This is a picaresque story, the main character is a clever swindler, a rogue, a deceiver, an impoverished nobleman who deceives him into marrying Annushka, the daughter of a rich steel worker. Frol decides “I’ll be a colonel or a dead man.” The composition is interesting because the story is divided into 2 parts. The milestone is marriage. The first part develops rapidly, because... adventures, fun and often obscene games are described. In this game, Frol changes clothes 2 times, he is “mummered”, i.e. hides his face and puts on a mask. The second part is not based on an entertaining plot: it has a lot of descriptions and dialogues. If actions are important in the 1st part, then experiences are important in the 2nd part. For the first time, the author separates the hero’s speech from his own statements. The author manages to show the different psychological states of the hero (the father experiences anger, love and care). This is a conscious author's technique! The author shows that he can solve various problems: build a dynamic plot and depict the psychology of the hero. The author does not sympathize with the hero in any way, does not admire Frol’s successes. From the point of view of the author, Frol Skobeev is a fraud by conviction, he is cunning, not smart and brave. That. the main character does not seek to save the soul, but seeks to acquire earthly happiness.
"A Tale of Woe and Misfortune." One of the outstanding works of literature of the second half of the 17th century. is "A Tale of Woe and Misfortune." The central theme of the story is the theme of the tragic fate of the younger generation, which is trying to break with the old forms of family life and home-building morality.
The introduction to the story gives this theme a universal, generalized sound. The biblical story of the fall of Adam and Eve is interpreted here as disobedience, disobedience of the first people to the will of the God who created them. The source of this disobedience is not the tempting devil, as the Bible interpreted, but the man himself, his heart "meaningless and insensitive." This interpretation of the biblical story speaks of a new worldview that the author has developed: the reason for a person’s violation of the commandments of humility and obedience is in himself, in his character, and not the result of the influence of otherworldly forces.
The plot of the story is based on the tragic life story of the Young Man, who rejected his parents’ instructions and wanted to live according to his own will. “how he likes it.” The appearance of a generalized collective image of a representative of the younger generation of his time was a very remarkable and innovative phenomenon. In literature, a historical figure is replaced by a fictional hero, whose character typifies the traits of an entire generation of the transitional era.
The young man grew up in a patriarchal merchant family, surrounded by constant care and care of loving parents. However, he yearns for freedom from under his native roof, longs to live according to his own will, and not according to parental instructions. The constant guardianship of his parents did not teach the Young Man to understand people, to understand life, and he pays for his gullibility, for his blind faith in the sanctity of the bonds of friendship. The “tsar’s tavern” destroys him. But the Good Guy doesn’t give up, he doesn’t bring his guilty head to his parents’ house, he wants to prove he’s right by going to “a foreign country, distant, unknown.” Personal experience convinced him that without advice "good people" you can't live. And humbly listening to their instructions, Well done “taught... to live skillfully”: “... from his great intelligence he made a life bigger than Starov’s.”
The reason for the hero's further misadventures is his character. Boasting of one’s happiness and wealth ruins the young man (“...and the word of praise has always rotted,” - the author moralizes). From this moment on, the image of Grief appears in the story, which, as in folk songs, personifies the tragic fate, destiny, and lot of a person. This image also reveals the internal duality, confusion of the hero’s soul, his lack of confidence in his abilities.
In the minds of Molodets, traditional ideas are still tenacious. Thus, he cannot overcome the old view of a woman as a “vessel of the devil,” the source of all the troubles and misadventures of a man; He remains faithful to the religious beliefs of his fathers. Not believing the insidious advice of Grief, the Well done, however, is unable to disobey the same advice when it comes from the Archangel Gabriel, whose appearance Grief has taken.
In the advice that Mountain gives to the Good Man, it is easy to detect the hero’s own painful thoughts about life, about the instability of his material well-being.
The story emphasizes that the reason for the ruin of Molodets is "Tsar's Tavern" where the hero leaves "your bellies" and changes "living room dress" on "Gunka tavern." So "guest son" turns into a homeless tramp, joining a large army "walking people" wandering through the cities and villages of Rus'. Pictures are painted brightly "nakedness and barefootness of immeasurable extent" in which the motives of protest of the poor class against social injustice and against their evil lot are heard.
In the truthful depiction of the process of formation of declassed elements of society, there is great social significance of the story.
The young man, who rejected parental authority and did not want to submit to his father and mother, is forced to bow his proud head to Gorem-Gorinsky. "Good people" They sympathize with the fate of the Young Man and advise him to return to his parents’ shelter and ask for forgiveness. However, now Grief does not want to let go of its victim. It persistently and relentlessly pursues the Young Man, mocking all his attempts to escape from his "ill-fated fate". Walking with the Well done "under the arm" Grief "teaches" his "to live richly - to kill and rob." This makes the Well done remember "saved path" and go to the monastery. For the hero and author of the story, the monastery is by no means an ideal of a righteous life, but the last opportunity to escape from one’s ill-fated fate.
The story sharply contrasts two types of attitudes to life, two worldviews: on the one hand, parents and “good people” - the majority who guard the “Domostroevsky” social and family morality; on the other hand, - Well done, embodying the desire of the new generation for a free life.
It should be noted that the instructions of parents and the advice of “good people” concern only the most general practical issues of human behavior and are devoid of religious didactics.
The fate of the Young Man is presented in the form of his life, but the story no longer has anything in common with traditional hagiography. Before us is a typically secular, everyday biographical story.
The author has a perfect command of the poetics of folklore, its figurative system, and the forms of epic verse. The image of a good fellow, “naked, barefoot”, “belted with a bast” Grief, the epic picture of the feast, the song symbolism of the episode of the persecution of the Grief Young Man - all this finds a direct correspondence in epic folk poetry and in lyrical songs about Grief.
The interweaving of epic and lyricism gives the story an epic scope and gives it lyrical sincerity. In general, the story, according to N. G. Chernyshevsky, follows the true flow of the folk poetic word.
“The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn.” Thematically, The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn, created in the 70s of the 17th century, is close to “The Tale of Grief and Misfortune.” This story also reveals the theme of the relationship between two generations, contrasting two types of attitudes towards life. The basis of the plot is the life of the merchant son Savva Grudtsyn, full of anxiety and adventure. The narration of the hero's fate is given against a broad historical background. Savva's youth flows through the years "great persecution and rebellion" i.e. during the period of the struggle of the Russian people against the Polish intervention; in his mature years the hero takes part in the war for Smolensk in 1632-1634. The story mentions historical figures: Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, boyar Streshnev, governor Shein, centurion Shilov; and the hero himself belongs to the famous merchant family of the Grudtsyn-Usovs. However, the main place in the story is occupied by pictures of private life.
The story consists of a series of successive episodes that make up the main milestones of Savva’s biography: youth, mature years, old age and death.
In his youth, Savva, sent by his father on trade affairs to the city of Orel Solikamsk, indulges in love pleasures with the wife of his father’s friend Bazhen II, boldly trampling on the sanctity of the family union and the sanctity of friendship. In this part of the story, the central place is given to the love affair and the first attempts are made to depict a person’s love experiences. Intoxicated with a love potion and expelled from Bazhen’s house, Savva begins to be tormented by the pangs of love: “And behold, as if a fire began to burn in his heart... his heart began to grieve and grieve for his wife... And from a great agony, the beauty of his face began to fade and his flesh began to become thin.” To dispel his grief, to quench his heartfelt melancholy, Savva goes outside the city, into the bosom of nature.
The author sympathizes with Savva and condemns the act "evil and unfaithful wife" insidiously seduced him. But this traditional motive of seducing an innocent youth takes on real psychological contours in the story.
The medieval motif of the union of man with the devil is also introduced into the story: in a fit of love grief, Savva calls for the help of the devil, and he did not hesitate to answer his call in the form of a young man. He is ready to provide Savva with any services, demanding from him only to give “the handwriting is a bit of a mess”(sell your soul). The hero fulfills the demand of the demon, without attaching much importance to it, and even worships Satan himself in his kingdom; the devil, taking the image of the “said brother,” becomes a devoted servant of Savva.
The ideological and artistic function of the image of the demon in the story is close to the function of Grief in “The Tale of Grief and Misfortune.” He is the embodiment of the hero's fate and the inner turmoil of his young and impetuous soul. At the same time, the image of the “sworn brother” that the demon takes on in the story is close to the folk tale.
If in the episodes depicting the hero’s youth, a love affair is brought to the fore and the ardent, addicted nature of an inexperienced young man is revealed, then in the episodes telling about Savva’s mature years, the heroic traits of his character come to the fore: courage, bravery, fearlessness. In this part of the story, the author successfully combines the techniques of folk epic poetry with the stylistic techniques of military stories.
The denouement of the story is connected with the traditional motif of the “miracles” of the Mother of God icons: the Mother of God, through her intercession, delivers Savva from demonic torment, having first made him vow to go to a monastery. Having been healed, having received back what was smoothed out "handwriting" Savva becomes a monk. At the same time, attention is drawn to the fact that throughout the entire story Savva remains a “young man.”
The image of Savva, like the image of the Young Man in “The Tale of Woe and Misfortune,” summarizes the features of the younger generation, striving to throw off the oppression of centuries-old traditions and live to the fullest extent of their daring, brave powers.
The style of the story combines traditional book techniques and individual motifs of oral folk poetry. The innovation of the story lies in its attempt to portray an ordinary human character in an ordinary everyday setting, to reveal the complexity and inconsistency of character, to show the meaning of love in a person’s life. Quite rightly, therefore, a number of researchers consider “The Tale of Savva Grudtsyn” as the initial stage in the formation of the novel genre.
"The Tale of Frol Skobeev." If the heroes of the stories about Grief and Misfortune and Savva Grudtsyn, in their desire to go beyond the traditional norms of morality and everyday relations, are defeated, then the poor nobleman Frol Skobeev, the hero of the story of the same name, is already shamelessly trampling on ethical standards, achieving personal success in life: material well-being and strong social position.
An artistic nobleman forced to earn his living through private clerical practice "snitch"(petitioner for cases), Frolka Skobeev makes “fortune and career” the motto of her life. “Either I’ll be a colonel or a dead man!” - he declares. To achieve this goal, Skobeev does not disdain anything. He is unscrupulous in his means and uses bribery, deception, and blackmail. For him, nothing is sacred except faith in the power of money. He buys the mother’s conscience, seduces the daughter of the rich steward Nardin-Nashchokin, Annushka, then kidnaps her, of course with Annushka’s consent, and marries her. By cunning and deception, the spouses achieve parental blessing, then complete forgiveness and remission of their guilt. Annushka's father, an arrogant and arrogant noble steward, is finally forced to recognize him as his son-in-law "thief, rogue" And "snitch" Frolka Skobeev, sit down with him at the same table for lunch and "commit" his heir.
The story is a typical picaresque short story. It reflected the beginning of the process of merging the boyar-votchinniki and the service nobility into a single noble class, the process of the rise of the new nobility from clerks and clerks, the arrival "thin" for changing "Old, honest birth."
Boyar pride and arrogance are subjected to sharp satirical ridicule in the story: the noble steward is powerless to do anything against the “seedy” nobleman and is forced to reconcile with him and recognize him as his heir. All this gives reason to believe that the story arose after 1682, when localism was eliminated.
In achieving his goal, Frol Skobeev does not rely on either God or the devil, but only on his energy, intelligence and everyday practicality. Religious motives occupy a rather modest place in the story. A person’s actions are determined not by the will of a deity or a demon, but by his personal qualities and are consistent with the circumstances in which this person acts.
The image of Annushka is also noteworthy in the story. She declares her rights to choose her betrothed, boldly breaks traditions, and actively participates in organizing an escape from her parents’ home; easily agrees to pretense and deception in order to regain the favor of the fooled father and mother.
Thus, the fate of the heroes of the story reflects characteristic social and everyday phenomena of the late 17th century: the emergence of a new nobility and the destruction of the traditional way of life.
The fate of a hero who has achieved success in life reminds us of the fates of the “semi-sovereign ruler” Alexander Menshikov, Count Razumovsky and other representatives of the “nest of Peter’s chicks.”
The author of “The Tale of Frol Skobeev” is obviously a clerk who dreams, like his hero, of going “into the people” and achieving a strong financial and social position. This is evidenced by the style of the story, peppered with clericalism: “have a place of residence”, “have an obligatory love for this Annushka” etc. These phrases are interspersed with archaic expressions of book style and vernacular, especially in the speeches of the heroes, as well as barbarisms that widely poured into the literary and colloquial language at that time (“quarter”, “coreta”, “banquet”, “person” and so on.).
The author has a good command of the skill of direct free storytelling. AND. WITH. Turgenev praised the story, calling it “an extremely wonderful thing.” “All the faces are excellent, and the naivety of the style is touching,” he wrote.
Subsequently, the story attracted the attention of writers of the 18th and 19th centuries: in the 80s of the 18th century. Iv. Based on it, Novikov created “Novgorod girls’ Yuletide evening, played as a wedding party in Moscow.” N. M. Karamzin used this plot in the story “Natalya - the Boyar’s Daughter”; in the 60s of the XIX century. playwright D.V. Averkiev wrote “The Comedy about the Russian nobleman Frol Skobeev”, and in the mid-40s of the 20th century. Soviet composer T. N. Khrennikov created the comic opera “Frol Skobeev” or “The Motherless Son-in-Law.”
42. Democratic satire of the 17th century (“The Tale of the Shemyakinsky Court”, “The Tale of Ersha Ershovich”, “Kalyazin petition”, “The Tale of Hawkmoth”
In the 17th century Satire is developing very well. Satirical stories can be divided into 3 groups: anti-feudal, anti-clerical and everyday. Anti-feudal ones include “The Tale of Ersha Ershovich”, “The Tale of Shemyakin’s Court”. To the anti-clerical ones - “The Kolyazin Petition”, “The Tale of Hawk Moth”. Everyday stories are fictional. The works contain fictitious characters and events. “The Tale of Misfortune” belongs to this type. They reflected the dramatic clash of “oldness” and “newness” in the sphere of personal and public life. “The Tale of Hawkmoth” has 3 parts: 1-introduction, 2-conversation between Hawkmoth and the inhabitants of paradise, 3-exit of John the Evangelist. This construction speaks of the novelistic nature of the work. This story is an anti-clerical satire. The first part talks about who the hawk moth is: “who drinks early on the feasts of God.” He dies and an angel comes for him, after which the second part begins - the communication of the hawk moth with those who approach the gates of heaven - the Apostle Peter, the Apostle Paul, King David, King Solomon. Hawkmoth asks them to let him in, but they answer him that sinners cannot go to heaven. To which the hawk moth remembers something from their life about each one, from which each one “got away and was quickly put to shame.” In the third part, John the Theologian approaches the gates, who also says: “You cannot enter heaven as a hawkmoth.” To which Hawkmoth replies that in his Gospel it is written: “if we love each other, God will protect us both.” And he says that then John must either let him in or renounce writing the Gospel. This is how the hawk moth goes to heaven. In this work, the Supreme dogma is violated, the Divine court turns out to be unfair. The sinner goes to heaven. This story, a parody of medieval tales about the afterlife, angrily denounces church piety and church veneration of famous saints. All the saints mentioned here turn out to be unworthy of heaven. And the hawk moth acts as an angry accuser and at the same time a cunning speaker. Therefore, this story was included in the index of banned books.
The emancipation of the democratic strata of Muscovite Rus' in the 17th century, which, through the course of historical development and class struggle, were liberated from the power of ancient foundations and views, naturally contributed to the development of satire and parody of what official Rus', represented by its ruling elite, maintained.
One of the most famous satirical stories is the story of the Shemyakin court, exposing an unfair court in Rus' in the 17th century, telling about the behavior of a bribe-taking judge, whose nickname is associated with the personality of the judge who bore the name Shemyak, very common in the 17th century. In the literatures of the East and West, there are a number of works in which the motifs inherent in this story appear in various variations. In these literatures, as a rule, a righteous and fair judge appears. In our story, there is a satire on judicial verdicts, and the judge himself acts as an unjust judge: his sentences, although formally fair, are dictated solely by self-interest. In the 16th century, the story of the Shemyakin trial was translated into verse and passed into popular literature and then underwent further literary processing by some writers.
In the 17th century a whole layer of works independent of official writing has appeared, to which the term “democratic satire” is assigned in literary criticism (“The Tale of Ersha Ershovich”, “The Tale of Priest Sava”, “Kalyazin Petition”, “The ABC of a Naked and Poor Man”, “The Tale of about Thomas and Erem”, “Service for the Tavern”, “The Tale of the Chicken and the Fox”, “The Tale of Luxurious Life and Fun”, etc.). These works are written both in prose, often rhythmic, and in poetic verse. They are closely related to folklore both in their artistic specificity and in their way of living. "Kalyazin Petition". The characters inhabiting the laughter anti-world live according to special laws. If these are monks, then they “turn inside out” the strict monastic rules, which prescribed strict observance of fasts and attendance at church services, labors and vigils. This is the “Kalyazin Petition,” which is a funny complaint from the monks of the Trinity Kalyazin Monastery (on the left bank of the Volga, opposite the city of Kalyazin), addressed to Archbishop Simeon of Tver and Kashin (1676-1681). They complain about their Archimandrite Gabriel (1681), who “annoys” them. The archimandrite, they complain, “ordered... our brothers to wake up, orders us to go to church often. And we, your pilgrims, are sitting around a bucket of beer without trousers in our cells.” Then a folklore picture of a “carefree monastery” is painted, in which the monks indulge in carousing and overeat, instead of strictly fulfilling their monastic duties. Here both complaining drunkards and the sanctimonious life of Russian monasteries are ridiculed.
Laughter literature of the 17th century. opposes itself not only to the official “untruth” about the world, but also to folklore with its utopian dreams. She speaks the “naked truth” - through the lips of a “naked and poor” person.
Related information.
The story of the story takes place in the small Novgorod district, where the needy nobleman Frol Skobeev lives. In the same district there is a patrimony of a steward. The daughter of this steward was the beautiful Annushka, the love that the poor nobleman so longed to get. Frol became acquainted with a clerk working on the estate. And one day a nobleman went to visit this clerk, who at that time had a woman who was with Annushka all day long.
Meanwhile, Annushka decides to hold Christmastide for all the young girls with noble roots. And he sends his assistant to the sister of that same poor nobleman, Frol Skobeev. The girl tells Annushka’s mother that she will come to her not alone, but accompanied by her friend. After Frol’s sister begins to prepare for the reception, her brother demands a woman’s outfit from her. Not understanding what her brother is up to, she does not dare to argue and helps him.
At the reception, absolutely no one even guessed that Frol was hiding under the women’s clothes. And he presents Annushka’s mother five rubles and tells the whole truth about himself, and after listening, she decides to help the poor young man. The girl’s assistant decided to lead a game of bride and groom between the invitees, which ended with the unpleasant story of Frol exposing himself and Annushka losing her innocence.
Next, the girl is sent to Moscow to match the groom. Having learned about this, Frol goes after the girl. By deception, the young people secretly hold a wedding, which only Annushka’s mother knows about, who helped poor Frol in everything. The girl’s father, meanwhile, was very saddened by the fate of his daughter, but the tricks and cunning of Frol Skobeev resolved all controversial issues and the parents and the newlyweds came to agreement and understanding. Subsequently, the poor nobleman lived a good life, inheriting the entire fortune of Annushka’s father. The story shows that it is possible to do anything for love, but also to do anything to live well and carefree.
Picture or drawing The Tale of Frol Skobeev
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In 1680, the nobleman Frol Skobeev lived in the Novgorod district, and in the same Novgorod district there were the estates of the steward Nardin-Nashchokin; and his daughter Annushka lived in those estates.
Frol Skobeev found out about the captain’s daughter and intended to make love with her. She just doesn’t know through whom she can arrange to meet her. Then he decided to get acquainted with the manager of that estate and began to often go to his house. And one day he happened to be visiting that manager, when the teacher of the steward’s daughter came there.
Skobeev found out that this teacher always lives with Annushka, and when she went from the manager to her mistress, he went out after her and gave her two rubles. The teacher tells him:
Mr. Skobeev, it is not according to my merits that you would like to extend such a favor, I have no service for you!
But Skobeev gave her the money without saying anything and walked away. And she came to her mistress Annushka - and also said nothing. Skobeev spent some time with the manager and went home.
At the time of Yuletide entertaining evenings, when girls gather to have fun, the daughter of steward Nardin-Nashchokin, Annushka, ordered her teacher to go to all the nobles living near their estate and who have maiden daughters, and ask them to come to her for a Yuletide party. She went and invited all the noble daughters to her mistress Annushka, and they all promised to come.
The teacher knew that Skobeev had a sister among the girls. She went to him and began to invite his sister to Annushka’s party. Sister said:
Please wait a little; I'll go to my brother and report. If he agrees, then I’ll tell you,” she went to Frol and announced: “The steward’s daughter’s mother has arrived and asks me to be at their party.”
Skobeev told his sister:
Go and tell her that you will not be alone, but with the daughter of a nobleman.
The sister thought about what her brother told her, but did not dare to disobey and announced to the teacher that she would arrive at her mistress on the appointed evening with one noble daughter. And the teacher went to her mistress’s house.
Skobeev says to his sister:
Well, sister, it's time for you to get ready to go visit.
The sister began to put on her girl’s dress, and Skobeev said:
Bring me one too, sister! I’ll get ready, and you and I will go together to Annushka, the captain’s daughter.
And his sister began to be very afraid: “If they identify him, then, of course, his brother will be in great trouble - but that steward Nashchokin is very close to the tsar!” However, she did not disobey her brother’s will, she brought him a girl’s dress, and Frol Skobeev, dressed in a girl’s dress, went with his sister to Annushka. When we arrived, many noble daughters had already gathered there, Skobeev was right there, and no one could identify him. Then Skobeev went out to relieve himself and found himself alone, and the teacher stood in the hallway with a candle. Frol came out into the hallway and began to say to her:
Ah, my light-mother, there are many of our sisters here, and you serve many, but no one will give you a gift!
The teacher cannot recognize Skobeev in him. He took out five rubles and gave it to her. She took it with great reluctance. Skobeev sees that the teacher cannot recognize him in any way, fell to his knees in front of her and announced that he is a nobleman Frol Skobeev and that he came in a girl’s dress for the sake of Annushka, because he needs to make love with her at all costs! When she saw that he really was Frol Skobeev, she was very confused and did not know what to do with him. However, she remembered two of his gifts and said:
Okay, Mr. Skobeev, for your favor towards me I am ready to provide you with all kinds of help,” and she went into the hall where the girls were, without saying anything to anyone.
Then she said to her mistress:
Stop playing, girls! I'll show you another game, like we played in our youth.
Annushka did not disobey her will and said:
Well, mother, mother, your will for all our games.
Then the teacher announced a game to them:
Please, Mother Annushka. You be the bride,” and pointed to Skobeev, “and this girl is the groom,” and took them to a separate room to rest, as usual at a wedding. The girls went to accompany them to their chambers, then returned back to the hall, where they continued their games. The teacher ordered everyone to sing loud songs so that the girls could not hear anything. And Skobeeva’s sister sat in great sadness and saw that, of course, there would be trouble. Skobeev stayed with Annushka and announced that he was Frol Skobeev, a Novgorod nobleman, and not a girl. Annushka did not know what to answer and was in great fear. And our Frol, despite the danger, behaved very bravely and mastered it. Then Annushka began to ask Skobeev not to disgrace her in front of others.
The teacher and the girls came to the chambers where they were, and Annushka’s face changed greatly from something she had never seen before. Not one of the girls could identify Skobeev, nor Annushka told anyone, she just took the teacher by the hand, took her to a separate room and began to reprimand her:
What did that damned one do to me? It wasn’t a girl with me, it was a man from our city, Frol Skobeev!
Truly,” she justifies herself, “the gracious empress could not recognize him in any way and thought that he was also a girl, and if he had done such a dirty trick, then we have a lot of people, we can completely remove him to a secret place.”
But Annushka felt sorry for Skobeev (he immediately aroused pity in her heart when he was there with her) and said:
Well, mother, so be it, and I won’t be able to return that!
The girls went into the hall, and with them Skobeev in a girl’s dress. We had fun all night. Then the girls went to rest, and Annushka left with Skobeev, saying:
I couldn’t find her better to sleep with as my girlfriend,” and all night they amused themselves with physical play.
Such pity had already taken possession of Annushka that she stood up from Frol with great reluctance. The next morning, the girls got up, thanked Annushka for the treat and went to their homes. And the Skobeevs got ready to go, but Annushka let all the girls go and left them behind. And Skobeev stayed with Annushka for three days (all in a girl’s outfit - so that the servants in the house would not recognize him), had fun with her, and after three days went with his sister to his home.
Annushka gave Skobeev several ducats, and from that time on, the poor Skobeev got rich, began to live luxuriously and organize banquets for his fellow nobles.
Then her father, the steward Nardin-Nashchokin, wrote from Moscow to Annushka, telling her to immediately leave for Moscow: profitable suitors, the children of the steward, were wooing her. And Annushka, although with great reluctance, went to Moscow, not wanting to disobey her father. Skobeev found out that Annushka had left for Moscow, and thought: he didn’t know what to do - he was not a rich nobleman and earned money only by handling court cases in Moscow. Finally, he decided to pawn his estates and go to Moscow to marry Annushka. So I did. Skobeev began to prepare for Moscow, and his sister was very worried that some kind of trouble would happen. Skobeev began to say goodbye and said:
Well, mother-sister, please don’t worry about anything: even if I lose my life and meet my end there, but I won’t leave Annushka behind - either I’ll be a colonel or a dead man! And if it turns out according to my intention, I will not leave you either, and if misfortune happens, then I ask you not to leave me without remembering.
So he said goodbye and went to Moscow.
Upon arrival in Moscow, he stayed in an apartment not far from Nardin-Nashchokin’s house. The next day Skobeev went to mass and saw Annushka’s teacher in the church, and when the liturgy ended, he left the church and began to wait for her. She came out, and Skobeev approached her, bowed to her and began to ask her to announce him to Annushka. The teacher promised to serve him in every possible way. She came home and announced to Annushka about Skobeev’s arrival. And Annushka was very happy and began to ask her teacher to go to mass the next day, take 20 rubles of money, and give it to Skobeev. The teacher did just that.
This steward, Nardin-Nashchokin, had a sister who was tonsured in a convent. And then one day he went to her monastery to rest. When he arrived, his sister greeted him with the honor due to him, and the steward stayed with her for a considerable time. During the conversation, the sister suddenly asked:
I humbly ask you, my lord brother, please let your Annushka go to see me - it’s been many years since I’ve seen her.
The steward promised to let her go.
I don’t hope, brother-sovereign, that you will do this and not forget. I just humbly ask: please order in your house, when I send a carriage for her, to let her come to me - even if you are not at home.
The brother promised to satisfy this request.
And then one day it happened that Nardin-Nashchokin went to visit with his wife. He punishes his daughter:
Listen, my friend Annushka, if my sister sends a carriage for you from the monastery, and your aunt sends a carriage for you, then go to her without delay! - and he and his wife went to visit.
And Annushka then began to ask the teacher, as soon as the moment presented itself, to go to Skobeev, so that he could get a carriage somewhere and come to her himself, saying that he was from Sister Nardin-Nashchokin from the monastery. The teacher went to Skobeev and gave him her mistress’s order. As Skobeev heard this, he doesn’t know what to do or how to deceive anyone, because all the noble nobles know that he is not a rich nobleman and is only a master of litigation. And then he remembered that the steward of Lovchikov favored him. I went to that one.
He came to Lovchikov and talked to him for a long time. Then Skobeev began to ask Lovchikov to lend him a carriage and horses - to go see the bride. Lovchikov gave. Skobeev went, came to his apartment and got the coachman drunk, and he dressed in a lackey's dress, sat on the box and went to Nardin-Nashchokin for Annushka.
The teacher saw that Skobeev's boat had arrived looking strange, and she told Annushka: her aunt had sent a servant from the monastery for her. Annushka got dressed, got into the carriage and went to Skobeev’s apartment.
Then Lovchikov’s coachman woke up. Frol saw that the coachman was not so good. very drunk, and got him completely drunk, put him in the carriage, and he sat on the box and went to Lovchikov. He arrived at the yard, opened the gate, let the carriage and coachman into the yard, and went home. Lovchikov's servants went out into the yard and saw that there were horses and a carriage standing, the coachman was lying in the carriage, severely drunk and sleeping, and no one saw who brought him to the yard. And Lovchikov ordered the carriage to be removed and the horses to be driven in, saying:
It’s also good that he didn’t leave. There’s nothing to take from Skobeev!
The next morning Lovchikov began asking the coachman where he was with Skobeev, and he said:
I just remember being at the apartment, but I don’t know where he went and what he did.
At one time, Nardin-Nashchokin came from among the guests and asked Annushka. The teacher said:
By your order, she was released to your sister in the monastery, because she recognized the carriage and horses.
Nardin-Nashchokin said:
Considerably!
And the steward did not visit his sister for a long time and thought that Annushka was in the monastery. And Frol Skobeev has already married her! Then one day Nardin-Nashchokin went to visit his sister in the monastery and sat there for a while, but did not see his daughter. And he asked his sister:
Sister, why don’t I see Annushka? Sesgra replied:
Stop mocking me, brother! So what is it that I unfortunately asked you to do? You don’t believe me, but I don’t even have time to send for her!
And Nardin-Nashchokin then said:
How, dear sister, what do you want to say!? I can’t understand: she was released to you for about a month, you sent a carriage for her, and at that time I was visiting with my wife, and she was released on my orders...
No, brother,” the sister answers, “I didn’t send a carriage, and I didn’t have Annushka...
Then Nardin-Nashchokin began to feel sorry for his daughter, who had disappeared without a trace, began to cry and, arriving home, announced to his wife that Annushka had disappeared and that her sister did not have her. I started asking the teacher:
Who came for her and where did she go?
The teacher said that the coachman arrived and said: “I came from the convent from your sister to get Annushka,” and by order of the master, Annushka went. Everyone began to grieve and cry about this, and the next morning the steward went to the sovereign and announced that his daughter had gone missing. And the sovereign ordered a publication to be made about his daughter: if anyone is keeping her secret, then let him show up, and if he doesn’t show up, but does, then he will be executed by death.
Frol Skobeev heard about this publication and did not know what to do. He then decided to go to the steward Lovchikov, remembering how he favored him. Arriving at Lovchikov, Skobeev began to have an extensive conversation, and Lovchikov asked him if he got married and took a rich woman? Skobeev responded:
I don’t see wealth yet, but time will tell.
Well, Mr. Skobeev, now live decently, stop arguing. Better sit in your patrimony.
Then Skobeev began to ask the steward to intercede for him. Lovchikov told him:
If possible, I will intercede, and if it is impossible, then don’t be angry.
And Frol told him:
Stolnik Nardin-Nashchokin’s daughter, Annushka, is with me, and I recently married her!
Lovchikov said:
Answer as you did.
“And if you don’t defend me,” said Skobeev, “then I’ll say a word about you too.” I would have to tell you that you gave me horses and a carriage, and if you hadn’t given me, I wouldn’t have done anything!
Oh, you swindler, - Lovchikov was confused, - what have you done to me? - After mass we will all stand on Ivanovskaya Square. And at this time, come, fall before him and announce his daughter, and I, as best I can, will ask for you.
Skobeev came to the Assumption Cathedral for mass. There Nardin-Nashchokin, Lovchikov and other stewards are all at mass. And after mass, everyone then had the custom of gathering on Ivanovo Square opposite Ivan the Great and having conversations with each other. Skobeev went to these conversations, bowed to all the celebrants, as custom requires (and all the stewards knew Skobeev), and fell before Nardin-Nashchokin, asking for forgiveness:
Dear sir and the sovereign's steward! I pray, forgive me, if I were your servant, my guilt, which I boldly committed before you!
And Nardin-Nashchokin was already old, his eyesight was weak, although he could see that there was a person in front of him. At that time, old people had the custom of carrying canes with hooks on top. And so Nardin-Nashchokin lifts Skobeev with his hook.
Who are you? Tell me about yourself and what need do you have for me?
And Skobeev only repeats:
Release my guilt!
Lovchikov approached Nardin-Nashchokin and said:
The nobleman Frol Skobeev lies in front of you and asks for forgiveness of his guilt.
And Nardin-Nashchokin cried out:
Get up, you rascal! I've known you for a long time, you slacker. Finally, I slandered myself! Well, tell me, it will be possible - I will help, if it is impossible - whatever you want. I told you, you rogue, long ago: “Live decently!” Stand up, tell me, what kind of guilt do you have?
Then Skobeev stood up from his feet and announced that he had his daughter Annushka and that he had married her. When Nardin-Nashchokin heard about his daughter, he burst into tears and fell into unconsciousness. And having come to his senses a little, he said:
What did you do, you bastard?! Do you understand who you are? There will be no absolution for you! Do you want to own my daughter?! I’ll go to the sovereign and complain about you!
Then Lovchikov approached him a second time and began to persuade him not to file a complaint with the sovereign so quickly.
It’s better to go home and tell your wife about everything. And act according to the general advice. So be it - he cannot be returned, and this Skobeev... will not be able to hide anywhere from your anger.
And Nardin-Nashchoknn listened to his advice, did not go to the sovereign, but got into the carriage and went home. And Skobeev came to his apartment and said to Annushka:
Well, Annushka, I don’t know what will happen to you and me now: I announced about you to your father.
Nardin-Nashchokin arrived home, went to his chambers, cried and shouted:
Wife! You know, I found Annushka!
Where is she, father? - asks the wife.
Oh, my friend, the thief, rogue and scoundrel Frol Skobeev married her!
And the wife, hearing this, does not know what to say. They both began to cry bitterly, feel sorry for their daughter and scold her right there and do not know what to do with her now.
Then they came to their senses and, feeling sorry for their daughter, began to reason: “We will have to send a man and find where he, the bastard, lives and find out about our daughter, whether she is alive.” They called the servant and told him:
Go and find Frol Skobeev's apartment. Find out about Annushka: Is she alive and does she have any means?
The servant went around Moscow to look for Frol Skobeev’s apartment. After a lengthy search, I found it and came to the yard. Skobeev saw that a man was coming from his father-in-law and ordered his wife to lie down on the bed and pretend to be sick. Annushka did as her husband wanted. The servant entered the room and bowed as usual. Skobeev asked:
What kind of person are you, and what do you have to do with me?
He replied that he was sent by the steward Nardin-Nashchokin to find out if his daughter was alive.
Look, my friend,” says Skobeev, “how healthy she is: such is her parents’ anger - they scold and curse her behind her back, that’s why she lies on the verge of death. Convey their mercy so that they may at least bless her in absentia during her lifetime.
The man bowed and left. He came to his master and reported:
I found Frol Skobeev’s apartment, only Annushka is very sick and asks for at least your blessing in absentia.
The parents began to grieve immensely about their daughter and think: “What to do with a thief and a rogue!” - but they still felt more sorry for the daughter. The mother began to say:
Well, my friend, it must be that a rogue owns our daughter. This is what God ordered - it will be necessary to send an image to them and bless them, at least in absentia. And once our hearts calm down, then we will be able to see them ourselves.
They took an image from the wall, overlaid with gold and precious stones (the entire frame cost 500 rubles) and sent it with the same servant so that they could pray to this image;
And tell the thief Frolka not to squander it!
And their servant, having changed clothes, went to Frol Skobeev’s apartment. Skobeev saw that the same man had come and said to his wife:
Get up, Annushka! - and they both sat down next to each other.
The servant entered the room, gave the image to Skobeev and said:
Your parents, given by God, have sent you a blessing.
Skobeev venerated the image, Annushka too, and they placed it where it belonged.
“Here,” Skobeev said to the servant, “this is the parental blessing: they didn’t even leave us in absentia, but God gave Annushka health - now, thank God, she’s healthy. Thank their mercy for not abandoning their lost daughter.
The servant came to his master and reported that he had given away the image, that Annushka was healthy, that they thanked him - and he went where he was told. The steward went to the sovereign and said:
I found my daughter with the Novgorod nobleman Frol Skobeev, who had already married her, and I ask Your Sovereign Grace to forgive Skobeev’s guilt in this - and told him everything in detail. To this the sovereign said to him:
On the. it is your will how you do it. And I advise you - he will never be returned, and he will not be abandoned by your reward, but by my mercy, and in your old age you will have joy.
Nardin-Nashchokin bowed to the sovereign and drove home. There they continued to grieve for their daughter. The steward says to his wife:
How can it be, my friend? Of course, the rogue will starve Annushka to death - what should he, a thief, feed her? And he himself is as hungry as a dog. It is necessary, my friend, to send them some kind of reserve, at least six horses.
Of course, my friend, you should send it! - said the wife, and they sent a supply, attaching a register to it.
When the supply arrived, Skobeev, without looking at the register, ordered everything to be put in the right places, and ordered the charioteer to thank the gentlemen for their parental favors.
Skobeev began to live luxuriously and travel around with noble people. Many were surprised that he arranged such a life for himself and so boldly.
After a considerable time, the Nardin-Nashchokins took pity on their daughter and softened. They sent to the children to ask them to come and have a meal.
As soon as a man came and asked:
Your father ordered to invite you to dinner this day,” Skobeev said:
Tell our priest that we will see to their health without delay!
The Skobeevs got dressed and went to their parents’ house. We arrived and entered the chambers. Annushka fell at the feet of her parents. The steward and his wife, seeing her repentance, began to scold her and cry right away that she had done such a thing without her parents’ will, and cursing her life. And having become sufficiently angry, they absolved her of her guilt and ordered her to sit down at the table with them. And Skobeev was told:
And you, rogue, why are you standing? Sit down right now! Should you, you rogue, own our daughter?
And Frol said to his father-in-law:
Sovereign Father, this is how God judged it! - and everyone sat down to eat.
Nardin-Nashchokin then ordered the servants not to let any strangers into the house - they said that “the steward is busy: he wants to eat with his son-in-law, the thief Frol Skobeev!” After the meal, the steward asks his son-in-law:
Well, you rogue, how are you going to live? And Skobeev answers:
Dear Lord Father! Would you like to know for yourself what I need to live on - I can’t find any other food except through court cases...
Stop, - says the steward, - stop, you rogue, wandering around the courts - I have an estate in the Simbirsk district of three hundred households, and in the Novgorod district of two hundred households. Guide them after you and live like people.
The Skobeevs bowed, thanked their parents and, after sitting for a while, went to their apartment. And the father-in-law, steward Nardin-Nashchokin, ordered Skobeev to be turned back. And he began to say to him:
Well, you rogue, do you have any money? How will you cope with the villages?
Frol said:
You know, Father Sovereign, what kind of money I have...
And the steward ordered the butler to give him five hundred rubles. Skobeev said goodbye and went with his wife to his place.
Then Frol ruled the villages for himself and began to live luxuriously. He visited his father-in-law constantly, and he was always received with honor. And he stopped going to court. And, after living for some time, steward Nardin-Nashchokin, in old age, moved to eternal life, and made Skobeev the heir of all his movable and immovable property. After some time, his mother-in-law passed away. And so Frol Skobeev, having lived his life in glory and wealth, left heirs and died.
There lived a poor nobleman Frol Skobeev in the Novgorod district. In the same district there was the estate of steward Nardin-Nashchokin. The steward’s daughter, Annushka, lived there. Frol decided to “have love” with Annushka. He met the steward of this estate and went to visit him. At this time, their mother came to them, who was always with Annushka. Frol gave his mother two rubles, but didn’t say why.
Christmas time arrived, and Annushka invited noble daughters from all over the area to her party. Her mother also came to Frol to invite his sister to the party. The sister, at Frol’s instigation, announced to the mother that she would come to the party with her girlfriend. When she began to get ready to visit, Frol asked her to give him a girl’s outfit too. The sister was scared, but did not dare to disobey her brother.
At the party, no one recognized Frol in his girl’s attire, not even the mother. Then Frol Skobeev gave his mother five rubles and confessed everything... She promised to help him.
The mother offered the girls a new game - wedding. Annushka was the bride, and Frol Skobeev (whom everyone took for the girl) was the groom. The “young” were taken to the bedroom. There, Frol Skobeev revealed himself to Annushka and deprived her of her innocence. Then the girls came in to them, but didn’t know anything. Annushka quietly reproached her mother, but she rejected all accusations, stated that she knew nothing about it, and even offered to kill Frol for such a “dirty thing.” But Annushka felt sorry for Frol. The next morning she let everyone go
the girls, and left Frola and her sister with her for three days. She gave him money, and Frol began to live much richer than before.
Annushka’s father, Nardin-Nashchokin, ordered his daughter to go to Moscow, because there were good suitors wooing her there. Having learned about Annushka’s departure, Frol Skobeev decided to follow her and marry the girl at all costs.
Frol stayed in Moscow not far from Nardin-Nashchokin’s courtyard. In church he met Annushka’s mother. The mother told the girl about the arrival of Frol Skobeev. Annushka was delighted and sent Frol money.
The steward had a nun sister. When her brother came to her monastery, the nun began to ask to be allowed to see her niece. Nardin-Nashchokin promised to let his daughter go to the monastery. The nun said that she would send a carriage for Annushka.
Getting ready to go on a visit, the father warned Annushka that a carriage from the nun sister could arrive at any time. Let, they say, Annushka get into the carriage and go to the monastery. Hearing about this, the girl immediately sent her mother to Frol Skobeev so that he could get a carriage somewhere and come to her.
Frol lived only by going about his business. Poverty did not allow him to have a carriage. But he came up with a plan. Frol went to the steward Lovchikov and asked for a carriage for a while “to view the bride.” Lovchikov complied with his request. Then Frol got the coachman drunk, dressed himself in a lackey's dress, sat on the box and went to Annushka. The mother, seeing Frol Skobeev, announced that they had come for Annushka from the monastery. The girl got ready and went to Frol Skobeev’s apartment. The father returned home and did not find his daughter, but was completely calm, knowing that she was in the monastery. Meanwhile, Frol married Annushka.
Frol brought the carriage with the drunken coachman to Lovchikov’s yard. Lovchikov tried to ask the coachman about where the carriage was and what happened, but the poor guy didn’t remember anything.
After some time, Nardin-Nashchokin went to the monastery to see his sister and asked her where Annushka was. The nun answered with surprise that she had not sent a carriage and had not seen her niece. The father began to grieve for his missing daughter. The next morning he went to the sovereign and reported what had happened. The Emperor ordered a search for the capital's daughter. He ordered Annushka’s kidnapper to show up. And if the thief does not show up himself, but is found, then he will be executed.
Then Frol Skobeev went to the steward Lovchikov, told about his action and asked for help. Lovchikov refused, but Frol threatened to accuse him of complicity: who gave the carriage? Lovchikov gave Frol advice: to throw himself at the feet of Nardin-Nashchokin in front of everyone. And he, Lovchikov, will stand up for Frol.
The next day, after mass in the Assumption Cathedral, all the attendants went out to Ivanovskaya Square to talk. Nardin-Nashchokin recalled the disappearance of his daughter. And at that time Skobeev came out in front of everyone and fell at the feet of Nardin-Nashchokin. The steward picked him up, and Frol announced to him his marriage to Annushka. The shocked steward began to threaten that he would complain about Frol to the king. But Lovchikov calmed Nardin-Nashchokin a little, and he went home.
At first the steward and his wife cried about the fate of their daughter, and then they sent a servant to find out how she was living. Having learned about this, Frol Skobeev ordered his young wife to pretend to be sick. Frol explained to the arriving servant that Annushka was sick from her father’s anger. The steward, having heard such news, felt sorry for his daughter and decided to at least bless her in absentia. He sent the young people an icon.
The servant took the icon and took it to Frol. And before his arrival, Frol ordered Anna to sit down at the table. He explained to his father-in-law's servant that Annushka had recovered from her parents' blessing. The servant told the master about everything. After this, the steward went to the tsar, reported that his daughter had been found, and asked to forgive Skobeev. The Emperor agreed.
Then Nardin-Nashchokin sent Skobeev all sorts of supplies, and he began to live richly. And after some time, the steward invited his son-in-law and daughter to his place. The parents at first scolded Annushka, but then they seated her and Frol at the table. Having mercy, Nardin-Nashchokin gave Frol two of his estates, and then gave him money.
A few years later the steward died. He made Frol Skobeev his heir. And Frol lived his life “in great glory and wealth.”
The first Russian picaresque story of the 17th century. The exact date of writing has not been established. Based on various data, the time period when she could have appeared extends from 1680 (the hero’s adventures are attributed to this year in some lists) to the 20s of the 18th century. (judging by the peculiarities of vocabulary and realities); by the 18th century All 9 known lists of the work also apply. The story was discovered in the collection of M.P. Pogodin in 1853 and then published in the magazine “Moskvityanin”.
Small in volume, not rich in events, lively and dynamically written story is a kind of apology for cunning, resourcefulness and trickery. Its hero, a resident of the Novgorod district of the “great Yabida” Frol Skobeev, earns his living as an attorney, i.e. the clerk decides to “have love” at all costs with Annushka, the daughter of the clerk Nardin-Nashchokin. To begin with, he meets a certain clerk, in whose house he encounters Annushka’s mother. Skobeev gives her two rubles without asking for anything in return. When Annushka invites noble daughters through her mother to visit the Christmastide, the unrecognized Frol also arrives, dressed in a woman’s dress. Having ambushed the mother, he gives her five rubles and reveals who he is, asking her to set him up with Annushka, which the mother does. They are left in the bedroom, where the deceiver revealed himself to Annushka and, despite her fear, “corrupted her virginity.” When the steward summoned his daughter to Moscow, Frol goes after her. In Moscow, having begged a carriage from a friend of the steward Lovchikov and drunk the coachman into unconsciousness, he dresses up in coachman’s clothes and takes the girl away. Annushka and Frol are getting married. The saddened steward informs the sovereign about the disappearance of his daughter. By royal command, the kidnapper must show up, otherwise, if found, he will be executed.
When the stewards come out onto Ivanovskaya Square in the Kremlin after the liturgy in the Assumption Cathedral, Frol falls at the feet of Nardin-Nashchokin. Together with Lovchikov, he dissuades Annushka’s father from complaining to the sovereign. Some time later, Nardin-Nashchokin sends a man to see how his daughter lives. The cunning Frol forces Annushka to go to bed and, through a messenger, tells her father that her daughter is ill and asks for parental forgiveness before her death. Frightened parents send their daughter an image, one butt of which is worth 500 rubles. Having forgiven their daughter, the parents visit her in the new house and invite Annushka and Frol to their place, ordering the servants not to let anyone in, announcing to everyone: the steward is “eating with his son-in-law, the thief and rogue Frolka.” To support family life, the steward gives Frol an estate in Simbirsk district, consisting of 300 households. Over time, the resourceful Frol becomes the heir to all the steward’s property, marries his sister in marriage, and the mother who helped him is kept in great mercy and honor until her death.
In the story you can see very real facts: the names of the characters are found in documents dating back to the 17th century, and the prototype of the steward could well have been the boyar A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin, who headed the Ambassadorial Prikaz. But this work attracts, first of all, its artistic merits. Here, unlike other ancient Russian stories, the author’s speech does not merge with the speech of the characters, which, although not individualized, is close to colloquial speech and is rich in lively intonations. The story also lacks an edifying element, so characteristic of stories of the 17th century. (another argument in favor of dating it to the 18th century). Small details specially highlighted by the author are interesting and unusual. The most important events, as in other works of medieval prose, occur at particularly significant moments (Christmas time), in particularly significant places (in church, after the liturgy), but these events themselves are such that the connection with other works of the genre is no longer like continuity, but a parody.
Before the reader is a picaresque short story, which will eventually be reborn into the genre of a Christmas story, and its hero is a typical rogue, a swindler, distinguished not by wealth, but by resourcefulness and personal connections. It is not without reason that it is emphasized that Frol Skobeev is familiar to all the stewards gathered on Ivanovskaya Square. The unknown author of the work openly sympathizes with the hero, and the fact that he is well aware of the order terminology makes it possible to look at the hero he presents as a self-portrait.
The liveliness of the protagonist's character and the amusing intrigue attracted the composer T.N. Khrennikov, who created an opera based on the story Frol Skobeev (1950).
Sokolova M.A. On the question of the time and place of origin of the story about Frol Skobeev. Scientific Bulletin of Leningrad State University, 1945, No. 3
Dushechkina E.V. Stylistics of Russian everyday stories of the 17th century.(The Tale of Frol Skobeev). Educational material on Old Russian literature. Tallinn, 1986
Monuments of literature of Ancient Rus'. 17th century Book one. M., 1988
LITERATURE Ancient Rus'. Biobibliographical dictionary. M., 1996