Working as a photographer in the modern world: all the details of this specificity. Organize an inner circle of “stars”

Introduction

This work is devoted to translation in the modern world.

The purpose of this work is to become familiar with language and cultural barriers and the further development of translation in the modern world.

The objectives of this work are: 1) familiarization with languages; 2) cultural barriers and consideration of types of translations in the modern world.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that translation has gone through several stages in its development, but currently preference is given to informative translation, in which the features of the individual author’s style are not so significant. Also, with the development of information technology, computer programs have appeared to simplify translation, we should know the disadvantages and advantages of this type of translation. All these changes are related to advertising texts, which are ranked high in their importance.

Among the many complex problems that modern linguistics studies, an important place is occupied by the study of linguistic aspects of interlingual speech activity, which is called “translation” or “translation activity”.

From the very beginning, translation performed a vital social function, making interlingual communication between people possible. The spread of written translations gave people wide access to the cultural achievements of other peoples and made possible the interaction and mutual enrichment of literatures and cultures.

What “translation” is in everyday, non-professional understanding, perhaps, does not need to be explained. We call any case where a text created in one language is re-expressed in another language translation. At the same time, the term “text” is understood extremely broadly: it means any oral statement and any written work, from instructions for a refrigerator to a novel. However, there are also limitations: in our discussions we will be limited only to verbal texts in living human languages .

If we assume that language is a kind of code, i.e. arbitrary designation of objects and phenomena of reality using conventional signs, then translation can be called recoding, since each of the conventional signs is replaced during translation by a sign of another sign system.

Translation is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, individual aspects of which can be the subject of study by various sciences. Within the framework of translation studies, psychological, literary, ethnographic and other aspects of translation activity are studied, as well as the history of translation activity in a particular country or countries.

The 21st century poses new challenges in the information space of humanity. Thanks to mass information, the role of translation in the life of mankind is steadily increasing. Today, translation connections cover almost all spheres of human activity. The movement of information flows knows no boundaries, no time, no space. The endless diversity of the modern world is conveyed through the media in the feelings and interpretations of numerous participants in the international information process - journalists, correspondents, commentators, television cameramen. Therefore, the importance of translation activities is constantly growing, and with them translation problems arise. The aggravation of language problems dictates the search for new solutions. If previously translation activity was considered only in connection with the translation of fiction, today translations of texts of a special nature - informational, economic, legal, technical and advertising - have begun to occupy an increasingly important place - both in volume and in social significance.

1. Language and cultural barriers

Speaking about the important role of translation, we immediately mentioned its “overcoming” function. After all, it helps people get closer and understand each other. What is being overcome?

It has long been clear that translation helps to overcome language and cultural barriers. Let's try to figure out where these barriers come from and what it takes to overcome them.

Language barriers exist because humanity is historically multilingual. According to modern researchers, the number of living languages in the world ranges from 2,500 to 50,003. There are more than a thousand Indian languages, about a thousand African languages; on the islands of New Guinea alone there are more than 700 different languages. True, the bulk of the languages are languages with a very small number of speakers (some of them are spoken by only 100 to 1000 people; a typical example is the Mansi language in Russia: about 150 speakers) . There are less than 100 languages spoken by 95% of the world’s population. And yet, if we even hypothetically imagine that every inhabitant of the planet may need to communicate with representatives of each of the world’s languages, then the number of language barriers will turn out to be unusually high 1 .

The problem is that people, as a rule, speak one or two foreign languages, and they may need information presented in 3-10 more languages. Moreover, knowledge of 1-2 foreign languages in most cases does not mean complete bilingualism; they know a foreign language less well and not in full.

It is most difficult for representatives of the so-called “small” languages, i.e. languages with a small number of speakers; they have to rely on translations more often than others. The most popular way for speakers of minor languages to gain international cultural contact is bilingualism. A foreign language in which speakers of minor languages write scientific works and even plays and novels is usually one of the “large” languages with a large number of speakers: English, German, French, Spanish. During the existence of the USSR, such a language for many nations was inevitably Russian, and for Iceland and Norway it was Danish. The experience of using an intermediary language for cultural contacts, as is known, is not new. For a long time, Latin was the language of church and then secular scientific unity. From the end of the 18th century. French becomes the language of secular communication; until the beginning of the 20th century. it retains the functions of the language of diplomacy, and French retained the functions of the language of international mail until the middle of the 20th century.

Now English is absolutely in the lead. In recent years, it has even supplanted the native languages of Swedish and Danish in their homelands of Sweden and Denmark. The desire to overcome language barriers contributes to the reduction in the number of speakers of small languages, such as Frisian and Faroese in Europe, and complicates the task of guardians of the preservation of the cultural phenomenon of small languages.

A significant obstacle to overcoming language barriers can be the closed nature of society. Thus, researchers note that interlingual contact with Russian, Chinese, and Japanese scientists does not cover all scientific, technical, and literary fields; although Russian, Chinese, and Japanese languages have a huge number of speakers. The last decade of Russia's “openness” has not yet changed this situation much: as before, many important studies by Russian scientists, for example in the field of translation theory, have not been translated into English 2 .

According to the UNESCO special almanac “Statistical Yearbook”, Germany is in the lead in the number of translated publications over the last decade, Spain is in second place, and Russia is in third. But these are absolute data; they do not take into account the population that accounts for this number. For example, Denmark (!) is now in 8th place with a population of 5 million people, so it is much more fully provided with translated literature than Russia. On average, translations make up from 14 to 20% of the total volume of European book production. Among the languages from which the most translations are made in different countries, the leaders are English (by a large margin), Russian and French.

At various times, humanity also made attempts to create an artificial common language that would not be burdened by the specifics of any one culture. The most successful of these attempts, perhaps, should be recognized as the creation of the international artificial language Esperanto, which was developed by the Warsaw doctor L. L. Zamenhof in 1887. Currently, according to the General Esperanto Association, about 8 million people in the world speak this language. But, apparently, it was precisely the artificial isolation of Esperanto from the cultural roots of living languages that did not allow it to become a world language. At the same time, attempts by scientists to create a unified, non-national information coding system, similar to living languages or using the principles of living languages, do not stop today, but none of them has seriously competed with translation 1 .

So far we have discussed overcoming language barriers both through translations and through intermediary languages. A much more difficult problem is overcoming cultural barriers. Translation plays a leading role in this process. However, specific differences in everyday and spiritual cultures that go back centuries cannot be fully perceived by other peoples, and only an approximate idea of the specifics of a foreign culture is possible. We will talk about this in more detail in the “Situational Realities” section. Here we will limit ourselves to one simple example. There is a ready-made equivalent for the word “freedom” in all languages of the world. With the exception of special cases when compatibility or the context of the original suggests a special correspondence (for example, in translation into German “freedom of style” will most likely be “Lockerheit des Stils”), so, with the exception of these special cases, there is a one-to-one correspondence: English, freedom, German Freiheit, etc. Of course, the denotation is invariant (one and the same). But representatives of different cultures, with different historical and social experiences behind them, understand freedom differently. The ideas about freedom among Americans, Russians, Germans and Chinese differ sharply. For example, for a Russian person, freedom is, first of all, the absence of any obligations, the ability to completely manage oneself and one’s time, the absence of external pressure; For a German, freedom is, first of all, a legal guarantee of his rights, a clearly regulated legal mechanism, material security, and he considers Russian “freedom” to be revelry. But in the Chukchi language, as M. L. Gasparov notes, there is no word “free” at all, there is only “loose from the chain.” Such cases often lead to misunderstandings during contacts. If these contacts are oral, then the translator, in addition to translating the text, is entrusted with the function of a consultant on intercultural communication, but if a written text is translated, comments or notes on the text are required, initiated by the translator. A similar problem arises from the special symbolic interpretation of certain customs of different peoples. For example, the custom of removing shoes before entering a house in the East, say in Uzbekistan, is considered a sign of respect for the owner; Most European nations do not have such a custom, and it is quite decent to go into the house in shoes. And here the translator can help avoid misunderstandings by explaining to his students the meaning of the customs, if he is a guide-translator, or by offering his commentary on the written text, if a custom is described that is incomprehensible to the readers of the translated text 1 .

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The present century has introduced some very important amendments to the scheme that we have drawn for previous centuries. The impossible pressure exerted on the masses of working people in the past has eased to a large extent. The Western world is experiencing the highest level of satisfaction of subsistence needs in human history. Productivity here is high, but poverty is relatively rare. Poor Richard's obsessive instructions had lost much of their force. Meanwhile, the constant increase in the complexity of social organization and the discrepancies between the official ideology, which places special emphasis on benefactors more appropriate for life on the frontier, and the realities of a civilized society lead to the emergence of countless social ills. What are the social diseases described to us by critics of modern society? The first and most important, from the point of view of critics of modern society, is the alienation of the individual from the groups of which he is a member. There are several reasons for this. One of them is the very discrepancy between the official ideology and the realities of life, which has already been mentioned. We are greatly indebted to Emile Durkheim for his elegant articulation of this conflict. He called the condition of an individual who has high ideals and a strong sense of ethics, but is forced to compromise internal ethical norms and ideals in everyday life, “anomie” (lack of norms or guidelines). When such a gap occurs between values and life's realities, the result is a feeling of rootlessness and disconnection from other people. The weakening of the ties that bind people may have a different source than the anomie described by Durkheim. A typical analysis of these reasons can be found in the works of both psychoanalyst Erich Fromm [17] and government scholar Sebastian DeGrazia. In their descriptions of the contemporary environment, the very gigantic scale and complexity of our urban civilization can intensify feelings of disunity among people. But, besides this, another evil force that emasculates the significance of relationships between people is the way of coordinating and managing social activity. In less complex communities, coordination and management of social processes are based on direct face-to-face interaction between people. The workshops of the craft guild or the domain of the feudal baron were controlled by the power vested either in the chief master of the guild or in the baron himself. The source of the master's power was his professional skill, the baron's power stemmed from his family tree. In our more complex times, the personal power of the boss is replaced by the power of bureaucratic law. With such a system of distribution of power, people are endowed with them not on the basis of personal merit or individual qualities, but depending on the office they occupy. The exercise of these powers of authority is too rarely based on actual judgment. If the power of a particular individual is based on legal law, then the manifestation of these powers of authority is most strictly regulated by a set of predetermined rules established by the bureaucracy. Developing close ties between the power holder and his follower becomes difficult; at best, these relationships are aimed at real work.

Expanding the “living space” of robots

A robot in the modern world is not a fairy-tale creature at all. He increasingly intervenes in a person’s life, capturing new areas of activity and helping in life. Currently, robotics is put at the service of humans in a number of industries, including:

space and aircraft construction;
precision instrumentation;
military-industrial complex;
medicine;
provision of security systems;
Automotive industry
and other areas of industrial production.

The entertainment industry actively uses robots. Children have long been familiar with robotic toys and transformers that change their configuration and turn the game into an exciting activity. In children's play areas today, robots are often used as hospitable hosts, arousing the interest and delight of children. As a rule, these are radio-controlled flying, running, moving, talking or singing toys.

The use of robots in modern world facilitates human work and expands the horizons of their further use. Although plans for their creation are not new. Researchers found a drawing of a nova in Leonardo da Vinci's documents. Researchers found in Leonardo da Vinci's documents a drawing of a mechanism that, according to the author's descriptions, was supposed to replace a person in heavy work.

Modern civilization has given impetus to the development of new technologies, among which robotics is not the least important.

What do robots do?

Engineering thought aimed at improving technological processes is increasingly introducing robotics into areas of life where precision, accuracy are required or, conversely, in conditions of survival or production organization that are difficult for humans to reach. The functions of robots in the modern world have expanded significantly.

In medicine, they are used to study the condition of the body and perform operations in eye clinics, in cases where extreme care and caution are required so as not to harm internal organs. The use of robotics elements in the manufacture of prosthetic limbs has expanded.
Since the creation of the space industry, robots have become reliable assistants and allies of people. The exploration of outer space also could not have happened without their participation. Self-propelled modules sent to the Moon and Mars delivered valuable information that expands our understanding of our space neighbors.
Robots equipped with security and tracking functions have proven themselves to be effective. They are indispensable in surveillance systems; they are the first to detect fires, preventing emergencies; they are taught to distinguish the smell of smoke and transmit the received information to the fire department control panel.
Observer robots are actively used to explore the depths of the sea and monitor marine life. Robotics helps study the life and habits of wild animals and track their migration routes.
Equipping enterprises with industrial robots allows you to free up labor and improve the quality of products, while increasing labor productivity.
The world's most powerful armies have also deployed robots. These newest devices allow you to adjust the trajectory of missiles and are used to detect enemy equipment and destroy it.

The possibilities for using robots in everyday life are expanding. There are already known robotic nannies invented in Japan that can not only monitor a child and protect from injury, but also entertain by reading fairy tales, singing children's songs, and becoming a participant in a children's game.

The use of robot maids is no less actively promoted. They are endowed with many functions:

clean with a vacuum cleaner;
without human intervention they can mow the grass on the lawn;
wash and iron clothes;
will ensure the inviolability of the home.

At the same time, constant work is underway to expand the functions of housewife robots. They are taught to cook, serve and clear the table. At the same time, they can answer questions from people in the house.

What the new generation of robotics can do

The areas of application of robots are expanding every day. New areas of their use are emerging, and their appearance is changing. Today, the most advanced robots in the world are produced in Japan, where robotics has been widely developed. It is this country that owes its appearance to robots that facilitate work in various areas of everyday life and industrial production, social and cultural spheres.

Japanese engineers have created a robotic fish whose functions include monitoring the number and movement of schools of commercial fish. Its silicone surface and color completely replicate the “appearance” of the abodes of the deep sea and make it invisible among the inhabitants of the seas.
There, in Japan, robots called “nurses” are being introduced to work in medical institutions. They are devices that move silently and instantly respond to voice, and can also recognize the patient’s face. Their use makes the work of medical workers easier and helps improve medical care. In the future, they will be able to transfer patients from place to place. Outwardly, these are pleasant, cute mechanical creatures, very similar to humans, tireless, calm, neat. They say that adults are the same as children, only bigger. That is why they create robots that look like toys, the functions of which often cause a smile and, at the same time, admiration.
There, in Japan, specialists developed a robotic photo model. This is a mechanical pretty girl, gracefully moving along the catwalk. She takes various poses and knows how to express emotions. Model HRP-4C is 158 cm tall and weighs 43 kg.
The American D. Hanson continues to work on the development of mechanical people who can express emotions like people. He is responsible for creating a head with a face similar in appearance to Albert Einstein. He “taught” the head to smile, frown, wink and laugh exactly as the scientist himself did. Camera eyes react to the emotional state of others and “respond” with an appropriate reaction.
An entire orchestra of robotic musicians has already been developed. They know how to play musical instruments: flute, electric organ, drum, and at the same time they are able to “listen” to the melody and adjust their actions, adapting to the sounding melody.
Residents and guests of Switzerland are familiar with the unusual street artist Salvador Dabu with a mustache and a beret on his head. This is a robot that takes a photo and then, using a special algorithm, paints a portrait. At the same time, he is quite talkative.
Demonstrative chess battles taking place between grandmasters and the electronic brain have long been known. But today, Russian scientists have developed a mechanical man who can play this wise game, sitting with the master at the same table and moving the pieces with a three-fingered hand.
For future parents, Japanese robot builders have prepared a robot simulator that looks like a small child and creates the same problems for mom and dad as a real baby. He requires careful care and gentle treatment, and if his parents do not pay him enough attention, he begins to cry inconsolably, and it is not so easy to calm him down.
The smallest human-like robot is also assembled there. The height of this baby is only 15 cm, and the mechanism thanks to which he walks, dances, does push-ups and even demonstrates some tai chi wrestling techniques does not exceed one centimeter. They control it by voice or remote control.

In certain situations, robots can also be used as salespeople. The remote presence robot from the Russian company Ucan copes well with this function. In this case, the person does not have to be nearby: he can watch the picture of what is happening on the monitor and control the actions of the mechanical seller. These devices were among the first to appear on the robotics market and are constantly being improved and expanded their functions.

And its latest developments in this direction make it possible to take customer service to a new level and give this activity dynamism and higher quality.

It’s hard to say what’s more: rationalism or cheerful hooliganism in the invention of a robot, which, according to its creators, should destroy hordes of cockroaches in kitchens. Scientists from France, Belgium and Switzerland worked on this robotic cockroach. Their creation looks and smells like a cockroach, and moves on small wheels. The “fathers-inventors” equipped their brainchild with cameras and infrared sensors. They attract insects to the light, with the help of which they are “led away” from the house.

Guide robots and shepherds are being developed and tested.

ABSTRACT

The role of bibliography in the modern world

Introduction

Historically, the initial forms of bibliographic information appeared in ancient times. They were all created by people. Consequently, with bibliographic information, bibliographic activity also emerged. At first, bibliographic activity was unprofessional, random, and episodic. Scientists, writers, monks, librarians, publishers and booksellers were engaged in it incidentally and in connection with their main occupations. Often, for these purposes, simply literate people were involved, who compiled “inventories”, “inventories”, “registers” of book collections. But over time, bibliography begins to isolate itself, develop its own techniques and rules for the bibliographic description of books, and, finally, stands out as a special area of professional human activity. This process has historically been long and complex.

Currently, up to 3 million articles are published annually in the world in 35 thousand scientific and technical journals, over 150 thousand new scientific books. In addition, over the past centuries, a huge number of books, brochures, magazines, newspapers, and other types of printed materials and handwritten materials have been accumulated, reflecting the development of science, technology, and culture.

Further progress depends on how this rapidly multiplying wealth is stored and used. How to use such wealth? After all, today there are already a lot of sources on literally every issue, and every day there are more and more of them - the printing press of world civilization is not only not getting tired, but is also gaining more and more strength.

This is where bibliography comes to the rescue.

When writing my work, I turned to a number of sources where some attention is given to the role of bibliography in the modern world.

Textbook by A.V. Kirilenko “Fundamentals of information culture. Bibliography” issue 1 contains basic information about information and the information society.

In addition, one of the main sources for writing my work was a textbook - bibliographic science. The textbook contains descriptions of the experience of bibliographic work of libraries and describes the practice of using the latest information technologies. The textbook provides a great opportunity to study bibliographic activities.

1. Information in the modern world

Humanity has entered the 21st century at a new stage of its development - the stage of the information society. The avalanche-like growth in the volume of information, its qualitative changes, the development of information technology - all this has led to qualitative changes in society itself. Nowadays information, knowledge, and technology are becoming the most popular goods. The level of development of a country is determined largely by the level of its informatization, which, first of all, ensures its prosperity and competitiveness. Under these conditions, the importance of the ability to create, consume and disseminate information, the ability to correctly navigate the flow of information increases, and the importance of human information culture increases.

The most obvious manifestation of the change in information in the modern world is its quantitative growth. Accurate estimates of this growth are difficult. But it is quite obvious that it is exponential in nature. This phenomenon of rapid growth in the volume of information is called the “information explosion.”

It is even more important to note that in the era of computerization of society and the introduction of information technologies, information changes qualitatively, i.e. its content and structure change.

From the point of view of changing the content of information, the following points can be highlighted:

)Society’s information resources are expanding, new information products and services are appearing,

)There is an internationalization and globalization of information,

)The rate of aging and, accordingly, information updating increases,

)The differentiation and specialization of information is significantly increasing.

Quantitative and qualitative changes in information, based on computerization and the introduction of new information technologies, accelerated and, to a large extent, predetermined the qualitative changes in human society that occurred at the end of the 20th century.

2. "Information explosion" and "information crisis"

The “information explosion” - a phenomenon that has already been mentioned, in addition to a huge positive effect, has also given rise to serious problems, the complex of which is called the “information crisis”. One of them is the abundance of redundant information, which makes it difficult to access the necessary information.

Another problem is the contradiction between the limitations of a person’s ability to perceive and consume information and the growth of information flow. A person often finds himself unable to find and use all the information that is useful to him on an issue that interests him because of its abundance and is forced to limit himself, making a choice in favor of the most important information. Moreover, making such a choice sometimes turns out to be difficult.

In an era of growing integration of human society and the internationalization and globalization of information, numerous political, legal and economic barriers are increasingly felt that impede access to the necessary information, which sometimes poses a significant problem for scientists, entrepreneurs, artists, etc.

Information deficit is very diverse, and its structure varies among people of different professions, different social and age groups, it varies among scientists involved in different scientific fields, etc., not to mention individual differences. However, in general, it can be reduced to three main types: factual, conceptual and documentary.

Factual information deficit is a lack of factual information, i.e. specific information about specific actually existing or existing objects, processes or phenomena. Satisfying the factual deficit involves turning to full-text sources of information, but not for the exact content of a given source or part of it, but in order to extract the required information from it. The end result of a search aimed at satisfying a factual deficit is a specific fact found. These are biographical data, information about historical and political events, economic and statistical data, the meaning of terms and words, formulas.

Conceptographic information deficit is a lack of generalizing information. The final result of a search aimed at satisfying a conceptual deficit is the found conceptual or methodological information. These are concepts, theories, hypotheses, methods, programs. The search for such information sometimes requires the involvement of a large number of sources, and the final search result may be contained in parts in different sources or not contained anywhere and be reconstructed on the basis of the sources found.

Documentary information deficit is a lack of specific documents. It arises in the absence of a document, the content of which is directive and cannot be formulated otherwise, or the required document is unique in content. The end result of a search aimed at satisfying a documentary deficit is a specific document found. These are legislative acts, regulations, instructions, standards, rules, etc., these are the most rated works in this field, the knowledge of which is impossible to do without, these are dissertations and scientific reports, as well as any other documents from which information cannot be obtained another way. An extreme case of a document deficiency is the lack of a specific copy of a document.

The ways to satisfy the information deficit are different, but their essence boils down to the search and subsequent use of the necessary information, and all the variety of ways can be reduced to satisfying the information deficit using traditional sources of information. The most important part of searching for information is the bibliography.

bibliography information society

3. The meaning and role of bibliography, bibliographic search and bibliographic information in the modern world

Bibliographic search using traditional sources of information has not lost its importance. Bibliography is an integral part of such a type of social activity as book publishing, or, taking into account modern cultural achievements and scientific and technological progress, information activity (communication, communication). Possession of information and all methods, forms and means of its production, distribution, storage and use is an objective necessity for every person, especially a specialist in the field of information and book publishing. Bibliographic information, like a satellite, accompanies a document along all paths of its movement. It notifies potential consumers of the document even before its publication. Upon exit, informs about this event. As the document is disseminated and impacted, it reflects feedback on it. And when the active life of a document fades away, it preserves the memory of it. The memorial function of bibliographic information is extremely important in human culture. The role of bibliographic information in culture is that it serves as a means of preserving the memory of documents, especially ancient, rare, forgotten ones, and is a means of disseminating cultural values.

Being alienated from the document, bibliographic information is a means of searching for it and contributes to its fame and popularization. Without bibliography, publishing, book trade, scientific and information activities are not able to fully function.

In clarifying the role of bibliography in the modern world, first of all, we note that it functions intensively in science, where it acts as an instrument of the creative process, a kind of report and a means of measuring scientific production (bibliometrics), and determining its value. Bibliographic support is included in the infrastructure of science; bibliography is considered in it as an auxiliary discipline.

Bibliography is closely connected with social and humanitarian scientific disciplines, especially with textual criticism, civil history, historiography, linguistics, literary history, and semiotics. Without relying on bibliographic resources and using bibliographic search methods, these disciplines cannot fully develop.

Bibliography plays an important role in the development of science. Collected together and placed in the chronology of their appearance, descriptions of scientific publications represent the most valuable material for judging the history of a scientific discipline or a specific problem; they show surges of interest in discoveries and methods; on the contrary, fading when the unreliability of the published data, the inapplicability of the method, etc. is revealed. Scientific studies, which studies science in general, patterns of development of scientific fields and schools, is based on bibliographic materials.

Bibliography is closely connected with scientific, literary and, to a lesser extent, artistic criticism. Any product of critical activity (review, note, overview) contains bibliographic information (full or brief, standard and mostly non-standard) about works of scientific, literary, and artistic creativity.

Public recognition of bibliography as a valuable component of science and culture finds many expressions. In particular, this is evidenced by articles about bibliography, bibliographic institutions and outstanding bibliographers in universal and specialized encyclopedias.

Bibliography is an integral part of such a type of social activity as book publishing. A printed book is a universal means of information communication. It is no coincidence that the book is called the graphic memory of humanity, a graphic model of culture. Even in modern conditions, when the process of introducing electronic computing technology into all spheres is actively underway, it plays a dominant role, especially in the system of mass information communication, while maintaining its importance in the system of special or scientific communication.

Bibliographic information acts as an intermediary in social (documentary) communications. Social communications are systems of communication, exchange connections between people and/or societies through the exchange of documents. In these communications, bibliographic information serves as a means of overcoming barriers between documents and consumers that prevent direct exchanges of information in social communication.

Physical denotes the spatial separation of documents and their consumers. Bibliographic information communicates the location of documents and thereby helps overcome the physical barrier.

The economic barrier limits access to documents due to their high cost. Bibliographic information informs about the availability of required documents in public free libraries.

Socio-psychological barriers prevent the consumption of documents due to the incomprehensibility, complexity of their content, and the unknown sign system that fixes their content. Bibliographic information reflects educational and popular documents.

There are many information barriers. They are embodied mainly in various and often incompatible information retrieval languages (methods of describing documents, classification systems, thesauri). Bibliographic information “finds” correspondence of designations in national, professional and other languages and jargons or concepts and terms that are similar in meaning and thereby helps to overcome information barriers.

Thus, overcoming the barriers described above, bibliographic information contributes to direct access to documents, the establishment of connections between documents and consumers, and the transformation of the Document-Consumer system from opposition to interconnection.

The number of books published after the invention of printing cannot be accurately counted. The total volume of printed works that humanity has today has reached truly enormous proportions. According to available estimates, it ranges from 50 to 100 million titles. Meanwhile, our physical abilities to perceive information by nature are very limited. Therefore, the question of what exactly we read, how we choose objects of reading from the vast array of documentary materials, acquires enormous social significance. After all, what a person can read in his life is negligible if he haphazardly reads everything that comes his way, and it is a lot if the reading is properly organized. According to the figurative comparison of Academician S.I. Vavilov, “modern man is in front of the Himalayas of libraries in the position of a gold digger who needs to find grains of gold in a mass of sand.” Therefore, one should not forget about the enormous importance of a recommendatory bibliography, which helps to influence an individual’s reading activity. A recommended bibliography is today an indispensable element of all forms and stages of organized learning. It promotes the organization of independent work of students on the disciplines they study, provides extracurricular reading for schoolchildren, no matter what training a person receives in the process of organized learning, it cannot be sufficient. Life requires constant updating of the knowledge acquired in an educational institution. We are talking about continuous education throughout a person’s life, which largely depends on the correct organization of self-educational reading. A recommendatory bibliography, like criticism, is intended to play the role of a compass in the information ocean.

Conclusion

Bibliography plays a very important role in the modern world. This role of information management is managing the process of production, distribution, storage and use of social information in society.

The bibliography aims to inform about existing works and their value. This is an inventory, a description of published works, regardless of which collections or libraries they are located in. The bibliography serves as the source of our references regarding existing books and the basis of all documentation. Playing the role of an intermediary between books and readers, it is an integral part of the scientific reference apparatus, as well as a valuable component of science and culture. Thanks to bibliography, we can comprehensively study the history of the region, region, country, etc. The importance of bibliography is important for every reader.

In the modern world, clear and scientifically based approaches to bibliography help to normalize and structure huge flows of information. A large role is given to the management of these flows, because influential people, political parties and movements effectively used the managerial role of bibliography in the system of the fourth estate - the press (book publishing, information activities, spiritual communication).

The conclusion can be the words that became the epigraph of the textbook by Grechikhin A.A. “General bibliography” - “He who owns the bibliography, owns the information, who owns the information, owns the world.”

List of sources and literature

1.Bibliography: General course: Textbook / Ed. O.P. Korshunova. M., 1981. - pp. 9-10.

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Robots are primarily associated with high technologies of the future. However, it is believed that the first design of a machine capable of replacing a person belongs to Leonardo da Vinci. Among his papers was found a sketch of a robot that could rise, sit, move its arms and turn its head. True, it is still unknown whether the idea was brought to life. Moreover, today in everyday life people use many robots for various purposes: from a robot vacuum cleaner to a robot artist.

Robots in the service of humans

One of the most popular areas in robotics is the creation of household assistants. In general, a robot is a machine with anthropomorphic behavior. This word first appeared in the play “R.U.R” by the Czech writer Karel Capek; the term itself comes from the Czech word robota - forced labor. It turns out that serving people is their main task. So the Korean Mahru-Z can clean, load the washing machine, heat food in the microwave and bring it to the owner.

Of course, any mechanisms are, first of all, designed to make life easier for a person. Scientists are constantly creating medical microrobots that can penetrate the human body, mechanized arms, etc. And American specialists, for example, have developed a prototype of a wheelchair that can move independently. Laser detectors evaluate landscape features at a distance of 20 cm and plot a route.

The most unusual robots

Austrian inventors have created an alcoholic robot. Bar Bot sits in a bar, looking for a "victim". Having caught a curious glance on himself, he begins to ask for a coin, having collected the required amount, he begins to spin around his axis, saying: “One beer, please.” The bartender puts a can of beer in his "hand". “Thank you very much,” Bar Bot thanks and slowly pours the drink into his “mouth” that resembles a shell. Then he throws the can on the floor, and the process begins again.

A robot is not necessarily a metal terminator. American sculptor Michael Rea made a wooden “robotic suit”. The model is called a “prosthetic suit for Stephen Hawking,” a British theoretical physicist suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Externally, the suit looks like a combat robot: one hand is a giant fist, the other is pincers, and a huge sword is attached to the back.

As robotics develops, models become more and more emotional. Humanoid robots are becoming more and more human-like. They can not only perform certain functions, but also express admiration, surprise, sadness, antipathy, joy and other feelings. Using the camera to detect changes in a human face, the robot reacts accordingly. In the future it is planned to use him as a nurse.

American David Hanson went a little further in creating emotional robots. He created a mechanized head similar to Einstein. The device frowns, smiles, winks, laughs - and all this is just like a brilliant scientist. In this case, the facial expressions of the head depend on the reaction of others, which is recorded using two eye cameras.

Before you decide to become parents, start a home, Japanese scientists suggest. It's called Yotaro and is capable of delivering all the difficulties that await young parents. He can express emotions and even knows how to cry.

The smallest robot was assembled, naturally, in Japan in 1992. The length of the mechanism was only one centimeter. And the smallest humanoid robot is the BeRobot model with a height of just over 15 centimeters. He can walk, dance, do push-ups and masters simple techniques of oriental tai chi wrestling. The mechanism can be controlled by voice or remote control.

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