Kalmykov G.A.
Colonization of North America XV – XVIII centuries.
Chronology
Moscow 2016
Great geographical discoveries
Discovery and exploration of America
An event as a result of which a new part of the world became known to the inhabitants of the Old World - America, consisting of two continents.
- The first people to settle in America were the indigenous Indians, who moved there about 30 thousand years ago from Asia along the Bering Isthmus.
- In the 10th century, around 1000, the Vikings led by Leif Eriksson.
- in the 12th century - Madog ap Owain Gwynedd (a Welsh prince, according to legend, visited America in 1170)
- there are versions according to which, at least from the 13th century, America was known to the Templar Order
- in 1331 - Abubakar II (Sultan of Mali)
- OK. 1398 - Henry Sinclair (de St. Clair), Earl of Orkney
- in 1421 - Zheng He (Chinese explorer)
- in 1472 - Juan Corterial
- In 1492 - Christopher Columbus
- In 1507, cartographer M. Waldseemüller proposed that the discovered lands be named America in honor of the New World explorer Amerigo Vespucci - this is considered the moment from which America was recognized as an independent continent.
Scandinavian attempts to colonize new lands:
- OK. 900 Gunnbjorn discovered Grendanland
- 985 - Erik the Red created colonies in Greenland and continued exploration in a southwestern direction
- OK. 1000 Leif Erikson was the first of the Vikings to set foot on the shores of America (Vinland), after wintering, they returned to Greenland
- 1002 - Thorvald Erikson founded a settlement on Vinland, but were soon driven out by the Indians (Skrölings)
- Over the next few years, new attempts were made to explore Vinland by expeditions by Gudrid Erikson and Freydis Erikson...
The hypothesis about the discovery of America by the Normans existed for many years, but no evidence could be found. In 1960, the remains of the Viking settlement of L'Anse aux Meadows were finally found in Newfoundland (Canada).
Christopher Columbus made four expeditions to the New World:
- first - 1492 - 1493- discovery of the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, Tortuga, the founding of the first village in which he left 39 of his sailors. He declared all lands to be the possessions of Spain;
- the second (1493-1496) - the complete conquest of Haiti, the discovery of the Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Jamaica. Founding of Santo Domingo;
- third (1498-1499) - discovery of the island of Trinidad, the Spaniards set foot on the shores of South America
- fourth (1502-1504). With 4 ships, he reached the island of Martinique on June 15, 1502, the Gulf of Honduras on July 30, and opened from August 1, 1502 to May 1, 1503, the Caribbean coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama to the Gulf of Uraba. On June 25, 1503, she was wrecked off the island of Jamaica.
Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus
Spanish colonies in North America
By the middle of the 16th century, Spain's dominance on the American continent was almost absolute; colonial possessions stretching from Cape Horn to New Mexico brought huge revenues to the royal treasury.
Attempts by other European states to establish colonies in America were not crowned with noticeable success.
At the same time, the balance of power in the Old World began to change. Spain gradually lost its status as the main European superpower and mistress of the seas:
- long-term war in the Netherlands,
- huge amounts of money spent fighting the Reformation throughout Europe,
- conflict with England accelerated the decline of Spain.
- the death of the Invincible Armada in 1588...
Spain faded into obscurity, never to recover from this blow.
Leadership in colonization passed to England, France and Holland.
The ideologist of the English colonization of North America was the famous chaplain Hakluyt.
In 1585 and 1587, Sir Walter Raleigh, by order of Queen Elizabeth I of England, made two attempts to establish a permanent settlement in North America:
- in 1584 they landed on the open coast of Virginia (Virginia - “Virgin” in honor of the “Virgin Queen” Elizabeth I).
- in July of the same year, a second expedition of colonists, numbering 117 people, landed on the island.
Both attempts ended in failure - the first colony, founded on Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia, was on the verge of destruction due to Indian attacks and lack of supplies and was evacuated by Sir Francis Drake in April 1587.
In the second case, it was planned that ships with equipment and food would arrive in the colony in the spring of 1588. However, for various reasons, the supply expedition was delayed for almost a year and a half. When she arrived at the place, all the buildings of the colonists were intact, but no traces of people were found, with the exception of the remains of one person. The exact fate of the colonists has not been established to this day.
At the beginning of the 17th century, private capital entered the picture. In 1605, two joint-stock companies received licenses from King James I to found colonies in Virginia.
English colonies in North America
Royal colonies (1664)
Owner's colonies
Self-governing colonies
First colonies in North America by 1664
North American colonies of the British by 1774
Royal colonies
Owner's colonies
Self-governing colonies
Timeline of the founding of the English colonies:
1607 - Virginia (Jamestown) 1620 - Massachusetts (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Settlement) 1626 - New York 1633 - Maryland 1636 - Rhode Island 1636 - Connecticut 1638 - Delaware 1638 - New Hampshire 1653 - North Carolina 1663 - South Carolina 1664 - New Jersey 1682 - Pennsylvania 1732 - Georgia
The term "Virginia" denoted the entire territory of the North American continent.
The first of the companies, the London Virginia Company, received rights to the southern
the second Plymouth Company to the northern part of the continent.
On December 20, 1606, the colonists set sail aboard three ships and, after a arduous nearly five-month voyage during which several dozen died of starvation and disease, reached Chesapeake Bay in May 1607.
Over the next month, they built a wooden fort, named Fort James (the English pronunciation of James) in honor of the king. The fort was later renamed Jamestown, the first permanent British settlement in America.
Official US historiography considers Jamestown to be the cradle of the country; the history of the settlement and its leader, Captain John Smith, is covered in many serious studies and works of art. The first years of the colony were extremely difficult, during the famine winter of 1609-1610. out of 500 colonists, no more than 60 remained alive.
English colonies in North America. Settlement of Virginia.
French colonies in North America
By 1713, New France had reached its greatest size:
- Canada (the southern part of the modern province of Quebec), divided in turn into three "governments": Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal and the dependent territory of Pays d'en Haut, which included the modern Canadian and American Great Lakes regions, of which the ports of Pontchartrand (De- Troit) and Mishiyamakinak were practically the only poles of French settlement after the destruction of Huronia.
- Acadia (modern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick).
- Hudson Bay (modern Canada).
- Louisiana (central United States, from the Great Lakes to New Orleans), divided into two administrative regions: Lower Louisiana and Illinois.
New Netherland, 1614-1674, a region on the eastern coast of North America in the 17th century that ranged in latitude from 38 to 45 degrees north, originally discovered by the Dutch East India Company from the yacht Crescent ( nid. Halve Maen) under the command of Henry Hudson in 1609 and studied by Adriaen Block and Hendrik Christians (Christiaensz) in 1611-1614. According to their map, in 1614 the Estates General incorporated this territory as New Netherland within the Dutch Republic.
Under international law, claims to territory had to be secured not only by their discovery and provision of maps, but also by their settlement. In May 1624, the Dutch completed their claim by bringing and settling 30 Dutch families on Noten Eylant, modern Governors Island. The main city of the colony was New Amsterdam. In 1664, Governor Peter Stuyvesant gave New Netherland to the British.
Dutch colonies in North America
Swedish colonies in North America
At the end of 1637, the company organized its first expedition to the New World. One of the managers of the Dutch West India Company, Samuel Blommaert, participated in its preparation, who invited Peter Minuit, the former general director of the colony of New Netherland, to the position of head of the expedition. On the ships "Squid Nyckel" and "Vogel Grip" on March 29, 1638, under the leadership of Admiral Claes Fleming, the expedition reached the mouth of the Delaware River. Here, on the site of modern Wilmington, Fort Christina was founded, named after Queen Christina, which later became the administrative center of the Swedish colony.
Russian colonies in North America
Summer 1784. The expedition under the command of G.I. Shelikhov (1747-1795) landed on the Aleutian Islands. In 1799, Shelikhov and Rezanov founded the Russian-American Company.
Since 1808, Novo-Arkhangelsk has become the capital of Russian America.
Russian America was first included in the Siberian General Government, and later (in 1822) in the East Siberian General Government.
The population of all Russian colonies in America reached 40,000 people, among them the Aleuts predominated.
The southernmost point in America where Russian colonists settled was Fort Ross, 80 km north of San Francisco in California. Further advance to the south was prevented by Spanish and then Mexican colonists.
In 1824, the Russian-American Convention was signed, which fixed the southern border of the Russian Empire's possessions in Alaska, and also confirmed the possessions of the United States and Great Britain (until 1846) in Oregon.
In 1824, the Anglo-Russian Convention on the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia) was signed.
In January 1841, Fort Ross was sold to Mexican citizen John Sutter.
In 1867, the United States bought Alaska for $7,200,000.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Colonialism is a system of domination by a group of industrialized countries (metropoles) over the rest of the world in the 16th-20th centuries. Colonial policy is the policy of conquest and exploitation by military, political and economic methods of peoples, countries and territories predominantly with a foreign population, as a rule, economically less developed. the mass introduction into an uncultured or uncultured country of immigrants from any civilized state.
Slide 3
A colony is a dependent territory under the authority of a foreign state, without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime. Metropolis - lit. “mother city”): a state in relation to its colonies, exploited territories, and economically dependent countries.
Slide 4
Goals of colonization: Exploitation of natural and human resources (direct access to unique, rare resources), the desire to monopolize world trade in them; Optimization of trade routes, sales markets, elimination of inconvenient intermediary countries; Achieving greater trade security; Finding disenfranchised, cheaper or even free labor; Sales of prisoners, disadvantaged, unable to find employment, outcasts, dissatisfied with the traditions, customs established in society, the social role prescribed to them by society, displaced by competition;
Slide 5
Control over the movements of troops, fleets, trade routes, migrations of the population of other colonial empires, preventing the penetration of the latter into the corresponding region, reducing their role and world status; Gaining greater geopolitical weight when concluding international treaties and further decisions about the fate of the world; Civilizational, cultural, linguistic expansion - and through it strengthening the authority and legitimacy of the current government in the metropolis
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Signs of colonies Political lack of independence, special legal status, usually different from the status of full-fledged provinces of the metropolis; Geographical isolation and, in most cases, remoteness from the metropolis; Economic exploitation of natural resources, the labor of aborigines in favor of the metropolis, which often leads to inhibition of economic development and degradation of the colony; Ethnic, religious, cultural or other similar difference between the majority of aborigines and the inhabitants of the metropolis
Slide 9
Infringement of the civil rights of aborigines, imposition of an alien culture, religion, language, customs, discrimination of local culture (up to segregation, apartheid, expulsion from the land, deprivation of livelihood, genocide); The desire of the majority of the inhabitants of the colony to change and improve their situation. The presence of separatism (national liberation movement) - the desire to gain sovereignty; Sometimes - long-term territorial claims to this colony on the part of a more geographically, ethnically, religiously and/or culturally developed country.
Slide 10
Types of colonies According to the type of management, settlement and economic development in the history of colonialism, three main types of colonies were distinguished: Migrant colonies (colonies of Spain - Mexico, Peru) Raw material colonies (or exploited colonies) Mixed (settler-raw material colonies)
Slide 11
Countries that pursued colonial policy: XVI-XVIII centuries. – Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Holland, France of the 19th century. – Great Britain, USA, Japan Colonial rivalry: 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas (Spain and Portugal, delimitation of possessions in the Atlantic Ocean) 1529 – Treaty of Saragossa (Spain and Portugal, delimitation of possessions in the Pacific Ocean)
Slide 12
Colonialism in the Early Modern Period The first colonies were founded in the New World by the Spanish. The robbery of American Indian states contributed to the development of the European banking system, the growth of financial investments in science and stimulated the development of industry, which, in turn, demanded new raw materials. The colonial policy of the period of primitive accumulation of capital is characterized by: 1) the desire to establish a monopoly in trade with conquered territories, 2) the seizure and plunder of entire countries, 3) the use or imposition of feudal and slave forms of exploitation of the local population. Methods of exploitation: military confiscation
Presentation on the topic "France. XVI - XVII centuries." on history in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren tells about the history of France during the years of the religious wars, the reign of Richelieu and the heyday under Louis XIV. Author of the presentation: Valentina Mikhailovna Sosnova, history teacher.
Fragments from the presentation
The triumph of absolutism.
- Absolutism- a form of centralized state in which the monarch, relying primarily on the nobility, has unlimited power, and the bodies of class representation lose their former importance.
- Since 1328, France was ruled by the Valois dynasty (a branch of the Capetians).
Religious wars.
- By the middle of the 16th century. Calvinism spread in the south of France.
- French Calvinists are called Huguenots.
- The Huguenots had “high” patrons - the kings of Navarre from the Bourbon family, laying claim to the French throne.
- In 1562, Catholics massacred the Huguenots, who retaliated. Religious wars began, which were at the same time civil wars. The country was gripped by a wave of violence.
St. Bartholomew's Night.
In 1572, Queen Catherine de' Medici planned another massacre, and on the night before St. Bartholomew's Day, at least 20,000 people were killed in France.
Henry of Navarre
- Huguenot Henry of Navarre, becoming king of France in 1589, converted to Catholicism - “Paris is worth a mass.”
- A new dynasty established itself in France - the Bourbons.
- The flag of the Bourbon dynasty was the national flag of France until 1790, i.e. before the French Revolution.
- Henry of Navarre chose the following as one of the principles of his rule - he tried to rule the country so that “every worker in the kingdom had the opportunity to eat chicken for lunch on Sundays.”
- He himself was an avid hunter.
- In 1598, Henry signed the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots freedom of religion. Thus ended the religious wars.
Maria Medici.
- After the death of Henry IV, Marie de Medici became the ruler of France. She was Queen of France and later regent for her son Louis XIII. Because of her claims to power, she was sent into indefinite exile in Brussels.
- The conflict between Marie de Medici and her son and Richelieu was caused by her pro-Spanish position.
Louis III
Louis III, son of Henry IV, took power in 1617.
Cardinal Richelieu.
- In 1624, Louis III appointed Richelieu first minister. They worked together for 18 years. Richelieu dreamed of uniting France into a centrally controlled great state. Local rulers had considerable power, and Richelieu decided to limit it.
- Catholic leaders, nobles and judges did not feel sympathy for Richelieu, whom he deprived of many privileges, and the high taxes he imposed led to numerous riots among the population.
- Richelieu defined the tasks of his government as follows: I promised the king to use all means to destroy the Huguenots as a political party, weaken the illegal power of the aristocracy, establish obedience to royal authority throughout France and exalt France among foreign powers.
- Richelieu first introduced into political use the concept of “homeland,” which was alien to the nobility.
- He banned duels, since “the blood of subjects can only be shed in the name of the Motherland.”
- La Rochelle is a stronghold of the Huguenots, who had their own army and navy. In 1628, Richelieu besieged La Rochelle and broke the resistance of the Protestants.
- France is getting stronger.
- To weaken Austria, Richelieu paid Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark to oppose their common enemy - the Habsburgs. In 1635, France declared war on Spain, which ruled Burgundy and Belgium. The war ended in 1648, after the death of Richelieu, with a complete victory for France.
- Before his death, when asked to forgive his enemies, Richelieu replied: “I had no other enemies except the enemies of the state.” Richelieu had the right to such an answer.
Louis XIV.
- In 1665, Louis appointed Jean Colbert as controller of finances.
- Colbert reformed the tax system and laws. Industry developed, roads, canals and bridges were built.
- The French merchant and military fleet strengthened.
- Louis XIV built a magnificent palace at Versailles, near Paris. The palace was erected by 36,000 workers over 47 years. The king and court were served by 15,000 guards, courtiers and servants.
- The Sun King reigned for seventy-two years, and it was his era that marked
- establishment of the most absolute monarchy in Europe. Louis built the wonderful palace of Versailles and fought several successful wars. But at the same time he was terribly afraid of water. During the entire life of Louis IV, His Majesty only twice or three times heeded the doctors’ beliefs and deigned to take a bath. He preferred using aromatic powders as powder, and also wiped his face with a cloth soaked in alcohol. When gangrene developed on the king’s leg, which cost Louis his life, he refused to allow doctors to see him and did not even allow him to wash his sore leg.
- The state is me!
- In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and ceased tolerating the Huguenots, which led to new conflicts on religious grounds.
- He died in 1715, leaving his heir Louis XV with a strong but practically bankrupt country due to wars.
- The Huguenots were educated people. They controlled many industries, were engaged in trade and crafts. But many of them left France after 1685 due to persecution, taking with them their skill and wealth.
Let's summarize.
- In the 16th – 17th centuries. An absolute monarchy was established in France. It relied on the nobility, but also took into account the interests of the entrepreneurial strata.
- Having survived difficult trials during the years of religious wars, absolutism intensified under Richelieu and reached its peak under Louis XIV.
The triumph of absolutism. Absolutism is a form of centralized state in which the monarch, relying primarily on the nobility, has unlimited power, and the bodies of class representation lose their former importance. Absolutism is a form of centralized state in which the monarch, relying primarily on the nobility, has unlimited power, and the bodies of class representation lose their former importance. Since 1328, France was ruled by the Valois dynasty (a branch of the Capetians). Since 1328, France was ruled by the Valois dynasty (a branch of the Capetians).
Religious wars. By the middle of the 16th century. Calvinism spread in the south of France. By the middle of the 16th century. Calvinism spread in the south of France. French Calvinists are called Huguenots. French Calvinists are called Huguenots. The Huguenots had “high” patrons - the kings of Navarre from the Bourbon family, laying claim to the French throne. The Huguenots had “high” patrons - the kings of Navarre from the Bourbon family, laying claim to the French throne.
St. Bartholomew's Night. In 1572, Queen Catherine de' Medici decided to organize another massacre, and on the night before St. Bartholomew's Day in France, at least as many people were killed.
Cardinal Richelieu. In 1624, Louis III appointed Richelieu first minister. They worked together for 18 years. Richelieu dreamed of uniting France into a centrally controlled great state. Local rulers had considerable power, and Richelieu decided to limit it. Catholic leaders, nobles and judges did not feel sympathy for Richelieu, whom he deprived of many privileges, and the high taxes he imposed led to numerous riots among the population.
Richelieu defined the tasks of his government as follows: “I promised the king to use all means to destroy the Huguenots as a political party, weaken the illegal power of the aristocracy, establish obedience to royal authority throughout France and exalt France among foreign powers.
France is getting stronger. To weaken Austria, Richelieu paid Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark to oppose their common enemy - the Habsburgs. In 1635, France declared war on Spain, which ruled Burgundy and Belgium. The war ended in 1648, after the death of Richelieu, with a complete victory for France.
Louis XIV built a magnificent palace at Versailles, near Paris. The palace was erected by workers over 47 years. The king and the court were served by guards, courtiers and servants.
The Sun King reigned for seventy-two years, and it was his era that marked the establishment of the most absolute monarchy in Europe. Louis built the wonderful palace of Versailles and fought several successful wars. But at the same time he was terribly afraid of water. During the entire life of Louis IV, His Majesty only twice or three times heeded the doctors’ beliefs and deigned to take a bath. He preferred using aromatic powders as powder, and also wiped his face with a cloth soaked in alcohol. When gangrene developed on the king’s leg, which cost Louis his life, he refused to allow doctors to see him and did not even allow him to wash his sore leg.
The state is me! In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and ceased tolerating the Huguenots, which led to new conflicts on religious grounds. He died in 1715, leaving his heir Louis XV with a strong but practically bankrupt country due to wars.
Let's summarize. In the 16th – 17th centuries. An absolute monarchy was established in France. It relied on the nobility, but also took into account the interests of the entrepreneurial strata. In the 16th – 17th centuries. An absolute monarchy was established in France. It relied on the nobility, but also took into account the interests of the entrepreneurial strata. Having survived difficult trials during the years of religious wars, absolutism intensified under Richelieu and reached its peak under Louis XIV. Having survived difficult trials during the years of religious wars, absolutism intensified under Richelieu and reached its peak under Louis XIV.
soldat.narod.ru/enc/t1/12_32.html soldat.narod.ru/enc/t1/12_32.html soldat.narod.ru/enc/t1/12_32.html soldat.narod.ru/enc/t1/12_32 .html gluposti-10-foto-ne-smogli-proyti- mimo.html gluposti-10-foto-ne-smogli-proyti- mimo.html gluposti-10-foto-ne-smogli-proyti- mimo.html gluposti-10 -foto-ne-smogli-proyti- mimo.html htm?oam htm?oam htm?oam htm?oam
