Main idea: Present the object (or operational zone of the OZ) in the form of a crowd of living and thinking substances - little people who know how to carry out incoming commands.
MMC rules:
1. Select part of an object, which cannot perform the required opposite actions, present this part in the form of a “crowd” of MPs.
2. Divide the MP into groups, acting (moving) according to the conditions of the problem, i.e., poorly, as specified in the problem.
3. Consider the resulting problem model(picture with MC) and rearrange it so that conflicting actions are performed, i.e., the contradiction is resolved.
4. Jump to possible answer.
Notes:
– Usually a series of drawings is made: “it was”, “it should be”, “it became” or “it was” and “how it should be”.
– There must be a lot of people.
– Little people are easily (absolutely) controllable and obedient; have any properties we need.
– Little people are specialized: they do only what they are designed for. Different actions require different people.
– The little people “obey” commands in the “language” of the fields. Different people “listen” to different fields.
3.7. Morphological analysis. Fantasy techniques.
Phantogram method
Morphological analysis is a method for improving systems. The essence of the method is that in the system being improved, several characteristic (morphological features) are identified, then lists of alternatives are compiled for each feature. The characteristics with their various alternatives are arranged in table form, which allows for a better presentation of the search field.
Morphological analysis was developed by Fritz Zwicky (a famous Swiss astrophysicist and aerospace theorist who worked at the California Institute of Technology) in the 1940s and 50s.
Advantages of the method:
– Easy to understand and use
– Helps overcome psychological inertia
– Requires that parameters and conditions be clearly defined. Vaguely defined entities immediately become explicit as soon as they are referenced and subject to internal consistency testing.
– Stimulates the identification and exploration of boundary conditions. That is, the limits and extreme points of different contexts and factors.
– Leads to the emergence of non-standard ideas.
Flaws:
– The method is cumbersome
Phantogram- a technique proposed by G. S. Altshuller for developing imagination, forming new ideas and obtaining non-standard solutions to inventive problems. The method is based on a table, the vertical axis of which shows the universal characteristics of the system under study, and the horizontal axis shows some methods for changing these characteristics (Table 3.1). Below is a simplified table.
Table 3.1. Table for implementing the phantogram method
| Fantasy techniques Universal indicators | 1. Zoom in and out | 2. Combine-disconnect | 3. On the contrary | 4. Move in time | 5. Separate function from object | 6. Speed up slow down |
| 1. Composition, elements | ||||||
| 2. Subsystems | ||||||
| 3. Object | ||||||
| 4. Supersystems | ||||||
| 5. Directions of development, evolution | ||||||
| 6. Playback | ||||||
| 7. Power supply | ||||||
| 8. Method of transportation | ||||||
| 9. Scope of distribution | ||||||
| 10. Level of organization, management | ||||||
| 11. Purpose, purpose (meaning of existence) |
Let us briefly describe the fantasy techniques developed by G.S. Altshuller.
1. Increase – decrease
“Gulliver in the Land of Lilliputians”, “Town in a Snuffbox”, “Alice in Wonderland”. Increase or decrease the number of users, number of product instances, memory footprint, etc.
2. Unite - disconnect
In the new Google Apps product, email is combined with a document management system, calendar, websites, etc. In Grid technologies, to speed up the process, a complex task is divided into many simpler ones and the results are combined again.
3. On the contrary
Compilation - decompilation. Instead of a big screen - small glasses. Instead of product universality, there is specialization.
Two horsemen compete to see whose horse last will reach the finish line. But things don’t work out, both stand still. They turn to a sage for advice. The old man came up and whispered something in everyone’s ear. After that they galloped at full speed. What did the sage say?
4. Move in time.
Place the system (circumstances) 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 years ago or forward. How should the system and its operating conditions change?
5. Separate the function from the object.
The smile of the Cheshire cat, but without the cat. “Cloud” computing, hosting programs on a remote server, “pumping up” the necessary software modules only at the right time.
6. Change the nature of the “property-time” or “structure-time” relationship.
A database that becomes smaller as the amount of data increases. A task that becomes faster as its complexity increases. As quality increases, a product decreases in price.
7. Speed up - slow down.
Reduce the time for program development by several times. Slow down the time for providing data to the database several times. Imagine that the speed of a program has increased by several orders of magnitude - what could qualitatively change?
Let's say the task is to come up with a fantastic phone.
The first step: write down the specific indicators of the object in question. The object is a mobile phone. Composition: case, battery, SIM card, display, board, connectors, etc. Supersystem – telephone networks. Evolution towards miniaturization, increasing the number of functions. The scope of distribution is among people of various backgrounds, places of residence, religion, etc.
The second step: select a cell that corresponds to one indicator and one change. For example, you can select the “phone-zoom” cell. A phone the size of an apartment?
Third step: consider the change in the indicator depending on the chosen technique. A phone the size of a house? A phone the size of a city?
Fourth step: From the options obtained in the previous step, select one. Take, for example, a phone the size of a house. Different parts of the house are simultaneously parts (elements) of the telephone: TV, computer, mirror, window, household appliances, electrical wiring, walls, roof...
Fifth step: determine other indicators for the selected object. For example, the scope of distribution is increased. Now this is the news of the globe (not just the surface). Or the whole microcosm. Or the solar system. How can such phones be built? What might they look like? How can they evolve?
3.8. Eurorhythm: 4-story fantasy scheme
In the development of any science fiction theme (space travel, communication with extraterrestrial civilizations, etc.), there are four sharply different categories of ideas:
– one object that gives some fantastic result;
– many objects that together give a completely different result;
– the same results, but achieved without an object;
– conditions under which there is no need for results.
For each topic, four floors of fantastic ideas are gradually erected. The floors are qualitatively different from each other.
Suppose we come up with a fantastic anti-virus program: it itself becomes stronger and more effective the more viruses there are in networks, computers and phones. This is the first floor of the structure.
Second floor – there are a lot of such programs. There are at least two ways to make a lot of them: distributing the same program among a large number of users and the appearance of many different programs of this class. What new effect might arise? For example, viruses hide for a while (seasonally), anti-virus programs become weaker and then viruses suddenly appear again. Or in other words: viruses make antivirus programs perceive other antivirus programs as viruses. Antiviruses begin to fight with other antiviruses, they destroy each other.
The third floor – “the same result (fighting the bad consequences of viruses), but without antiviruses. For example, any program is also an anti-virus program.
Fourth floor – no need to fight antiviruses. There will be a way to use antiviruses to run useful programs. As soon as a virus appears, it is immediately adapted for some useful functions.
Thus, the Eurorhythm allows you to develop any fantastic idea.
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Slide captions:
Method of modeling with little people Compiled by the teacher of MBDOU “Kindergarten No. 130”, Cheboksary Likhova Olga Ivanovna
The Little Men Modeling Method (LMM) was developed by G.S. Altshuller to solve inventive problems; n allows you to better understand the physical processes and phenomena occurring at the micro level; It is based on the idea that everything that surrounds us consists of little people.
Goal: mastering the method of describing objects of inanimate nature
Substance Features of the molecular structure Character of the MP Symbols of the MP Gas The distance between the molecules is much greater than the size of the molecules themselves. Molecules move in all directions, almost without attracting each other. Gaseous MPs are not friendly with each other. They love to run everywhere because they are very naughty. Liquid Molecules are packed so tightly that the distance between molecules is less than the size of the molecules. Molecules do not move apart over long distances. The attraction of molecules is weaker than that of solids. Liquid MCH are friendly guys, hold hands tightly, are obedient, but can move away from each other without breaking hands. Solid The molecules are located very close to each other in the correct order and the attraction between them is very strong. Each molecule moves around a certain point and cannot move far from it, that is, the molecule vibrates. Solid MCHs are very friendly and hold hands very tightly, are very obedient, stand in one place, like soldiers in formation.
Three aggregate states of substances (solid MPs, liquid MPs, gaseous MPs) are learned in games
Middle age Systematization of knowledge about the senses and awareness of the capabilities of analyzers What the eyes can do What the hands can do What the ears can do What the nose can do What the tongue can do Properties of solid matter
Symbols of names and values of features perceived by analyzers
Senior group Getting to know liquid people Properties of water Other liquids Thermal phenomena Friction
Preparatory group Introducing the gas men Properties of air Three states of matter Thermal phenomena Sound Light Electricity Magnetism Linen dries in the cold
Algorithm for getting to know substances Understanding the structure of matter and its properties Getting to know little people Systematizing knowledge about the variety of substances and materials of the natural and man-made world Conducting a comparative analysis of the properties of various materials Ability to examine a substance, conduct an experiment, draw conclusions based on the results obtained Application of acquired knowledge in practice Presentation about the process of manufacturing various materials Fostering respect for nature
1. Wood and its properties 2. How a person uses the properties of wood 3. Comparison of the properties of paper and wood 4. What can be made from paper 5. What is paper made from. We make paper ourselves
wood paper When interacting with water: wood paper
Recommended games to familiarize yourself with the physical state of objects of inanimate nature: “The World Around Us” “Gifts of Inanimate Nature” “Teremok” “Time Train” “My Friends” “What Was, What Has Become” (for changes in the state of aggregation) “Good-Bad” (wind, wind work, atmosphere) “What can transform” (transition from one state of aggregation to another) “We’re going to visit” “I’m taking you with me” “Theft of the rainbow” “Transformers” “The world of inanimate nature has lost...matter” “ Where does he live..?" (manifestation of specified phenomena) “Share with a friend”
Thank you for your attention
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
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Petrov Vladimir Mikhailovich,
Israel, Tel Aviv, 2002
[email protected]
Basics
theories for solving inventive problems
7.1.3. Method of modeling by little people MMC.
The method of modeling with little people (MMM) was proposed by Heinrich Altshuller.
It has long been noted that solving many problems is facilitated by representing them in the form of models. We have already partially considered such modeling when outlining the technique of empathy (see section 2.3). But such modeling does not always bring success. It is especially difficult to use empathy to model processes where it is necessary to divide an object into parts, and this is understandable. It is not natural for a person to divide himself into parts, and when using empathy in such processes, he must imagine his division. That is why such problems are quite difficult to solve in this way.
When solving many problems, the famous physicist Maxwell imagined the process under study in the form of little gnomes that could do everything that was necessary. Such gnomes in literature are called "Maxwell's gnomes." A similar modeling method using a crowd of little people was proposed by G. Altduller. Any process is modeled with the help of little people who, in our imagination, can carry out any action.
Let's illustrate this method.
Problem 7.2. There is a liquid dispenser made in the form of a device shown in Fig. 7.9. The liquid enters the dispenser bucket. When the set amount of liquid is filled, the dispenser tilts to the left and the liquid pours out. The left side of the dispenser becomes lighter, the dispenser returns to its original position.
Unfortunately, the dispenser does not work accurately. When tilted to the left, as soon as the liquid begins to drain, the left side of the dispenser becomes lighter, the dispenser returns to its original position, although some liquid remains in the bucket. “Underfilling” depends on many factors (difference between the left and right parts of the dispenser, liquid viscosity, friction of the dispenser axis, etc.), so you cannot simply take a larger ladle.
It is necessary to eliminate the described disadvantage of the dispenser. Do not offer other dispensers: the essence of the task is to improve the existing design. Remember: you need to maintain its inherent simplicity.
Let's imagine the described structure in the form of a model using little people (Fig. 7.10).
Analysis of this model shows that the counterweight men do not meet the necessary requirements.
Here a heightened (physical) contradiction arises: “The counterweight men must be on the right in order to return the dispenser to its original position, and should not be on the right so that the liquid men can completely drain.”
Such a contradiction can be resolved if the counterweight men become mobile (Fig. 7.11). Technically, this can be represented, for example, as shown in Fig. 7.12. The dispenser is made in the form of a body mounted on an axis, on one side of which there is a measuring container, and on the other there are channels with moving ballast, for example a ball 4.
Let's look at one more problem.
Problem 7.3. In hydraulic construction, when blocking river beds and various types of filling under water, self-unloading (tipping) barges are used, in particular, the barges shown in Fig. 7.13 5. They consist of two buoyancy compartments 1 and 2 (“bow” and “stern”), which keep the barge afloat. Between the buoyancy compartments there is a cargo hold 3, made in the form of a triangular prism.
The walls of the hold have holes; water always passes into the hold (without this it would be difficult to capsize the barge and return it to its original position). There are air cavities 4 along the body on both sides. The lower part of these cavities is open. When a barge is loaded, it settles, the water compresses the air in the air cavities. When it is necessary to unload the barge, valve 5 is opened, air comes out, water fills one side cavity, and the barge capsizes. After the cargo has been poured out, the torque created by the keel 6 automatically returns the barge to its original position.
It was decided to use such barges in the construction of the Aswan Dam. Due to specific conditions, it was necessary to create barges with a lifting capacity of 500 tons with a low draft, that is, more wide and flat. They built a model of a barge and found that the model did not return to its original position.
To return the barge to its original position, it was necessary to make the keel heavier, but then the “dead” weight would have to be carried all the time. The heavier the keel, the less the barge's payload capacity.
What should I do?
Let us depict the described process in the form of a model of little men (Fig. 7.14).
When analyzing the model, we are convinced that the counterweight men cannot cope with returning the barge to its original position. The ideal model for this task: “The counterweight men themselves return the barge to its original position without increasing its weight. Or a light counterweight returns the barge to its original position.”
At first glance, such a solution contradicts the laws of nature. A contradiction arises: “There should be a lot of counterweight people in order to return the barge to its original position, and there should be few (or none at all) so as not to carry “dead” weight.”
The solution is to increase the mass of the counterweight men at the expense of someone else nearby.
By increasing the mass at the expense of cargo men, we, of course, will turn the barge over, but they will become counterweight men, and again we will have to carry “extra cargo”, that is, reduce the overall carrying capacity of the barge. Thus, the cargo men did not help us.
Let's try using liquid people. If they join a small number of counterweight men, they will be able to return the barge to its original position. In water they will not create additional mass. So this solution is suitable. All that remains is to think about how to hold the liquid men near the counterweight men (Fig. 7.15).
Technically, this solution is implemented in the form of a hollow keel (Fig. 7.16).
The self-unloading barge is made with a ballast keel tank, which has holes in the outer walls, constantly communicating with the outboard space 6. This could be, for example, a pipe.
Problem 7.4 7. During the Second World War, a problem arose: how to prevent the enemy from detecting a planted underwater mine?
An underwater mine in those days was a sphere filled with explosives, and the fuses were made in the form of “horns” (Fig. 7.17). The mine has positive buoyancy. It was attached to the anchor using a cable (minrep), so that it remained at the depth of the ship's draft.
Mines are caught using special ships - minesweepers. A cable (trawl) is stretched between two minesweepers.
The cable is deepened using special deepeners. The trawl cable matches the mine rope (Fig. 7.18). When a mine hits the trawl (the trawl cable moves along the mine rope), the mine rope is cut off using a special knife or explosive device. The mine floats up and is shot.
Empathy and associative series
Empathy – conscious empathy for the current emotional state of another person without losing the sense of the external origin of this experience.
An associative series is a series of concepts or definitions when the next member of the series “pops up” in connection with what is remembered about the previous one.
1. Make an abstract portrait of your interlocutor and describe the drawing.
2. Draw an abstract portrait of a person, using an associative series of subordinate images, and describe the drawing.
Focal object method
The method of focal objects (MFO) is a method of searching for new ideas and characteristics of an object based on adding to the original object the properties of other randomly selected objects. Hence another name – the method of random objects.
The theoretical basis of MFO is an algorithm of 6 steps performed sequentially:
1. A focal object is selected - something that needs to be improved.
2. Random objects are selected (3-5 concepts, from an encyclopedia, book, newspaper, necessarily nouns, of various subjects different from the original object).
3. The properties of random objects are recorded.
4. The found properties are attached to the original object.
5. The resulting options are developed through associations.
6. Options are assessed in terms of effectiveness, interestingness and viability of the resulting solutions.
Transferring to the object under study the properties of other objects that are in no way related to the original one often gives strong ideas, since it allows you to look at the object from a different, non-obvious angle. At the same time, the application technique is simple and invariant. Another advantage of MFOs is considered to be the promotion of associative thinking. But it is not without its shortcomings. When applying the method, there is no guarantee that the resulting solution will be strong. Also, the weaknesses of the method are its unsuitability for working with complex technical problems and the lack of clarity in choosing criteria for evaluating the resulting ideas.
Example:
FO - pan.
The goal is to expand the range and demand for products.
Random objects: tree, lamp, cat, cigarette.
Their properties: tree – tall, green, with thick roots; lamp - electric, luminous, broken, matte; cat – playful, fluffy, meowing; cigarette - smoking, with a filter, abandoned, damp.
We add the resulting properties to the pan one by one and develop them.
Weak combinations can be immediately discarded.
Strong solutions are provided by: a saucepan with roots - a saucepan with a heat-insulating bottom; broken pan - divided into sections for simultaneous cooking of several dishes; meowing pan - gives a signal when the dish is ready.
Apply the focal object method to:
1. desktop;
2. to a random object;
3. a subject related to the topic of the dissertation.
Synectics method
The term “synectics” means the combination of heterogeneous, sometimes even incompatible elements in the process of finding a solution to a problem. The method welcomes criticism, and also actively uses various kinds of comparisons and analogies. In the process of solving a given problem, a group of people (synectics) takes part; all group members must know each other well so as not to feel awkward expressing absurd ideas and belong to different psychotypes, which will ensure a variety of approaches and ideas put forward. Essentially, the task of synectics is to turn the unfamiliar into the familiar and determine a solution, or, on the contrary, to turn the familiar into the unfamiliar, thereby opening the horizons of development.
Discussion using the synectics method consists of the following main steps:
1. Available information on the problem under discussion is heard.
2. The customer defines the problem and the desired goal.
3. A list of keywords characterizing the problem is generated.
4. Based on this list with application four methods of synectics the first level of absurd ideas is generated that directly relate to the customer’s desires.
4 synectics methods:
Direct analogy – external, structural or functional analogues that exist in the surrounding world.
Subjective (personal) analogies are personal ideas, ideas of one’s own body as part of the problem.
Symbolic analogy - comparisons, allegories, metaphors, identification of the properties of one thing with the properties of something else.
A fantastic analogy is the presentation of things as fantastic and impossible, the intervention of miraculous fairy-tale forces that can solve the problem in question.
5. Based on the first level, the second level of ideas is formed, which are as practical as possible, but at the same time do not lose their originality.
6. From the generated options, the client selects the most interesting version.
7. As a result of joint discussion, the idea is brought to the stage of practical implementation.
1. As a problem, it is proposed to develop a brand name for Izhevsk State Technical University named after M.T. Kalashnikov, which will have a weapons theme.
2. At the initial stage, you need to offer 12 analogies - 3 for each of the 4 synectics methods (you need to work in a group - you can do it with family or friends).
3. Based on the resulting analogies, propose ideas for the design of the sign in the form of 2-5 sketches.
4. Design one idea as a working version of the sign.
Little Men Method
The essence of the Little Men Method is to replace certain complex systems with groups of little men acting in a specific way - in accordance with the properties of the system being studied. For example, if we talk about different states of matter, they can be expressed as follows:
The solid is a group of little people standing close to each other and holding hands tightly.
Liquid is a group of little people who always stand close to each other, but do not hold hands.
Gaseous - the little people are quite distant from each other and do not hold hands.
As a result, it becomes clear that the first group will only move as a whole. Otherwise, you will have to figure out a way to separate the friendly people. But with the third group this will not be a problem; here you will still have to try to gather all the little people into one pile, because they are always trying to scatter to the sides.
1. Make 5 ornaments of people holding each other (pairs, triplets, quadruples), giving them specific qualities - gender, age, etc. These are families, maybe. Friends.
2. Based on the two ornaments, come up with two forged fences, the principle of connecting the sections of which should be determined by the way the little men hold hands.
Report requirements:
1. Availability of a standardly designed title page.
2. For each method, briefly describe the task and the result of its implementation, provide the necessary drawings and explanations for them.
3. Draw conclusions.