When a person looks straight ahead, he still catches what is happening to the side. This is colloquially known as "catch it out of the corner of your eye." The scientific name is peripheral vision. It is present in all vertebrates without exception, and is an important aspect of vision. It is also called “side”.
In the literature you can often find the concept of “peripheral vision”. Disputes arise: what kind of vision do we have, peripheral or peripheral? That's right, both ways. These are different names for the same phenomenon.
Peripheral vision perceives white light best, and then, in descending order, all the colors of the spectrum, starting from red. it also weakly perceives the shape of objects, but is sensitive to movement and flickering of objects. And the faster this flickering, the better the eye will perceive it.
There is also central vision - all objects fall into it when we look directly ahead. This means that most of what we see falls into the “zone of responsibility” of the peripheral. And how much we see depends on our field of vision. So when checked by an ophthalmologist, a peripheral vision test will definitely be carried out.
line of sight
When we look forward in a relaxed state, in addition to the objects located there, we also notice what is on the sides. Everything that thus captures the eye is the visual field. The higher a person’s visual acuity, the further he sees, but lateral vision practically does not depend on this.
By “field of view” we mean not only what a person sees horizontally, but also vertically.
Examination of the state of this vision is very important in diagnosing diseases of the retina, optic nerves and visual acuity. In case of retinal diseases, the doctor examines the patient’s field of vision dynamically over a long period of time. And it is the state of peripheral vision that can indicate the characteristics of the pathological process in the eye and help select effective treatment.
To a certain extent, the field of vision is narrowed due to the protruding parts of the face - nose, cheekbones, eyebrows. If a person wears glasses, then their frame may somewhat limit the view.
Visual field testing is the main way to diagnose peripheral vision. And the simplest of all is the control method. It does not require any instruments; the doctor, with a healthy and complete field of view, compares that of the subject with his own.
For a more accurate determination, computer diagnostics are performed - the patient looks into the eyepieces, the doctor demonstrates various objects that appear on the sides and approach the middle of the view. As soon as the patient notices them, he presses the button, and the computer records it.
Peripheral vision examination is carried out on each eye separately.
Why do we need peripheral vision?
All vertebrates and birds have this type of vision. Only in different types of living organisms it covers a different radius. For a person with healthy vision, this angle is 120 degrees in each eye. vertically and horizontally. In some eye diseases, this angle narrows. Peripheral vision can also deteriorate in the event of injury to the eye itself - a concussion, burn, bruise, or overstrain of the eye itself.
Narrowing of peripheral vision can also be a consequence of brain diseases.
Structure of the retina: rods and cones
The human eye is a complex optical instrument. It perceives, analyzes and transmits information to the retina, giving an idea of color, distance, etc. At different times of the day, different areas of the retina and its different receptors are responsible for all this. These receptors transform light stimulation into nervous stimulation. In other words, light is converted into electrical impulses, and the optic nerve transmits them to the brain. Due to the similarity of shape, they were called
- rods - those that are responsible for perception in the dark
- cones - responsible for visual acuity and
And it is the rods that are most involved in the work of peripheral vision.
In the eye of a healthy person there are about 120 million rods, and only 7 million cones.
Rods are very photosensitive, they only need 1 photon of light to react, but they cannot distinguish the color of an object. Since there are disproportionately more rods, they are located mainly “on the periphery” of the retina, while cones are located mainly in its center. Thanks to the large number of rods on the periphery of the eye, a person notices the objects surrounding him in the dark.
Peripheral vision works well in the dark, when color perception is not relevant, so it is black and white. The fact that we perceive colors with peripheral vision during daylight hours is due to the work of the cones.
Functions
We need it to better navigate space. It is carried out mostly by the rod apparatus, so it is also. Thanks to it, we can move in the dark, distinguish objects even in almost complete darkness, because the rods react to the smallest light emissions.
In herbivorous mammals, the eyes are always located on the sides, and their viewing angle is almost a full circle. But their central vision is not very good, its acuity is quite low.
Development of peripheral vision
The eyes of a human embryo begin to develop in the first month after conception; it is such a complex organ and it takes so much time to form. At the same time, the retina, rods and cones are formed.
In a newborn baby, it is very poorly developed; the baby practically does not use it. At this time it is limited only to reacting to light. The child may turn his head towards the source, but not yet follow with his eyes.
As the child ages, visual function increases; by the age of three, the child no longer needs to turn his head to the image that interests him, and by the age of 6, peripheral vision is almost completely formed. Now it is only developing and strengthening - until puberty. The point of view of a teenager is no longer different from that of an adult.
However, already formed peripheral vision can be improved and strengthened. This is facilitated by special exercises for developing breadth of vision.
In order not to confuse which retinal receptors are responsible for what, you can remember - during the day scientists work with cones, at night, in order not to fall, they use a rod.
Why develop
Lateral vision arose in humans back in prehistoric times, when danger lurked at every step and it was necessary to identify it in time.
Peripheral vision is physiologically weaker than central vision; it tends to narrow with age. But it can be developed with the help of several fairly simple exercises.
It would be quite reasonable to ask the question: why develop it?
The fact of the matter is that it is necessary; in many cases, well-developed peripheral vision can save lives.
- Situations on the road. The most common situation in the city is when a person crosses the road and a car appears around a bend at high speed. With peripheral vision, a person notices it and manages to react and stop. It’s the same with drivers - you need to change lanes into the next lane, but another car appears, which it’s better to let through. With their peripheral vision they managed to catch it and assess the situation. And just walking along the road to see other road users.
- In sports. In group sports, this vision helps to notice what is happening nearby, interact better with the team, and see the opponent. During martial arts matches, athletes also detect any movements of the opponent.
- Speed reading. The main principle of speed reading is the ability to “capture” large volumes of text while expanding the angle of view. In this way, the skill of “diagonal reading” is trained.
And in many life situations it is impossible to do without peripheral vision.
Peripheral vision impairment
Peripheral vision impairments are quite often temporary; for example, the field of vision is narrowed during severe alcohol intoxication. It is restored when the person returns to normal.
With severe blood loss, injuries, shock, stress, nitrogen poisoning - all this leads to short-term impairment of peripheral vision.
There is organic damage to the retina, when the problem is practically insoluble, and the course of the disease can only be slowed down, it cannot be cured, for example, as with glaucoma.
- There is a lack of peripheral vision when there is only central vision. In this case, a person sees all objects as if through a pipe. This kind of violation is called. If this condition is caused by glaucoma or retinal degeneration, treatment may be prescribed. The same condition often occurs in people in extreme situations, when there is overload of the optic nerve - in astronauts, military pilots, divers, climbers at high altitudes, and in other cases of oxygen starvation. But in this case, tunnel vision does not last long and the eyes quickly return to normal without treatment. They just need to give it a rest.
- The opposite also happens - peripheral vision is present, but central vision is not. This condition is called central scotoma. There are several types of them, often scotoma is caused by depression of the cerebral cortex. Then a person in the central part of the eye sees a flicker, while in the periphery the image is clear.
In both cases, vision functions are impaired.
Ischemic optic neuropathy
This is damage to the optic nerve that occurs when there is a sudden deterioration in its blood supply. Then the field of vision and visual acuity suddenly and sharply narrow, and peripheral vision suffers. Mostly men over 40 years of age are susceptible to it, and it is not an independent eye disease - it is concomitant with other systemic diseases. This is a very serious condition that, if left untreated, most often leads to complete irreversible blindness.
Most often, the attack occurs in only one eye, but a third of patients also have bilateral disorders. Usually the second eye is attacked after a few days, but it happens that it takes from two to five years. The attack develops suddenly and rapidly - after sleep, physical stress, sauna, hot bath, stress. Immediately, vision deterioration occurs, down to tenths. There may be a complete loss of light perception, total blindness. Moreover, the disease can develop within a few minutes, so when visiting a doctor, the patient will indicate the time of the onset of the attack with an accuracy of a few minutes.
So-called warning symptoms often occur - short-term blurred vision, pain behind the eye, severe headaches. If such signs occur, you should not delay consulting a doctor.
At the first symptoms, treatment for peripheral neuropathy is immediately started - decongestants, anticoagulants, vitamins are immediately prescribed, thrombolytic, antispasmodic therapy, magnetic therapy, electrical and laser stimulation of the optic nerve are carried out.
The prognosis is most often unfavorable, as rapid atrophy of the optic nerve occurs. In rare cases, it is possible to increase vision by 0.1 unit.
To prevent this disease, general vascular therapy and treatment of other systemic diseases of the body are carried out. Patients who have had this disease in one eye are registered with an ophthalmologist, they are under lifelong dispensary registration, and they are prescribed appropriate preventive therapy.
Exercises to develop peripheral vision
The good thing about these exercises is that many of them can be performed without attracting anyone's attention, even while walking down the street or sitting in public transport. For others, you will need a quiet environment, a little more space. But in any case, doing them will not require a lot of your time, and you can learn how to do them correctly in one day. What these exercises have in common is that they must be performed without tension, in a relaxed state.
- Focus on one point in front of you. Try not to move your pupils. At the same time, record everything that you see around you, outside the field of direct vision - on the sides, above, below. First, do this exercise sitting and at home; after some time, you can practice it in nature. It doesn’t matter if some objects move, for example, an airplane.
- Pick up pencils. Look straight ahead. Move your arms forward, begin to spread them to the sides until you can no longer see them. At first it will be a very short distance, then the angle of view will increase significantly. In the future, move your hands with pencils in different planes, it is only important not to move your pupils.
- Draw a square with numbers from 1 to 9 on a piece of A3 paper, and put a large dot in the center. Read the numbers by looking only at the dot. In the future, the numbers can be made smaller and their number increased.
Human peripheral vision provides a wider view of the surrounding world. The ability to distinguish objects located outside the field of direct vision in moments of danger can save a person’s life.
How can a person develop peripheral vision?
When perceiving the world around us, a person uses two types of vision: direct and peripheral (lateral). The normal boundaries of lateral vision are 120°, but in women, due to age-old selection, visibility sometimes expands to 180°. The development of peripheral vision can be achieved with the help of special training and exercises.
With the help of the eyes, a person navigates in space, evaluating 90% of incoming information. Complete or partial loss of vision changes people’s standard of living, increasing the risk of injury at home or at work.
How to Determine the Side View Standard
When fixing the gaze on a certain point, the norm is considered to be the difference between objects, their color, shape, purpose in the sides, counting from the center of the eye:
- outside, the normal viewing angle is 90°;
- outside with an upward slope – 70°;
- outside with a downward slope – 90°;
- below, a normal person can view objects at an angle of 65°.
From the inside, the gaze is limited to the bridge of the nose, so peripheral vision is determined by parameters that are 55°, 55°, 50°, respectively.
How to check the size of the field of lateral vision yourself
Peripheral vision is designed to distinguish changes in the position of objects and their movement. At the same time, in comparison with the central perception, objects are not seen clearly enough; the further they are located, the worse their color and shape are distinguished.
The simplest peripheral vision test:
- take some bright object in both hands;
- focus your gaze straight ahead;
- spread your arms horizontally to the sides;
- if objects are visible in both hands, then the peripheral view is normal; a narrowing of the visible area by 30° is allowed (15° on each side).
If the review is much less, you should consult a doctor. A violation may indicate a disease of the retina, a lack of vitamins in the diet, damaged tissue of the optic nerve, or a malfunction of the central nervous system.
Why is peripheral vision impaired?
The consequence of various eye diseases and brain injury is a significant narrowing of peripheral vision, characterized by a local or concentric decrease in visible areas, the appearance of “blind spots” in which there is no visibility at all. Also in the retina there are physiological angioscotomas formed along large vessels that prevent the reflection of light.
With significant pathologies, a person experiences a complete loss of peripheral vision, leaving only tube perception, in which it is possible to read, but it is difficult to navigate in space.
Characteristics of types of visual impairment:
- Organic disorders arise as a result of structural changes in the tissues of the eye, accompanied by a limitation of its function (cataracts, tumor lesions, conjunctivitis, optic nerve atrophy, blepharitis).
- Functional changes are characterized by a change in the flow of light rays that form the image of objects on the retina (farsightedness, myopia, strabismus, astigmatism, amblyopia).
- If the clarity of perception of surrounding objects is lost, a significant narrowing of peripheral vision occurs, and the ability to see in the dark worsens.
How women and men see objects on the periphery
Lateral vision in men and women differs significantly for a genetic reason: hereditary information that transforms the work of peripheral retinal cells (cones) is deposited in the X chromosome, of which there are two in the female body, and one in the male. Therefore, representatives of both have the same picture genders are seen differently:
- a woman notes small details that characterize the object itself and what is located around it, pays attention and remembers the color scheme of surrounding objects;
- a man pays attention only to the central figure, without focusing on details;
- The stronger sex distinguishes objects better in the dark, but their eyes get tired faster;
- the female sex drives a car much more carefully in the daytime, thanks to more developed peripheral vision, noticing almost everything that happens around them;
- When working at a computer, women's eyes get less tired.
Peripheral vision in both sexes sharply decreases by the age of 65. Age-related characteristics also affect the ability to have lateral vision, narrowing the view quite significantly.
Side view training
The peripheral visual field affects the functioning of the brain, stimulating its functionality. The size of the field can change upward if you regularly train your abilities. 
How to develop peripheral vision with gymnastics:
- Focus your gaze on a specific place on the opposite wall, the distance to which is at least 3 meters. Around the selected object you should hang colored pictures at different distances from the central object. Try to clearly see what is drawn in the pictures, without ceasing to focus on the initially chosen object.
- Take colored pencils in both hands and move them in different spatial directions, trying to see objects at the same time.
- When riding public transport, you should choose a viewpoint in the distance. Without taking your central gaze away, it is recommended to examine surrounding objects that are in motion using lateral vision. Gradually their number needs to be increased.
- Find a vertical article in a newspaper or magazine. Divide it approximately in half with a bright line. Try to read the article diagonally, without looking at individual lines.
- Make a face mask covering the central part. Do household chores, putting on and taking off the mask every 20 minutes for 1 hour.
- When walking, look ahead, while noticing the imperfections in the road under your feet.
It is recommended to increase the load time during exercises for the development of peripheral vision gradually, starting from 15 minutes. If your eyes get tired, you should take short breaks. You can blink to relieve excess tension.
Most likely, after reading the title of this article, many will think with bewilderment: “Why is this necessary at all?” And this is a completely fair question, because who cares what’s going on behind his field of vision? And even if there is something wrong, then nothing prevents you from just turning your head and looking. Let us clarify what it is and what benefits a person with developed peripheral vision receives.
Peripheral vision is the area of the picture that we see thanks to our eyes, and which is located at the edges of the field of view. As a rule, visibility in this area is less clear the further it is from the central point of focus of the gaze. Moreover, this is not a natural function of the eyes! We create and consolidate our functional point of view independently, throughout our lives, and it is important not so much to constantly see everything that our eyes give us, but to be able to control this function.
Few people know that it is in this way that our consciousness delimits its sphere of priorities. Look at an area and notice how much information you get in a second about all the objects you see. Now imagine what the load on the subconscious and consciousness will be if all objects located in the area of actual vision are read. Thus, peripheral vision also plays the role of a protective mechanism.
Pros of peripheral vision:
Let's look at what you gain by developing your functional area of vision. First of all, you will have the ability to perceive information faster and to a greater extent. In addition, the ability to see the periphery can very often be useful to you in life in order to carefully observe something or someone interesting to you. And this is not to mention the fact that in an extreme situation it can save your life, because the ability to see danger in time is the guarantee that you can successfully avoid it. You will discover these and many other advantages by developing and improving one of the most important sense organs given to you from birth - the eyes.
Exercises to develop peripheral vision
Exercise No. 1
This is a simple exercise and is designed for those who are just starting to get into the idea and are ready to experiment. Sit comfortably and place your palm on your nose, blocking your central viewing area. If you wish, you can make yourself a special mask from improvised materials. Try to live in this state for at least an hour, and you will see that even against your will, you begin to more clearly distinguish those objects that were usually in the blind spot of your vision. The exercise should be performed for one hour, dividing it into sectors of 20 minutes. The first sector of time you walk, eat, read in a special mask, the second - without it, the third - again in the mask. In this way, you kind of train your body to react more actively to your desire to rebuild your vision functions.
Exercise No. 2
There are special tables for the development of peripheral vision, otherwise called Schulte tables. Their whole point lies in the simple and ingenious idea of making you focus your gaze not on the central point of the visual screen, as in a first-person game, but consciously, as if moving the cursor across the entire area of the field. These tables come in varying complexity, starting with nine cells. These cells contain numbers from 1 to 9 in random order. Your task is to count all the numbers in order by looking at the red dot in the central cell. Once you get good at this, move on to the next difficulty of 25 or more cells, respectively.
There is one simple trick that can help you develop your field of vision more quickly, and that trick is to play competitively. Set yourself a timer for a certain period of time (it is best to set your personal record and gradually beat it) and try to overcome this time limit. Of course, this method is more effective for training in pairs, but even doing this exercise alone you can speed up your progress significantly.
And finally, I would like to give some simple advice to those who are fascinated by the idea of self-development. First of all, you shouldn’t try to achieve everything at once. Hone one skill in one exercise to perfection and only then take on something new. As Bruce Lee once said, he fears not the fighter who practices ten thousand punches, but the one who practices one single punch ten thousand times! There is no limit to improvement, but in everything it is important to know when to stop and not go to extremes, only then will you achieve impressive results!
More articles:
Peripheral vision is a function of the rod and cone apparatus of the entire optically active retina and is determined by the visual field.
The field of view is the space visible to the eye(s) with a fixed gaze. Peripheral vision helps to navigate in space.
The visual field is examined using perimetry. The easiest way is a control (indicative) study according to Donders. The subject and the doctor are positioned facing each other at a distance of 50-60 cm, after which the doctor closes his right eye, and the subject closes his left. In this case, the examinee looks with his open right eye into the doctor’s open left eye and vice versa. The field of view of the doctor's left eye serves as a control when determining the field of vision of the subject. At the median distance between them, the doctor shows his fingers, moving them in the direction from the periphery to the center. If the detection limits of the demonstrated fingers coincide with the doctor and the examinee, the field of vision of the latter is considered unchanged. If there is a discrepancy, there is a narrowing of the field of vision of the right eye of the subject in the directions of movement of the fingers (up, down, from the nasal or temporal side, as well as in the radii between them). After checking the zero vision of the right eye, the field of vision of the subject’s left eye is determined with the right eye closed, while the doctor’s left eye is closed. This method is considered indicative, since it does not allow obtaining a numerical expression of the degree of narrowing of the boundaries of the field of view. The method can be used in cases where it is impossible to conduct research using instruments, including in bedridden patients.
The simplest device for studying the visual field is the Förster perimeter, which is a black arc (on a stand) that can be shifted in different meridians. When conducting research on this and other devices, the following conditions must be observed. The subject's head is placed on a stand so that the eye being examined is in the center of the arc (hemisphere), and the other eye is covered with a bandage. In addition, throughout the entire study, the subject must fix the mark in the center of the device. It is also necessary for the patient to adapt to the conditions of the study within 5-10 minutes. The doctor moves white or colored marks along the arc of the Förster perimeter in various research meridians from the periphery to the center, thus determining the boundaries of their detection, i.e., the boundaries of the field of view.
Perimetry on the universal projection perimeter (UPP), which is widely used in practice, is also carried out monocularly. The correct alignment of the eye is monitored using an eyepiece. First, perimetry is performed for white color. When examining the visual field for various colors, a light filter is included: red (R), green (ZL), blue (S), yellow (W). The object is moved from the periphery to the center manually or automatically after pressing the "Object Movement" button on the control panel. The study meridian is changed by rotating the perimeter projection system. The visual field value is recorded by the doctor on a graph form (separately for the right and left eyes).
Modern perimeters, including computer-based ones, are more complex. On a hemispherical or some other screen, white or colored marks move or flash in various meridians. The corresponding sensor records the test subject's indicators, indicating the boundaries of the visual field and areas of loss in it on a special form or in the form of a computer printout.
When determining the boundaries of the visual field for white, a round mark with a diameter of 3 mm is usually used. If vision is poor, you can increase the brightness of the tag illumination or use a tag with a larger diameter. Perimetry for different colors is carried out with a 5 mm mark. Due to the fact that the peripheral part of the visual field is achromatic, the color mark is initially perceived as white or gray of varying brightness, and only upon entering the chromatic zone of the visual field does it acquire the appropriate color (blue, green, red), and only after that the subject should register luminous object. The field of vision has the widest boundaries for blue and yellow colors, the field for red is slightly narrower, and the narrowest is for green (Fig. 4.5).
The normal boundaries of the visual field for white are considered to be upward 45-55°, upward outward 65°, outward 90°, downward 60-70°, downward inward 45°, inward 55°, upward inward 50°. Changes in the boundaries of the visual field can occur with various lesions of the retina, choroid and visual pathways, and with pathology of the brain.
The information content of perimetry increases when using marks of different diameters and brightness - the so-called quantitative, or quantitative, perimetry. It allows you to determine the initial changes in glaucoma, degenerative lesions of the retina and other eye diseases. To study twilight and night (scotopic) visual fields, the weakest background brightness and low illumination of the mark are used to assess the function of the rod apparatus of the retina.
In recent years, visual contrast perimetry has come into practice, which is a method of assessing spatial vision using black-and-white or color stripes of different spatial frequencies, presented in the form of tables or on a computer display. Impaired perception of different spatial frequencies (gratings) indicates the presence of changes in the corresponding areas of the retina or visual field.
Concentric narrowing of the visual field on all sides is characteristic of retinal pigmentary dystrophy and damage to the optic nerve. The field of view may decrease down to a tube, when only a 5-10° area remains in the center. The patient can still read, but cannot independently navigate in space (Fig. 4.6).
Symmetrical loss in the visual fields of the right and left eyes is a symptom indicating the presence of a tumor, hemorrhage or inflammation at the base of the brain, pituitary gland or optic tracts.
Heteronymous bitemporal hemianopsia- this is a symmetrical half loss of the temporal parts of the visual fields of both eyes. It occurs when there is damage inside the chiasm of intersecting nerve fibers coming from the nasal halves of the retina of the right and left eyes (Fig. 4.7).
Heteronymous binasal symmetrical hemianopsia is rare, for example, with severe sclerosis of the carotid arteries, equally compressing the chiasm on both sides.
Homonymous hemianopsia- this is a half-like (right or left-sided) loss of visual fields in both eyes (Fig. 4.8). It occurs in the presence of pathology affecting one of the visual tracts. If the right optic tract is affected, then left-sided homonymous hemianopia occurs, i.e., the left halves of the visual fields of both eyes fall out. When the left optic tract is damaged, right-sided hemianopsia develops.
In the initial stage of a tumor or inflammatory process, only part of the optic tract may be compressed. In this case, symmetrical homonymous quadrant hemianopsia is recorded, i.e., a quarter of the visual field in each eye is lost, for example, the upper left quarter of the visual field disappears in both the right and left eyes (Fig. 4.9). When a brain tumor affects the cortical parts of the visual pathways, the vertical line of homonymous loss of visual fields does not involve the central parts, it bypasses the point of fixation, i.e., the projection zone of the macula. This is explained by the fact that fibers from the neuroelements of the central part of the retina go to both hemispheres of the brain (Fig. 4.10).
Pathological processes in the retina and optic nerve can cause changes in the boundaries of the visual field of various shapes. Glaucoma, for example, is characterized by a narrowing of the field of vision on the nasal side.
Local loss of internal parts of the visual field that are not related to its boundaries are called scotomas. They are determined using an object with a diameter of 1 mm also in various meridians, with the central and paracentral sections being especially carefully examined. Scotomas can be absolute (complete loss of visual function) and relative (decreased perception of an object in the studied area of the visual field). The presence of scotomas indicates focal lesions of the retina and visual pathways. Scotoma can be positive or negative.
A positive scotoma is seen by the patient himself as a dark or gray spot in front of the eye. This loss of vision occurs when there is damage to the retina and optic nerve. The patient himself does not detect a negative scotoma; it is revealed during examination. Typically, the presence of such a scotoma indicates damage to the pathways (Fig. 4.11).
Atrial scotomas- These are suddenly appearing short-term moving deposits in the field of view. Even when the patient closes his eyes, he sees bright, flickering zigzag lines extending to the periphery. This symptom is a sign of cerebral vascular spasm. Atrial scotomas may recur with indefinite frequency. When they appear, the patient should immediately take antispasmodics.
Based on the location of scotomas in the field of view, peripheral, central and paracentral scotomas are distinguished. At a distance of 12-18° from the center in the temporal half there is a blind spot. This is a physiological absolute scotoma. It corresponds to the projection of the optic nerve head. An enlarged blind spot has important diagnostic value.
Central and paracentral scotomas are detected by stone testing. The patient fixes with his gaze a light point in the center of a flat black board and watches the appearance and disappearance of a white (or colored) mark, which the doctor moves across the board, and marks the boundaries of visual field defects.
Central and paracentral scotomas appear when the papillomacular bundle of the optic nerve, retina and choroid are damaged. Central scotoma may be the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis.
It is also useful to practice the same exercise not with letters, especially if the eye is already accustomed to numbers. You can read more about this exercise in a separate article Searching for letters.
Schulte tables
Game "Visual Geometry"
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Game "Mathematical Comparisons"
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Game "Find a Pair"
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Bottom line
In this article I talked about peripheral vision, how to train it, analyzed exercises for training peripheral vision and told how to train it most effectively. I wish you good luck in mastering the skill of speed reading and development of peripheral vision!