§ 7. Not at the beginning of the root after vowels (in words of foreign origin) both the letter e and e are written. Their choice depends on the preceding vowel.

§ 8. Not at the beginning of the root after consonants, the letter e is written to convey the vowel e and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant in the following cases.

§ 9. In other cases, the letter e is written not at the beginning of the root after the consonants.

§ 10. In the following cases, the letter e is written to convey the combination j followed by the vowel e:

§ 11. The letter is written:

§ 12. The letter ы is used to convey the vowel ы and at the same time to indicate the hardness of the preceding consonant:

§ 14. After zh, sh, h, sch the letter i is written (and s is not written), for example: fat, saffron milk cap, interpublishing, say, sew, reeds, clean, rays, shield, look.

§ 15. After q the letter i or s is written.

§ 17. After zh, sh, h, shch to convey the stressed vowel e, the letter e is written, for example: tin, swing, rustle, ginseng, chirp, same (name of the letter), on the boundary, about a candle, soul, sling; Zhenya, Jack, Shannon.

§ 18. After zh, ch, sh, shch, the letter o or e is written to convey the stressed vowel o.

§ 19. In all other cases, to convey the stressed vowel o after zh, ch, sh, sh, the letter e is written, namely:

§ 25. The letter e is written after the letters zh, ch, sh, c only in the following special cases.

§ 27. The separative ъ is written after the consonants before the letters i, yu, ё, e, conveying combinations [j] with vowels, in the following cases.

§ 29. The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a paired consonant at the end of words, for example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, pity, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.

§ 30. To indicate the softness of a paired consonant before consonants, the letter ь is written in the following cases.

§ 31. The letter ь is written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:

§ 32. After zh, sh, ch, shch, the letter b is written according to tradition in the following grammatical forms:

§ 33. General rule. The writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels is established by checking other words and forms, where in that

§ 35. There are roots in which the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels does not correspond to the general rule, but is subject to tradition. These include the following roots with alternating vowels.

§ 43. Suffixes with unverifiable unstressed vowels.

§ 46. -Ev-, -iv-, -liv-, -chiv- (in adjectives). It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives with the suffixes -ev-, on the one hand, and -iv-, -liv-, -chiv, on the other.

§ 51. -Ink-, -enk-, -ank- (-Yank-). It is necessary to distinguish between nouns in -Inca and in -enka (with unstressed vowels before n).

§ 55. -Insk-, -ensk-. It is necessary to distinguish between the suffixes of the adjectives -insk- and -ensk- (with the letters i and e in place of the unstressed vowel).

§ 58. -Usch- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-). In the suffixes of active present participles the same vowels are written as in the 3rd person plural forms. Parts of the same verbs (see § 74):

§ 64. Unstressed fluent vowels are represented by the letters e, o or and according to the following rules (below, after each example, a form or word is given in parentheses where there is no fluent vowel).

§ 66. Instead of the connecting vowels o and e in some categories of compound words, vowels are written that coincide with the case and other endings of words, the bases of which are contained in the previous part of the word:

§ 69. The following endings contain vowels that are not checked by the stressed position.

§ 70. Nouns with some suffixes have features in the writing of unstressed endings.

§ 71. Case forms of nouns in -i, -i, -i.

§ 76. The writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels before the suffix - the infinitive is determined by the following rule.

§ 78. There are special constructions with particles not and neither.

§ 86. Letter combinations tch, dch (including stch, zdch) are written at the junctions of significant parts of a word if the previous part of the word ends in t or d, and the subsequent one begins with h, for example:

§ 88. The letter combinations сч, зч, zhch, shch are written at the junctions of significant parts of a word if the previous part of the word ends in s, z or zh, sh, and the subsequent one begins with h, for example:

§ 89. The letter combinations сш, сж, зш, зж are written at the junctions of significant parts of a word if the previous part ends with a consonant s or z, and the subsequent part begins with sh or zh, for example:

§ 95. Double n and double s are written at the junction of a generating stem and a suffix, if the stem ends and the suffix begins with the same consonant n or s:

§ 103. Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with participles in -nny, are written with n or nn depending on the meaning. Adjectives expressing characteristics

§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases.

§ 46. -Ev-, -iv-, -liv-, -chiv- (in adjectives). It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives with the suffixes -ev-, on the one hand, and -iv-, -liv-, -chiv, on the other.

Words starting with -evy - for example, soy, queen, flannel, match, suede - contain the suffix -ev- (a spelling variation of the suffix -ov-), which is checked under the stress in words such as oak?vy, ruble. These adjectives are relative adjectives and do not have short forms.

Words starting with -ivy are qualitative adjectives (having short forms) with the suffixes -iv-: merciful; -liv-: caring, envious, restless, whimsical; -chiv-: forgetful, resourceful, changeable; Wed suffixes -iv- and -liv- under stress: lazy, funny, whimsical.

Note. The suffix -iv- is also found in the word holy fool, formed from the obsolete yurod.

§ 47. -enk-, -onk- (in nouns). In nouns with the suffix -enk- (-onk-), the initial vowel of the suffix, always unstressed, is represented in writing by the letters e (after paired soft consonants and sibilants, as well as after vowels) and o (after paired hard consonants): daddy, daughter, little leg, darling, Petenka, Varenka, Seryozhenka, Mashenka, Zoenka; birch, baby, kitty, little teeth, Veronka.

Exceptions: in the words zainka and good boy, as well as in the word bainki, the letter i is written in the suffix.

Note 1. Among writers of the 19th century. spellings of proper names such as Marfinka, Polinka, Fedinka (with the letter i), as well as Lizanka, Lisanka (with the letter a; the latter - in folklore texts) are widely found. Such spellings, although they deviate from the modern spelling norm, are preserved in reprints of the corresponding texts.

Note 2. In texts focused on the folklore tradition, there is also a spelling of this suffix that deviates from the modern norm with the letter ы after a hard consonant, for example: You can hear the cry of the neighboring strip, / The woman is there - her kerchiefs are disheveled, / We need to rock the child! (Necr.); For Nadenka the bride-to-be, there is a dowry in the closet (Birth); It will roll and roll - that’s it, I think my death has come! (Shuksh.). Writing -ynk- at the end of stems (not under stress) is normal for words formed with the suffix -k(a) from nouns starting with -ynya: alms - alms, barynya - lady.

§ 48. -points-, -points-. In nouns with the suffix -ochk- (-echk-), the initial unstressed vowel of the suffix is ​​expressed by the letters o (after paired hard consonants) and e (in other cases): light bulb (from lamp), bath, vase, blouse, mommy, Ninochka, Allochka , Vovochka; auntie, Vanechka, Olechka, Raechka; time (from time), name (from name), seed, morning. The emphasis on the suffix is ​​a place in a single word.

Nouns with the diminutive suffix -k-, formed from nouns ending in -ka, -ko, -ki, have the same orthographic appearance: detochka (from detka), distaff, papillary, little fence, sleigh (from sled); tiny, leechka, window (from okoshko), etc. (in them the letters o and e convey a fluent vowel, see § 64).

Note. They deviate from the modern norm of spellings such as Tetichka, Volodichka, Raichka (as well as the stylized spelling Venichka Erofeev, traditional in modern texts). Writing -ichk- at the end of stems (not under stress) is normal for words formed using the suffix -k- from nouns with a stem in -its-, -ik-, for example: staircase - staircase, mill - mill, button - button , scissors - scissors, factory - factory, Edik - Edichka.

§ 49. -achiy (-yachiy), -echy, -ichy. It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives with the stressed suffix -achiy (-yachiy) such as cat?chiy, frog?chiy, turkey?chiy, duck?chiy, pig?chiy and adjectives nachiy with the suffix -y, where the letter e conveys an unstressed fluent vowel ( see § 64), e.g.: boy?shechy (from boy), old?shechy (old woman), cuckoo (cuckoo), fro?shechy, indy?shechy.

In the words be?lichiy, ne?rpichiy and parrot?ichy, the unstressed vowel at the beginning of the suffix -ichy is represented by the letter i.

§ 50. -ek, -ik. It is necessary to distinguish between the diminutive suffixes of masculine nouns -ek (in an unstressed position) and -ik, -chik (always unstressed). In the suffix -ek, the vowel (checked under stress in words like penyok, cottage cheese) is fluent, and in the suffixes -ik and -chik the vowel is preserved during declension. Thus, a fluent vowel is conveyed here by the letter e (see § 64), and a non-fluent vowel by the letter i, for example: ovrazhek - ravine, piece - piece, knife - knife, lamb - lamb, but table - table, kalachik - kalachik, glass - glass.

According to the same rule, formations characteristic of colloquial speech and vernacular are written in -ik with a non-fluent vowel of the suffix and a truncated base of the producing word such as velik (bicycle), telly (TV), vidik (video recorder), shizik (schizophrenic), as well as truncated diminutive personal names like Alik, Vladik.

Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech except -Н-/-НН- is included in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language for grade 11 (task 10).

Spelling noun suffixes

In nouns, the spelling of the suffixes -EK-/-IK- is most often checked. The suffixes -OK- and -ON- are written in a unique way.

Spelling of suffixes -EK- and -IK-

If you put a noun in the genitive singular case, and the vowel in the suffix has disappeared, then the suffix -EK- is written in the word. Otherwise - the suffix -IK-.

For example:

• Klyuchik is the suffix -IK-, since in the singular genitive case “Klyuchik” the vowel in the suffix does not disappear.
• Zamochka is the suffix -EK-, since in the singular genitive case “zamochka” the vowel in the suffix is ​​missing.

The suffixes -NIK-, -CHIK-, -SHCHIK-, -IN-, -ITs-, -ETS- can be checked in the same way.

Spelling adjective suffixes

In adjectives, the spelling of the suffixes -K-, -SK- and -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EV-/-IV- is most often checked.

Spelling of suffixes -K- and -SK-

If the adjective is qualitative (that is, it has degrees of comparison) or it was formed from a noun with a stem ending in K, Ch or C, then the suffix -K- is written. Otherwise the suffix -SK- is written.

For example:

• Low – the suffix -K-, because the adjective is qualitative.
• German - the suffix -K-, because the adjective was formed from the noun German ending in C.
• French - the suffix -SK-, since the adjective is not qualitative and it was formed from the noun French, the stem of which does not end in K, Ch or C.

Spelling of suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EV-, -IV-

The suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- and -CHAT- are always written in a unique way.

For example:

• Quirky - suffix -LIV-
• Assiduous - suffix -CHIV-
• Onion – suffix -CHAT-

The suffix -EB- is written only without stress, and the suffix -IV- is written only under stress. Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.

For example:

• Flannel - suffix -EB-, because no accent
• Truthful – suffix -IV-, because. under stress

The main thing is to distinguish the suffixes -EV-/-IV- and -LIV-, -CHIV- from each other. To do this, you need to correctly perform morphemic analysis of the word.

Spelling of participle suffixes

In participles, the spelling of the suffixes -A-, -I-, -E- and -OM-, -EM-, -IM-, -USH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH- is most often checked.

Spelling of suffixes A, Z and E

To check the vowel in a suffix, you need to look at the initial form of the verb (infinitive) and see what suffix is ​​used there. If the verb ends in -AT or -YAT, then A or Z is written in the participle suffix. In all other cases, E is written in the participle suffix. In participles and gerunds, before the suffix -VSH- the same suffix is ​​used as in the infinitive.

For example:

• Confused – suffix -A-, as it is formed from confuse (ends in -AT)
• Sown – suffix -Я-, as it is formed from sow (ends with -YAT)
• Glued - suffix -E-, as it is formed from glue (does not end in -AT or -YAT)

Spelling of the suffixes -OM-, -EM-, -IM- and -USH-, -YUSH-, -ASH-, -YASH-

To check which vowel is written in the suffix, you need to determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle is formed. If the verb is of the first conjugation, then the suffixes -OM-, -EM- and -USH-, -YUSH- are used, if the verb is of the second conjugation, then -IM- and -ASh-, -YASH-.

For example:

• Dependent – ​​suffix -IM-, as it is formed from the verb depend 2 conjugations
• Cherished – suffix -EM-, as it is formed from the verb cherish 1st conjugation
• Melting snow – suffix -YUSH-, as it is formed from the verb melt 1st conjugation
• Gluing – suffix -YASH-, as it is formed from the verb to glue 2 conjugations

Spelling adverb suffixes

In adverbs, the spelling of the suffixes -O- and -A- is usually checked.

Spelling of suffixes -O- and -A-

If an adverb is formed in a suffixal way (only using a suffix), then the suffix -O- is written. If an adverb is formed by the prefix-suffix method (using a prefix and a suffix at the same time), then with the prefixes IZ-, DO- and S- the suffix is ​​written -A-, and with the prefixes B-, NA- and ZA- the suffix -O- is written.

For example:

• Since ancient times - formed from the adjective long ago in a prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix IZ- the suffix -A- is written.
• To the right - formed from the adjective right in a prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix NA- the suffix -O- is written.
• Initially - it was formed from the adjective original in a suffixal way (although the word has the prefix IZ-, it was already in the adjective), so the suffix -O- is written.

Spelling of suffixes of verbs and gerunds

In verbs, the spelling of the suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA- is usually checked.

Spelling of the suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA-

To check the vowel in the suffix of a verb, you need to put it in the first person singular form. If the suffix disappears, then it is written -EVA- or -OVA-, if the suffix remains, then -IVA- or -YVA-. In nouns, participles and gerunds formed from verbs with these suffixes, the suffixes are written according to the same rule.

For example:

• Grieve – the suffix -EVA-, since in the first person singular form it disappears (I grieve)
• Assimilate – the suffix -IVA-, since in the first person singular form it is preserved (I assimilate)

It is worth distinguishing the suffixes -EVA- and -IVA- from the suffixes -E-/-I- and -VA-. If you can remove -BA- from a verb, and such a word exists, then it has 2 suffixes -E-/-I- and -VA-, otherwise there is only one suffix.

Spelling suffixes in past tense verbs

The vowel in the suffix of a past tense verb can be checked by placing the verb in the infinitive. The past tense verb uses the same suffix as the infinitive before -t.

For example: offended - suffix -E-, since in the infinitive to offend the suffix -E- is written.

37. SPELLINGNAME SUFFIXESADJECTIVES-CHIV-, -LIV-, -IST-, -CHAT-, -OV-, -EV-, -IV-, -OVAT-, -EVAT-, -EVIT-, -ONK-, -ENK-, -ESK -, -ICHESK-.

DISTINCTION OF SUFFIXES -TO-And-SK

ATTENTION! Using the tables, remember the rules for writing suffixes of adjectives.

●Suffixes -CHIV- – -LIV-, -IST- – always with AND : skidchiv oh, take awayLiv oh, swampsist y.

●Suffix -CHAT- – always with A: stepschat y.

REMEMBER: planks at y.

Exercise№ 276 . Fill in the missing letters and explain your choice.

1. Insinuating, trusting, caring, friendly, quirky, legible, talkative, confused, accommodating, talkative, evasive, assiduous, pliable, picky. 2. Freckled, coarse, clingy, bubbly, patterned. 3. Cliff_styy, bully_styy, rocky_styy, shady_styy.

● Complete the lists of the second and third groups of words.

Exercise№ 277. Explain the spelling of adjective suffixes. Learn by heart the most relevant, in your opinion, stable combinations and proverbs.

A. 1. The thrifty one is better than the rich one. 2. Unobtrusive, like a fly. 3. Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth. 4. A brave heart is not evasive. 5. An arrogant horse is bridled more strictly. 6. The hungry guest leaves. 7. A fiery temper is never cunning. 8. Stupid, but remember. 9. The wolf catches the fateful sheep. 10. Our grief is not excessive, but habitual. 11. A pugnacious rooster is never fat. 12. Don’t be conspicuous about people, but be friendly to yourself. 13. Pleases everyone, but suits no one. 14. You can’t listen to people’s speeches again. 15. The reserve doesn’t know the needs.

B. 1. Caring hands and our master’s, warm, feminine eye are needed everywhere. (V. Lebedev-Kumach) 2. The exam is difficult, but with patience and hard work you can pass it. (A. Chekhov) 3. Soft hair fell in strange rings onto Artyom’s forehead. (M. Gorky)

Exercise№ 278. Explain the writing of adjective suffixes using rules. Write a short story using these phrases.

A thoughtful reader, a rash act, a prudent owner, an insinuating voice, a caring mother, a clumsy cart, a dry summer, an obsession, stable weather, a helpful doorman.

●Suffixes -OV- – -EV- after the hissing and C

-OV- – under emphasis: reedov oh, pepperov oh, kumachov y.

-EV- – without accent: thingsev oh, plushev oh, glossyev y.

Exercise № 279. In these phrases, replace dependent words with adjectives with suffixes -OV-, -EV-.

Sample: shower cubicle – shower cubicle.

Reed thickets, arctic fox fur, a red flag, a stock exchange operation, a square near the palace, a plush toy, pear juice, a canvas shirt, a brocade dress, a walrus tusk, a bag for things, chintz curtains, hedgehog needles, water from a spring , quartz rays, facial nerve.

● Suffixes -EV-, -IV-

Exercise№ 280. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters in the adjective suffixes.

● Name the suffixes of the adjective with the vowel I, give examples. Are there exceptions to this rule? Which?

Flannel shirt, owl beans, knife wound, wild flowers, plush toy, roundabout station, earthworm, reed thickets, tulle curtains, village fool, canvas shirt, dear sir.

Exercise № 281 . Form adjectives with the suffixes -EB- And -IV-.

Sloth, worm, rain, fire, field, shadow, battle, edge, soybean, lilac.

● Suffixes -OVAT-, -EVAT-, -EVIT-

Exercise№ 282. Rewrite, inserting and explaining the missing letters.

1. It’s not a big thing, but it’s wise. (Last) 2. There were cumulus clouds with bluish bottoms in the sky. (A. Tolstoy) 3. A glossy, twisted moving mass of brown water rippled monotonously around the shallows and shores. (L. Tolstoy) 4. Galya was much taller and larger than her older sister. Her heavy features reminded her of her mother. (V. Panova) 5. The Cossacks had a fine bearing. (A. Serafimovich)

●Suffixes -ONK-, -ENK-

Exercise№ 283. Rewrite. Orally explain the spelling of the adjectives in which you inserted the letters.

1. And nearby, near the clearing, in the grass, between the roots, a small silver stream runs and flows. (S. Yesenin) 2. Agile and light, Tanya fluttered around the kitchen like a bird. (V. Panova) 3. A yellow circle of light from a lantern fell on a piece of paper. (A. Perventsev)

●Suffixes -ESK-, -K-, -SK-

Exercise№ 284. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters in the adjective suffixes. ●After which consonants is the suffix -K- written? Are there exceptions to this rule? Which?

1. Avant-garde, climber, Greek, journalist, Cossack, Kyrgyz, peasant, fisherman, slippery, weaver, tourist, French.

2. Officer's shoulder straps, sailor's vest, biting words, narrow corridors, Parisian cathedrals, October holidays.

b based on an adjective with a suffix-SK- .

●In adjectives formed from the names of months, b saved: April - April, July - July, September - September.

Exception: January - January.

Exercise№ 285. Underline the nouns from which adjectives are formed using the suffix -K-. Name the consonant alternations before this suffix.

Driver, Siberia, Uzbek, Riga, Ustyug, Prague, Czech, Nenets, weaver, farmhand, ambassador, dandy, December, lackey, Cossack, Kazakh, Kalmyk, miner, Turk, janitor.

Exercise№ 286. Form adjectives from the words in brackets using the suffixes -K- or -SK-. Label the suffixes.

1. Promising is business (gentlemen), perform - (servant). 2. Word of mouth (People) like a wave of the sea. 3. Pull, don’t give up, (burlak) ransom the head! 4. Twenty-five years - (soldier) century

Exercise№ 287. Rewrite by inserting the missing letters. Identify the suffixes of adjectives.

Tiny shoes, a fish catch, walnuts, a Danish writer, a neighbor's cat, a Russian language, a deputy mandate, a Kazakh checker, florish borscht, a Papuan dance, a rhyming voice, low ceilings, a French language.

Exercise№ 288. Find the “third extra” word. Explain why it is “superfluous”.

1. Kade_y, nem_y, sove_y. 2. Tulle, envious, talented. 3. January, November, December. 4. Trusted, key, beam.

ATTENTION! Using the table, remember the writing rule b at the base of an adjective.

●In adjectives on -IY, -YA, -EB, -YE (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all forms except Him. and Vin. cases units h.m.r., written before the end b: fox, foxb him, foxb to him, to the foxb eat, foxb their.

Exercise№ 289. Write down and underline the adjectives ending in –ИИ, -я, -ье. Indicate their case. Highlight the suffixes.

1. When a goldfish prays, it speaks in a human voice. 2. It occurred to the toothy pike to take up the cat’s craft. 3. There are monsters sitting around the table; one with horns, with a dog's muzzle, another with a rooster's head, here a witch with a goat's beard, here the frame is prim and proud. 4. The shepherd's horn sang protractedly. 5. The hare was given a piece of a bear's ear. 6. And I have known your wolfish nature for a long time. 7. Fox fur is warmer than squirrel fur.

Exercise No. 290. Replace the highlighted nouns in these combinations with the corresponding possessive adjectives.

Sample: bird's head - bird's head.

Camel skin, pike mouth, driver's sleigh, hare footprint, jackdaw nest, squirrel fur, swan fluff, hunter's gun, dog's kennel, shepherd's song, crow's wing, boar's head, goat's and cow's milk.

38. SPELLING OF VOWELS

IN VERB SUFFIXES

(-YVA-, -IVA-, -OVA-, -EVA-, -VA-)

AND IN VERB PRESETS(PO-, VO-, OB-, OT-)

ATTENTION! Using the table, remember the rule for writing verb suffixes-YVA-, -IVA-, -OVA-, -EVA-, -VA- .

Exercise No. 291. Rewrite, inserting the missing letters, explain the spelling of the verb suffix.

1. Don’t call for any business and don’t refuse any business! 2. Don’t guess in three days, guess in three years! 3. Accept gifts and give back. 4. Praise comes after praise (for reciprocity). 5. To treat is to treat, but to force is not to force. 6. Welcome, and grab your hat. 7. Conscience with a hammer: it taps and listens. 8. No matter how much you interpret, you can’t reinterpret everything.

Exercise No. 292. Fill in the table with examples.

-OVA- (-EVA-)	-YVA- (-IVA-)

1. The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree. 2. Do it quickly - redo it. 3. They knock out a wedge with a wedge. 4. Make your friends, but don’t lose your father’s! 5. The living are not mourned. 6. God forbid you wear it without wearing it out! 7. He blinked at one, nodded at another, and guess for the third. 8. Trade crazy - you only lose money. 9. Speak, but don’t conspire! 10. What they don’t talk about, don’t inquire about it! 11. Money pave the way. 12. To have mercy on a thief is to destroy a good one. 13. A bad tree cannot be cut down, but uprooted.

Exercise No. 293. Instead of dots, insert words that make sense. Identify the suffixes and explain their spelling.

1. I would go..., but I’m too lazy to take out my saber. 2. It is better to trade than…. ... the middle. 3. I am sir, you are sir, and who will... become? 4. Bread and salt don’t…. 5. Know how to joke, know how to…. 6. There is someone to scold and scold, but... there is no one. 7. There is nowhere... when death is behind you. 8. No matter how much ..., but death does not .... 9. People think before something...; but we think, we don’t get out of our thoughts.

Words for reference: look around, min_mind, laugh it off, figure it out, refuse, rejoice, howl, steal, adhere, adjudicate, pity.

Exercise No. 294. Read the texts. What means of expressive language are used in them? What is their role? Write down the verbs with prefixes and highlight them.

A. The rain fell thickly and noisily. He splashed next to the boat, shuddered, shivered, and ran at a short trot through the black water. (According to F. Abramov)

B. Soon everything became quiet, wary, cowering in anticipation of a crushing blow. And then thunder dug out from under the ground, roared and shook everything. The earth trembled, the sky swayed. With a roar, a howl and a crash, a muddy storm surge rolled in. (According to N. Sladkov)

Exercise No. 295. Copy the text, add missing punctuation marks, insert missing letters. Highlight the prefixes in the verbs and explain their spelling.

One leaf swayed on a cherry branch, said goodbye to the tree, but still (didn’t) fall. Something else neighed him (wouldn’t) let go. All the trees on the edge of the village had gathered their leaves and were preparing to welcome winter. Only the cherry tree in the garden did not part with its last leaf, as if it was waiting for something. (G. Korolkov)

Exercise№ 296. Form verbs from these nouns. Highlight the suffixes in them.

Ape ll ation, group pp a, di ff erentiation, and tt estat, and ll justration, co mm entary, su mm A.

39. SPELLING SUFFIXES

ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

(-VSh-, -Sh-, -USH-, -YUSH-, -ASH-, -YASH-)

Exercise No. 297. Listen to a linguistic tale about the problems that have arisen in the kingdom of the sacrament and try to solve them.

There was an unimaginable noise in the throne room of His Majesty King Verb.

Verb endings shouted -at(-yat) And -ut(-ut) :

– Let’s not offend our closest relatives!

– We need to declare war on Communion!

- What will the respected Conjugations, from whom our glorious family comes, say!

The verb barely calmed the dispersed citizens. Stuttering with excitement, the endings said that there was confusion in the domain of Communion, and close relatives and friends were suffering from it - suffixes -ush(-yush) And -ash(-box) . No one in the kingdom can figure out where to write which suffix.

After consulting with his advisors, King Verb made a fair decision that satisfied everyone. He and the messengers were immediately sent to the Communion for immediate execution.

While crossing the stormy stream dividing the borders, the ambassadors dropped the royal decree, and some of the words in it were blurred. This is what the Communion read:

“Decree of His Majesty King Verb.

I command! In participles formed from verbs... conjugations and having the 3rd person plural ending..., write a suffix -ush(-yush), and in participles formed from verbs... conjugations and having 3rd person plural endings..., write a suffix -ash(-box)».

Communion is thinking... Doesn't know how to fulfill the royal decree...

● You now have to help the sacrament fulfill the royal decree. To do this, copy down the text of the decree, inserting the necessary spelling and punctuation, and also indicate the information that was lost.

● Highlight the participial phrases and explain the punctuation marks used with them.

● Orally rearrange the text so that the participial phrases are not isolated.

Exercise No. 298. Prove that you have mastered the rule well, know the decree of the Verb, for which insert the necessary letters into the endings of verbs and suffixes of participles:

Stro_t – builder; glue_t – glue_schy; holding_t – holding; mo_t – powerful; se_t – se_schy; idea_t – idea_t; eclipsed - eclipsed; count_t – count_shchiy; gon_t – gon_t; view_t – view_view; hear_t - hearing.

Exercise No. 299. Rewrite, inserting the missing letters, highlight the endings, explain their spelling, indicate the case of the participles. Also explain punctuation marks.

Noise, loud_sh__ in the hall; endings, stuttering with excitement; confusion reigns in the kingdom of the Sacrament; suffering_sh__ relatives and friends; the king, consulting with his close associates; ambassadors in distress; messengers going to Communion; a stormy stream dividing the borders; water, blur____ words; king, read_sh__ decree; I don’t understand what to do, Communion.

Literacy is a vital need for many people. In our country, a total dictation is held annually. Important officials and people of other professions in dozens of cities are diligently thinking about how to correctly write this or that word, where to put a comma, a dash, etc. There is something to think about, because Russian is not such a simple language. And it is impossible to write in it accurately without knowing the rules.

The issue of spelling is acute, primarily for schoolchildren. After all, dictations for them are not held once a year. They write test papers almost weekly on different subjects. Therefore, they should know not only the rules given in this article, but also others. For example, be able to write English adjective suffixes correctly. Or know when some famous figure was born and died...

Suffixes -chiv, -liv, -iv, -ev. Exception words

They say that you need to get into the water to learn to swim, and to learn to write without mistakes, you need to train and develop the skill of competent writing.

The choice of vowels in a given morpheme depends on several reasons: stress, hardness or softness of the preceding sound, meaning. And even the origin of Stress and literate writing are related to each other due to the fact that only stressed vowels are clearly audible in the flow of our speech, but with unstressed letters it is more difficult. If you don't know the rules, mistakes will appear.

Remember! If you are in doubt which adjective suffixes to write, put the emphasis: -iv-- if it’s shock, but -ev-- if e is unstressed (playful, false, but key); -chiv-, -liv- are derived from -iv, so they write and (assiduous, noisy). Exception: holy fool, merciful.

Now check yourself: zero... howl, caring... howl, playful... howl, merciful... howl, bo... howl, arrogant... howl, trust... howl. (Answers: e, and, and, and, e, and, and).

Suffixes -ov, -ovat and -ev, -evat

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov did not like ugly, dissonant sounds and in every possible way avoided the use of hissing and whistling sounds. Our spelling cannot do without them.

Over the spelling of suffixes - ov -, - ev- after the unloved classics, w, w, c are often thought about. The letters o and e sound alike are confusing. It's simple: O- stressed, and without stress - e(kumac, penny, plush).

What if the stress falls on the root or prefix? In this case, adjective suffixes become dangerous for an illiterate person. Here you need to remember the rules! The last letter of the base You should write suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-(rough). And if the consonant is soft, hissing or c, then -ev-, -evat-, -evit- (key, glossy, apple, blind).

Now let’s check the knowledge we’ve gained: gifted...twisted, demanding, watchman...howl, floor...howl, blue...wavy, canvas...well done...well done. (Answers: o, o, e, e, e, o, e).

Suffixes -onk and -enk

It is impossible not to be surprised by the possibilities of the Russian language. In order for a word to change its meaning, it is enough to replace the suffix in it. And now the fat one turns into a plump one, and the thin one into a thin one. Expresses a completely different attitude towards the subject of speech. The adjective suffixes -onk- and -enk- give words shades of sympathy, endearment, irony, disdain, as well as real diminution. Only they have the ability to use these formative means.

Adjectives with a diminutive meaning are formed using a suffix -enk and - onk(blue, plump).

After the letters g, k, x, and are possible -onk and -enk(light and light).

Check yourself! Bad...cue, round...cue, beautiful...cue, good...cue (oh, e, e, e).

Showing your attitude to what is being said helps and -okhonk, -okhonk, -usenk, -usenk(small, tiny, thin).

Suffixes -ensk, -insk. Exceptions

Adjectives are formed not only from common nouns, but also from proper nouns and geographical names. Morphemes -insk- and -ensk- are used to form such words. Unstressed suffixes of adjectives sound unclear. Speech situations arise when it is necessary to both write and use a word in oral speech. An incorrectly formed shape hurts the ear. If you don't want to make mistakes, remember the rule.

Suffix -insk- serves to form nouns with final -a, -я, -и. (Yalta - Yalta, Mytishchi - Mytishchi, Ekaterina - Catherine). In other cases the suffix is ​​used -ensk-(Grozny - Grozny, Grodno - Grodno).

The Russian language is beautiful. And he does not tolerate cacophony, so there are exceptions to the rules that are worth learning. These are Presnensky (from Presnya), Penza (from Penza), Kolomna (from Kolomna), etc.

It is impossible, and it is not necessary, to remember exceptions to all the rules. If you have any difficulties, you should consult dictionaries and reference books.

Spelling of adjectives formed from the nouns na-shka, the words “wind” and “oil”

Nouns with finite -shka(frog, cat) form adjectives, about the spelling of which you need to know the following: both “frog” and “frog” are written, cat - cat. Both spellings are correct. Only the emphasis is different.

The spelling of some adjectives is related to their lexical meaning. From the words “wind” and “oil” you can form word forms that have different adjective suffixes. Examples of such words: anemone - windy, oily - oily. There are no mistakes here.

Worth remembering! 1. Windy (with the meaning of “wind” in literal and figurative meaning. The wind on the street (direct) and the wind in the head (trans.) 2. Windy (with the meaning “set in motion by the force of the wind”) 3. Chickenpox ( from the colloquial word "chickenpox") 4. Oily (consists of any oil) 5. Oily (greased, soaked, stained with oil) 6. Oily eyes (figurative meaning) 7. Maslenitsa - Shrovetide week.

Suffixes -sk and -k. Exceptions

“It’s not a shame not to know, it’s a shame not to learn,” says popular wisdom. And it’s worth constantly expanding your knowledge. Spelling adjective suffixes is often difficult. In the words "sharp" and "sailor" the end of the word sounds the same. How to choose the correct spelling? Let's think like this. Since adjectives are formed from the stem of a noun, then we highlight this stem and see which letter is the last (weaver - weaver). If k, h, ts- feel free to substitute the suffix -To. Alternation may occur. This is normal. Are there no such letters? Create a shape. Happened? Then feel free to write the suffix -To.

At the end of the base k, h, ts(giant - gigantic), and it’s impossible to form a short form - feel free to write the suffix -sk.

Remember: b before -sk- written only after l, and also in the words: day-day, names of months, but we write “January” without a soft sign.

Adjectives starting with -aty: suffixes -schat, -chat

Mikhail Sholokhov said that the language of the people has been accumulating treasures of thought and experience for thousands of years. Formed from nouns using the suffix - chat-, -chat- the words seemed to bring mystery and charm from time immemorial (iridescent, log, patterned). They indicate the presence in large quantities of what is expressed by the base (fragmentous).

The spelling of adjective suffixes depends on the letters in front. Alternation occurs, which changes the composition of the morpheme and its sound.

An error may appear when writing.

Dosch-at-y (from board sk/sch).

Smoke-chat (from smoke).

Brus-chat-k-a (from brus).

Tile-chat (tiles c/t).

Adjectives with such suffixes are widely used in professional and terminological vocabulary.

not formed from verbs

“The old abandoned garden was beautiful in its picturesque desolation,” we read from the classic. But in order to excel in literacy in dictation, you need to remember the rule of how to choose suffixes of adjectives and participles. The difficulty is that it is impossible to determine by ear "n" or "nn" choose.

Let's remember the rule! If you forgot, look in the reference book. Next, we analyze how this word was formed (picture-n y - the base is on -n, and the suffix was added -n - here is the double "n").

"Nn" it is also written when the adjective appears with the help of the suffix -onn-, -enn- (excursion-onn-y, craft-enn-y).

The letter "n" is written in adjective suffixes if in the word -in-, -an-, -yang-(os-in-y, skin-an-y).

Exceptions:

1) glass, tin, wood;

2) young, green, porky, spicy, drunk, windy, crimson.

Spelling "n", "nn" in adjective suffixes it makes you rack your brain if you don’t know the rules. Therefore, it is worth training them.

Spelling "n" and "nn" in nouns and adverbs starting with -o, formed from non-verbal adjectives. Words to remember to spell

The vocabulary wealth of our language is constantly growing. One of the ways of replenishment is the formation of new names of objects and phenomena from the names of adjectives. "N", "nn" in adjective suffixes determines the number of letters in formed nouns. Examples: living room - hotel, relative - relative, wood - woodshed, horse - cavalry.

Adjectives can also form adverbs with a final -O. Interestingly, the suffixes of adverbs and adjectives are the same. The number of "n" is also the same. You can check the spelling of “n”, “nn” in adverbs by selecting the full adjective from which the adverb is formed. Write as many of these letters as in the original adjective. Examples: courageously - courageous, magnificently - magnificent, excitedly - excited.

Remember the spelling of the following words: welcome, smart, uninvited guest, sworn brother, unseen, unheard, etc.

Adjective suffixes

Adjectives replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language as actively as nouns, due to various methods of morphological formation: from the stems of nouns ( kind, plastic, bearish), adjectives ( red-brown, sweet and sour), verbs ( marketable, deceitful, grouchy). The most productive way of formation is suffixal. In this case, suffixes, as a rule, are used depending on the part-speech stem. Thus, adjectives are formed from nominal stems using suffixes -enn-, -onn-, -an-(-yan-), -m-, -iy-, -ov-(-ev-), -iy- and etc.; from verbs - -chiv-, -nn-, -eat-, -im-, -ist- and etc.

The spelling of suffixes in denominal and verbal adjectives is regulated by special rules

Suffixes of adjectives formed from nouns and adjectives

1. The suffix -iv- is written on stressed adjectives, suffix

-ev- - without accent : playful, beautiful, whiny, polite, but: aluminum, ermine, guest, mud, lobar, yeast, potassium, astrakhan, glue, bullet, steering, soy, core.

Exceptions: gracious, holy fool.

2. The suffixes -liv-, -chiv- are written only with a vowel and (in Russian there are no suffixes “-lev-”, “-chev-”): bizarre, sympathetic, conscientious, reckless.

In adjectives gutta-percha, enamel suffix -ev-, and the consonants ch, l are included in the root (gutta-percha, enamel).

3.Suffix -й (variant suffix -j-) written for adjectives formed from nouns with the suffixes -ik-, -nik-, -chik-, while k alternates with h : cab driver(cab), hunting(hunter), carpenter(a carpenter), colonel(Colonel), landowner(landowner). In indirect cases these adjectives are written with the letter ь ( landowner, landowner and so on.).

In adjectives like froglike And froglike in unstressed position only e is written: turkey - turkey, old lady, boyish, feline(writing feline outdated).

4. The suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit- are written after hard consonants (except c); -ev-, -evat-, -evit- are written after soft consonants, after sibilants and c : whitish, businesslike, angular, homely, verbal, spongy, reddish, glossy, scarred.

5. The suffix -onk- is written after the back lingual g, k, zh; after other consonants the suffix -enk- is written: tall, light, dry; blue, cheap, trashy (from trashy), lukewarm.

6. In adjectives before the suffix -sk-, the final consonant stems of the noun from which the adjective is formed, in some cases remain unchanged, and in others they alternate or disappear :

1) the consonants d, t, z, s are preserved: abbot-sk-y, adjutant, Abkhazian, Vosgesian, Volgograd, Dutch, gigantic, amateurish, decadent, Canadian, Kronstadt, Kurdish, occupier, post office, positivist, Polesie.

If the stem of a noun ends in ts (or tsts), which is preceded by a vowel, then the suffix -k- is used in the adjective: Cherepovets (Cherepovets), Nitstsky (Nice), German;

2) the consonants k and ch of the bases of nouns alternate with c, while in adjectives it is written - To-: batrats-k-iy (farm-hand), burlatsky (burlak), gornyatsky (miner), kabatsky (tavern), Kalmyk (Kalmyk), permyak (Permyak), fisherman (fisherman), Slovak (Slovak), tkatsky (weaver).

For some adjectives, the final consonant of the base does not change and a suffix is ​​written -sk -: Uzbek-sk-iy (Uzbek), Tajik (Tajik), Uglich (Uglich);

3) if the stem of a noun ends in s, which is preceded by a consonant, then the final s in the stem of the noun disappears: Reims (Reims), Welsh (Wales), Odessa (Odessa), Cherkasy (Cherkasy).

Exception: Helsingfors (Helsingfors), Daugavpils (Daugavpils), Tammerfors (Tammerfors).

In adjectives Abosky(Abo is the Swedish name for the Finnish city of Turku), Bordeaux(Bordeaux), Tartu(Tartu) is written alone with (suffix -sk-);

4) in adjectives formed from Russian geographical names ending in sk, one s is written, since the suffix -sk- is superimposed on the sk stem: Amur(Amursk), Omsk(Omsk), Privolzhsky(Privolzhsk). Foreign-language names of this type lose the finite k at the base, so ss is written in adjectives: Damascus(Damascus), San Francisco(San Francisco), Etruscan(Etruscan).

Exception: Basque(Basque), Oskskiy(oski).

7. In adjectives, the letter ь is not written before the suffix -sk-, if the noun stem ends in н or р: Amgun-sky (Amgun), Kuban (Kuban), Ryazan (Ryazan), Jaeger (jaeger), znakharsky (witch doctor), monastic (monastery), pisarsky (clerk).

Exceptions: a) adjectives formed from the names of the months: June, September, October, November, December (but: January), as well as the combination day-day; b) adjectives formed from foreign names: Sichuan, Taiwanese, Tien Shan.

8. The spelling of consonants before suffixes differs - at-, -an- in adjectives like plank, paving stones: ш is written in cases where the sounds it denotes belong to the same morpheme (meaningful part of the word): planks-at-th- dosk-a (sch alternates with sk within one morpheme - root), wax-en-oh - wax.

9. Before the suffix -chat- the final c of the noun stem alternates with t: croup-chat(grain), ciliated(eyelash), tiled(tiles).

10. Adjectives end in -Insky:

1) if they are formed from nouns ending in -a, -ы (-и): Elninsky(Yelnya), Okhtinsky(Ohta), Mytishchi(Mytishchi), Taborinsky(Tabors);

2) if it is possible to form possessive adjectives in in from the corresponding nouns: Elizabethan(Elizabeth - Elizavetin), Mariinsky(Maria - Mariin), Olginsky(Olga - Olgin), sister(sister - sisters);

3) if the adjective is formed from a noun in English: military(warrior), Hellenic(Hellene).

In other cases, adjectives end in -ensky: Grozny(Grozny), Zarechensky(Zarechye), Kerch(Kerch), cemetery(cemetery), beggarly(beggar).

Adjectives Kolomensky(Kolomna), Krapivensky(Krapivna), Lebanese (Livny) and some similar ones are formed from nouns using the suffix -sk-, and the vowel e (denoting a fluent sound) is part of the root.

Adjectives Inzensky, Lopasnensky, Penza, Presnensky written with e according to tradition (although Inza, Lopasnya, Penza, Presnya).

13. In adjectives formed from the stems k, c, h, h is written before the suffix -n- (although it can be pronounced [sh]): mustard(mustard), peppery(pepper), fist(fist), starling n y (starling), lactic(milk), bakery(bun), boring(boredom).

In adjectives formed from stems ending in x, w is written before the suffix -n- : buckwheat(buckwheat), funny(fun), hectic(commotion).

Spelling variations everyday And everyday are equally valid, although the first is preferable.

Suffixes of adjectives formed from verbs

1. Suffixes -iv-, -liv- Verbal adjectives are written only with a vowel and regardless of whether they are stressed or unstressed: flattering, mellifluous, envious, talkative, hardy.

2. Suffixes -eat-, -im- are used in the formation of adjectives with and without the prefix not- from intransitive verbs, as well as from transitive verbs of the perfect form: -em- is written without stress, -im- - under stress: indescribable, indisputable, waterproof, unscathed, irresistible, irrefutable, invincible, unquenchable.

3. Suffix -ist- written only with a vowel and: bubbly, sparkling, quirky, hysterical, rolling. Wed. also for adjectives formed from nouns: clayey, broad-shouldered, glib.

Adjective endings

Adjectives are characterized by the fact that they do not have independent morphological characteristics of gender, number and case. These features are determined by the noun with which the adjective is combined, i.e. is subject to approval. In other words, the meanings of gender, number and case of an adjective are expressed syntactically.

1. Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the question word what , which is given as a noun: with oars th(How them?) character, oh cheerful ohm(How ohm?) character etc.

It is necessary to distinguish:

a) adjectives have masculine and neuter singular endings -ym(s) in the instrumental case ( by the wind How them ? fresh them, abroad How them ? far them ) and endings -om(s) in the prepositional case ( about the wind How ohm ? fresh eat, about abroad How ohm ? far eat );

b) feminine singular endings for adjectives -yu (-yu) in the accusative case ( the road How wow ? exactly wow, dawn How wow ? spring yuyu ) and endings -oh (-ee) in the instrumental case ( dear How oh ? exactly oh, the dawn How oh ? spring by her ).

2. In the singular genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives at the end -Wow(-his) the letter is written according to tradition G , although pronounced V, eg: kind, good, big, blue.

3. Possessive adjectives on -y, -ya, -ye, -y (hare, hare, hare, hare) in all cases, except for the nominative and similar accusative case of the masculine singular, are written with ь: bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, about bearish; bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, bearish, oh bearish.

Such adjectives are formed from nouns using the suffix -j- (iot), so before the ending the separator ь is written as an indicator of this suffix.

4. Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban are changed according to the solid variety of declension and are written with endings

-y, -aya, -oe, -b/e; the adjectives nonresident, beskrayny change according to the soft variety of declension and are written with endings -y, -yaya, -ee, -oe(forms out-of-town And boundless- outdated). Adjective intercity has an option intercity.

5. Adjectives ending in -yny, have a short form in the nominative singular masculine form on -en: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender. Exception: worthy - worthy.