Drawing for builders: Textbook for professional educational institutions / Yu. I. Koroev. - 7th edition, stereotypical. - Moscow: Higher School; Publishing center "Academy", 2001. - 256 pp., ill. - ISBN 5-06-003739-8 (Higher School); ISBN 5-7695-0864-7 (Academy Publishing Center)
Information on technical and construction drawings is provided: preparation of drawings in accordance with GOST ESKD and SPDS, geometric constructions, axonometric and rectangular projections, views, sections, sections; the basics of mechanical engineering drawing and technical drawing are given; the rules for performing and reading construction drawings are outlined.
For students of vocational schools. Can be used by students of universities and technical schools, as well as in the vocational training of workers in production.
PREFACE
The textbook is written on the basis of current curricula for training workers in various construction specialties in vocational schools.
The textbook contains five sections: the first - Design of drawings and geometric constructions; second - Projection images on drawings; third - Mechanical engineering drawings; fourth - Construction drawings; fifth - Drawing and graphic design of drawings. Common to all professions are sections one, two and three, as well as Ch. IX and X of the fourth section and ch. XVIII fifth section.
The material in the fourth section is intended for selective study by students of various construction specialties: Ch. XI, XII, XVII - for installers of reinforced concrete and steel structures, Ch. XIII - for joiners and carpenters, ch. XIV - for masons-installers, ch. XV - for installers of internal sanitary systems, equipment, ch. XVI and XVII - for fitters of technological equipment, Ch. XI, XII - for electric welders.
The material in the fifth section (Ch. XIX, XX) is intended for students of finishing professions, including artistic finishing of buildings: plasterers, painters, tilers, mosaic tile makers, model makers, sculptors, parquet floorers.
To check the mastery of the educational material, each chapter ends with control questions.
To acquire the necessary skills in reading drawings, you should carefully study not only the projection images, but also the symbols and markings of building elements, as well as the system of callouts and links to detail drawings.
The fourth edition of the textbook preserves the structure of previous editions, making necessary changes to the text and illustrations in connection with the release of new standards and instructions and amendments to previously published standards. In addition, the publication is supplemented with information on drawings of monolithic reinforced concrete structures, reinforcement cages and installation diagrams for pipeline layout.
In the process of studying at a vocational school, students must learn to independently work with scientific, technical and reference literature, technological documentation, and take part in seminars and laboratory practical work.
INTRODUCTION
Drawing as a subject of study poses the following tasks:
- familiarize yourself with the rules for the execution and execution of drawings and the preparation of other project documentation;
- teach how to perform various geometric constructions and projection images both using drawing tools and by hand - in the form of sketches and technical drawings;
- study the conventions and graphic symbols used in projection drawings and diagrams;
- acquire the necessary skills in reading drawings for various construction specialties.
The importance of drawings in various fields of production and construction is very great. According to the drawings, parts of various mechanisms are manufactured and assembled; Using the drawings, they manufacture industrial products at house-building factories, and then install buildings and erect various engineering structures at construction sites.
Drawings of buildings and structures are a complex of rectangular projections onto a number of planes. They should reflect both the appearance and internal structure of the building and its parts, contain some information about the methods of manufacturing parts and constructing buildings, as well as various technological information. In some cases, in addition to rectangular projections, visual images of the structure and its parts are provided in the form of axonometry or perspective.
The history of the development of drawing as a method of representation goes back to the distant past.
Human visual skills arose long before the advent of writing. However, drawings as a means of expressing technical thought appeared much later, which is associated with the division of labor and the development of the productive forces of society. The requirements for the drawing as a design document changed, its content and graphic design changed.
Drawing, and in particular construction, developed especially in the 18th century. The drawings of this time have all the qualities of design documents. Architectural and construction drawings made by talented Russian architects V. I. Bazhenov, M. F. Kazakov, A. N. Voronikhin and others were distinguished by high graphic perfection and at the same time contained plans, facades and sections of buildings built in exact accordance with the laws of rectangular projection. The drawings of famous Russian inventors I.P. Kulibin and I.I. Polzunov, made in rectangular projections on two planes and on a certain scale, also contained conventional graphic symbols of building materials.
At the end of the 18th century. French scientist and engineer Gaspard Monge summarized and scientifically substantiated the accumulated experience in creating projection images. In the 19th century Russian scientists Ya. A. Sevastyanov, N. I. Makarov, V. I. Kurdyumov also made a great contribution to the development of projection image methods. In our time, the scientific foundations of projection image methods were created by Soviet scientists N. A. Rynin, A. I. Dobryakov, N. A. Popov, S. M. Kolotov, N. F. Chetverukhin, I. I. Kotov and others.
Much attention is paid to the development and improvement of the vocational education system as the main form of systematic training of qualified workers, including construction workers, in vocational schools and directly in production. Every construction worker who has graduated from a vocational school must know the rules for drawing up and processing project documentation, be able to make drawings and sketches, and also be able to read drawings, design and technological diagrams freely in their specialty.
Preface... 3
Introduction... 4
Section one. Design of drawings and geometric constructions
Chapter I. Preparation of drawings... 6
§ 1. State standards for the preparation and execution of drawings.. 6
§ 2. Design documentation... 7
§ 3. Drawing formats, title block... 7
§ 4. Scale of drawings. 8
§ 5. Drawing lines... 10
§ 6. Drawing fonts and inscriptions on drawings.. 12
§ 7. Drawing dimensions on drawings. 15
§ 8. Slope and taper. 17
Chapter II. Geometric constructions in drawings.. 18
§ 9. Construction of perpendiculars, division of segments and angles... 18
§ 10. Construction of regular polygons... 19
§ 11. Construction of tangents to a circle. 21
§ 12. Connecting lines... 22
§ 13. Circular curved lines.. 24
§ 14. Pattern curved lines.. 26
Section two. Projection images in drawings
Chapter III. Rectangular projections 30
§ 15. Central and parallel projection. thirty
§ 16. Rectangular projection onto two and three projection planes 32
§ 17. Projections of polyhedra and points on their surfaces... 33
§ 18. Projections of bodies of revolution and points on their surfaces. 34
§ 19. Developments of surfaces of geometric bodies... 37
§ 20. Intersection of geometric bodies with a plane and construction of the actual type of section.. 40
§ 21. Mutual intersection of surfaces of geometric bodies.. 44
Chapter IV. Views, sections and sections in the drawings... 48
§ 22. Arrangement of images on the drawings. 48
§ 23. Sections and cuts... 50
§ 24. Graphic designations of materials in sections and views 54
Chapter V. Axonometric images... 56
§ 25. Types of axonometric projections... 56
§ 26. Rectangular axonometric projections.. 57
§ 27. Oblique axonometric projections.. 60
§ 28. Construction of axonometric images.. 63
Section three. Mechanical engineering drawings
Chapter VI. General information about mechanical engineering drawings... 68
§ 29. Types of products and design documents... 68
§ 30. Conventions and simplifications in mechanical engineering drawings 69
§ 31. Connections of parts. 72
§ 32. Threaded connections. 72
§ 33. Permanent connections... 77
§ 34. Image of gears 80
Chapter VII. Drawings and sketches of parts.. 81
§ 35. Drawing up a working drawing of a part... 81
§ 36. Drawing dimensions on drawings.. 83
§ 37. Applying symbols and inscriptions on drawings 84
§ 38. Designation of surface roughness. 85
§ 39. Making sketches of parts.. 86
Chapter VIII. Assembly drawings and diagrams.88
§ 40. Drawing up and execution of assembly drawings.88
§ 41. Reading and detailing an assembly drawing.92
§ 42. General information about kinematic schemes..92
Section four. Construction drawings
Chapter IX. General information about construction drawings...96
§ 44. Design stages... 97
§ 45. Name and marking of construction drawings... 98
§ 46. Scales of construction drawings. 99
§ 47. Structural elements and building diagrams.99
§ 48. Structural elements (products) and their markings. 101
§ 49. Coordination axes and drawing dimensions on drawings.. 104
Chapter X. Architectural and construction drawings... 109
§ 51. Composition of drawings and conventional graphic images on them. 109
§ 52. Drawings of building plans... 118
§ 53. Drawings of sections of buildings.. 125
§ 54. Drawings of building facades... 131
Chapter XI. Drawings of reinforced concrete structures..134
§ 55. Composition of working drawings and scales of images. 134
§ 56. Layout of elements of prefabricated structures. 135
§ 57. Working installation drawings of large-panel and large-block buildings.. 138
§ 58. Working drawings of monolithic reinforced concrete structures 141
§ 59. Assembly drawings and reinforcement diagrams for structural elements... 144
§ 60. Drawings of reinforcement frames, embedded parts and connecting parts... 146
Chapter XII. Drawings of metal structures.. 148
§ 61. Types of drawings and conventional images. 148
§ 62. Schematic drawings of the building and layout of structural elements.150
§ 63. Cross sections, drawings of structural elements and assemblies 151
Chapter XIII. Drawings of wooden structures and carpentry... 154
§ 64. Types of drawings and conventional images.. 154
Preface
Introduction
Section one. Design of drawings and geometric constructions
Chapter I. Preparation of drawings
§ 1. State standards for the preparation and execution of drawings
§ 2. Design documentation
§ 3. Drawing formats, title block
§ 4. Scale of drawings
§ 5. Drawing lines
§ 6. Drawing fonts and inscriptions on drawings
§ 7. Drawing dimensions on drawings
§ 8. Slope and taper
Chapter II. Geometric constructions in drawings
§ 9. Construction of perpendiculars, division of segments and angles
§ 10. Construction of regular polygons
§ 11. Construction of tangents to a circle
§ 12. Conjugation of lines
§ 13. Circular curved lines
§ 14. Pattern curved lines
Section two. Projection images in drawings
Chapter III. Rectangular projections
§ 15. Central and parallel projection
§ 16. Rectangular projection onto two and three projection planes
§ 17. Projections of polyhedra and points on their surfaces
§ 18. Projections of bodies of rotation and points on their surfaces
§ 19. Developments of surfaces of geometric bodies
§ 20. Intersection of geometric bodies with a plane and construction of the actual type of section
§ 21. Mutual intersection of surfaces of geometric bodies
Chapter IV. Views, sections and sections in drawings
§ 22. Arrangement of images on drawings
§ 23. Sections and sections
§ 24. Graphic designations of materials in sections and views
Chapter V. Axonometric images
§ 25. Types of axonometric projections
§ 26. Rectangular axonometric projections
§ 27. Oblique axonometric projections
§ 28. Construction of axonometric images
Section three. Mechanical engineering drawings
Chapter VI. General information about mechanical engineering drawings
§ 29. Types of products and design documents
§ 30. Conventions and simplifications in mechanical engineering drawings
§ 31. Connections of parts
§ 32. Threaded connections
§ 33. Permanent connections
§ 34. Image of gears
Chapter VII. Drawings and sketches of parts
§ 35. Drawing up a working drawing of a part
§ 36. Drawing dimensions on drawings
§ 37. Applying symbols and inscriptions on drawings
§ 38. Designation of surface roughness
§ 39. Making sketches of parts
Chapter VIII. Assembly drawings and diagrams
§ 40. Drawing up and execution of assembly drawings
§ 41. Reading and detailing an assembly drawing
§ 42. General information about kinematic schemes
Section four. Construction drawings
Chapter IX. General information about construction drawings
§ 43. Contents and types of construction drawings
§ 44. Design stages
§ 45. Name and marking of construction drawings
§ 46. Scales of construction drawings
§ 47. Structural elements and building diagrams
§ 48. Structural elements (products) and their markings
§ 49. Coordination axes and drawing dimensions on drawings
§ 50. Callouts and references on construction drawings
Chapter X. Architectural and construction drawings
§ 51. Composition of drawings and conventional graphic images on them
§ 52. Drawings of building plans
§ 53. Drawings of sections of buildings
§ 54. Drawings of building facades
Chapter XI. Drawings of reinforced concrete structures
§ 55. Composition of working drawings and scales of images
§ 56. Layout of elements of prefabricated structures
§ 57. Working installation drawings of large-panel and large-block buildings
§ 58. Working drawings of monolithic reinforced concrete structures
§ 59. Assembly drawings and reinforcement diagrams for structural elements
§ 60. Drawings of reinforcement cages, embedded parts and connecting parts
Chapter XII. Drawings of metal structures
§ 61. Types of drawings and conventional images
§ 62. Schematic drawings of the building and layout of structural elements
§ 63. Cross sections, drawings of structural elements and assemblies
Chapter XIII. Drawings of wooden structures and carpentry
§ 64. Types of drawings and conventional images
§ 65. Layout diagrams and working drawings of structures
§ 66. Drawings of carpentry
Chapter XIV. Drawings of stone structures
§ 67. Walls made of bricks and lightweight concrete stones
§ 68. Stone cladding
Chapter XV. Drawings of building engineering equipment
§ 69. Types of drawings and symbols
§ 70. Drawings of water supply, sewerage and gas supply
§ 71. Drawings of heating, ventilation and air conditioning
Chapter XVI. Construction and installation drawings of process equipment
§ 72. Types and purpose of construction and installation drawings
§ 73. Drawings for the arrangement of technological equipment, installation of foundations and supporting structures
§ 74. Working installation drawings of process equipment and pipelines
§ 75. Working installation drawings of technological metal structures
Chapter XVII. Drawings of construction master plans and schemes for construction and installation work
§ 76. Drawings of construction master plans
§ 77. Work plans
Section five. Drawing and graphic design of drawings
Chapter XVIII. Technical drawing
§ 78. Features of technical drawing
§ 79. Drawing flat figures
§ 80. Drawing geometric bodies
§ 81. Chiaroscuro and shading of shadows
§ 82. Drawing production parts and components of building structures
Chapter XIX. Drawing from life
§ 83. General information about drawing from life
§ 84. Observational perspective and perspective constructions
§ 85. Organization of the workplace and drawing techniques
§ 86. Drawing geometric bodies
§ 87. Drawing ornaments, construction and architectural details
§ 88. Drawing architectural structures and interior views of buildings
Chapter XX. Techniques for graphic design of architectural and construction drawings
§ 89. Basic visual tasks and techniques for graphic design of drawings
§ 90. Technique for washing and multi-color painting of drawings
§ 91. Graphic design of sketches and drawings for decorative and artistic finishing of buildings
Conclusion
List of recommended literature
The theoretical foundations and practical application of image methods that are used in architectural design are outlined: orthogonal projections, axonometry, perspective and techniques for constructing shadows in these projections. The 1st edition was published in 1987. The 2nd edition contains self-test questions and problems with example solutions. For students of architectural universities and faculties.
Preface
Introduction
Part 1. Orthogonal projections
Chapter 1. Point, straight line and plane
1. Orthogonal system of two and three projection planes
2. Point
3. Straight line
4. Relative position of lines
5. Flatness
6. Lines and points lying in a plane
7. Mutual position of a straight line of two planes
8. Mutual position of line and plane
Chapter 2. Methods for transforming projections
9. Characteristics of methods
10. Method of replacing projection planes
11. Rotation method
12. Oblique auxiliary projection method
Chapter 3. Polyhedral surfaces
13. General information. Types of polyhedra
14. Regular polyhedra
15. Construction of projections of regular polyhedra
16. Intersection of a polyhedron by a plane and a straight line
17. Mutual intersection of polyhedra
18. Applications of polyhedral surfaces
Chapter 4. Curved lines
19. Basic concepts and definitions
20. Plane curves
21. Spatial curves
Chapter 5. Curved surfaces
22. General information about curved surfaces
23. Surfaces of revolution
24. Helical surfaces
25. Developable surfaces
26. Surfaces with a plane of parallelism
27. Surfaces of parallel transfer, second order general form and frame
Chapter 6. Intersection of curved surfaces
28. Tangent plane, normal, surface curvature
29. Construction of planes tangent to surfaces
30. Constructing surface outlines
31. Intersection of a surface by a plane
32. Intersection of a straight line with a curved surface
33. Mutual intersection of surfaces
34. Constructing the intersection of surfaces using oblique auxiliary projection
35. Special cases of intersection of second-order surfaces
Chapter 7, Geometric Transformations
36. Unfolding surfaces and constructing networks on surfaces of revolution
37. Geometric transformations with central and parallel projection
38. Geometric modeling of surfaces, transformation of their shape and graphic display using a computer
Chapter 8. Geometric shaping of curves: surfaces and their application in architecture
39. Vaults and domes
40. Simple and compound surfaces
41. Complex and irregular surfaces
Part 2. Shadows in orthographic projections
Chapter 9. Theoretical foundations of constructing shadows
42. General information
43. Direction of light rays
Chapter 10. Shadows of basic geometric figures
44. Shadows of a point, straight and flat figure
45. Shadows of geometric bodies
Chapter 11. Methods for constructing shadows
46. Method of radial sections
47. Method of auxiliary tangent surfaces
48. Reverse ray method
49. “Take-out” method
50. Method of auxiliary level planes
51. Assisted projection method
Chapter 12. Shadows of architectural details and fragments
52. Shadows of polyhedral and cylindrical surfaces
53. Shadows of conical surfaces
54. Shadows of surfaces of revolution with a vertical axis
55. Shadows of complex architectural fragments and surfaces
Chapter 13. Constructing lines of equal illumination
56. Theoretical foundations for constructing lines of equal illumination
57. Construction of isophote lines on geometric surfaces, architectural details and fragments
Part 3. Axonometry
Chapter 14. General information
58. The essence of the method and basic concepts
59. Standard axonometric projections
60. Construction of axonometry according to the selected projection direction
Chapter 15. Construction of axonometric images
61. Construction of axonometric images from orthogonal projections
62. Solving positional problems in axonometry
63. Constructing shadows in axonometry
Part 4. Perspective
Chapter 16. Basic provisions
64. The place and importance of perspective in architectural design
65. Geometric foundations of perspective
66. Perspective of a straight line, point and plane
67. Perspective of a circle
Chapter 17. Methods of constructing perspective
68. Selecting a point of view and angle parameters
69. The way of architects
70. Radial method and method of combined heights
71. Method of rectangular coordinates and perspective grid
72. Drawing perspectives of straight lines to an inaccessible vanishing point
73. Perspective Composition
Chapter 18. Interior perspective
Chapter 19. Perspective of details and architectural fragments
74. Perspective of architectural details and change of long scale
75. Perspective of architectural fragments, vaults and surfaces of coverings
Chapter 20. Constructing shadows in perspective
76. Constructing shadows with parallel rays of light
77. Constructing shadows in the interior
Chapter 21. Construction of reflections
78. Constructing reflections in horizontal reflecting planes
79. Constructing reflections in vertical reflecting planes
Chapter 22. Perspective on an Inclined Plane
80. General information
81. Constructing perspective on an inclined plane
Chapter 23. Reconstruction of architectural perspectives and techniques of photomontage in perspective
82. Basic provisions
83. Reconstruction of perspective in a vertical painting
84. Reconstruction of perspective on an oblique painting
85. Photomontage techniques in perspective
Chapter 24: Constructing a Wide Angle Perspective
86. Perspective distortions and the basics of the method for constructing wide-angle perspectives
87. Ways to construct a wide-angle perspective
Chapter 25. Automated construction of perspective images
88. Coding and entering graphic information
89. Construction of machine perspective images
Part 5. Projections with numerical marks
Chapter 26. General information
90. Essence of the method
91 Contents
91. Intersections of planes
92. Intersection of a plane with a topographic surface
93. Basics of vertical layout
Tasks and questions for self-test
General guidelines for solving problems
Section I. Orthogonal projections
Section II. Shadows and orthographic projections
Section III. Axonometry
Section IV. Perspective
Section V. Projections with numerical marks
Applications
Bibliography
Subject index
ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
on studying the discipline and performing
test assignments for part-time students of institutions,
providing secondary specialized education
by specialty 2-70 02 01
"Industrial and civil construction"
EXPLANATORY NOTE
In the training of specialists with secondary specialized technical education, the discipline “Engineering Graphics” plays an important role. In the process of studying it, students must develop drawing skills, master drawing techniques, and develop spatial thinking. Students should be able to read and follow drawings fluently to standards.
The purpose of this methodological development is to help part-time students study the discipline “Engineering Graphics”. It contains general guidelines for studying the discipline, a list of recommended literature, a program, recommendations for completing drawings, test assignments and guidelines for their implementation.
The discipline program provides for the study of the fundamentals of geometric drawing, descriptive geometry, construction and mechanical engineering drawing, as well as the acquisition of practical skills in making drawings in accordance with State standards.
The purpose of studying the discipline “Engineering Graphics” is to develop knowledge and skills in executing and reading drawings using technical and regulatory reference legal acts
The objective of the discipline is to develop skills in working with drawing tools, studying the techniques of geometric constructions, the basic provisions of descriptive geometry, the rules and conventions in drawings established by State Standards (GOST) - the Unified System of Design Documentation (ESKD) and the System of Design Documentation for Construction (SPDS).
All educational material of the program is divided into three tasks. After studying each of them, a test is performed. Test No. 1 and Test No. 2 are completed within the time limits established by the curriculum. .
The option is determined by the last two digits of the student’s code, according to Table. 1.
For example: for a student with code 8543, option number 43. The tasks that he must complete are found in the table. 1 in the cell at the intersection of row 4 with column 3, i.e. option for graphic work will be 1.
Table 1. Task options
| The penultimate digit of the cipher | Last digit of the cipher | |||||||||
The program material should be studied in the following sequence:
2. Study the material on the topics of the assignment using the textbook. Explore
state standards related to these topics.
3. Start completing the test. To do this, check out
the contents of the test and samples of the worksheet, determine your
option, make drawings according to your own version, arrange them in accordance with the method
divine instructions.
4. . If you encounter any difficulties while studying the material, you should contact your educational institution for advice.
Test drawings must be bound into an A3 album (297 x 420) with a cover in the form of a sheet of drawing paper of the same format. On the cover, the student indicates the last name, first name and patronymic (in full), department (or specialty), course and study group number, code, option number, date of completion of the work and his postal address (Appendix 5). The album is sent to the educational institution for review. Packing in a tube is not allowed. The work will be sent as a complete set. Individual sheets sent for review are not counted. Work not completed according to your own option will not be counted.
In the lower right corner of each drawing, the main inscription is made close to the frame line.
| |
Fig 1.1
After completing the test, the student submits it for review. Having received a positive review, the student is allowed to defend the work. Ungraded graphic work is performed again or corrected and sent for re-review in full. The reviewer's instructions on the drawing may not be erased.
Students who have completed all the graphic work and exercises in the workbook are allowed to defend their work.
When defending a test, the teacher questions the student on all completed assignments, and then asks them to complete a test that includes elements of all completed assignments.
When defending the test work, attention is paid to the quality of the graphic design of the drawings, their correct understanding (reading), the development of spatial representation, and knowledge of the relevant standards.
During laboratory and examination sessions during practical classes in the discipline “Engineering Graphics”, students must complete a certain amount of graphic work in the presence of a teacher.
In the absence of home tests, the student is not allowed to take the final test. If lost, the work is repeated.
To work on drawings you need to have: a drawing board with a drawing board or a drawing device (board size 1000 x 650), squares, a preparation table, a set of patterns, drawing pencils of different hardness (2T, T. TM, M) for constructing and tracing drawings, buttons, erasers, drawing paper size 297 x 420 (10-12 sheets), writing paper in a square for sketches (size 297 x 420).
Approximate thematic plan
| Section, topic | Number of teaching hours | ||||
| Total for full-time education | Extramural studies | ||||
| Total | Theoretical classes | Practical lessons | Independent work of students | ||
| Introduction | |||||
| Section I. Graphic design of drawings | |||||
| 1.1. Formats, drawing lines, labels | |||||
| 1.2. Drawing the outlines of technical parts | |||||
| Section II. Basics of descriptive geometry | |||||
| 2.1. Point and line | |||||
| 2.2. Plane | |||||
| 2.3 Surfaces and bodies | |||||
| 2.4 Axonometric projections | |||||
| 2.5 Projection conversion methods | |||||
| 2.6. Intersection of geometric bodies by planes | |||||
| 2.7. Mutual intersection of surfaces of geometric bodies | |||||
| Section III. Basics of technical drawing | |||||
| 3.1. Types, sections, sections | |||||
| Section V. Construction drawing | |||||
| 5.1. General information about construction drawings | |||||
| 5.2. Conventional graphic symbols and images on construction drawings | |||||
| 5.3. Drawings of plans, sections, facades | |||||
| Section VI. Drawings and diagrams | |||||
| 6.1. Building drawings | |||||
| 6.2. Master plan drawings | |||||
| Section IV. Technical drawing | |||||
| 4.1. Drawings of flat figures and geometric solids | |||||
| Section III. Basics of technical drawing (continued) 3.2. Image and designation of threads | |||||
| 3.3. Sketches and drawings of parts | |||||
| 3.4. Assembly drawing. Assembly drawing detailing | |||||
| Mandatory test | |||||
| TOTAL | |||||
LITERATURE
Main
Published, 1983
Standards
GOST 2.001-93. ESKD: General provisions
GOST 2.301-68. ESKD: Formats
GOST 2.303-68. ESKD: Lines
PLAN FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY OF A DISCIPLINE
| Section, topic | Literature; | ||
| Introduction | Expresses a general judgment about discipline and its meaning | 6-7 | 1.Goals and objectives of the discipline 2.The importance of the discipline in the system of training specialists |
| SECTION I. Graphic design of drawings 1.1. Formats. Scale. Drawing lines. Fonts | Explains the designation of formats, uses GOST ESKD Explains the scale. Knows how to draw designs of letters and numbers. | GOST 2.301-68. ESKD: Formats GOST 2.302-68. ESKD: Scales GOST 2.303-68. ESKD: Lines GOST 2.304-81. ESKD: Drawing fonts | 1.Name the size of the A1 format. 2. Name the size of A3 format. 3. What does M 1:2 mean? 4. What does M 2:1 mean? 5. What does M 1:1 mean? 6.What is the height of capital letters at font size 10? 7.What is the height of lowercase letters at font size 10? 8 . Do the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.2 p45 Appendix 6.3 p46 Appendix 6.4 p47) 9. Complete the title page for the album of drawings (Appendix 5.1 pg 38) |
| 1.2. Rules for drawing the contours of parts | Constructs regular polygons (triangles, hexagons, pentagons). Performs division of a straight line into equal parts. Possesses the skills of constructing basic types of conjugation. Possesses the skills of constructing pattern curves and using patterns. | 19-32 | 1. What do we mean by pairing? 2. What additional constructions need to be made to perform the pairing? 3. Which curve is called a pattern curve? 4. . Do the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.4 page 48 Appendix 6.5 page 49) |
| Section II. Basics of descriptive geometry 2.1. Point and line | Possesses the skills of constructing point projections. Possesses the skills of constructing projections of a straight line segment, partial position lines, constructing a point on a straight line, determining the relative position of a straight line and a point, or two straight lines. | 33-36 | 1. What does it mean to project a point onto a plane? 2. Construct a horizontal diagram. 3. Construct a frontal diagram. 4. Name the projection lines. Construct projections of projecting lines 5... Do the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.6 p. 50) |
| 2.2.Plane | Specifies in various ways the plane in the drawing, the position of the plane relative to the projection planes. Constructs the main lines of the plane. Determines the relative position of points, straight lines, and planes. | 35-36 | 1.What is the trace of a plane called? 2. Draw a diagram of the frontal plane defined by the tracks. 3. Draw a diagram of the horizontal plane defined by the tracks. 4. Draw a diagram of the frontal projection plane, |
| given by traces. 5. Draw a diagram of the horizontally projecting plane defined by the traces. 6. Do the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.7. p. 50 Appendix 6.8. p. 51) | |||
| 2.3.Surfaces and bodies | Uses knowledge about geometric bodies, constructs their projections in orthogonal planes and points on their surface. | 37-40 | 2. Draw three projections of a group of geometric bodies with dimensions and points on the surface of the bodies. (points are set by the teacher) Sheet 1.1 Test No. 1 |
| 2.4.Axonometric projections | Uses knowledge about the types of axonometric projections of flat and three-dimensional figures and points on their surface to construct axonometric projections of flat and three-dimensional figures and points on their surface. | 1] 41-46 59-71 | 1.. Do the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.10.) 1. Perform axonometry of a group of geometric bodies made on sheet 1.1 Sheet 1.2 Test work No. 1 |
| 2.5. Projection transformation methods | Determines the actual size of segments of straight, plane figures by replacing projection planes. Determines the actual size of segments of straight, flat figures by rotation. | 1. Construct a natural-size sectional figure | |
| 2.6.Intersection of surfaces of geometric bodies by planes. Construction of sweeps | Performs construction of projections of truncated polyhedra, bodies of revolution, natural size sectional figures, development. | 43-47 | 1.. Complete the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.11.1 Appendix 6.11.2). |
| 2.7. Mutual intersection of body surfaces | Solves problems involving the mutual intersection of bodies using the method of cutting planes and the method of spheres. | 48-51 | 1. What are the ways to solve problems involving the intersection of bodies? 2. Complete the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.12 Appendix 6.13). |
| Section, topic | Requirements for knowledge and skills | Literature; | Questions and tasks for self-control | |
| Section III. Basics of technical drawing 3.1. Types, sections, sections | Uses knowledge about types, cross-sections when constructing the third type of model and axonometry of the model using two types; when constructing simple sections; when combining the view with the section; when constructing local sections; when marking cuts; when making cuts in thin walls, stiffeners, etc.; when constructing complex sections, designating sections; when constructing and designating a section. Uses conventions and simplifications when making cuts and sections. Prepares drawings graphically correctly. | 52-57 197- 203 211- 215 | 1. Define the type 2. State what types there are and how they are designated 3. Define the cut. 4. Outline the classification of cuts. 5. Define a simple cut, a complex cut, indicate their difference. 6. Explain in what case the view is combined with the section? 7. Define a local incision. 8. Indicate the features of making a cut when the cutting plane passes along a thin wall, a stiffener. 9. Outline the classification of complex cuts. 10 Explain how simple cuts are designated. 11.. Explain how complex cuts are designated. 12. Define a section, state how they are designated. 13. Explain the difference between a section and a section. 14. Do the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.14 Appendix 6.15). 15. Draw three views of the model according to the given axonometry (the part is drawn in rectangular isometry), and apply the dimensions. Draw a visual representation of the model in oblique dimetry. Sheet 1.3. 16. Based on two types of parts, construct a third one. Make cuts. Enter dimensions. Draw the part in isometry with a quarter cutout Sheet 1.4 17. Based on two types of part, construct a third. Make cuts. Enter dimensions. Sheet 1.5 | |
| Section, topic | Requirements for knowledge and skills | Literature; | Questions and tasks for self-control | Questions and tasks for self-control |
| Section V Construction drawings 5.1. General information about construction drawings | Uses knowledge of the features of construction drawings, a set of construction drawings, and standards used in the execution of construction drawings; a unified modular system in construction; concepts, terms used in construction drawing when reading construction drawings. | 106-120 | 1. Explain what drawings are called construction drawings? 2.Indicate the features of construction drawings in dimensioning? 3. State what signs indicate the level marks of building elements or structures on the drawings. | |
| 5.2. Conventional graphic symbols and images on construction drawings | Uses knowledge of graphic designations of building materials, conventional graphic designations of elements of buildings, structures and building structures, conventional graphic designations of elements of sanitary systems, rules for marking construction drawings of parts, elements and assemblies of building structures, rules for placing callouts and inscriptions on construction drawings. | 106-120 | 1. Explain how references to extension elements are indicated in drawings. 2. Explain how callouts are made for multilayer structures? 3.Using methodological recommendations, complete test No. 2 Sheet 2.1 (Appendix 8) | |
| 5.3. Drawings of plans, sections and facades of the building | Characterizes drawings of plans, sections and facades of industrial, residential and public buildings, requirements for plans of construction drawings. Reads floor plan drawings. Sets out the sequence and rules for making sections of buildings, types and purposes of sections, requirements for drawings of sections of buildings in accordance with GOST 21.501-93. Reads drawings of building facades. Sets out the requirements for drawing drawings of building facades in accordance with GOST 21.501-93. | 126-156 | 1. Define a floor plan, the sequence of drawing a floor plan. 2. Define the section of the building, types and purpose of sections. 3. Explain what is considered to be the zero mark? 4. State what the numerical expression -0.900 means. 5. Outline the sequence of drawing a section of the building. 6. Explain how the height of the floor is determined 7. Indicate the difference between the architectural section and the structural one 8. Using methodological recommendations, complete test No. 2 Sheet 2.2 (Appendix 18) |
| Section, topic | Requirements for knowledge and skills | Literature; | Questions and tasks for self-control |
| Section VI Drawings and diagrams. 6.1. Building drawings | Characterizes the conventional images and symbols used in drawings of building structures, the extension element, its application and image. Reads drawings of structural components. Graphically correctly draws drawings of structural units. Reads drawings of reinforced concrete structures. Characterizes conventional graphic images of reinforcement products. Graphically correctly draws drawings of reinforced concrete structures. Reads drawings of metal structures. Characterizes conventional graphic images of rolled profiles and weld seams. Graphically correctly draws drawings of metal structures. Reads drawings of wooden structures. Characterizes conventional graphic images of elements of wooden structures. Graphically correctly draws drawings of wooden structures. | 43-44 84-85 92-93 | 1. Indicate how structural units are indicated in the drawings. 2. Indicate what types of drawings are included in the set of working drawings of reinforced concrete structures 3. Indicate what data is indicated in full callouts of the positions of reinforcement bars 4. Indicate the features of the location of views in the drawings of metal structures 5. . Indicate what data is written on the leader shelves of structural elements 6. State what the following entry on the leader line shelf means: 2 |_ 90 X 90 X 8 7. List the main types of connections of wooden structural elements. 8.Name the main structural elements of a truss truss. 9. Explain how bolts, staples, dowels, and nails are depicted in drawings of wooden structures. |
| 6.2. Master plan drawings | Characterizes drawings of master plans, conventional graphic images and designations on drawings of master plans of elements. Graphically correctly draws general plans. | 201-205 | 1. Explain what construction drawing is called a master plan? 2. Indicate the scope of implementation of master plans |
| SECTION IV Technical drawing 4.1. Drawings of flat figures and geometric solids | Performs technical drawings of flat and geometric bodies. Determines the difference between a technical drawing and a drawing made in an axonometric projection. | 208-235 | 1. Explain the difference between a technical drawing and a drawing made in axonometric projection 2. Complete a technical drawing |
| Section, topic | Requirements for knowledge and skills | Literature; | Questions and tasks for self-control |
| Section III. Fundamentals of technical drawing 3.2. Image and designation of threads | Depicts and denotes carvings. | 76-82 | 1. Indicate how metric threads are designated? 2. Indicate how a pipe thread is designated 3. Indicate what line is used to represent a thread on a rod if the projection plane is parallel to its axis 4. Indicate how to depict a thread on a rod in a plane perpendicular to its axis? 5. Indicate how the thread in a hole is depicted on a plane perpendicular to its axis. 6. Draw a threaded connection in section. (performed in college) |
| 3.3. Sketches and working drawings 4.2. Model drawings | Characterizes the purpose of a sketch and drawing in production. Sets out the order and sequence of executing a sketch of a part. Dimensions the part. Uses measuring tools and techniques to measure parts. Outlines the methodology for completing the sketch. Makes sketches of parts. Performs technical drawings of flat and geometric bodies. Explains the difference between a technical drawing and a drawing made in an axonometric projection. | 86-92 208- 235 | 1. State what drawing is called a sketch 2. State what drawing is called a working drawing 3. State the sequence of the sketch. 4. Make a sketch and technical drawing of the part with a quarter cut from life. Worksheet 3.1 (done in college) |
| 3.5. Assembly drawing. Assembly drawing detailing | Characterizes the assembly drawing, its purpose, simplifications used in the assembly drawing, dimensions in the assembly drawing, specifications. Reads the assembly drawing. Performs assembly drawing detailing. | 94-101 | I. Indicate the purpose of assembly drawings 2. Indicate the difference between an assembly drawing and a general view drawing 3. Indicate what dimensions are applied on assembly drawings 4. Indicate what is called detailing 5. Indicate what the detailing process is 6. Make sketches of two parts according to the assembly drawing Sheet 3.2 Sheet 3.3 (done in college) |
NOAH WORK No. 1
Test No. 1 With consists of a title page (Appendix 5.1) and tasks (Appendix 5.2 - Appendix 5.6), performed on five sheets of A3 format (297x420), as well as a workbook (Appendix 6)
The shape and dimensions of the main inscription for the design of drawings of test work No. 1 are shown in Figure 1.1 page 4
Sheet 1.2. Axonometry
Target: Learn to construct an axonometric projection of a group of geometric bodies and points on their surface.
Guidelines: Sheet 1.2 should be drawn up in A3 format on a scale of 1:1. It is recommended to depict it in rectangular isometry. An axonometric projection of a group of geometric bodies is performed on the basis of sheet 1.1. A sample design is shown in Appendix 5.3.
To complete this drawing, you need to study the topic “Axonometric projections” and complete the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6.10).
Sheet 1.3. Kinds
Target: Learn to perform and design images of the main types on technical drawings.
Guidelines: Sheet 1.3 should be drawn up in A3 format on a scale of 2:1. Accept the condition from Appendix 2. A sample design is shown in Appendix 5.4. To complete this drawing, you need to study the topic “Views, sections, sections” and complete the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6).
It is recommended to first select the main view, i.e. an image that should give the most complete idea of the shapes and sizes of the object. Other types are determined depending on the main one. Having determined the overall dimensions, mark places for each type so that they evenly occupy the entire field of the drawing. Having drawn the projections, draw extension and dimension lines on them in accordance with GOST 2-308-68 and fill in the dimensions. Draw the axonometry of the model in oblique dimetry.
Sheet 1.4. Simple cuts
Target: Learn to construct and draw images of simple sections on technical drawings. Learn to build an axonometric projection of a part with a quarter cut.
Guidelines: Sheet 1.4 should be drawn up in A3 format on a scale of 1:1. Accept the condition from Appendix 3. A sample design is shown in Appendix 5.5. To complete this drawing, you need to study the topic “Views, sections, sections” and complete the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6).
It is recommended to study these two projections (read the drawing), and determine which geometric bodies are involved in the formation of the part and by which surfaces it is limited. According to the overall dimensions, determine the location for each projection. All projections must be drawn at once, using the given dimensions and observing the projection relationship.
Having determined what cuts are needed, construct them on all projections, then draw all extension and dimension lines and apply dimensions. Then construct an axonometric image in rectangular isometry with a one-quarter cutout. Shade the section planes in the direction of the diagonals of the squares constructed in the section plane.
Sheet 1.5. Complex cuts
Special purpose: Learn to construct and design images of complex sections on technical drawings.
Guidelines: Sheet 1.5 should be drawn up in A3 format on a scale of 1:1. Accept the condition from Appendix 4. A sample design is shown in Appendix 5.6. To complete this drawing, you need to study the topic “Views, sections, sections” and complete the exercises in the workbook (Appendix 6).
CHECK WORK No. 2
Test No. 2 requires completing the following sheets:
1) Sheet 2.1. Conventional graphic symbols of building materials (A3 format).
2) Sheet 2.2. Plan, section, facade of the building. Node A (A1 format).
Floor plan
Sequence of the floor plan (Appendix 9):
1. Using the given dimensions, draw the coordination axes with a thin dash-dotted line. Appendix 9.1
2. Draw the external walls taking into account the reference. Appendix 9.2
Binding- distance from the axis to the inner edge of the wall.
For brick walls, the reference is 200 mm. Thus, the internal contour of the outer wall is at a distance of 200 mm from the axis, and the outer contour of the outer wall is at a distance of 330 mm, since the thickness of the wall is 530 mm).
3. Draw internal load-bearing walls and walls with channels. There are channels in the walls adjacent to bathrooms, kitchens and in the walls adjacent to stoves. The geometric axis of the internal walls coincides with the geometric axis. Appendix 9.2
4. Draw the partitions. Appendix 9.2
Partition thickness:
Interior - 80 mm;
Inter-apartment - 200 mm;
Partitions for bathrooms and kitchens - 65 mm.
5. Mark window and door openings in walls and partitions. We take the dimensions of the openings from Appendix 11. When drawing doors, we must remember that external entrance and vestibule doors open outward (recommended opening dimensions are 2070x1310); The entrance doors to the apartment from the staircase open inwards (recommended opening sizes are 2070x910). Recommended opening sizes for bathrooms are 2070x710, kitchens are 2070x810.
In external brick walls, quarters are made under window and door openings.
6. Make a list of door and window openings (See Appendix 12)
7. Draw the sanitary equipment of the buildings (Appendix 14, Appendix 9.3).
8. Circle. Appendix 9.3
The contours of walls located in the secant plane are outlined with a solid main line, thickness S. S = 0.8-1.0 mm is recommended. The contours of the partitions located in the secant plane of the furnaces are outlined with a solid line, thickness S/2. All other lines (contours located behind the cutting plane, axes, symbols of sanitary equipment, dimension and extension lines) are outlined with lines of thickness S/W, but not less than 0.3 mm.
8. Add dimensions. Appendix 9.4. Appendix 10
On building plans, external dimension lines (from one to four) are drawn with a distance of 7 min mm between them. These lines are usually drawn to the left and below, outside the outline of the plan. In this case, the first dimensional measurement is carried out at a distance of at least 10 min mm from the outline of the plan, so as not to make it difficult to read. On the first dimension line, the dimensions of window and door openings and the walls between them are indicated; on the second - the dimensions between adjacent axes and on the third - the dimensions between the extreme axes. The walls closest to the coordination axes are tied with dimensions from their faces to the axis.
The internal dimensions of the premises (rooms), the thickness of the partitions and internal walls should be marked on the internal dimension lines. The internal dimension line is drawn at a distance of at least 8-10 mm from the wall or partition. The areas of individual rooms should be indicated in square meters with two decimal places and a line below. For educational purposes, indicate only the areas of residential premises. Doorways are marked and marked in 5 mm circles.
Section of the building
To identify the internal appearance of the room and the location of architectural elements, an architectural or contour section of the building is drawn up, on which the structures of foundations, ceilings, rafters and other elements are not shown, but the dimensions and elevations necessary for the construction of the facades are indicated.
Before making a cut, it is necessary to carefully study the plan, determine the direction of view and the position of the secant plane (the secant plane runs along the staircase, along the flight closest to the observer), and establish the position of the coordination axes.
When drawing a section, all constructions are made with thin lines.
Sequence of making a section of the building (Appendix 15):
1. Draw the vertical coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures of walls and columns (if any).
2. Draw load-bearing walls that fall into the cutting plane, taking into account the reference.
3. Draw horizontal level lines perpendicular to the coordination axes: the surface of the first floor floor (zero level), the second floor floor, the bottom of the covering.
4. Draw the structure of the floor and roof. Appendix 13
5. Calculate the stairs. Appendix 16
6. Draw the staircase on the section and on the plan. Appendix 16.2
7. Refine the section by drawing window and door openings, partitions, porches, canopies, ventilation shafts and other elements located in the secant plane and behind the secant plane.
8. Trace the cut.
9. Draw extension and dimension lines, circles for marking coordination axes and signs for placing elevation marks. Enter dimensions:
· coordination axes of the building and the distance between them and the extreme axes
· marks of the ground level, the finished floor of floors and platforms, the bottom of the covering slabs of the upper floor of a multi-story building
· mark of the bottom of the supporting part of structural elements embedded in the walls
· marking the top of walls, cornices, wall ledges
· dimensions and reference (in height) of openings in walls and partitions, shown in section (for openings with quarters, dimensions are indicated according to the smallest size of the opening)
· knot brands.
We indicate the roof structure.
An example of a cross-section of a building is shown in Appendix 15.
Facade
The sequence of drawing the facade of the building:
1. Using horizontal dimensions from the plan and vertical dimensions from the section, draw the facade of the building.
2. Circle.
Visible contours on facade drawings should be made with a solid main line, and the ground contour line can be drawn with a thickened line extending beyond the facade.
3. Add dimensions.
· Extreme coordination axes (intermediate axes can be placed in places where the heights of the building differ, in places of fracture in the building plan, as well as in places where the expansion joint passes).
· Elevations of the ground level, plinth, bottom and top of openings, cornice and top of the roof.
A sample design of the building facade is shown in Appendix 17.
Structural units
Draw a structural unit on a scale of 1: 10, according to the option (Appendix 18, 19). Label the node.