The main characters of Mikhail Prishvin's fairy tale “The Pantry of the Sun” are brother and sister, Mitrasha and Nastya. Mitrash was ten years old, and Nastya was two years older than him. Brother and sister were orphans, their father was killed in the war, and their mother died. People helped the children as best they could, but Mitrasha and Nastya quickly got used to living on their own. Nastya looked after domestic animals and ran the household, and Mitrasha at one time learned the craft of a cooper from his father; he knew how to make barrels and wooden utensils.

One day in the spring, the guys decided to go for cranberries, which had been lying under the snow all winter and were now much sweeter than in the fall. Once their father told them that he knew a place where there were a lot of cranberries. He called this place Palestine. But the way there lay through the Bludovo swamp, in which there was a disastrous place called Blind Yelan. Mitrasha persuaded his sister to go to the treasured Palestine for cranberries. He remembered well how his father explained the way to this place.

Mitrash took his father’s inheritance with him - a compass and a gun. The guys knew that a seasoned wolf named Gray Landowner lived in the swamp, and a gun was not out of place on the way. Nastya took with her a large basket for cranberries. She put bread and potatoes in it.

In the swamp, the path divided, and a dispute broke out between Nastya and Mitrasha about which path to take. One path was wide and well-trodden, and the other was narrow, rarely walked along it. Mitrasha insisted that we must go along a narrow path that led directly to the north. My father talked about this path. Nastya was afraid of ending up in Blind Yelan and wanted to bypass the dangerous place.

As a result, the children quarreled and went their separate ways. They did not yet know that both paths lead to the treasured Palestine. Nastya successfully reached the place and enthusiastically began to collect cranberries, which were apparently invisibly there. She forgot about everything in the world and crawled over the hummocks until she came across a large stump, which the viper had chosen. The snake hissed at the girl, but did not attack.

Out of fright, Nastya came to her senses and realized that she had completely forgotten about her brother and began calling him. And Mitrash, who walked along a narrow path, got into trouble. He failed to recognize Blind Yelan in time and fell chest-deep into the quagmire. He stayed on the surface only thanks to the gun, which he had managed to lay flat and was now holding on to.

Luckily for Mitrash, a hunting dog named Travka lived not far from the swamp. Once she had an owner, the watchman Antipych, but he died of old age, and now Grass lived away from people. Travka was a hunting dog and often chased hares that lived in the swamp. In pursuit of another hare, she ran out to the place where Mitrash fell into the quagmire.

The boy recognized Antipych's dog and began to call it. The grass carefully crawled towards him, and Mitrasha grabbed it by the hind legs. The frightened dog rushed and pulled the boy out of the quagmire.

Delighted that she had a new owner, Grass continued to hunt the hare. Mitrasha, who knew how to hunt, realized what the dog was doing and, hiding in the bushes, began to wait for the hare, driven by Grass, to jump out right at him. Mitrash understood that evening was approaching and the shot hare could save his life.

It so happened that under the same bush the wolf Gray Landowner, who had starved during the winter, also hid, for whom even a dog was now a desirable prey. When the wolf and the boy collided nose to nose, Mitrash was not taken aback and fired. He killed a wolf that was causing a lot of trouble to the locals.

Nastya came running to the shot, and the brother and sister met. And soon Grass brought them a caught hare in her teeth. By that time it was already dark, and the guys made a fire. They prepared food and spent the night in the forest.

The next morning, neighbors discovered that the children had not spent the night at home and went in search of them. At the swamp they met Mitrasha and Nastya, who were carrying a large basket of cranberries on a pole. Along with the guys was Travka, Antipych’s missing dog.

When people heard that Mitrash shot a seasoned wolf, at first they did not believe it. But after several people brought the carcass of the Gray Landowner on a sled, Mitrasha began to be called a hero.

Nastya donated all the collected cranberries to an orphanage for evacuated Leningrad children. And large reserves of peat were found on the Bludov swamp. Peat is formed from dead plants and contains solar energy, which people have learned to use. The fornication swamp turned out to be a real storehouse of the Sun.

This is the summary of the fairy tale.

The main idea of ​​Prishvin’s fairy tale “The Pantry of the Sun” is the following: despite the fact that the children, Nastya and Mitrash, went different ways, they met, and peace triumphed between them. Finding peace and harmony in human relationships (even children's ones) is a difficult matter. To do this, people must find the strength to overcome disagreements and omissions. Only at the end of the journey were the children able to achieve reconciliation and understanding.

The fairy tale “The Pantry of the Sun” teaches: you cannot take other people’s instructions literally. Mitrasha, from his father’s stories, remembered that to reach a Palestinian woman one had to go all the time to the north. When he reached the place where he had to go around Blind Yelan, he did not do this, but went straight and got stuck in a quagmire, almost dying.

The fairy tale teaches us to never quarrel and always act together, especially in dangerous places. Mitrasha and Nastya quarreled and went their separate ways. This quarrel almost ended in tragedy.

I liked the fairy tale “Pantry of the Sun” because despite all the difficulties that the children had to overcome, everything ended well for them, and Mitrasha became a hero, and the cranberries went to the evacuated Leningrad children, and the main characters again found harmony and happiness.

In the fairy tale, I liked the dog Travka, who saved Mitrash from death and caught a hare for the guys.

What proverbs fit Prishvin’s fairy tale “The Pantry of the Sun”?

There is safety in numbers.
Anger is a bad advisor.
All is well that ends well.

Enter a word and click Find Synonyms.

Sentences with the word "heard"

We found 80 sentences containing the word "heard". Also look at the synonyms for “heard”.
Meaning of the word

• On the first evening from above was heard friendly choral singing.
• Immediately was heard there was a sharp and frequent clap of Austrian rifles, and machine guns began to crackle evenly, sometimes merging together, sometimes separating.
• But from the moment I was heard“Nikolai” instead of “Mikhail”, everything is uneasy.
• At this moment was heard like the rustling of the wings of a large bird.
• The voice came closer and closer, followed by was heard the neighing of horses and the mooing of cows.
• And soon was heard delicious serbania and strong jaws began to work.
• I heard ooh, and she realized that she had hit the target.
• Khrushchev was heard not Uspensky, but Usenko.
• Stay away! To the deaf general was heard“Stand up!”, and he just as loudly commanded: “Stand up!” The whole body stood in the gun.
• About an hour later from the street. Lenin was heard the buzz of people and some shouts.
• From the inside was heard grumbling, and I asked as loudly as I could for permission to enter.
• She clearly said “she will lead,” but for some reason everyone was heard"you'll be lucky."
• Through the howling wind Defantu was heard there is hidden despondency in his words.
• These words were barely uttered when was heard Propeller whirring.
• Suddenly from behind was heard breathing of a running man.
• I heard A few more volleys from the guns, and fierce shooting began.
• Is it right for me was heard on the news that a terrorist attack (in which a bus crashed into a group of soldiers) took place in your Holon?
• Why aren’t they coming?” And so was heard: "Star".
• A couple of minutes later was heard the distant rumble of a motorcycle.
• Maybe I really was heard?
• One day in November 1917, when we were sitting in class, suddenly was heard the drone of an airplane and the sound of gunfire.
• In crowd was heard giggle and felt some confusion.
• Finally, around midnight, a courier galloped up and was heard a distant “hurray.”
• When I appear from all sides was heard whispering.
• Then was heard dully: “Captain, immediately establish surveillance of Borodin again!” After which the phone was hung up.
• I heard rustling of handkerchiefs and quiet sobbing.
• To the naive Rodzianko in the Tsar's words was heard regret.
• I heard the clanking of spurs and an unfamiliar male voice.
• I heard, as somewhere very far away someone walked on an iron roof.
• Behind the front door was heard strange movement.
• I heard a silvery “ah-ah!”, and Natasha, as frightened as she was, sat down in the water.
• Lord!..” At this time suddenly was heard a loud, victorious “hurrah,” and the shooting stopped instantly.
• I thought it was for me was heard, because no one knows me in Paris.
• Semaphores and barriers began to flash outside the window, in the corridor was heard movement.
• Again was heard grumbling at me, but I had no time for that.
• One day, when my father was at work, and my mother, her aunts and friends were chatting merrily over some work, in the yard was heard the rattling of wheels.
• Shouts could be heard: “The enemy tank is ahead!” Left was heard Russian "Hurray!"
• In the hum of cars on Ulyanov street was heard something otherworldly.
• Suddenly in the thickets was heard swarming: two unknown people walked past me lightly.
• While we were fiddling with the blanket, the ribbons, and the table was heard a capricious groan, and then the offended cry of a baby was heard.
• To her was heard how the door in the room creaked.
• He named the speed at which deep turns should be performed, and I was heard 250 km/h.
• In response to me was heard something like, “Mrs. Ladner's dog is back.”
• I had just managed to take off my coat when was heard the silky rustle of cars approaching, the slamming of doors and the noise of voices.
• Finally in the hallway was heard movement and the first to enter the hall was mother, all in black.
• Suddenly, from somewhere below, from the street, was heard singing and music.
• From there immediately was heard reinforcement in the form of a skillful whisper.
• Finally was heard measured murmur and splash of milk against the walls of the can.
• To their right, two more tank guns fired, was heard and several shots from a rapid-fire cannon.
• Finally was heard buzzing, and then, I apologize generously, I quote from my story “In June, in the Middle of the War.”
• In a moment was heard characteristic hissing of the middle tank being purged.
• I then had enough strength to scream shrilly, and in the apartment was heard movement: they were waiting for me from the concert and did not sleep.
• Soon he turned to face the back of the sofa and began to snore lightly. was heard in the room.
• From the very first lines in the hall was heard giggle, and a smile spread across Raymond Girard's face.
• Out of surprise, I didn’t even immediately believe that I wasn’t was heard.
• One day he was heard that someone addressed him not as “Borya”, but as “Borukh”, and he ran away.
• As soon as the fascists were drawn into the squares under this conventional name, was heard the sharp rumbling of rockets.
• The driver climbed behind the screen and after about five minutes was heard he hooted contentedly, and a cloud of steam rose above the KamAZ.
• Somewhere was heard“Hurray!”, it spread like a wave along the entire line.
• And in the dead talk of the waves was heard speech is lively and significant.
• There was a crowd ahead, was heard brass music.
• Following the silence was heard swearing
• I heard a late command, and everyone rushed in all directions.
• From behind the door leading into the hall, was heard music.
• Here was heard command: “Unhook the carriage!” All clear.
• And finally, on the city streets again was heard Russian speech.
• Huge clouds of smoke rose behind Sheregeyesh, followed by was heard heartbreaking cannonade.
• Outside was heard Ukrainian and German speech.
• Sadness was heard to me in the voice of sister Marie-Ange.
• At this time in headphones was heard presenter's command: “Turn one hundred and eighty.”
• Soon, from behind a wooded hillock was heard machine gun fire and motorcycle chatter.
• And in the evening, when we were walking towards our post, on the highway was heard cannonade.
• Soon away was heard dull artillery fire.
• It was about nine in the morning when, from the side of the outpost, was heard frequent rifle fire and, almost immediately, the first shell exploded.
• When the head of the 35th division entered the village of Verbkowice, to the west of it was heard artillery shooting.
• Soon was heard enemy machine guns fired, and the first losses appeared.
• In reply was heard swearing mixed with obscenities.
• Does the station tell you the number of the security department (and in his voice was heard anxiety)?
• Returning back, Dim looked at the still sleeping guys and the company commander, who was muttering something in his sleep, and turned to heard there is a rustling sound behind me.
• Aleksina aside was heard harmonica, then songs.

Source – introductory fragments of books from liters.

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Exercise 211: Explore the phonics passages; identify the types of sound repetitions and show their stylistic function in speech.
I. The summer night that had just arrived was quiet and warm; on the one hand, where the sun had set, the edge of the sky was still white and faintly reddened by the last glow of the vanished day; on the other hand, a blue, gray twilight was already rising. The night went on from there. Hundreds of quails thundered all around, corncrakes called to each other... Gerasim could not hear them, and he also could not hear the sensitive night whispering of the trees (T.).
II. To the left, as if someone had struck a match across the sky, a pale phosphorescent strip flashed and went out. I heard someone walking on an iron roof somewhere very far away. They probably walked barefoot on the roof, because the iron grumbled dully (Ch.).

Exercise 212. Consider the sound organization of speech; pay attention to the artistic significance of phonics in prose.
To the right of the garden, quietly whispering and occasionally shuddering from the unexpectedly blowing wind, was a dark alder grove; to the left stretched an immense field. Where the eye could no longer distinguish the field from the sky in the darkness, a light flickered brightly ‹…›… The dawn had not yet completely extinguished, and the summer night was already covering nature with its tender, soporific caress.
Everything froze in the first, deep sleep, only some night bird unknown to me protractedly and lazily uttered a long articulate sound in the grove, similar to the phrase: “Have you seen Nikki?”, and immediately answered to itself:
"Saw! saw! saw!" ‹…›
There was silence... Meanwhile, the darkness became increasingly denser, and objects lost their contours. The strip behind the hill had already completely faded, and the stars were becoming brighter, more radiant... The melancholy monotonous chatter of grasshoppers, the twitching of the crake and the cry of the quail did not disturb the silence of the night, but, on the contrary, gave it even greater monotony. It seemed that it was not birds or insects that sounded quietly and enchanted the ear, but the stars looking at us from the sky... ‹...›
Timid steps sounded dully in the darkness, and the silhouette of a woman appeared from the grove. I recognized her, even though it was dark - it was Agafya Strelchikha. She timidly approached us, stopped and took a deep breath. She was out of breath not so much from walking as, probably, from fear and the unpleasant feeling that everyone experiences when crossing a ford at night.
(A.P. Chekhov.)

Exercise 213. Describe the phonics of the poem; show the sound similarity of words thematically related to the images of a cliff and a cloud.

The golden cloud spent the night
On the chest of a giant rock:
In the morning she rushed off early,
Playing merrily across the azure;
But there was a wet trace in the wrinkle
Old cliff. Alone
He stands, deep in thought,
And he cries quietly in the desert

(M.Yu. Lermontov.)

Exercise 214. Analyzing phonics, show the unity of the sound and semantic aspects of speech.

1. Only at night do you see the universe.
Silence and darkness are needed
So that at this secret meeting,
She came without covering her face.
2. The frozen forest makes noise among the azure,
Sweeps the blue skies with its branches.
And it seems that it is not a storm that wakes up the forest,
And the lush forest, swaying, awakens the storm.
3. Parnassus cannot live without music.
But the music is in your poem
So she came out, for show,
Like the sugar of last year's jam

(From the works of S.Ya. Marshak.)

Exercise 215. Indicate sound repetitions; consider the grammatical connections of words that sound similar; determine the stylistic function of sound recording; Illustrate with examples from poetic speech the sound convergence of grammatically dependent parts of a sentence.
1. The terrible wizard Chernomor, a jealous, trembling keeper of castles, merciless doors, he is only a weak tormentor of his lovely captive. 2. Ruslan lies down on the soft moss. 3. I woke up, filled with fiery excitement and vague horror. 4. Crushing against marble barriers, waterfalls fall and splash in a pearly, fiery arc. And the streams in the shadow of the forest curl slightly like a sleepy wave. 5. It will die, like the sound of a sad wave splashing onto a distant shore, like the sound of the night in a deep forest. 6. And, illuminated by the pale moon, stretching out his hand on high, the Bronze Horseman rushes after him on a loudly galloping horse. 7. The sensible husband soon left for his village... 8. He was a simple and kind gentleman. 9. He honored the patriarchal ashes. 10. Vladimir immediately drew a funeral madrigal for him. 11. Entangled in the nets of a harsh fate...
(From the works of A.S. Pushkin.)

Exercise 216. Analyze the editing of Russian poets from the point of view of phonics; indicate lexical substitutions dictated by the sound selection of words, try to justify the rejection of certain consonances and the selection of words of a certain sound coloring.

I. 1. Love's sad anxiety
I may have learned too much.

1. Love crazy anxiety
I experienced it bleakly.

2. You will hear the judgment of a fool
And the rabble's cold laughter...

2. You will hear the judgment of a fool
And the laughter of the cold crowd...

3. Create, feeding the heat of the deep,
pure thoughts.

3. Improving the fruits
favorite thoughts (P.).

II. 1. Killed!.. Why sobs now,
An unnecessary chorus of praise and tears...
Weren't you the one who drove for so long at first?
His free, wonderful gift...
His last ones were poisoned
moments
Insidious whisper
(disdainful)
insensitive ignoramuses...

1. Killed!.. Why sobs now,
An unnecessary chorus of empty praise...
Weren't you the one who persecuted me so viciously at first?
His free, bold gift...
His last moments were poisoned
Insidious whisper
mocking ignoramuses...

2. She dreams of a beautiful palm tree
In a distant eastern land,
Growing quietly and sadly
On a hot sandy rock.

2. And she dreams of everything that is in the distant desert -
In the region where the sun rises,
Alone and sad on a flammable cliff
A beautiful palm tree is growing.

3. Repeating words of hope,
Your soul is alien to melancholy.

3. Repeating words of separation,
Your soul is full of hope (L.).

III. 1. I started boating with Ulyasha and admiring our nature.

1. ...yes, make fun of our nature.

2. For some reason I suddenly remembered the beautiful apple tree in my garden: there lived a spider, a hardworking spider.
I didn’t answer him suddenly, I remembered the beautiful maple tree...
I didn’t answer him suddenly, I remembered the mountain ash...

2. Meeting him, I involuntarily remembered the beautiful oak tree in my garden: there a hardworking spider wove webs.

3. The princess asks that the horses be re-harnessed as quickly as possible.

3. A traveler comes out: “Hurry up and re-harness the horses!”

4. The Metropolitan himself arrived... He promises royal forgiveness.

4. The Metropolitan himself appeared... “Repent, brothers!” - it says.

5. Meanwhile, we would have paid the laundress.
Really, it would be better to deal with the washerwoman.

5. Pay off, madam, with the washerwoman (N.).

IV. 1. The fingers of a huge hand are directed towards St. Petersburg.

1. The fingers of a clumsy hand point towards St. Petersburg.

2. And the Red squadrons rushed south.

2. And the Red squadrons galloped south (Mayak.).

4.3. Elimination of shortcomings in the sound organization of speech

Exercise 217. In extracts from scientific articles and newspaper materials, point out the deficiencies in phonics. Eliminate them if the sound organization of speech interferes with its perception.
1. Three principles of Russian punctuation and their unity in the language... 2. In oratory, irony is also used as one of the stylistic devices. 3. It is impossible not to note such a striking feature of South Russian dialects as akanye. 4. We discussed this problem with world-famous scientists. 5. The “Start” system contains regulating, control, functional and computing devices, monitoring, recording and display devices - more than thirty items in total. 6. All devices are built on elements of a universal system of industrial pneumatic automation elements. 7. Zhuravlev is a born landscape painter, consistently following the best traditions of the Russian art school. 8. These are the tasks we have been given regarding participation in the competition. 9. The chairman of the student council also expressed hope that clothes could be hung at least on... nails. 10. Information on sending goods can be obtained by phone.

Exercise 218. In sentences taken from radio broadcasts, indicate shortcomings in the sound organization of speech and eliminate them.
1. They pronounce the names of war heroes with deep respect. 2. The work of the farm is assessed by the number of products produced and the profit received. 3. The ability to quickly adapt the body to temperature changes is characteristic of hardened and pampered people to varying degrees. 4. The heroes demonstrate fearlessness and nobility in the fight against bandit gangs. 5. Smoke from fires rises over the twenty-hectare territory of the school. 6. The main method of studying the provisions of the statutes that are not related to the practical actions of students is usually a conversation with an explanation of the statutory provisions with the help of posters, filmstrips and educational films. 7. This will make it possible to determine a list of the most important types of equipment, machines, mechanisms, the development of which is planned in a comprehensive manner, as well as tasks for the creation and industrial development of complete complexes, series, types and rows of equipment of machines, mechanisms, mechanization and automation equipment. 8. In experiments, it is often not possible to clearly measure the momenta of secondary particles. 9. The teacher gives students a series of test questions to ensure they have mastered the material. 10. The speech was interrupted by the listeners with noisy and long applause.

Exercise 219. In newspaper texts, indicate random sound repetitions, determine their types (alliteration, assonance, adjacent and separate anaphora, epiphora), pay attention to inappropriate rhyme and rhythm of speech. Correct phonics deficiencies if they are detrimental to writing style, as well as lexical errors.
1. There are plenty of problems, and the main one is a surprise of a capricious nature. 2. Those who successfully pass the traffic police exams receive an amateur driver’s license. 3. After the expedition, according to tradition, there will be a report from underwater sports enthusiasts. 4. The local committee decided to improve nominations for awards. 5. This house must be demolished and a new catering unit erected in its place. 6. After passing through the main planting, the turbidity of the water decreases by 20%. 7. Linotypists worked on the keyboard like pianists. 8. Dressed in national costumes, the alcadesses attracted the attention of the press. 9. Passengers smoking during the flight will be disqualified from the aircraft cabin. 10. We systematically organize thematic exhibitions. 11. Radio appearances by lawyers and other specialists are a success. 12. Usually the order to complete a task and the order to remunerate for the labor expended are given simultaneously. 13. The increase in the volume and complexity of technical information has necessitated its organization and systematization. 14. The absence of these documents is a symptom of poor management organization; the coordination function is carried out intuitively, and therefore coordination is ineffective. 15. The launch of pump production was postponed due to a delay in the supply of stainless steel.

Exercise 220. Indicate phonics deficiencies, speech errors, stylistic flaws; correct the sentences.
1. Chemicalization leads to allergization of the inhabitants of these regions, who, by the grace of their incompetent government, become victims of civilization. 2. New elegant suschoirs decorate the interior of the newly renovated hairdressing salon. 3. Indication is the registration of any information. 4. Our three fives (they are in three different forms: red, yellow and green) perform various game exercises in a coordinated and organized manner in shifts. 5. Increased well-being, good upbringing, and normal nutrition will have a positive impact on the physical condition of the younger generation. 6. Smirnova, who provides baby food for our babies, deserves a kind word. 7. Very often, before entering the first grade, a student may begin to try to read, count and write. 8. There are fewer sick people going to Khvastovichi, for which we should praise the paramedic, who dealt with many illnesses herself. 9. In terms of organizing attendance at classes, we have seen an improvement. 10. Today we need to talk at least about obligations. 11. The waves of the Danube, churned up in a dispute with the rapids, having reached the dam and powerfully lashed against it, turn towards the shores to fall into the mouth of the turbine. 12. We found out if writers wrote about these events. 13. The author was pointed out that the stringing of identical case forms is detrimental to style. 14. Were the lilies watered in a timely manner? 15. The young ballet of Almaty made the audience start talking about themselves. And, of course, look forward to relaxed and lively meetings with him. 16. We are satisfied with the activities of the children's room. 17. A wood grouse is mating on the outskirts of marshy moss swamps, lost in the deep forest wilderness. 18. The first place in the championship was taken by a group of gymnasts from the city of Gomel.

Exercise 221. Analyze the edit of A.M. Gorky, determine the purpose of the writer’s processing of sentences (the words he replaced are given in brackets); indicate the methods of stylistic editing used when excluding dissonant participles from speech.
1. Chelkash spat contemptuously and (interrupted his questions by turning away) turned away from the guy. 2. And one could, looking at the sky, think that it was also a sea, only an agitated sea (and frozen in its agitation), overturned over another. 3. Ahead of him smiled a solid income, (requiring) a little labor and a lot of dexterity. 4. The sleepy sound of the waves (splashing against the ships, threatening with something, warning about something) hummed gloomily and was scary.

Exercise 222. Compare the sound organization of speech in sentences; indicate what violates its euphony in unedited versions. Analyze the stylistic edits and, if necessary, make adjustments to the editorial version.

1. The note stated that, due to the fault of UKS, two vehicles that brought equipment to the plant were idle and were not unloaded for several hours.
1. The note stated that, due to the fault of the Capital Construction Department, two vehicles that brought equipment to the plant were not unloaded for several hours.
2. Border guards guard the border like the apple of their eye.
2. Border guards reliably guard the border.
3. The picturesque chronicle of Moscow is represented by drawings and engravings presented at the exhibition.
3. The drawings and engravings presented at the exhibition are an artistic chronicle of Moscow.
4. The staff of our laboratory are doing a lot of work to develop this important problem.
4. Our laboratory staff are involved in solving this important problem.
5. Now the dispatcher from Samara is reporting the train situation, and the sound of passing trains can be heard from the intercom speaker.
5. A dispatcher from Samara talks about the movement of trains, and the sound of wheels of passing trains bursts into the microphone.
6. A threatening cold light ominously illuminated the boiling funnels of seething water.
6. An ominous cold light cast menacing reflections on the funnels in which water seemed to be boiling.
7. Sviridov is trying to create a serious gap, keeping in mind Ivanov’s jet finish. On the descent, Ivanov boldly sprints and looks at his opponent.
7. Sviridov remembers his opponent’s reactive finish and tries to get ahead. He boldly makes a dash on the descent and looks back at Ivanov.
8. From early morning the entire population of the village began to flock here.
8. Early in the morning people from all over the village began to come here.
9. The initiative of parents improved the food and affected the range of food for children in the kindergarten.
9. On the initiative of parents, nutrition in kindergarten has improved: dishes have become tastier and more varied.
10. An irresponsible attitude to the preservation of goods leads to facts of failure to prevent waste and theft.
10. Mismanagement of goods storage creates favorable conditions for theft and embezzlement.
11. In some communication services, a situation developed that called into question the feasibility of completing a given task.
11. In some communications services, assignment completion was compromised.
12. The authors based the film on the unprecedented example of the Soyuz-9 flight.
12. The film was based on the unprecedented flight of the Soyuz-9 spacecraft.

Exercise 223. Analyze the sound organization of speech in newspaper headlines, noting phonics flaws and justified sound repetitions.
1. “The Afghan lesson is not for the future.” 2. “Vitamins for infants and old people.” 3. “Aids doesn’t sleep.” 4. “Without the supervision of an auditor” (correspondence with the subtitle “From the Courtroom”). 5. “There is no way to the minaret” (feuilleton about the neglect of architectural monuments). 6. “A customs warehouse is not a job, but a treasure.” 7. “Overnight the congress withered away. By Candlelight" (article about the "Extraordinary Sixth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in March 1992). 8. “Lack of management attention to production development.” 9. “An island is being built.” 10. “Conjuncture for counterculture.” 11. “Points for the ice ball.” 12. “Their strong point is ice skates.” 13. “What a hassle, so is the cotton.” 14. “Injection against inertia.” 15. “The base is not a burden.” 16. “The narrower, the worse.” 17. “Prognosis and diagnosis.” 18. “Continuers and imitators.” 19. “Some are relieved, some are sad.” 20. “Calculations and miscalculations.” 21. “Opinions and doubts.” 22. “Citadels of Quotes.” 23. “The ball is waiting for matches.” 24. “Ear from a rooster.” 25. “Miracle child.” 26. “Life is not forgotten.” 27. “Visit to the “viziers.”

Exercise 224. Analyze the sound organization of speech in the given sentences, noting the shortcomings of phonics. Eliminate them.
1. Builders are warned of personal responsibility for eliminating deficiencies and for delaying repairs. 2. It was pointed out to us that there were deficiencies in the work. 3. Hot days on the farm, despite nature, as if trying to turn back the calendar. 4. In the state farm garden, the guys, led by an intern, are fighting the leaf beetle. 5. Children should get used to starting their day with morning exercises done at home, but it will be beneficial if done systematically. 6. Each of us should strictly ask ourselves for order. 7. The indoor stadium is open to everyone. 8. We found out if writers wrote about these events. 9. Everyone heard the brakes squeaking outside the closed window. 10. Have you seen Lydia? 11. Let us recall another analogy from mythology: Hercules became the pioneer of hydraulic flushing, releasing the waters of the river into the Augean stables.

Exercise 225. Compare sentences; Analyze the stylistic edits, name the corrected phonics defects and speech errors. If you disagree, suggest your own version of the edit.

1. Poisonous plants - plants that produce and accumulate toxic substances that cause poisoning of humans and animals.
1. Poisonous plants - plants that produce and accumulate toxic substances that can cause poisoning in humans and animals.
2. It is very important to encourage children to create images at different periods in the formation of knowledge and ideas about professions.
2. It is very important to encourage children to draw while developing their knowledge about professions.
3. After the last transformation - this time into themselves - they came out in their everyday clothes and turned out to be representatives of youth fashion clubs that exist at many sewing factories.
3. The last transformation (this time into themselves), and they came out in their everyday clothes and turned out to be representatives of youth fashion clubs organized at many clothing factories.
4. The changes that have taken place in this area over the past decade have been no less impressive.
4. The changes that have occurred in this area over the past decade are impressive.
5. In relation to manufacturers, peasants acted as people who sold their labor power, which was a typical phenomenon for that time.
5. In relation to the owners of factories, peasants acted as people selling their labor power, which was typical for that time.

Exercise 226. Indicate the shortcomings of phonics (cacophony, inappropriate sound repetitions, random rhyme). Edit the text, eliminating any errors or omissions you notice.
The secret of the trick
Their names rarely appear in the credits; only film studio workers know their faces - directors, screenwriters, cameramen. But in those moments when they “work” on the screen, each of us follows the events taking place with a sinking heart.
...The truck with a trailer, its tires squealing, turned off the highway and rushed along a country road. A moment later, a pickup taxi in pursuit appeared around the bend. From the shaking and impacts, the trailer van fell apart and, with a roar, scattering sheaves of sparks, rolled over the side of the road. The truck braked sharply, turned around, raised a plume of dust and, with its engine roaring, rushed towards the taxi. The impact, the grinding of metal, the sound of broken glass.
I came to my senses from what I saw only after a loud command: “Cut!” The stuntmen got out of the cars.
Interest in the stuntman profession is growing every day. Films in which courageous, daring heroes participate in incredible adventures, chases, and perform breathtaking stunts attract our attention. Stuntmen are often portrayed as almost fairy-tale heroes, “not burning in fire, not drowning in water.” Who are they really?
If you meet them, you won't notice anything special. Athletic, fit, pleasant people to talk to. There are many of them. But in a difficult situation, when the success of a performance depends on reaction, calculation, physical endurance, and composure, you understand that these are not ordinary actors.
Stuntmen are the same actors, but their roles are not only technically complex. For example, falling out of a car while moving, pretending to be a dead body, is much more difficult than jumping out of a moving car. Sometimes you have to duplicate famous actors. Here, makeup alone is not enough to prevent the viewer from seeing the substitution and not noticing the falsehood. It is necessary to convey the manner of movement, the plasticity of the “star” of the screen. All this is possible only with acting skills.

5. STYLISTIC RESOURCES OF WORD FORMATION

Exercise 227. Identify forms of subjective assessment and determine their stylistic functions in context.
1. This boy arrived... The boy’s name was Vanka. So small, so short in stature (Shuksh.). 2. A singing old woman appeared. - Sasha is so pale, so weak, so tender (Sol.). 3. Having read in Smury’s eyes... a petty, dog-like fear... she answered (Grif.). 4. So there is a club? - Yes, Pasha (Shuksh.). 5. There is a little cow and a caretaker at home (Likh.). 6. And here is another popular pink fairy tale (Ya. Borovoy). 7. Various visitors frequented Ivanov; Won't you let go of the boards and the paints? (Head.) 8. He’s playing with a gun, but we wait (Abr.). 9. Got some air in the kintso (Likhon.) 10. Well, you’ve grown a beard, it’s creepy! 11. This is the kind of million you can win in Lotto Million! 12. I have undertaken to manage two foreign companies, I prepare all the documentation for them (from colloquial speech).

Exercise 228. Using various affixes, form forms of expressive verbs; indicate their functional-style affiliation and emotional shades of meaning. Come up with phrases and sentences with them.
Sample. Run - run away (colloquial), avoid (colloquial), run around (colloquial), run out (simple), run away (colloquial), run away (colloquial).
Chat, believe, talk, walk, ride, call, search, smoke, lie down, work, laugh, stand, laugh, joke.

Exercise 229. Using the prefixes voz- (re-), pre-, pre-, form synonyms related to high style from the given verbs (for help, consult explanatory dictionaries). Use them in context.
Sample. Announce-proclaim: Everyone calls them loudly and the prince is crowned with a prince’s cap, and the head is proclaimed above them (P.).
Burn, burn, notify, fulfill, love, outline, experience, glow, shine, hide, connect, endure, notify.

Exercise 230. Give examples of book words formed using the prefixes a-, anti-, archi-, extra-, hyper-, de-, inter-, quasi-, post-, pseudo-, super-, co-, trans- , extra-; suffixes -azh, -iad(a), -ian(a), -izirova-(t), -ism, -in, -irova-(t), -it, -ol, -om(a); and also as a result of compounding. Using these examples, show the functional and stylistic attachment of word-forming devices in the Russian language.

Exercise 231. Determine the functional and stylistic consolidation of affixes in words.
Autol, acclimatization, accentuate, alogism, sore throat, asthmantol, bronchitis, validol, claim, mischief, shine, hypersonic, buckwheat, give, Darwinism, for free, for free, sociable, mumble, metalloid, cartoon, mock, nomenclature, adenoma, gag, earn extra money, scribble, get used to it, tailoring, vulgarity, dirty talk, excess profit, co-owner, Tolstoy, tonnage, uskat, photogenic, Chapliniada, extrazonal, yakat.

(Using examples from the works of A.P. Chekhov)

Student conference

Teacher's word

In the works of A.P. Chekhov, in every segment of the text the unity of the Russian language and literature is felt. By studying the writer’s language, we understand more deeply what he wanted to express in words.

The purpose of the conference is to show how linguistic phenomena in the works of A.P. Chekhov correspond to the content side of the text.

The work is based on the performances of students who analyze examples from Chekhov’s texts.

1. Homographs- words that are identical in spelling, but differ in sound. An example of a stylistically directed use of homographs is a comic phrase from Chekhov’s letter: “I was planning to come to you, but the road is expensive?”

2. Winged words entered the Russian language from the writer’s stories and plays. These expressions seemed to fly from Chekhov to the reader on wings: “in thinking about what to eat”; “everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts”; “twenty-two misfortunes”; “living chronology”; “horse surname”; “dear closet”; “to grandfather’s village”; “the sky is in diamonds”; “they want to show off their education”; “plot for a short story”; “a plot worthy of Aivazovsky’s brush”; “gloomy people”; “man in a case.”

3. The Russian language is characterized by the so-called “figurative use” of time, that is, the use of present tense forms in the meaning of past and future. Chekhov skillfully moves from the past tense to the present historical tense, that is, the present in the meaning of the past. The present historical is expressive and visual in the writer’s texts; it represents a past action as if it were taking place before our eyes. It replaces past tense forms, for example, in the story “Vanka”: “Vanka sighed convulsively and again stared at the window. He remembered that his grandfather always went into the forest to get a Christmas tree for the masters and took his grandson with him. It was a fun time! And the grandfather quacked, and the frost quacked, and looking at them, Vanka quacked. It used to be that before cutting down the tree, the grandfather would smoke a pipe, sniff tobacco for a long time, and laugh at the chilled Vanyushka... Young trees, shrouded in frost, stand motionless and wait, which one should die? Out of nowhere, a hare flies like an arrow through the snowdrifts...”

4. Time forms not only in the “figurative”, but also in the “direct” meaning, they are very important for the compositional organization and emotional and expressive coloring of the text. The past tense of the imperfect form denotes past events not in their sequence, not as having happened one after another, but as occurring in one time period. It presents events as characteristic facts for a certain period of time:

“After lunch, two rich ladies arrived and sat for an hour and a half, with elongated faces; the archimandrite came on business, silent and somewhat deaf.” The present tense is usually characterized by the coincidence of the moment of action with the moment of speech. But this is only a special case for the spoken language of Chekhov's heroes. It is characteristic mainly of dialogue speech, for example, in the story “Intruder”:

“I never lied, but now I’m lying...” Denis mutters, blinking his eyes.<...> .

– Why are you telling me about the shilishper?

- FAQ? Yes, you are asking yourself!

More often, present tense forms denote an action that is always performed; usually, it is a constant sign of the producer of the action. This meaning of present tense forms is sometimes called “timeless.” They are numerous in Denis Grigoriev’s remarks in the story “Intruder”:

- We make sinkers out of nuts...

- This is how gentlemen catch us too...

- For how many years now the whole village has been unscrewing the nuts...

- Without a sinker they only catch bleak...

5. Forms of conditional and imperative moods are expressive by nature. They are widely used in spoken language and are distinguished by greater liveliness and ease. In the meaning of the conditional mood, forms of the imperative mood can appear: “If the watchman hadn’t looked, the train could have gone off the rails, people would have been killed!”

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6. Monologue form verbal expression in Chekhov's texts is the main, main one. A dialogue is a form of reproduction, a literary depiction of a “natural” conversation.

And no matter how close such an image is to colloquial reality, it will remain conventional, because the main thing in it is not copying reality, but the embodiment of the author’s artistic intention. From “Teacher of Literature” we present a conversation between Nikitin and Ippolit Ippolitich and an excerpt from Nikitin’s diary. Let's see how the conversational style manifests itself in these passages.

“Ippolit Ippolitich quickly put on his trousers and asked anxiously:

- What's happened?

- I am getting married!

Nikitin sat down next to his comrade and, looking at him in surprise, as if surprised at himself, said:

- Imagine, I’ll get married! On Masha Shelestova! Today I made an offer.

- Well? She seems like a good girl. Only very young.

- Yes, young! – Nikitin sighed and shrugged his shoulders worriedly. – Very, very young!

– She studied with me at the gymnasium. I know her. I studied well in geography, but poorly in history. And I was inattentive in class.”

Excerpt from Nikitin's diary. There is no hint of a conversational style here.

“...I had two of my comrades as best men, and Mani had Staff Captain Polyansky and Lieutenant Gernet. The bishop's choir sang magnificently. The crackling of candles, the shine, the outfits, the officers, the many cheerful, contented faces and Mani’s special, airy appearance, and the whole atmosphere and the words of the wedding prayers touched me to tears and filled me with triumph. I thought: how my life has blossomed, how poetically beautifully it has developed lately! Two years ago I was still a student, living in cheap rooms on Neglinny, without money, without relatives and, as it seemed to me then, without a future. Now I am a high school teacher in one of the best provincial cities, wealthy, loved, spoiled. For me, I thought, this crowd has now gathered, for me three chandeliers are burning, the protodeacon is roaring, the singers are trying, and for me this young creature, who a little later will be called my wife, is so young, graceful and joyful.”

From “The Huntsman” let’s take the place where the conversation between Pelageya and Yegor turns into the huntsman’s monologue:

- Where do you live now?

- The master, Dmitry Ivanovich, is among the hunters. I bring game to his table, but more so... it’s because of pleasure that he keeps me.

- It’s not your sedate business, Yegor Vlasych... For people it’s pampering, but for you it’s like a craft... a real occupation...

“You don’t understand, stupid,” says Yegor, looking dreamily at the sky. “When you were born, you didn’t understand, and you won’t understand forever, what kind of person I am... In your opinion, I’m a crazy, lost person, and whoever understands, for that reason, I’m the best shooter in the whole county.” The gentlemen sense this and even wrote about me in a magazine. Not a single person can compare with me in the hunting department... And the fact that I disdain your village occupation is not out of self-indulgence, not out of pride. From infancy, you know, I didn’t know any other occupation besides guns and dogs.<...>.

Once a free spirit has taken hold of a person, there is nothing you can do to get it out. Also, if any gentleman goes to be an akhter or some other artist, then he will not be either an official or a landowner.

In “The Literature Teacher,” the conversation between two teachers, having all the common signs of dialogue, is not endowed with sharply emphasized signs of “colloquiality” (colloquial expression Wow and ellipsis but according to history it’s bad hardly noticeable) and in this sense is close to a monologue. And in “Jäger,” on the contrary, the monologue acts as a continuation of the dialogue, is situationally connected with it, and is endowed with the features of “colloquiality” in vocabulary and pronunciation (from birth, a lost person, according to the hunting part, besides, if, akhters) and in syntax (and whoever understands, for that I...). Both the dialogue in “The Literature Teacher” and the monologue in “Jäger” correspond to the main common features of dialogue and monologue.

7. Comparison– a pictorial technique based on the comparison of one object, phenomenon or concept (object of comparison) with another object, phenomenon or concept (means of comparison) in order to highlight any particularly important artistic feature of the object of comparison. Comparison in Chekhov is most often formalized using comparative conjunctions as if, as if:

“I myself also plowed, sowed, mowed, and at the same time I was bored and winced in disgust, like a village cat who, out of hunger, eats cucumbers in the garden.”

8. Metaphor. Built on the basis of comparison, Chekhov's metaphor is often extensive.

“The whole sky is strewn with cheerfully twinkling stars, and the Milky Way appears as clearly as if it had been washed and covered with snow before the holiday.”

Or: “The forest stands silently, motionless, as if it is peering somewhere with its tops or waiting for something...”.

9. Default- a figure that gives the listener or reader the opportunity to guess and reflect on what could be discussed in a suddenly interrupted utterance. Chekhov has many examples of obvious understatements and omissions in direct speech from “The Lady with the Dog.” Anna Sergeevna's words:

“When I married him, I was twenty years old, I was tormented by curiosity, I wanted something better, because there is,” I told myself, “another life.” I wanted to live! To live and live... Curiosity burned me...

Gurov's words:

“But understand, Anna, understand...” he said in a low voice, in a hurry. - I beg you, understand...

10. Chekhov is characteristic laconicism. The writer has stories where the number of characters and events is limited, the time and place of action are narrowed. For example, the action of the story “Fat and Thin” takes place within a few minutes “at the Nikolaevskaya railway station.” There are only two main characters: fat and thin. And two more minor ones: the son and wife of the thin one.

11. A very common understanding compositions as plot developments. In Chekhov's short story “Chameleon,” all parts of the composition are revealed. Description of the market square along which police warden Ochumelov walks - exposition. The cry “So you bite, wretched one?” that Ochumelov hears is the beginning. The development of the action is a change in Ochumelov’s attitude towards the goldsmith Khryukin and the dog that bit him, depending on the considerations expressed in the crowd: whose dog is the general’s or not? The climax comes when the general’s cook declares that “we’ve never had anything like this before,” and the denouement comes when it turns out that the dog is “the general’s brother.”

12. In the composition of a work of art, an important role belongs to details. Narrative details appear at different points in the story, highlighting the development of the plot. A typical example can be cited from “Ionych”. At the beginning of the story, the hero, having visited the Turkins, went on foot to his home in Dyalizh. And over time he there was already a pair of horses and a coachman Panteleimon in a velvet vest. At the end of the story Ionych I was leaving not in a pair, but in a triple with bells. The listed images create an increasing gradation. Chekhov was a recognized master of detail. He sought to get away from the monotonous, direct, immediate description of events, phenomena, objects, characters and developed techniques for expressing their essence through typical impressive details. A.S. Lazarev (Gruzinsky) wrote in one of his letters: “Chekhov is a great master of style and comparisons.<...>He says: “It would be bad if, describing a moonlit night, you write: the moon shone (shone) from the sky; Moonlight meekly poured from the sky... etc. Bad bad! But if you say that the objects cast black sparse shadows or something like that, the case will win a hundred times. If you want to describe a poor girl, don’t say: a poor girl was walking down the street, etc., but hint that her waterproof was shabby or reddish - and the picture will win. If you want to describe a reddish waterproof, don’t say: she was wearing a reddish old waterproof, but try to express it all differently...” The famous detail - the neck of a broken bottle shining with a star - was found by Chekhov in the story “The Wolf”:

...In the yard, twilight has long ended and real evening has come. A quiet, undisturbed sleep wafted from the river. There was not a shred of shadow on the dam, bathed in moonlight; in the middle of it, the neck of a broken bottle sparkled like a star. The two wheels of the mill, half hidden in the shadow of a wide willow, looked angrily, sadly...

Chekhov finds very convincing, although not striking, details to depict the fate of the characters in his works. The story “The Bishop” ends like this:

“A month later, a new suffragan bishop was appointed, but no one remembered the Right Reverend Peter. And then they completely forgot. And only the old woman, the mother of the deceased, who now lives with her deacon-in-law in a remote provincial town, when she went out in the evening to meet her cow and met other women in the pasture, began to talk about children, about grandchildren, about what she had a son who was a bishop, and at the same time she spoke timidly, fearing that they would not believe her...

And in fact, not everyone believed her.”

A subtle detail - an old woman, the mother of a deceased bishop, meets her cow in the pasture in the evening - says no less about the fate of this woman and her life “now with her son-in-law-deacon” than could be said in a lengthy description.

13. In Chekhov, the meaning contained in linguistic means is of particular importance. evaluativeness, which determines the “distribution of light and shadow,” “transitions from one style of presentation to another, play and combinations of verbal colors.” Here are two excerpts from Chekhov’s story “In the Ravine.” About the village of Ukleevo it is said:

“The fever persisted in it and there was muddy mud even in summer, especially under the fences, over which old willows bent, providing broad shade. It always smelled of factory waste and acetic acid, which was used when making calicoes. The factories - three calico factories and one leather factory - were not located in the village itself, but on the edge and at a distance. These were small factories, and all of them employed about four hundred workers, no more. The tannery often made the water in the river smelly; the waste contaminated the meadow, the peasants' livestock suffered from anthrax, and the factory was ordered to close."

Completely different colors, a different tone are characteristic of the story about Tsybukin’s second wife:

“They found him a girl thirty miles from Ukleev, Varvara Nikolaevna, from a good family, already elderly, but beautiful and prominent. As soon as she settled in the room on the top floor, everything in the house brightened up, as if new glass had been inserted into all the windows. The lamps lit up, the tables were covered with tablecloths as white as snow, flowers with red eyes appeared on the windows and in the front garden, and at dinner they ate not from the same bowl, but a plate was placed in front of each person. Varvara Nikolaevna smiled pleasantly and affectionately, and it seemed that everyone in the house was smiling.”

In relation to these passages, the expression “distribution of light and shadow” has not so much a generalized, metaphorical, but rather a direct meaning. In the first passage - fever, slushy mud, garbage, stinking water, anthrax; there is a hidden negative assessment in the expressions dirt under fences, old willows, the smell of acetic acid; the factories were small, they employed about four hundred workers, no more(the insignificance and remoteness of the village are emphasized); in the second passage - beautiful, prominent; everything brightened up in the house, as if new glass had been inserted into all the windows; the lamps lit up, the tables were covered with tablecloths as white as snow, flowers appeared; she smiled pleasantly and affectionately, everyone was smiling.

In the composition of a verbal work of art, the image of the author is manifested in the angle from which reality is depicted. About the story “In the Ravine” Gorky wrote: “Chekhov has something more than a worldview - he mastered his idea of ​​\u200b\u200blife and thus became higher than it. He illuminates her boredom, her absurdities, her aspirations, all her chaos from a higher point of view. And although this point of view is elusive and defies definition, perhaps because it is high, it has always been felt in his stories and is making its way into them more and more clearly.” This statement once again reminds us that the image of the author in the story “In the Ravine” is not the image of Chekhov as a person, a specific personality, but an image manifested in the “higher point of view”, which is always felt in the writer’s work.

14. Among the compositional techniques of subjectivization of Chekhov’s narrative, we will consider presentation techniques. Presentation techniques are so named because with their help a character’s subjective idea of ​​an object, phenomenon, or event is conveyed. The semantic movement occurs in the direction from the unknown to the known. Such a movement can be specified by the use of indefinite pronouns or words with a general, “indefinite” meaning. For example, in “Steppe”:

“A large cold drop fell on Yegorushka’s knee, another crawled down his arm. He noticed that his knees were not covered, and wanted to straighten the matting, but at that moment something fell and clattered along the road, then on the shafts, on the bale. It was rain." Movement from the unknown to the known: something - rain.

The movement from the unknown to the known can also come from a “shifted”, unusual image of an object, reflecting the character’s point of view. For example, in “Steppe”:

“Spreading his legs wide, Yegorushka walked up to the table and sat down on a bench near someone’s head. The head moved, blew a stream of air through its nose, chewed and calmed down. From the head along the bench stretched a mound covered with a sheepskin coat. It was some woman who was sleeping.”

A mound stretched out - some woman was sleeping– movement from the unknown to the known.

Visual techniques are similar to presentation techniques, but differ from them in the use of artistic means motivated by the perception of the character. For example, in “Steppe”:

“To the left, as if someone had struck a match across the sky, a pale phosphorescent strip flashed and went out. I heard someone walking on an iron roof somewhere very far away. They probably walked on the roof barefoot, because the iron grumbled dully.” Image affiliation walked on the roof barefoot... to the character's sphere is emphasized by an introductory word probably.

15. Moving the point of view can occur not only in the direction from the author to the narrator (or character), but also in the opposite direction - from the character or narrator to the author. In these cases, something opposite to the subjectivization of the author’s narrative is observed—the “objectification” of the narrator’s narrative, which is subjective in nature. “Objectification” of the narrator’s narrative can be carried out in another way, namely by bringing the image of the narrator closer to the image of the author. This can be seen in the example of “The Man in a Case”: “Belikov’s bedroom was small, like a box, the bed had a canopy. When he went to bed, he laid his head down; it was hot, stuffy, the wind was knocking on the closed doors, the stove was humming; sighs were heard from the kitchen, ominous sighs...

And he was scared under the blanket. He was afraid that something might not happen, that Afanasy might stab him, that thieves might get in, and then had anxious dreams all night, and in the morning, when we went to the gymnasium together, he was bored, pale, and it was clear that the crowded the gymnasium he was going to was scary, disgusting to his whole being, and it was hard for him, a lonely man by nature, to walk next to me.” The revelation of Belikov’s internal state in this passage, although it may be based on the observations of the narrator, Burkin, is very similar to the manifestation of the author’s “omniscience.”

Teacher's words:

So, the students who made presentations provided us with the opportunity to once again feel and comprehend the inseparability of literary content and the Russian language using examples from Chekhov’s works.

Literature

1. Gorshkov A.I. Russian literature. From words to literature. A textbook for students in grades 10–11 of general education institutions. 3rd ed. M.: Education, 1997.

2. Sukhikh N.N. Collection of “Children” // Collections of Chekhov / Ed. A.B. Muratova. L., 1990.

3. Chekhov A.P. Novels and stories. Ed. I.V. Vorobyova. M.: “Children's Literature”, 1970.

N.V. KARNIZOVA,
GOU NPO PU-34,
Elektrogorsk,
Moscow region

Composition

In his works, Chekhov omitted such important information as genealogy and biography of heroes. The main means of characterization was a portrait, although it also did not correspond to the usual idea. This was not a description of the color of hair, eyes, and the like; the writer chose two or three of the most accurate and accurate details, and this was enough to vividly represent the image as a whole. For example, in the story “Ionych” Chekhov shows the degradation of the main character Startsev, in particular, through a portrait. At the beginning of the story, he “walked slowly... and hummed the song all the time. At the end of the work, Ionych “has gained weight, has grown fat, is breathing heavily and is already walking with his head thrown back,” “plump, red.”

The color detail is very important here: both Startsev and his coachman both turned red, and the reader develops disgust for them. In the story “The Man in a Case,” when describing Belikov, Chekhov uses only pale, gray tones. By this the writer wants to emphasize that Belikov is a dull, uninteresting person. An artistic detail can be not only color, but also smell. In the story “Ariadne,” the main characteristic of the hero is that he smelled of boiled beef. Many artistic details are found in the speech of the characters. Any phrase that seems insignificant at first glance can be important, especially if it is framed appropriately. This can be seen again in the story “Ionych”. After a failed date, Startsev doesn’t think about Ekaterina Ivanovna, his thoughts are occupied with something completely different: “Oh, there’s no need to gain weight!” Or when he was waiting for her, and she did not come out for a long time, Startsev thought about the dowry: “And they will probably give a lot of dowry.”

This detail shows the beginning of the hero’s degradation: his soul hardened, he was no longer able to truly love.

In general, an artistic detail always stands in a special place, specially prepared for it: “He was a man of average height, with a plump face and small eyes, shaven, and it seemed that his mustache was not shaved, but plucked” (“About Love” ).

Chekhov's landscape is not rich in various descriptions of nature. The writer, following his creative style, his principles, striving for the most expressive image, selects only light details. For example, in the story “The Steppe,” Chekhov describes a thunderstorm: “To the left, as if someone had struck a match across the sky, a pale phosphorescent strip flashed and went out. I heard someone walking on an iron roof somewhere very far away. They probably walked barefoot on the roof, because the iron grumbled dully.”

The everyday environment also helps to clearly imagine the overall picture. Wanting to show the poverty of the peasants, their hard life, in the story “Student” the writer introduces a small detail - “leaky thatched roofs” - which vividly and accurately depicts the situation.

In his stories, Chekhov shows only the main, most important points, and omits the rest. Artistic detail helps him condense time. For example, in the story “About Love” Alekhine says that initially he settled in the state rooms and arranged it so that after breakfast and lunch he was served coffee and liqueurs, and before going to bed he read the “Bulletin of Europe”. But over time, Alekhine little by little moved downstairs, began to dine in the people's kitchen, the liqueurs ran out, there was not enough time to read, and only the servants remained of their former luxury. His life has changed a lot. Chekhov does not say this directly, but the reader vividly imagines these changes, and all this thanks to artistic detail.

The writer also uses the technique of amplification, visual enlargement of details. For example, in the short story “In the Native Corner,” when describing Aunt Dasha, we initially learn that she is getting younger and wants to please men, then that she walks with small steps and that her back trembles. At the same time, the reader develops a hostile attitude towards her. Then we learn that the maids cannot stand her temper for more than a week, that she shamelessly fines the men. And finally, at the end, a detail appears that sums up everything said earlier: Chekhov notices that she has despotic hands. This detail most accurately defines the character of the heroine.

Author's notes are important. In the story “Chameleon,” when Ochumelov learns about the arrival of the general’s brother, “his face fills with a smile of tenderness.” With this, Chekhov wanted to show his admiration for rank. The writer's style also contains many artistic details. For example, the end of the story “Student” is full of exclamation marks. Here Chekhov expresses the idea of ​​the work, and he wants to highlight it and draw the attention of readers to it.

Comparisons and metaphors found in short stories contribute to a more expressive depiction of objects and pictures of nature: “It was rain. He and the matting, as if they understood each other, started talking about something quickly, cheerfully and disgustingly, like two magpies” (“Steppe”). Chekhov never imposed his opinion on the reader. With the help of artistic detail, he left the reader the opportunity to imagine the image and imagine the overall picture on his own. He never spoke ill of his heroes. If he didn't like them, he showed it with a detail. For example, in the story “Ionych” the speech of Ivan Petrovich Turkin is full of supposedly witty phrases. He said: “I’m sorry, thank you.” This detail helps the reader understand that this is a narrow-minded person.

The development of artistic detail is an important merit of Chekhov; he made a huge contribution to world literature. This technique was introduced into short stories with great skill. Chekhov painted ordinary, everyday life and achieved maximum approximation to it. A colorful realistic picture is created from small strokes and brushstrokes. The reader forgets that there is a text in front of him, he imagines everything described so clearly.