Kuznetsk land. The settlement that grew out of the fort was called Kuznetsk or Kuznetsk-Sibirsky - to distinguish it from Kuznetsk in the Penza province.

To protect against nomads, the city was surrounded by a chopped fence a fathom high, behind which there was a fortress (fortress), a church, residential buildings, and then the Nativity of Christ Monastery. By 1705, the governor had 368 people in his service, with the help of whom he collected tribute from the population of 38 yasak volosts. 28 settlements grew around the city: Antonovo, Atamanovo, Abagur, Bedarevo, Bungur, Ilyinsky, Kurtukovo, Sidorovo, etc. In the middle of the 18th century, Kuznetsk became the most important fortified point of the Biysk guard line, built to protect the Siberian lands annexed to Russia.

The beginning of the 19th century for Kuznetsk was marked by its entry into the Tomsk province as a district town (1804). From this time on, the city received its own coat of arms. The discovery of ore and coal deposits on the territory of the county and the construction of the Tomsk ironworks and Gavrilovsky silver smelting plants on their basis did not affect the development of the county center. Even after the construction of the Siberian Railway and the start of Kopikuz's activities, unlike the villages of Shcheglova and Kemrudnik, Kuznetsk remained a small town in which there were a small number of artisans and traders, and the main population was engaged in fishing and cattle breeding.

The fate of many famous people of the Russian state is connected with Novokuznetsk. It was here that the great writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, who came from Semipalatinsk to Novokuznetsk to his bride Isaeva, was married in 1857.

After the October Revolution and the Civil War in 1919, Soviet power was firmly strengthened in Kuzbass. The new state needed minerals, and in the 20s of the last century the industrial growth of Kuzbass cities began. Shoemaking, mechanical and other cooperative workshops began to be created in Kuznetsk. The GOELRO plan included the construction of the Kuznetsk power plant. The idea of creating a metallurgical plant at the Telbes site, where the owners of Kopikuz were trying to begin construction work, was making its way.

Intensive industrial development of Novokuznetsk began in 1929 with the construction of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant designed by the American company Frayn. The first stage of the plant was put into operation in 1932.

In 1929, thanks to the construction of the plant, the village of Sad-Gorod arose on the left bank of the Tom River, which was renamed Novokuznetsk in 1931. The Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant became a city-forming enterprise. Housing and social and cultural facilities were built for its workers. In 1931, the Metallurgical Institute was transferred here from Tomsk. By the end of 1932, the city's population had grown to 168 thousand people. There were 8 buses plying the streets. On November 30, 1933, the first tram in Siberia rang the bell. Construction began on the Metallurgists' Palace and the Drama Theatre. In 1936, the first stage of the city heating plant began operating from the combined heat and power plant (before that, central heating in the country was only in Moscow and Leningrad). In 1932 the city was renamed Stalinsk. In 1939, Kuznetsk was annexed to it, after which the united city was called Stalinsk-Kuznetsk for some time, and then Stalinsk again.

In the 1960s, the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant was built. The city was transforming. Residential buildings were built. Avenues grew - Metallurgists, Enthusiasts, Bardin, Ordzhonikidze, Teatralnaya and Mayakovsky squares. The bridge built across Tom improved the movement of buses and trams. The second bridge was being built. The social and domestic sphere developed.

In 1961, the city was renamed Novokuznetsk. Novokuznetsk is considered one of the leading industrial centers of Russia. Its export potential is more than 70% of all exports of Kuzbass. On an area of 292 sq. km there are more than 9.7 thousand enterprises of all forms of ownership, of which 1.1 thousand are enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining, coal processing, timber processing and chemical industries, construction industry, metalworking and energy. The main share of production falls on the ferrous metallurgy (63%), non-ferrous metallurgy (19%) and the fuel industry (9%). In terms of concentration of metallurgy enterprises, the city ranks second in Russia, second only to Magnitogorsk, and in terms of coal production, it is one of the leading places in the country.

OJSC "West Siberian Metallurgical Plant" is one of the leading metallurgical enterprises in Russia, producing steel, rolled metal, coke products, and consumer goods. The production of the main types of products is carried out according to the classical scheme of the full metallurgical cycle. Zapsib is capable of producing 8 million tons of steel per year, with more than a hundred different grades. The high quality of rolled metal products is confirmed by certificates from the Lloyd's Register Corporation (Great Britain), the international Golden Star "Arch of Europe" award, etc. Zapsib products are supplied to 300 enterprises in Russia and the CIS and exported to 30 countries. The main long-term task of the plant is further technical re-equipment and reconstruction aimed at solving resource conservation and environmental issues.

OJSC Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant is the only enterprise in the country that produces the entire range of rail products according to the standards existing in Russia. The company produces 80% of steel tracks for Russian railways and 100% of subway rails, as well as shaft stands, small-section rolled sections, thick stainless steel sheets, and consumer goods. The plant's products are awarded an international quality certificate.

OJSC "Novokuznetsk Aluminum Plant" is a manufacturer of square ingots (wire bars), from which aluminum wire is made for cable products, as well as aluminum busbars for the busbars of electrolyzers. NKAZ is the only manufacturer and supplier of silumin alloy for the Kama Automobile Plant. The output of premium products currently reaches more than 95%. OJSC Kuznetsk Ferroalloys smelts more than a third of ferrosilicon in the country. Its products are exported to more than 30 countries - Japan, Turkey, South Korea, Taiwan, etc. These are ferrosilicon, granulated ferrosilicon, smoky gas dust (silica), etc. OJSC "Coal Company "Kuznetskugol"" is the largest coal association in Kuzbass. It includes not only mines (Esaulskaya, Yubileynaya, Abashevskaya, Kushcheyakovskaya, etc.), but also two processing plants and the Gidromash machine-building plant. The company's mines can produce up to 14 million tons of coal per year, of which 74% is high-quality coking coal, the rest is energy coal, the consumers of which are power plants and thermal power plants of Kuzbassenergo, Novosibirskenergo, Altaienergo.

Novokuznetsk is a major transport hub. Its branch of the West Siberian Railway carries out 7% of all-Russian railway transportation. 12 long-distance and 66 commuter trains depart from the city. The airport is operational.

At the beginning of 2001, the city's housing stock amounted to 10.9 million square meters. m, or 3223 residential buildings. On average, there are 18.9 square meters per city resident. m of total area, this is 7th place among the cities in the region. In recent years, qualitative changes have been noticeable in the education system. The process of profiling preschool institutions is underway, taking into account artistic, aesthetic and intellectual orientation. Health centers, environmental and aesthetic centers have been created, kindergarten-school complexes, humanitarian support classes, etc. have been opened. Parents and children can now choose an educational institution to their liking.

The city hockey club "Metallurg" is known far beyond the region. In Novokuznetsk there is a school of highest sports skills, 6 Olympic reserve schools, 5 children's and youth sports schools, 31 sports clubs.

Kommunar Theater

In 1933, in Stalinsk, not far from the quarters of the socialist city under construction, a large cinema building with 1,200 seats was built, the first sound cinema in the city. The author of the project is the German architect Gerhard Kosel, who came to Kuznetskstroy in 1932 after graduating from the Polytechnic Institute in Berlin and lived in the USSR until 1954. After returning to Germany, G. Kosel became a Doctor of Science, received the title of professor, and was president of the Academy of Architecture and Construction of the GDR. During the entire period of operation, the cinema building was used for its original purpose, and it was reconstructed several times. After reconstruction in 1985, Kommunar was classified as a cinema of the highest category. Currently, the building is undergoing another reconstruction of the interiors and auditorium.

The Kommunar cinema is located on the territory of the Metallurgists' Garden. Its main facade, facing Metallurgov Avenue, closes the perspective of Suvorov Street. The cinema building is a striking example of the reconstruction of a constructivist building in the monumental forms of Stalinist neoclassicism. However, despite the decoration of the facades in orderly forms, the overall volume of the building is reminiscent of the shaping techniques of functional architecture of the late 1920s - early 1930s.

The compositional solution of the building is based on an asymmetrical combination of volumes of different shapes and sizes. The dominant one is a three-story semi-cylindrical volume, completed by a high attic with a profiled cornice. The entrance part with a vestibule is surrounded by a colonnade supporting a balcony with a balustrade decorated with plaster flowerpots at the third floor level. On the side wings the colonnade is continued by the rhythm of flat pilasters. The symmetry of the central part is broken by the parallelepiped of the staircase protruding from the left.

Adjacent to the central volume along the longitudinal axis is a lower trapezoidal auditorium in plan, and to the left is a one-story volume that includes a spacious lobby with a stage and a buffet.

During the reconstruction, the height of the vestibule was increased; semicircular windows of the second tier were made above the lower rectangular openings, giving the wall the appearance of an arcade. The arcade motif was also used in the plastic treatment of the walls of the third floor with the help of applied flat pilasters and archivolts.

The building's interiors have also been completely renovated. The ceiling of the auditorium is decorated with stucco, the walls are covered with wooden panels, and the lobby is lined with marble. The walls of building I are brick, the foundations are concrete, the interfloor ceilings are reinforced concrete, the auditorium is covered with wooden arched trusses with a span of up to 26 m. The overall dimensions of the building in plan are 45.3 x 73 m.

A historical and architectural monument, a striking example of the neoclassical reconstruction of a building built in the constructivist style. The first sound cinema in Novokuznetsk.

On June 23, 1930, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to create the Siberian Institute of Ferrous Metals (SIFM) on the basis of the specialty of ferrous metal metallurgy at the Tomsk Technological Institute.

At the end of October 1931, 22 teachers and 280 students from Tomsk arrived at the site of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant under construction.

For the first two years, classes took place in temporary barracks built by students and in the building of the educational institution. At the same time, since 1932, the construction of the educational building of the institute was carried out by students and staff. Almost all work was done by hand.

On October 1, 1933, the building was built, at which time the SIChM was renamed the Siberian Metallurgical Institute named after S. Ordzhonikidze. Before the war, SMI became one of the largest universities in Siberia. In 1965, a new main building was built in the center of the city for the media (currently the Siberian State Industrial University), then several more educational and laboratory buildings were built. Currently, the old media building houses the military department of the SibGIU, the Novokuznetsk Olympic Reserve School and the Novokuznetsk branch of the Novosibirsk Special Secondary Police School.

Description of the monument

In accordance with the idea of a plant-VTUZ, popular during the first five-year plans, the building of the institute was located next to the site of the KMK under construction. Now it is located away from residential buildings, on the border of an industrial zone. The space-planning composition of the building is asymmetrical. It consists of three buildings located at right angles to each other. To the five-story central building, facing the street. Rudokoprova, on the right and left there are two four-story wings of different lengths. The right wing, 90 m long, adjacent to the rear façade of the central volume, is located along the red building line of the street. The left wing, 45 m long, adjacent to the main facade, is moved deeper into the site, forming a square area in front of the main entrance to the building.

The internal layout is designed according to a two-sided corridor scheme. Changing the width of the buildings, with risalits on the courtyard facade, made it possible to create auditoriums of different sizes and widths. The architecture of the building is designed in the style of constructivism. Smooth facades with a measured rhythm of windows, completed with high parapets hiding the pitched roof, are devoid of decor. The horizontal division of the facades is emphasized on the central building by ribbon balconies, on the side wings by horizontal rods connecting the windows, and the dark coloring of the partitions between them. The staircases are highlighted on the facades with risalits with vertical stained glass windows. The interiors retain the irregularly shaped natural sandstone wall cladding, original hexagonal concrete tile floors, and solid wood panel stair railings.

The walls of the building are brick, the foundations and ceilings are monolithic reinforced concrete, the roof is steel. The plan dimensions are 153 x 60 m, the width of the buildings is 17.7 m. A historical and architectural monument, one of the first large public buildings of the city built in the constructivist style.

Currently, Novokuznetsk is one of the largest metallurgical and coal mining centers in Russia. The city has a large number of historical and architectural monuments. For example, the architectural ensemble "Kuznetsk Fortress", the Transfiguration Cathedral, a distillery, wooden and stone buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries in the historical center of the city and much more. Novokuznetsk today is one of the largest industrial centers of Siberia, a city of metal and coal, chemistry and mechanical engineering, electric power and industry.

Prokopyevsk

Date of formation - 1931

Area - 227.5 sq. km

Population - 210 thousand people

Prokopyevsk is the third most populous city in the Kemerovo region. It consists of 23 villages.

In the 18th century, the village of Monastyrskaya stood on this site, which after the construction of the Church of St. Procopius in it began to be called the village of Prokopyevsky. Attempts to use the coal deposits discovered here date back to the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century and are associated with the neighboring Tomsk ironworks, which operated in 1771-1864. But only after the research of geologist V.I. Yavorsky, the owners of Kolikuz laid an adit and two open faces here, from which the first pounds of coal were extracted on October 12, 1917. This is how the Prokopyevsky mine began to operate. During the Civil War, Kolikuz shareholders continued work on laying a railway line to the Prokopyevsky mine from the Kolchugino station, to which a road had already been built from the Yurga station. The Soviet government declared the construction of this line and coal mining work at the Prokopyevsky mine to be shocking. On October 25, 1921, the first train of coal was sent from the Usyaty station (Prokopyevsk).

The high quality of the mine’s coals helped pave the way for them to a wide range of consumers - the Baltic fleet, the Nizhne-Tagil, Nizhne-Saldan and Zlatoust factories in the Urals, the chemical enterprises of Shcheglovsk, etc. The course towards industrialization and the creation of a coal and metallurgical base in the east of the country contributed to the rapid development of Prokopyevsky mine. On January 29, 1928, the village received the status of a workers' village. On May 10, 1931, the village was reorganized into the city of Prokopyevsk. Next to the new mines, urban settlements grew up one after another. In 1934, buses began to operate, and in 1935, a tram was launched. The Prokopyevsky mine has become the pearl of Kuzbass. In 1937, 6,357 thousand tons of coal were mined here. Prokopyevsk became the coal link of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine. The city grew. In 1939 its population was 107.2 thousand people.

In the first year of the Great Patriotic War, despite the fact that many men went to the front, the mine produced 8,172 thousand tons of coal. In 1943, the Kuzbassugol plant began operating in Prokopyevsk, uniting the southern mines of the basin, which produced the bulk of coking coal. On the basis of the evacuated equipment that arrived, the Prokopyevsky Electromechanical Plant, a mechanical plant and a tobacco factory arose in the city.

The city developed steadily in the post-war years. The number of mines reached sixteen, another open-pit mine and a bearing plant came into operation. Construction of new houses, a theater, and a music school began.

Today in Prokopyevsk the Koksovaya, Tyrganskaya, and them mines are successfully operating. Dzerzhinsky. Coal industry enterprises account for 54.5% of the city's gross output. Second place belongs to mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises (18%). OJSC Prokopyevsky Mine Automation Plant, OJSC Elektromashina, OJSC Prodmash operate with profit.

The city has schools, a mining college, medical and music schools, branches of universities, more than 29 libraries, 22 clubs and a Palace of Culture, and has its own drama theater.

In recent years, work on the construction and reconstruction of social facilities has been actively carried out in Prokopyevsk. Squares are being created, new shops are opening. The city confidently entered the third millennium.

In 2001, Prokopyevsk celebrated the 70th anniversary of its being granted city status. All these years, the main wealth of the “pearl of Kuzbass” has been and remains its inhabitants. For three years in a row, starting in 1998, the city's best people have been honored. Every year, 50 residents of Prokopyevsk, who have made a great contribution to the development of the city, are invited to a gala reception at the head of the city administration. Doctors, teachers, cultural and sports workers, transport workers, builders and, of course, miners are awarded the high title of “Person of the Year of the City of Prokopyevsk”.

Prokopyevsk is one of the developing cities in Kuzbass. Today, the following mines are successfully operating in Prokopyevsk: “Koksovaya”, “Tyrganskaya”, “im. Dzerzhinsky". More than half of the city's gross output comes from the coal industry. Following are mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises. In recent years, work on the construction and reconstruction of social facilities has been actively carried out in Prokopyevsk. New shops are opening, beautiful public gardens are being created.

Belovo

Date of formation - 1938

Area - 219 sq. km

Population - 70 thousand people

Belovo is located in the Kuznetsk Basin, on the Bachat River. In terms of population, the city ranks 4th in the region after Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk and Prokopyevsk. Belovo consists of the central part and 6 working villages, Artyshta, Bachatsky, Gramoteinsky, Inskoy, Krasnobrodsky, Novy Gorodok, Novy Karakan, the villages of Dubrovo, Zarechnoye, which arose in close proximity to coal mining enterprises, located within a radius of 60 km from the center.

The village of Belovo was first mentioned in 1726. It got its name from the name of the fugitive peasant Fyodor Belov, who founded the village on the banks of the Bachat River. 1855 - a new page in the history of the settlement: mining began at the discovered coal deposit. In 1938, Belovo received city status.

The peculiarity of the city is that it developed as a conglomerate of departmental settlements, the majority of the population of which is directly or indirectly connected with the city-forming enterprises - mines, state district power plants, and the railway.

Belovo is an important transport hub of Kuzbass; it is located approximately halfway between the regional center and Novokuznetsk and is connected to them by railway and the Kemerovo-Mezhdurechensk highway of republican significance. 18% of all Kuzbass coal is mined in Belov. In terms of coal production, the city is consistently among the top three, together with Novokuznetsk and Mezhdurechensk. The coal industry, which is represented by 4 open-pit mines and 5 mines, accounts for 63% of the city's industrial output. The country's largest open-pit mine, Bachatsky, celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1999. The number of workers there is about 4 thousand people. The open-pit mine exports its products to countries near and far abroad. In total, more than 6.5 thousand people work at the Belov mines.

Belovskaya GRES produces a third of Kuzbass' electricity. On the territory of Belov there are enterprises that are unique on a national scale, such as Belovsky Zinc Plant OJSC and Sibelcom OJSC, the monopoly manufacturer of switching and installation products in Russia. Among other enterprises in the city, one can highlight OJSC Belovsky Machine-Building Plant, OJSC Belovsky Energy Repair Plant, OJSC Belovskiye TsEMM, etc.

The modern city of Belovo is a large industrial center of Kuzbass. Well-developed industries: coal industry and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Leninsk - Kuznetsk

Date of formation - 1925

Area - 128 sq. km

Population - 107 thousand people

Leninsk-Kuznetsky is located in the western part of the Kemerovo region, in the center of the Kuznetsk basin. The first mention of the village of Kolchuginskaya, which laid the foundation for the city, dates back to 1763. The village got its name from the name of a Russian settler who settled in these parts. In the 80s of the 19th century, coal outcrops were discovered here and the Kolchuginsky mines were founded. These were the lands of the patrimony of Alexander III, subsequently donated by the emperor to the young prince, the future Nicholas II. In 1922, the village of Kolchugino, which by that time had turned into a large workers’ settlement, was renamed Lenino at the request of the mine’s miners (the first settlement in Russia named after V.I. Lenin during the life of the leader of the proletariat). In 1925, the workers' settlement became the city of Leninsky-Kuznetsky. Its geographically central location became the main argument for locating a regional center here. These plans lasted until 1930. From 1922 to 1924, the regional newspaper Kuzbass was published in Leninsk-Kuznetsky.

Leninsk-Kuznetsky is one of the largest cities in Kuzbass. Its main wealth is coal, the reserves of which amount to millions of tons. Today there are 40 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the city, including 10 mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises, 4 light industry enterprises, as well as enterprises of the food industry, building materials, electric power industry, ferrous metallurgy, woodworking and chemical industries, etc. The coal industry is 65% of the volume of products produced in the city. Coal mining is carried out in 5 mines. The flagships are the mine named after. Kirov, im. November 7. Leading enterprises include the Kuzbasselement plant, the mine fire equipment plant, the semi-coking plant, and the unique enterprise in Russia, ZAO Granula.

Entrepreneurship plays a significant role in the economy of Leninsk-Kuznetsky. More than 2.5 thousand individual entrepreneurs carrying out various activities are registered in the city. Since 1998, there has been a Municipal Small Business Support Fund, which provides loans to private entrepreneurs and provides them with methodological and informational support. In the future - the creation of a business incubator for aspiring entrepreneurs, training them to work with computer equipment.

Leninsk-Kuznetsky amateur artistic groups make a significant contribution to the development of the cultural life of the region.

Leninsk-Kuznetsky - Center of the coal industry of Kuzbass. The largest plant: Kuzbasselement. The enterprises of coke chemistry, light industry (worsted and cloth mill, clothing and shoe factories) and food industry are well developed. Cage fur farming is also developed in the area. In addition to coal, deposits of limestone, gravel, sand, crushed stone, manganese ores, and gold were discovered.

Kiselevsk

Date of formation: 1936

Area - 160 sq. km

Population - 103 thousand people

Kiselevsk is located in the foothills of the Salair Ridge, in the upper reaches of the Aba River. Kiselevsk is a city of regional subordination on the territory of the Prokopyevsky administrative district. Formed from the working villages of Cherkasovo, Kiselevsk and Afonino, the city has a complex layout, formed according to the “mine - village” principle, and consists of six separate territorial districts: Krasny Kamen, Afonino, Central, Green Kazanka, Cherkasov Kamen, Karagayla. The location of enterprises is chaotic; there is an alternation of residential, industrial development and areas of disturbed land.

Around 1770, settlers from Central Russia founded the village of Cherkasovo, one of the parts of which was called Kiselevka (from the names of the first settlers Cherkasovs and Kiselevs).

In the 30s of the 19th century, the famous engineer L. A. Sokolovsky conducted a study of coal deposits near the village of Afonino. Following him in 1842, the expedition of P. A. Chikhachev visited here. The 15 m deep well she drilled was not sufficient to penetrate the thickness of the coal seam. But after the closure of the Tomsk plant, the peasants of the village of Afonino and the neighboring village of Cherkasovo mined coal only for home use.

Only after the research of V.I. Yavorsky, carried out in 1914-1916, the owners of Kopikuz, following Prokopyevsky, founded the Kiselevsky mine in October 1917. Mining there using adits and open pits continued during the Civil War. In 1932, the working village of Kiselevsk was formed from the villages of Cherkasovo and Afonino. It received city status in 1936.

The city's industry is represented mainly by coal industry enterprises. In 1994, with the closure of the Cherkasovskaya mine in Kiselevsk, the process of restructuring coal enterprises began, during which the city, which had a mono-structural economy, faced serious problems.

Following the closure of 6 mines out of 10, 3 processing plants, 2 mine construction departments, and a mine construction trust ceased operation. The two largest machine-building plants in Kuzbass, Gor-Mash and the plant named after, lost orders and reduced production volumes by almost 90%. I. S. Chernykh. All this led to the fact that the city was unable to provide for its residents and businesses on its own. Kiselevsk became subsidized, with a large number of unemployed. Non-payment of wages has become the main reason for the growth of social tension.

1997 was a turning point in the life of the city. The time has come to open new mines and mines. In 2000 alone, 3 new coal enterprises appeared. In August of the same year, the Maysky open-pit mine was opened with a capacity of 800 thousand tons of coal per year. There are 2 large coal mines in the city - Kiselevsky and Vakhrushevrazrez-ugol. Coal production increased to 8 million tons per year. In 2002 it is planned to reach the 1985 level. With the support of the city administration, the Kiselevsky brewery started operating after several years of inactivity. The volume of beer production has been increased 5 times, which means additional revenues to the city budget. In 1998, the new city dairy plant produced its first products. During its operation, the enterprise almost doubled the output of dairy products, which are in demand among the population. In 2000, there was an increase in production at Znamya Plant OJSC, an enterprise producing industrial explosives. The products of the Kiselevskaya confectionery factory are widely known in the city and beyond. The local brick factory is also operating steadily.

The city authorities support the opening of new industries and the development of small and medium-sized businesses; for this purpose, the city has created a Municipal Entrepreneurship Support Fund and a business incubator.

Kiselevsk is one of the developing cities in Kuzbass. Coal mining is actively underway. The light and food industries are well developed.

Conclusion

Kuzbass Kemerovo Novokuznetsk Kiselevsk

In his work, the author examined the history and education of Kuzbass. In addition, the author spoke about the main areas of development, such as the coal industry. The main asset of the region is the Kuznetsk coal basin, one of the largest in the world. Geological coal reserves amount to more than 733 billion tons. More than half of the explored reserves are the most valuable coking coals. It was thanks to coal deposits that this region was explored and populated at one time. The mountainous regions of Kuzbass are rich in deposits of iron, native copper, gold, polymetals, nephelines, bauxite, zeolites and other ores. In addition, Kuzbass is rich in large rivers, deep lakes, and dense forests. The landscape of the Kemerovo region is mainly mountain-taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. Forests occupy almost 65% of its territory. Kuzbass is also rich in medicinal plants, of which there are about 420 species. In addition, Kuzbass is rich in mineral resources such as iron, native copper, gold, polymetals, bauxite, zeolites and other ores. The region also has reserves of sand and gravel mixtures, stones and sands, marble, refractory and construction clays, as well as deposits of asbestos, talc, basalts and other mineral raw materials.

Each city is distinguished by its structure and natural wealth, its historical monuments and architecture. The author examined each city from the moment of its formation. And also turned to modern history. He told the main events in the history of each city, using various research methods. In addition, the author showed in the abstract the main enterprises and factories of the city that help the city develop. The modern culture and education of the cities of Kuzbass did not go unnoticed.

Based on the materials in this essay, you can see how rich and important Kuzbass is in the world. This can be clearly seen in the following figures: coal production in the Kemerovo region amounted to 192 million tons. In 2012 it could reach 200 million tons, said the head of the department of coal industry and energy.

In addition, active development is underway, for example, in February 2010, a truly historical event took place in Kuzbass - the coal gas field was solemnly launched, large-scale production and use of methane from coal seams was launched.

In addition, the fact of development in the field of new housing construction is important: Over three years (2008 - 2010), more than 3 million square meters of housing were built. The implementation of integrated low-rise development projects, and above all the satellite city of Kemerovo Lesnaya Polyana, received further development.

The healthcare sector is developing, for example, in December 2010, a regional perinatal center was opened in Kemerovo. This is a unique specialized high-tech medical institution, which is equipped to world standards.

Kuzbass is the most dynamically developing region of the Russian Federation. It is also a region rich in mineral and natural resources. In addition, it is rich in beautiful historical and architectural monuments.

On the site of the modern city there was a village, whose almost three-hundred-year biography goes back to the history of the development of Siberia. In 1701, in the geographical atlas of Siberia compiled by the Tobolsk historian and geographer Semyon Ustinovich Remizov, the “Drawing of the land of the Tomsk city” indicated the settlement “Shcheglovo” at the confluence of the Nameless River (Iskitimki) with the Tom.

The history of many cities dates back centuries and millennia. In the life of a city, 80 years is a short period of time. But it was precisely in this short period of time, on the site of the provincial and little-known village of Shcheglova, that a modern city, a large industrial and cultural center of our country, the administrative center of the Kuznetsk land, was erected.

From a provincial village, where there was not a single children's institution or center of culture, where the only parochial school eked out a miserable existence, and every second person was illiterate, to a city with a high level of culture, where everyone studies in universities, secondary specialized educational institutions and secondary schools. fourth citizen of the city - such are the successes of the development of the city of Kemerovo.

On the site of the modern city there was a village, whose almost three-hundred-year biography goes back to the history of the development of Siberia. In 1701, in the geographical atlas of Siberia compiled by the Tobolsk historian and geographer Semyon Ustinovich Remizov, the “Drawing of the land of the Tomsk city” indicated the settlement “Shcheglovo” at the confluence of the Nameless River (Iskitimki) with the Tom. In 1721, a Russian ore explorer, the Cossack son Mikhailo Volkov, going up the Tom River on a plow one hundred and twentieth line from Tomsk, discovered a three-fathom coal seam at the very edge of the water. He sent pieces of coal to the Moscow Berg College.

This is how the Kuznetsk “Combustible Stone” was discovered. But it took the Tsarist government almost 200 years to begin developing the Kuznetsk coals. Although there should not have been any big problems with the development and operation of the mine. There was no need to spend money on building a road - Tom opened the way for coal to the Ob, Irtysh, and all the way to the Urals, where fuel hunger was already acutely felt. It was here, in the area of the small village of Shcheglova on the left bank and Kemerovo on the right bank that the first mines were founded.

It was here, in these mines, that the first Bolshevik cells appeared. And on November 24, 1917, the Council of Workers' Deputies of the Kemerovo Mine and Coke Plant took power into its own hands.

From the very first days of the establishment of Soviet power on the territory of Kuzbass, it became obvious that the old philistine city of Kuznetsk, hundreds of kilometers away from the Kemerovo and Kolchuginsky mines and the densely populated agricultural region, would not have the necessary influence on the transformation of life.

On March 30, 1918, the Tomsk provincial executive committee decided to form a new district. The formed district began to be called Shcheglovsky and was formed from the village. Shcheglov, Verkhotomsk volost, to the district town of Shcheglov.

Already in 1921, coal mining began to rise in Kuzbass. This allowed him to take a leading place in creating a coke production base in the next five years. In the summer of 1921, an initiative group of American workers led by the Dutch communist engineer S. Rutgers and the American communist B. Heywood approached the Soviet government with a proposal to create a colony of foreign workers and specialists in Kuzbass. On June 28, 1921, S. Rutgers, accompanied by T. Barker, B. Heywood, G. Calvert and B. Kornblit, left for Kuzbass.

Inspired by the consciousness of their international duty, the colonists brought a vibrant creative spirit into the economic life of the young city.

Autumn. In 1924, Kuznetsk and Shcheglovsky districts were separated from the Tomsk province and transformed into a separate Kuznetsk district, the administrative center of which was Shcheglovsk.

With the development of industrial construction, the city begins to grow. In June 1930, a session of the City Council considered a preliminary design for the layout of Shcheglovsk. The city was designed for 130 thousand inhabitants. When considering the project, a question arose about the name of the city. The townspeople took an active part in the discussion of this issue. Everyone unanimously agreed that the name after the former trading village of Shcheglova does not have a direct historical connection with the city, founded on the basis of coal mining and processing. Therefore, the city council appealed to the presidium of the West Siberian Regional Executive Committee with a petition to rename Shcheglovsk to the city of Kemerovo.

And literally nine years later, alarming news spread around the city. War…

In the first days of the war, hundreds of Kemerovo residents put on soldiers' greatcoats and went to the front. The first of the Kemerovo fellow countrymen to take part in the battle with the Nazi hordes were soldiers and officers of the 681st regiment of the 133rd division. Almost all the commanders here were from Kemerovo. The war found the young Kemerovo student, former excellent student of the 12th secondary school, Vera Voloshina, within the walls of the Moscow Trade Institute. While performing a combat mission in November 1941, she was captured by the Nazis and executed. Kemerovo residents carefully preserve the memory of V. Voloshina - the former city Palace of Pioneers, the park and the school where she studied are named after her.

On January 26, 1943, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Kuzbass industrial region was allocated as an independent region. Kemerovo becomes the administrative center of the Kemerovo region.

The war found Kemerovo made of wood, one-story, with dirty, undeveloped streets and swampy wastelands. The residential area consisted of barracks and covered the left bank part - from the coking plant to the Iskitimka river. Several permanent houses on the Pritomsky site, eight four-story school buildings, the Palace of Labor and the Moscow cinema were the decoration of the city. In the pre-war and war years, Kemerovo was built up without a master plan, although in the 30s an attempt was made to develop one. In 1947-1951, a master plan was drawn up, according to which the city was developed until the end of the 60s. According to this plan, the rapid development of the city and its residential area in the Zaiskitim part of the city was envisaged. In the 70s and 80s the city continued to expand its buildings. On April 27, 1979, the foundation stone of the Shalgotaryan microdistrict took place in the Leninsky district. The new microdistrict was distinguished by its unusually novel layout - high-rise buildings were faced with ceramic tiles, and retail and household outlets were located in buildings between the houses. Currently, the city is intensively developing the construction of housing and social and cultural facilities. The recently erected temple complex of the Kemerovo Orthodox Diocese has no analogues in Siberia.

Currently, Kemerovo is one of the largest industrial centers in eastern Russia, a city of energy, mechanical engineering, and chemistry.

There is an old saying - “no matter the city, it’s noisy.” This definitely suits Kemerovo. Its own biography, its own problems, its own largely unwritten history.

Russian Civilization

The Kemerovo region was formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated January 26, 1943. "On the formation of the Kemerovo region as part of the RSFSR." However, the development of the natural resources of the Kuznetsk land began much earlier - at the beginning of the 17th century, when the cities of Tomsk (1604) and Kuznetsk (1618) were founded.

In 1698, Peter I, having learned about silver ores found near the Kitat River, gave an order to the Tomsk governor “to promote ore prospecting and ore smelting on the tributaries of the Kiya River with all possible diligence and zeal.” Thus, silver ores in Salair, iron ores in Gornaya Shoria, and gold in Kuznetsk Alatau were discovered. In 1721, the Cossack son Mikhailo Volkov discovered a “burnt mountain” on the banks of the Tom River, becoming the discoverer of Kuznetsk coals.

Industrial development of the Kuznetsk land began at the end of the 18th century. The first to show interest in the development of Kuznetsk coal was the Ural industrialist A.N. Demidov. Later, Demidov’s Kolyvansko-Voskresensky plants and the adjacent mineral resources became the property of the imperial family. From that time on, most of Kuzbass, which became part of the Altai mountain district, was under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty.

Industrial enterprises appeared: Tomsk ironworks, Gavrilovsky and Guryevsky silver smelting plants, Sukharinsky and Salairsky mountain mines. But since for a long time Russian industry developed mainly in the European part of the country, Kuzbass did not have decent development and development. Only a century later, when Russia’s economic strategy increased its focus on using the resource potential of the eastern regions, the Trans-Siberian Railway was built and Kuzbass received an impetus for the industrial use of iron ores, non-ferrous metals, coal and wood.

After the October Revolution, Kuzbass became part of the West Siberian Territory, then - the Novosibirsk Region. At this time, an autonomous industrial colony of Kuzbass (AIK) was organized, led by the Dutch engineer Rutgers. During these years, the construction of a coking plant was completed, and the mines were equipped with advanced technology.

The revolution in the economy was marked by a transition to planned economic management.

In the first plan of GOELRO, an important place is given to the creation of the Ural-Kuzbass industrial complex.

Kuzbass is turning into a huge construction site. The coal industry continues to develop, and the foundations of the metallurgical and chemical industries have been laid. The energy sector is developing. Industrialization is changing the face of the region. Workers' settlements grew up around the facilities under construction, which very soon received the status of cities. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, half of the Kuzbass residents already lived within the city limits.

During the war, Kuzbass became the main supplier of coal and metal. 50 thousand tanks and 45 thousand aircraft were made from steel smelted by Kuznetsk metallurgists. This includes the production of toluene for explosives, gunpowder and other products necessary for the front. In 1941, equipment from 71 enterprises was evacuated to Kuzbass from the occupied areas, most of which remained in Kuzbass. The war doubled the capacity of Kuzbass.

In 1943, in the context of a radical change at the front, in order to increase the production of coal, the production of metals and military products for the needs of the front at the enterprises of Kuzbass, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by decree of January 26, decided to separate Kuzbass from the Novosibirsk region and to create on it territory of the Kemerovo region. The new region included 17.5% of the territory of the Novosibirsk region, 9 of 12 cities of regional subordination, 17 of 20 workers' villages, 23 of 75 districts. The population of the Kemerovo region amounted to 42% of the total population of the Novosibirsk region. The regional center became the city of Kemerovo.

Since the formation of the Kemerovo region, many changes have occurred. New technologies are being introduced in industry, social facilities are being built, and the cultural level of workers is growing. Kuzbass is becoming the most populated and densely populated region of Western Siberia. The labor successes of Kuzbass residents were twice awarded the Order of Lenin.

The first elections for the Governor of the Kemerovo region took place in October 1997.

Today Kuzbass has again become the economic and social support of the state. Over the past few years, we have been among the most dynamically developing regions, opening modern coal enterprises, building roads, housing, schools, sports palaces, stadiums, and the social protection system of the population is recognized as one of the best in the Russian Federation.

Since 2001, Kuzbass has had a new tradition: the main Kuzbass holiday - Miner's Day - is held alternately in mining towns. Through joint efforts, issues that have been accumulating for decades are being resolved. This is a good opportunity to “bring up” our cities: complete unfinished facilities, build new roads, bridges, improve courtyards, playgrounds and sports grounds, and renovate building facades. And most importantly, bring new touches and a good mood to city life.

Since 2001, the holiday has already been held in Prokopyevsk, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Belov, Osinniki, Kemerovo, Kiselevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Polysayevo, Berezovsky, Krasnobrodsky. In 2011, Kaltan will host Miner's Day.

Over the past ten years, 137 billion rubles of investment have been attracted to the coal industry. Thanks to this, 42 modern enterprises mining and processing coal were built in Kuzbass; 20 thousand new jobs were created; Miners' wages have been increased almost threefold. In 2007 alone, investments in the development of the coal industry amounted to 43.5 billion rubles. Using these funds, the Romanovskaya mine, the Belorussky open-pit mine, and the Listvyazhnaya and Shestaki concentration plants were put into operation; 1,100 new jobs were created.

In 2007, coal production was raised to 180 million tons. This is 60 percent of the coal mined in the country. Today Russia is the third largest supplier of coal on the world market (after Indonesia and Australia), and the Kuzbass share in these supplies is almost 90 percent. But the real prospects for the development of the Kuzbass coal industry are associated exclusively with the domestic market, with the growth of coal consumption in the Russian energy sector.

And there are all conditions for this. The capacity of the leading coal companies in the Kemerovo region (Kuzbassrazrezugol, SUEK, Southern Kuzbass, Yuzhkuzbassugol, Belon, Siberian Business Union) is expected to increase by 40-50 million tons in the coming years.

Metallurgy is the second basic industry of Kuzbass. The region accounts for 63 percent of main and 100 percent of tram rails, over 60 percent of ferrosilicon, 14 percent of steel and rolled ferrous metals of all-Russian production. The main capacities of Russian metallurgical leaders - Evrazholding, RusAl - are concentrated in Kuzbass.

The chemical industry is the third pillar of the region's economy. On a Russian scale, Kuzbass produces every second ton of caprolactam, 40 percent of cord fabrics, 30 percent of synthetic resins and plastics.

The largest innovative project in the history of Kuzbass is the industrial production of methane from coal seams. This project is important both for the region and for the entire country and is under the special control of the President of Russia. In essence, a new coal and gas industry is emerging. Methane production will reduce the methane abundance of mines and thereby ensure the safety of mining operations, because Kuzbass mines annually release up to 28 thousand cubic meters of gas to the surface during the mining process. Experts estimate methane reserves in the Kemerovo region at 13 trillion cubic meters. The development is being carried out by Gazprom, with which the regional administration has been cooperating since 2001. Over the years, a lot of experimental work has been carried out. In 2007, test operation of existing wells at the Taldinskoye field took place, and now up to three thousand cubic meters of methane per day are being produced there.

The Kemerovo region, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, is included in the state program “Creation of technology parks in the field of high technologies.” Construction of the first technology park in Kuzbass began in 2007. Its creation will allow the region to become a leading Russian center for technological support of the mining industry. Among the main activities of the Kuzbass Technopark are the development of new technologies and equipment for the extraction and deep processing of coal, the production of safety equipment for the mining industry, the creation of a complex for monitoring the environmental situation in the region, and IT technologies. The best scientists from all over the country will be attracted to work in the technology park.

Other sectors of the economy are also gaining momentum every year - mechanical engineering, light industry, processing industry. The basis has been laid for the creation of another new industry for the region - petrochemicals: construction of a large modern oil refinery begins in the Yaya region. The largest producers of electricity remain Tom-Usinskaya, Kemerovo, Belovskaya and Yuzhno-Kuzbasskaya GRES. Industrial production has doubled over the past decade.

The transport network of Kuzbass is an example of unique experience in Russian business. Back in 2002, coal industrialists for the first time invested their private funds in the development of state-owned main railways. Huge investments have been made in the construction of new roads. Result: the roads of Kuzbass are among the best in Russia, they have become a kind of calling card of the region.

Priority federal national projects - “Housing Construction”, “Agroindustry”, “Healthcare”, “Education” - are being implemented in Kuzbass.

In 2007, 16.3 billion rubles were invested in the development of housing construction, 1 million square meters of housing were commissioned - 25 percent more than in the previous year. 20 thousand Kuzbass families celebrated a housewarming party. Of the 440 demolished barracks, 2,300 families were resettled. The region is widely introducing experience in low-rise construction of prefabricated houses using Canadian technology. Such houses are built in just four months and are distinguished by their durability, strength and earthquake resistance. The practice of low-rise prefabricated houses in the satellite city of Kemerovo Lesnaya Polyana and in the Lesnoy Gorodok residential area of Leninsk-Kuznetsky was highly appreciated by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Agriculture in Kuzbass has reached a new qualitative level of development. Technical modernization played a huge role in this: today there are 430 multifunctional sowing complexes “Kuzbass”, “John Deere”, “Tom-10” operating in the region. Their productivity is 4-5 times higher than that of old-style equipment. And high-performance harvesting equipment ensured grain collection with minimal losses. In 2007, the region's grain growers collected 1 million 680 thousand tons of grain. There has not been a similar harvest in Kuzbass for 40 years. Today Kuzbass is completely self-sufficient in grain, potatoes, and vegetables.

In 2007, 11.5 billion rubles were allocated from all sources of financing for the development of the agricultural complex. At the All-Russian Agro-Industrial Exhibition “Golden Autumn - 2007”, Kuzbass agricultural producers won 85 medals, including 16 gold. A new tradition has arisen in Kuzbass - celebrating Village Day in different agricultural areas of the region. Based on the experience of holding Miner's Day in one area, funds from municipal and regional budgets and sponsors' funds are now accumulated and directed towards the socio-economic development of one of the rural areas.

A real breakthrough was made in health care in Kuzbass in 2007 - about 20 billion rubles were allocated to this area, a quarter more than in 2006. In the region, the payment for primary health care has been halved. The first social hospital was opened in Kemerovo, where treatment for low-income categories of the population is provided free of charge. In 2007, a special program was adopted for those who need complex and expensive heart surgery - all of them will be operated on free of charge.

The mortality rate in Kuzbass decreased in 2007 by almost 4 percent, the birth rate increased by 7 percent - compared to 2006. In this regard, Kuzbass is a leader among all regions of the Siberian Federal District.

23.6 billion rubles were allocated to education - a record figure in the entire history of Kuzbass. Every second educational institution today has modern equipment; Every school in the region has access to the Internet. Yurga Vocational School No. 78 and Kemerovo Mining and Technical College won two federal grants of 30 million rubles each in a competition held by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the priority national project “Education”. In 2007, at the expense of the regional budget, schools in the region received 60 buses to transport children.

Science in the Kemerovo region today is represented by the achievements of 5.3 thousand workers in the scientific and educational complex. In 2007, Kuzbass scientists successfully defended 42 doctoral and 139 candidate dissertations. There are 1,100 people studying in graduate schools, 49 in doctoral studies. Research is carried out by more than a hundred scientific schools - unique creative teams, where their students and graduate students work alongside famous scientists. Since 2004, the best of these teams have received regional grants on a competitive basis for the development of an experimental base - 100 thousand rubles annually. For the second year, a competition has been held to receive grants from the Governor of Kuzbass among young scientists - candidates and doctors of science. In 2008, such grants were awarded to 45 scientists.

In collaboration with the largest scientific experts in Russia, the administration of the Kemerovo region plans to create a center for nanotechnology in healthcare, a center for the prevention of occupational diseases of miners and metallurgists, and a center for oriental medicine in Kuzbass.

To the all-Russian priority projects, Kuzbass residents added two of their own, regional ones - “Small Business” and “Culture”.

In the small business sector, about 2,500 new projects have been financed from the regional budget. This is the provision of preferential loans, subsidizing half of the insurance premium under insurance contracts for the implementation of investment projects. In addition, a credit guarantee mechanism is provided that offers small businesses credit resources if collateral is insufficient. As a result of these events alone, 11 thousand new jobs were created in small enterprises in various industries in the region.

The Russian Ministry of Economic Development recognized the Kemerovo region as the winner of five support projects. Today in Kuzbass a medium-term regional target program “State support for small businesses in the Kemerovo region” for 2008-2010 has been developed and approved.

During the implementation of the “Culture” project, in 2010 alone, 190 thousand various festivals, concerts, exhibitions, and other cultural events were organized and held, in which 31.7 million people became participants and visitors. Today, the network includes 2,275 cultural institutions, including: 717 public libraries, 738 clubs, 187 film installations, 11 cinemas, 41 museum-type institutions, 4 cultural and recreation parks, 7 professional theaters, State Regional Philharmonic named after B. T. Shtokolov , 5 educational institutions of secondary vocational education, 127 institutions of additional education, in which about 31 thousand students study, the Governor's Cultural Center “Young Talents of Kuzbass” and other institutions.

In Kuzbass in 2009, there were six creative Unions - the Kemerovo branch of the Union of Theater Workers of the Russian Federation, the Kemerovo branch of the Union of Writers of Russia, the Kemerovo branch of the Union of Russian Writers, the Kemerovo organization of the Union of Artists of Russia, the Novokuznetsk organization of the Union of Artists of Russia, the Kemerovo regional public creative organization of the Union of Composers of the Russian Federation. Creative Unions unite actors, professional artists, composers and writers, who with their creativity make a worthy contribution to the development of the culture of the Kuznetsk region. In Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk there are the “House of Actor”, “House of Artist”, “House of Writers” and the House of Creative Unions.

The number of employees in the cultural sector is more than 17.4 thousand people. In the Kemerovo region, a system of social support for cultural workers has been in place for several years now: 95 members of all-Russian creative unions, including retired theater workers, receive a monthly allowance from the region in the amount of 3 thousand rubles. Artists awarded the honorary titles: “People’s Artist of the Russian Federation”, “Honored Artist of the Russian Federation”, laureates of the Kuzbass Prize in the field of art, literature, education receive a 50% salary increase and a monthly allowance of 700 rubles. Artists of the Governor's creative groups receive an additional payment of 2 thousand rubles and a quarterly bonus in the amount of their salary. Once every two years, personalized Kuzbass prizes in the field of literature and art are awarded with a bonus fund of 85 thousand rubles each; One-time targeted financial assistance is provided to artists in need in the amount of 15 to 30 thousand rubles.

Since January 2011, new measures to support regional theaters and older actors have been introduced in Kuzbass. By decision of Governor A.G. Tuleev, widows of members of all-Russian creative unions who had the honorary title “People” will be paid a monthly gubernatorial allowance in the amount of 3 thousand rubles. In addition, 20 regional awards in the amount of 20 thousand rubles were established for creative achievements of the theater season. They are awarded to artists on International Theater Day.

Particular attention within the project is paid to supporting talented children. Every year, by order of the Board of Administration of the Kemerovo Region, 150 talented children of Kuzbass receive a monthly scholarship in the amount of 1000 rubles each. The scholarship is awarded for outstanding creative achievements to laureates of international, all-Russian, interregional, open and regional competitions and festivals.

Young musicians, artists, writers, choreographers, and representatives of other creative fields have been supported by the Administration of the Kemerovo Region since 1992. For 18 years, more than 2,000 scholarship holders have been awarded regional awards - certificates of honor, letters of gratitude, gold personalized watches of the Governor, medals “For great contribution to the development of Kuzbass”, “Hope of Kuzbass”, “For faith and goodness”. Material and creative support for young talents involves the purchase of concert instruments, funding for participation in all-Russian and international competitions and festivals, organization and implementation of creative projects at the interregional level.

The first prefabricated wooden church in Russia - in honor of the Great Martyr Varvara - was built in Kemerovo in one day, on April 6-7, 2008. The ancient technology of building “ordinary” churches (those that are built in one day) was revived by the Russian Club of Orthodox Patrons. The Kemerovo temple opened this nationwide project.

One of the attractions of Kuzbass is the Tomsk Pisanitsa museum-reserve, created in 1988, a large modern complex that consists of separate exhibitions that reveal the mysteries of history and nature. The basis of the museum is the ancient sanctuary of the Tomsk Pisanitsa - the first museumified monument of rock art in Siberia. In 1995, the museum-reserve was included in the Presidential list of “Particularly valuable objects of cultural heritage of the Russian Federation.” The museum staff has repeatedly won competitions for grants from the Soros Foundation and the Potanin Foundation, and four times won competitions for grants from the President of the Russian Federation to support creative projects of national importance in the field of culture and art. Work is underway to include the Tomsk Pisanitsa on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The Tomsk Pisanitsa Museum-Reserve is a favorite vacation spot for Kuzbass residents and guests of the region. The number of museum visitors increases every year. In 2010, “Tomsk Pisanitsa” was visited by 82.8 thousand people.

The social protection system created in Kuzbass is one of the most effective in Russia. Regional measures of social support for veterans, youth, and low-income families have been introduced. 135 thousand people receive Kuzbass pensions. For people who worked in particularly difficult and dangerous conditions, a new, additional title “Labor Veteran of the Kemerovo Region” was established, recipients of which enjoy various benefits in the purchase of machines, products, and all kinds of services. At the regional level, a draft Federal Law “On additional social security for workers in the coal mining industry” has been developed.

The region has been implementing targeted support measures for large families for several years. For them, the amount of utility bills has been reduced by 30 percent. Families with six or more children receive monthly food packages. Students from large families eat free meals at schools, travel by public transport, visit cultural and recreational parks, and museums. For single-parent families, a monthly allowance of two thousand rubles is paid if the child cannot attend kindergarten due to lack of places. Student families receive the same benefits.

The regional administration initiated the introduction of preferential housing loans to support young families and create favorable conditions for giving birth and raising children. Social mortgage has been operating in Kuzbass since 2001; 23 categories of Kuzbass residents received preferential loans under it. Since 2007, young families of all professions have been issued a preferential housing loan: for 20 years, interest-free and without a down payment. In addition, a regional law was adopted, according to which the age of spouses of a young family was increased to 35 years. For many residents of the region, this becomes a powerful incentive and a real chance to purchase housing on preferential terms.

The sports achievements of Kuzbass residents are bright victories in all-Russian and international competitions. In 2007, 750 Kuzbass athletes took part in them, winning a total of 296 gold, 285 silver and 285 bronze medals. Six athletes became owners of the highest sports title - Honored Master of Sports of Russia.

In January 2007, Ekaterina Tudegesheva (Tashtagol) at the World Championships in Switzerland became the first snowboarding world champion in Russian history. Novokuznetsk residents Roman Konstantinov and Evgeniy Chigishev performed brilliantly at the World Weightlifting Championships in Thailand. Leninsk-Kuznetsk gymnast Maxim Devyatovsky won the title of absolute European champion. All of them were included in the Russian Olympic team at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.

In 2007, the Bandy World Championship was held in Kemerovo, which was called the best in the history of this sport. Hockey players from the Kuzbass team also played as part of the Russian national team, which became the world champion. In the same year, the Kuzbass team worthily completed the first stage of the Russian Championship, becoming the best team in the East group and winning small gold awards. Over the past seven years, Kemerovo “Kuzbass” has won bronze medals at the Russian Championship four times, became a silver medalist three times, and won the Russian Cup three times.

The joint efforts of the regional administration and athletes to develop sports in Kuzbass are highly appreciated at the state level. Governor of the Kemerovo Region Aman Tuleyev became a member of the Presidential Council for the preparation and holding of the XXII Winter Olympic Games and XI Winter Paralympic Games 2014 in Sochi.

It is also important that in recent years a new industry for Kuzbass - skiing and tourism - has begun to develop in Kuzbass. The region has all the conditions for this. Today, Gornaya Shoria - our pearl - already receives up to 120 thousand tourists per season. Recently a new provincial ski tourist complex “Tanai” was opened in the Promyshlennovsky district. This is an excellent place for recreation and ski tourism in the north of Kuzbass.

In addition, we are building a provincial ski and snowboard center in Tashtagol. The opening of the center is significant for the entire Kuzbass. This is another step towards creating the largest Olympic training center for athletes - snowboarders and skiers - in the region. The construction of the center will provide year-round training for the most promising athletes to participate in major international competitions.

Currently, Kuzbass is one of the most dynamically developing regions of the Russian Federation.

1.1 Start of the fight

1.2 Development of Kuzbass. Power of the Soviets

2.1 Invasion of progress

3. My city Novokuznetsk

3.1 The emergence of Kuznetsk

3.2 The appearance of Kuznetsk is changing

3.4 City coat of arms

Bibliography

1. Establishment of Soviet power in the cities of Kuzbass. Features of the Soviet system of state and municipal government

1.1 Start of the fight

The civil war in Siberia, in fact, began with the mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps. In connection with the Brestlit negotiations of 1918, in agreement with the Entente powers, on January 15 (28), the Czechoslovak corps was declared an autonomous part of the French army, which predetermined a certain freedom of action for the Czechoslovaks in Siberia. The White Czech rebellion began in Kuzbass, in the provincial town of Mariinsk, where a large detachment of prisoners of war was stationed. By the end of June 1918, the entire Kuzbass was in the hands of the rebels.

At first, the peasantry of the province generally reacted with sympathy or indifference to the overthrow of the Soviet government, which by that time had not done anything significant to improve their economic situation (positive attitude - 63.6% of the surveyed volosts, negative - 13.6%). In a number of places, peasants actively helped to catch the hiding Red Guards. However, after the forced mobilization into the White Army that began at the end of August 1918, the discontent of the peasants began to intensify. The renewed collection of taxes was met especially negatively; the population stubbornly refused to pay any taxes.

In the fall of 1918, one of the first partisan detachments in Siberia appeared in the Mariinsky district under the command of the peasant of the village of Svyatoslavka P.K. Lubkova. He attacked the train of Czechs guarding the Mariinsk station, and then retreated to the Antibes station. In December 1918, a punitive detachment of Kolchakites was sent to the village of Malopeschanka to defeat the gang of P.K. Lubkova. In the battle, the commander of the punitive forces, Lieutenant Kolesov, and two soldiers were killed. The partisans also died.

In 1920, anti-communist riots broke out one after another in Western Siberia. The main reason for this was the fact that on December 25, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 5th Army, the partisans located in the area of operations of the 35th Infantry Division were to submit to the command of the division. On December 26, the commander of the 35th division, Neumann, gave an operational order to subordinate himself 1 1st Tomsk partisan division under the command of Shevelev-Lubkov, 1st Chulym partisan division and Rogov-Novoselov detachment. Rogov and Novoselov refused to carry out the order. Neumann arrested them and sent them under escort to Kuznetsk. On the same day, the 1st Tomsk Partisan Division, together with Altai partisans, in the vicinity of the village of Barachaty, disarmed their comrades in arms - the anarchists.

The first revolt swept the Prichernsky region: the eastern part of Barnaul district and the adjacent areas of Biysk, Kuznetsk and Novonikolaevsky districts. It was prepared and led by a group of partisan commanders who had previously fought against Kolchak.

At the end of June, the villages of Steppe Altai rebelled. Then the “Kolyvan” rebellion and the rebellion in Ust-Kamenogorsk (Cossacks, Bukhtarma) broke out. Then the fifth uprising took place on the 20th of September in the Mariinsky district.

Mutiny 1920 In no case should it be associated with dissatisfaction with the food policy of the Soviet regime. According to D.I. n.V.I. Shishkin, in the volosts, which were the starting point of the action, the allocation of grain fodder was not assigned, or was minimal. Rogov's uprising was a response to the forced disarmament and disbandment of the partisans of the Prichensky region, as well as the creation of revolutionary committees appointed from above instead of elected councils, the use of bourgeois specialists in joint institutions and the Red Aria. To the dissatisfaction with communist omnipotence was added the reluctance of the partisans to serve in the Red Army, to fight on the Soviet-Polish front, and then the refusal to accept surplus appropriation. First, in Kuznetsk in March 1920, persistent rumors began to circulate about the organization of a partisan detachment against the Soviet regime. As if to confirm this, after one night proclamations appeared on the windows of the city, calling on all honest workers, workers and peasants to unite to overthrow Soviet power and proclaim anarchy in the Kuznetsk district.

Until 1922, the political situation in the villages of Kuzbass remained tense. Here and there peasant rebel detachments appeared. The military-political leadership of the province experienced constant anxiety and nervousness caused by peasant resistance. Until the end of 1920, martial law remained in the province, as well as in Siberia as a whole, and was reintroduced in January of the following year in the Tomsk and Mariinsky districts.

But the most interesting thing is that political banditry flourished even more with the extinction of the armed anarchist movement. The Bolsheviks themselves took up banditry. Red banditry acquired its greatest scope in the Mariinsky district, where almost all the komjaki took part in the terror. In January 1922, 22 people were involved in the “Mariinsky case” alone, 8 of whom were sentenced to capital punishment by the Tomsk military tribunal.

Many hundreds of Kuzbass anarchists laid down their lives for their ideals. The ground was prepared for anarchist experiments in economics here. In the 20s and 30s, anarchist-type communes flourished in Kuzbass.

But the autonomous industrial colony "Kuzbass" left a particularly noticeable mark on the history of Kuzbass. William Heywood and Bela Kun participated in the organization of the AIC. In the summer of 1921, an initiative group was created in the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR, which also included Tom Mann, Sebald Rutgers and several representatives of the anarcho-syndicalist organization Industrial Workers of the World (IWA).

In the first parties of colonists there were many representatives of anarchist circles. From January 1922 to December 1923, 566 people arrived. Over the entire period, 176 people left. At the end of 1924, the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR adopted a resolution on the transfer of the Kolchugino, Prokopyevsky, and Kiselevsky mines to AIC. In addition to them, the AIC included the Kemerovo mine, as well as the coking plant under construction in Kemerovo, the Guryev Metallurgical Plant and a plot of land of 10 thousand hectares.

Representatives of 27 nationalities worked at AIC. It was AIC, by the way, that laid the foundation for the village of Berezovaya Roshcha in Prokopyevsk.

Several years have passed. The pain of the anarchist brothers who died in battle has subsided. And the Service Station of the USSR on December 22, 1926, unilaterally and insidiously declared the agreement with AIK Kuzbass terminated. Thus ended the great anarchist revolution in Kuzbass.

By the beginning of 1917, Kuzbass was one of the most developed industrial regions of Siberia. Coal mines and gold mines operated here, employing about 20 thousand workers. In Kuzbass, as throughout the country, a dual power arose. Workers began to create Councils of Workers', Soldiers', and then Peasants' Deputies. Councils were created at the Anzhersky and Sudzhensky mines, at the gold mines of the Mariinsky taiga, the Kemerovo and Kolchuginsky mines, at the Taiga station and the Guryevsky plant. Thanks to Sukhoverkhov, Rabinovich, Chuchin, Kudryavtsev, strong Bolshevik organizations were created in Kuzbass in September 1917, which led the transfer of power to the Soviets. The Third Congress of Soviets of Western Siberia, which took place in December 1917 in the city of Omsk, played a major role in the establishment and strengthening of Soviet power in Kuzbass. At the congress, the workers of Kuzbass were widely represented. It was attended by delegates from the Soviets of Kemerovo and Kuznetsk, Taiga and Anzherka, Mariinsk and Kolchugin.

After this congress, as well as the taking of power into the hands of the Soviet in Tomsk, the establishment of Soviet power in Kuzbass went faster. On the territory of Kuzbass, power passed into the hands of the Soviets peacefully. On November 24, 1917, power passed to the Soviets in Kemerovo, on December 20 at the Anzhersky mines, on January 5, 1918 - in Prokopyevsk, on January 10, the Kolchuginsky Council took power, on the 15th - Anzhersky , 18th Guryev Council.

By May 1918, Soviet power was established throughout the entire territory of Kuzbass.

2. Social and cultural appearance of the cities of Kuzbass in 1917-1925

Modern urban culture has evolved over many decades under the direct influence of various interacting factors. The main trend in the development of urban culture over the past 100 years, including in the Siberian region, has been the transition from predominantly traditional (pre-industrial) to predominantly urban (industrial and post-industrial) forms of its development. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. a turning point occurs, which gives rise to the above processes.

In the second half of the 19th century. Under the influence of urbanization processes, the construction of government and private buildings has revived, and gradual and increasingly widespread construction of brick housing has begun.

In terms of external improvement, with the exception of central streets, the provincial centers of Western Siberia in the second half and even at the end of the 19th century. were no different. In summer the streets were dusty, in spring and autumn they were dirty, and in winter they were buried in drifts of snow. Autumn and spring thaw turned most city streets impassable.

Cities in the second half of the 19th century. retained, as before, many features of rural life: livestock, vegetable gardens, orchards.

The lack of sewerage, the most primitive system of cesspools even at that time, garbage on the streets, severe contamination of drinking water with sewage, mainly from baths, all this was one of the reasons for the high morbidity and mortality of the urban population.

Drinking sources of river and spring water, which nature has not deprived many cities of Kuzbass of, were significantly polluted.

The city outskirts looked especially unsightly. They were nothing attractive; there was some kind of mixture of contrasts: next to some wooden shack there is a huge wooden or stone building, and in the neighborhood on the other side there is again some miserable dilapidated building. The outskirts of central cities are especially poor in buildings: children are born and grow up on a rotten site that is turned into a waste dump and is constantly polluted by hundreds of uncultured people living there. The mortality rate of children is enormous - 40%. Everyone lives here in dugouts. The majority of the population, 54%, are alcoholics.

2.1 Invasion of progress

At the beginning of the twentieth century. technological progress begins to invade urban amenities. In cities at this time, small engines were already operating, which were used to illuminate some enterprises and the neighborhoods closest to them with electricity.

All provincial cities of Western Siberia at the beginning of the twentieth century. building water pipelines. Removal of sewage due to the lack of sewerage in all provincial centers was carried out using sewage convoys and cesspools, i.e. it was the most primitive thing.

Describing the rapid growth of Siberian cities at the beginning of the twentieth century, N. Turchaninov noted that “in the matter of paving streets, lighting, water supply and meeting regular school and medical needs, the cities of Trans-Urals have feverishly competed with each other in recent years. Almost every city jealously monitors progress and successes of urban affairs in other centers"

Definitely positive changes in the socio-cultural appearance of the cities of Western Siberia were described in the periodicals of those years. In the journal “Siberian Notes” for 1916, it was noted that the results of the activities of cities are quite obvious: “landscaping, urban construction, and the cultural level of the population have changed and are changing. Thanks to the activities of city governments, the plan for universal education is being implemented almost everywhere in cities, it is fully realized medical and sanitary care, public charity, improved landscaping by installing pavements, water pipes, and electricity.” Here it was concluded that “in terms of the type and nature of activity, in terms of current tasks, the cities of Siberia come close to their counterparts in European Russia. Siberian and Russian cities are comparable in size.”

At the beginning of the twentieth century, provincial cities turned into large cultural centers. The cultural life of the city relied on a whole system of cultural institutions. If the central object of the cultural infrastructure of cities of the previous era was the church with its accompanying institutions, then in the second half of the 19th century. she begins to gradually be pushed into the background. Educational institutions (universities, gymnasiums, etc.), libraries, clubs, theaters, and newspaper editorial offices become centers of cultural life.

Scientific, cultural and educational societies played a major role in the cultural life of provincial centers.

From the end of the 19th century. Museums are beginning to play an increasingly important role in the cultural life of “provincial capitals.”

Traditionally, the church occupied a strong position in the cultural life of the city. The majority of the population took part in religious holidays. Many churches had libraries. Many parochial schools also had their own libraries.

N.V. Turchaninov noted that “the social life of the Russian intelligentsia in the Trans-Ural cities is marked by a significant development of educational and scientific interests. This is expressed in the organization of educational societies, in the organization of public readings and exhibitions, the organization of excursions and expeditions, the creation of museums, in the expansion of lower and secondary educational institutions.”

Thus, urbanization and industrialization of Siberia, as well as Russia as a whole, caused a serious increase in the cultural needs of the urban population and a change in the socio-cultural appearance of Siberian cities. The urban economy of provincial centers, on the basis of scientific and technological progress, receives running water and electric lighting. The infrastructure of urban culture is being updated and modified.

However, the real results of this process should not be overestimated, even despite its fairly high pace, since the initial level of sociocultural potential of the urban population of Siberian cities was relatively low, and the growth rate of the urban population was very significant. The high growth rates of the urban population, not due to natural growth, but mainly due to migration and an increase in the density of urban areas, led already in these years to serious environmental and health consequences: contamination of drinking water sources and high mortality rates, especially among children. On the outskirts of cities and in inconvenient wastelands, poorly built, poor, squalid neighborhoods appear, lacking the simplest elements of urban improvement. The activities of city public self-government in these years were aimed at improving the improvement of primarily central streets and districts, and could not fully spread to the city outskirts due to a lack of city funds and extremely high rates of urbanization.

3. My city Novokuznetsk

Novokuznetsk is a city of regional subordination (Novokuznetsk urban district); administrative center of the Novokuznetsk district of the Kemerovo region of the Russian Federation; the largest, after Tolyatti, of the Russian cities that are not a regional center, and one of two regional cities (along with Cherepovets) that surpass their regional center (Kemerovo) both in population and industrial potential; one of the largest metallurgical and coal mining centers in Russia.

The population of the city is 560.9 thousand inhabitants (2007), 26th place in Russia. Not being a million-plus city, the city forms, with numerous nearby cities and other settlements, the polycentric Novokuznetsk agglomeration with a population of 1.13 million people (2005), 14th-16th place in Russia.

The city is located on the left and right banks of the Tom River.

3.1 The emergence of Kuznetsk

The history of the city is inextricably linked with the history of the annexation and development of Siberia by the Russian state.

In 1618, a detachment of Russian servicemen on the banks of the river. Tom, "at the mouth of Kondoma" a new fort was erected, which received the name Kuznetsky. In 1620, the fort was moved to the high right bank of the Tom. The name of the settlement is due to the fact that blacksmithing was common among the indigenous inhabitants of these places, the Northern Shors: they mined and smelted ore, forged utensils and weapons from iron. In Russian documents of the 17th century they are called Kuznetsk people or Kuznetsk Tatars, and their area of residence is called Kuznetsk Land. The settlement was called Kuznetsk or Kuznetsk-Sibirsky to distinguish it from Kuznetsk in the Penza province. Since 1622, the city of Kuznetsk was part of the Biysk guard line, which protected the border region of Southern Siberia from attacks by the Kyrgyz and Dzungar khans. After the uprisings of 1648 and 1682, Moscow archers were exiled here. In 1846 the fortress was abolished. By the end of the 19th century, Kuznetsk had the character of a rural settlement.

Ostrog, and somewhat later the city of Kuznetsk, became the administrative center of the lands newly annexed to Russia and the southernmost military outpost of the state in Siberia. At the head of the city and the district was a governor, who carried out all affairs in the Sezhay Izba.

Kuznetsk had its own customs office, a salt store, a powder magazine, and the Transfiguration Cathedral, built in 1621. The population of the city consisted mainly of archers, Cossacks and other service people, their wives and children.

The Kuznetsk garrison participated in the collection of yasak (tribute) from the local population, in the construction of new forts and fortresses in the annexed territory and stood in defense of the Kuznetsk lands from the raids of nomads. In addition, residents were engaged in arable farming, fishing, fur trading, and various crafts. For almost the entire first century since its founding, Kuznetsk remained a border city, a warrior city. The construction of the Kolyvano-Kuznetsk fortified line contributed to the stabilization of the military situation in the region and the city’s transition to peaceful life: the city’s population increased significantly (1698 - about 800, and 1744 - more than 3,000 people), agriculture and trade developed.

In the second half of the 18th century. The appearance of the city is changing. In 1775 The villages of Gorbunovo (now Kuibyshevsky district) and the village of Chernousovo (Bessonovo) - now the Central district - were founded. Stone construction begins in wooden Kuznetsk: 1775-1780. the Odigitrievskaya Church of the second generation is being erected (the temple where F.M. Dostoevsky was married in 1857, destroyed in 1919), the first stone private house of the local merchant I. Muratov (since 1779 - the District Treasury, preserved to the present day) . But for the most part, Kuznetsk still remained a city of wooden buildings, which, together with the patriarchal way of life, increasingly turned it into a kind of large village, serving as an administrative center and center of local trade.

The construction of a powerful fortress on Voznesenskaya Mountain brought a noticeable revival into the measured life of Kuznetsk, which was caused by the danger of a military conflict with China. Built between 1800 and 1820. The Kuznetsk fortress met the most modern requirements of the fortification art of its time and subsequently became a symbol of our city. But in the military-political situation that had changed during this time, there was no longer any need to use the fortress as a military facility. After the military garrison was withdrawn from it, the fortress began to fall into disrepair. It was saved from complete destruction by the construction of the Kuznetsk prison castle on the site of the former barracks. The Barnaul Tower also underwent alteration, rebuilt into the Gate Church in the name of St. Ilya.

3.2 The appearance of Kuznetsk is changing

Kuznetsk, which for two centuries had repeatedly changed its administrative-territorial subordination, in 1804 finally became a district (in 1822 - 1898 district) city within the Tomsk province. At the same time, Kuznetsk received his own coat of arms, depicting a forge. Public self-government of cities, introduced in Russia by Catherine II, took shape in Kuznetsk in the 80s. XVIII century in the form of periodically elected city council and magistrate. After the gradation of Siberian cities by population, Kuznetsk was classified as medium-sized (1831). In 1846 the fortress was abolished. At the end of the 19th century. the city had the character of a rural settlement. Now, instead of the previous bodies of self-government, the town hall was introduced, which was later replaced by the city economic administration (1864), and after the reforms of Alexander II, the Duma was reintroduced, and along with it the council (1877). To replace the highest official - the governor, at the end of the 18th century. mayors arrived, replaced in turn by district (then district) police officers. In connection with the social and economic life of the city and the specifics of the trade and merchant business, a need arose for literate people. The first experience of organizing education in Kuznetsk in the form of a public school, solemnly opened in 1790, did not last long: after 6 years it had to be closed. A new attempt to introduce public (all-class) education in Kuznetsk turned out to be more successful: the men's district school, opened in 1826, became the first, but far from the only educational institution in the city. By the middle of the century, two parish schools were added - men's and women's, and at the beginning of the 20th century. There were already five educational institutions operating in Kuznetsk. In 1906 The People's House opened in the city, housing a public library and a literary and dramatic society. But in general in the 20th century. Kuznetsk was a modest city even by Siberian standards. The distance from industrial centers and highways affected the economic appearance of the city. The population of just over 3,500 people was still largely associated with agricultural activities (especially animal husbandry and horticulture). A significant role was played by latrine work: cartage, work in gold mines, etc. The I. Krasimovich brewery, the State alcohol warehouse and the steam mill were considered large industrial establishments of the city, and several dozen artisanal enterprises were focused on meeting the immediate needs of the population. Trade played a more prominent role in the life of the city. The market square with permanent shops and numerous shops was the business center of the city, and since 1891 annual fairs have been organized there.

The outbreak of the First World War was remembered for the unrest of reserve ranks gathered in Kuznetsk from all over the district, which to some extent was a harbinger of future social cataclysms.

In 1914 The village of Sad-gorod (now the Tochilino district) appears.

3.3 Events of 1917 and life after the war

The February events of 1917 also changed the lives of Kuznetsk residents: numerous rallies and meetings took place, elections to the Zemstvo Council and the district People's Assembly were held, and the first Kuznetsk newspaper was published. After the October Revolution, the Soviets led by A.G. came to power in Kuznetsk. Petrakov (March 1918). Soviet power in the city lasted only about three months and fell in July of the same year under the blows of the White Czechs and local counter-revolution, many of the Soviet leadership died. The overthrow of Soviet power was accompanied by the restoration of the City Duma, the Zemstvo Council, the permission of free trade, etc. Most of the population welcomed the restoration of the old order in the hope of a better life. However, the Kolchak regime did not bring the expected results; dissatisfaction with constant requisitions and mobilization into White Guard units grew. All this led to the emergence of a partisan movement in the Kuznetsk region. In Kuznetsk itself, on the night of December 2-3, 1919, an armed uprising of the lower ranks of the local garrison against Kolchak took place. A revolutionary committee was created in the city, headed by A. Ivanov, who turned to the partisans for help to strengthen Soviet power. In mid-December, G. Rogov’s detachment entered the city. The partisans carried out a “bloody purge”, as a result of which a significant part of the population was slaughtered; They set fire to all the churches in the city, leaving behind a deeply tragic mark in the memory of the blacksmiths.

After the arrival of the Red Army, a new life began in the city.

Government bodies arose, but the administrative center of the Kuznetsk region in 1925 was moved first to Kolchugino and then to Shcheglovsk. Features of the NEP appeared in the city: production cooperatives began to operate, a brewery was leased. The development of the city began in 1929 according to the plans of the German architect E. May, in the left bank part - according to the plans of the architects B.E. Svetlichny, G.M. Blind and others. And on the other bank of the Tom River, construction began on a new socialist city, a satellite city of the plant. The firstborn of Soviet industrialization, KMK, had to be built as soon as possible. Thousands of enthusiasts and Komsomol members came to Kuznetskstroy and campaigned for residents of the surrounding villages (14 thousand people in 1930). The construction of the plant according to the design of the American company "Frain" was led by talented engineers - Bardin I.P., Kazarnovsky G. and others. Frankfurt S.M. became the head of Kuznetskstroy. Despite all the difficulties, the Kuznetsk plant produced the first cast iron on April 3, 1932, the first steel in September, and the first rolled products in December. Such a rapid pace was unprecedented in world practice.

By Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 3, 1931 No. 10, the working village of Sad-Gorod was transformed into the city of Novokuznetsk. Its population exceeded 50,000 people. On March 2, 1932, Kuznetsk and Novokuznetsk were united into one city - Novokuznetsk, which became Stalinsk on May 5. In 1939, Kuznetsk was annexed to it, after which the united city was called Stalinsk-Kuznetsk for some time, and then Stalinsk again. Only in November 1961 the name of Novokuznetsk was returned to the city. By the end of the 30s, there were over 20 industrial enterprises, 4 mines, factories, and production cooperatives in the city. At the same time, the city grew and improved. People moved from dugouts to new buildings, and the cultural life of the city developed. In 1933, the first theater opened, the first tram was launched, and the first sound cinema "Kommunar" appeared. In the pre-war years, regular development appeared, residential multi-storey buildings and public buildings appeared. The population reached 170,000 people. A new terrible misfortune has crept into this eventful life of people. The Moloch of Stalin's repressions of 1937 swept through the destinies of many townspeople. S.M. Frankfurt and R.M. Khitarov were shot. and many other honest workers.

In 1941 The formation of urban districts of the city takes place: Molotovsky (now Central), Kuibyshevsky, Kuznetsky.

The beginning of the Great Patriotic War gave a powerful impetus to the development of industry in Novokuznetsk. In the first three war years alone, more than a hundred industrial facilities were put into operation in the city, including aluminum, ferroalloy, and metal structures plants; Kuznetskaya CHPP, 36 units and other ferrous metallurgy facilities, Abashevskaya mine, new coal horizons. Old men, women and teenagers worked in the production workshops. People worked without knowing rest.

KMK made a great contribution to the victory: in the shortest possible time, the production of armor steel was mastered, the technology for rolling armor was developed, from which 50 thousand tanks, 45 thousand aircraft, 100 million shells were made - almost half of the country's entire military production. The city became one of the centers for housing evacuated industrial enterprises from the European part of the country, the number of which reached 55 by the end of 1941. The city’s miners also made their contribution to the victory. The increase in coking coal production saved the country's metallurgy from fuel starvation. From the first days of the war, hospital trains with seriously wounded soldiers began to arrive in Stalinsk. In total, 11 evacuation hospitals were stationed in the city. Artists also helped bring victory closer. The Moscow Operetta Theater and the Novosibirsk Red Torch Theater were located in Stalinsk.

The Great Patriotic War affected every Novokuznetsk resident: 64 thousand people were drafted into the army during the war, more than 14 thousand of them did not return home. 52 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The labor merits of the city residents during the war years were recognized with high government awards: the Order of Lenin, the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of Kutuzov 1st degree was awarded to the plant, the city was awarded the Order of the October Revolution (1981).

During the period of restoration of the national economy, all factories increased production and acquired their own social base. In the post-war years, large-scale housing construction began in the city. Metallurgov and Kurako avenues, Kutuzov and Suvorov streets, microdistricts of old Kuznetsk have received a modern look, and housing is being built in the mining villages of Abashevo and Baidaevka.

At the end of the 1950s, construction of a new metallurgical giant, Zapsib, began in the city. Demobilized soldiers, boys and girls from the central cities of the Union came to the Antonov site on Komsomol vouchers.

In 1959 The workers' settlement of Zavodsky is formed and transformed into a separate district of the city of Zavodsky (in 1962).

Zapsibov residents celebrate their birthday on July 27, this day in 1964, the new plant produced the first cast iron. In 1971, the enterprise received the Order of Lenin for its labor merits.

In 1960 the villages of the Abashevsky and Baydayevsky mines were separated into a separate district of the city - Ordzhonikidze.

In the 70-80s, the life of the city included the KMK ice stadium, swimming pools, a circus, Boulevard of Heroes, a new part of Kirova Street, new schools and kindergartens.

Today Novokuznetsk is a powerful industrial center of Siberia. The city has more than 1,200 industrial enterprises of various forms of ownership, of which about 50 are among the leading and largest in their industries.

The giant metallurgical plants - KMK, ZSMK, NKAZ and KZF - despite the difficult economic situation of recent years, managed to preserve not the industrial potential, but also the labor collectives of their plants, which is significant for the socio-political and social life of the city.

A significant contribution to the economy of the region is also made by the machine-building plant, metal structures plant, "Universal", reinforced concrete products and others. Widely known in the country and abroad are the Organika production association, food industry enterprises (distilleries, breweries, dairy plants) and light industries (garment factories, etc.).

In 1986 The city holiday "City Day" was established on July 3 (usually celebrated on the first July weekend).

3.4 City coat of arms

OLD COAT OF ARMS. On July 8, 1970, by decision of the city executive committee, the city coat of arms was approved according to the version proposed by the architect A.V. Vypov. The city's coat of arms is a heraldic shield. On the white field of the shield, personifying Siberian nature, there is a stylized image of a section of a red blast furnace and a black square, symbolizing the main industries of the city - metallurgical and coal. Rays emanate from the black square, reflecting the energy of the sun contained in the coal. At the top of the shield there is a conventional image of the walls of the Kuznetsk fortress, as a tribute to the historical past of the Kuznetsk region, a symbol of the continuity of generations.

NEW COAT OF ARMS. Approved on March 12, 1804. Description of the coat of arms: “In a shield, divided horizontally in two, in the upper half is the coat of arms of Tomsk, and in the lower half is a forge with the tools belonging to it in a golden field.”

It is curious that with the introduction of a new coat of arms in our time, the old one (from 1970) was never abolished, so the city officially now has two coats of arms.

Bibliography

1. Isupov V.A. Kuznetsov I.S. History of Siberia. Part 3. Siberia 20th century. Novosibirsk 2000.

2. The peasantry in Siberia during the period of consolidation and development of socialism. Novosibirsk 1985.

3. Oleh.L.G. History of Siberia. Rostov n/a. Novosibirsk 2005.

4. Shcheglov I.V. Chronological list of the most important data from the history of Siberia. (1032-1882). Surgut, Joint Stock Information and Publishing Concern “Northern House”, 1993.463 p.

5. Yavorsky V.I., Butov P.I. Kuznetsk coal basin. L., 1927. Issue 177.244 p.

Abstract: History of the cities of Kuzbass. The Legend of the Kuznetsk Land

Similar documents

1. Establishment of Soviet power in the cities of Kuzbass. Features of the Soviet system of state and municipal government

1.1 Start of the fight

2. Social and cultural appearance of the cities of Kuzbass in 1917-1925

2.1 Invasion of progress

3. My city Novokuznetsk

3.1 The emergence of Kuznetsk

3.2 The appearance of Kuznetsk is changing

3.3 Events of 1917 and life after the war

3.4 City coat of arms

Bibliography