Translated from the Greek “τρόπος”, trope means “revolution”. What do tropes mean in literature? Definition taken from the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova says: a trope is a word or figure of speech in a figurative, allegorical meaning. Thus, we are dealing with the transfer of the meanings of concepts from one word to another.
Formation of tropes in historical context
The transfer of meanings becomes possible due to the polysemy of certain concepts, which, in turn, is determined by the specific development of the vocabulary of the language. So, for example, we can easily trace the etymology of the word “village” - from “wooden”, that is, indicating a building material made of wood.
However, finding the original meaning in other words - for example, such as “thank you” (original meaning: “God save”) or the word “bear” (“Knowing, knowing where the honey is”) - is more difficult.
Also, some words could retain their spelling and spelling, but change their meaning. For example, the concept of “everyman”, understood in modern perception as a tradesman (that is, limited by material, consumer interests). In the original, this concept had no relation to human values - it indicated the territory of residence: “urban inhabitant”, “rural inhabitant”, that is, it designated a resident of a certain area.
Paths in literature. Primary and secondary meanings of the word
A word can change its original meaning not only over a long period of time, in the context of a socio-historical context. There are also cases when a change in the meaning of a word is due to a specific situation. For example, in the phrase “a fire is burning” there is no trope, since fire is a phenomenon of reality, and burning is an inherent property, a trait. Such properties are usually called primary (basic).
Let's take another example for comparison:
“The East is burning with a new dawn”
(A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
In this case, we are not talking about the direct phenomenon of combustion - the concept is used in the sense of brightness, colorfulness. That is, the colors of dawn resemble fire in color and saturation (from which the property of “burning” was borrowed). Accordingly, we observe the replacement of the direct meaning of the concept “on fire” with an indirect one, obtained as a result of the associative connection between them. In literary criticism this is called a secondary (transferable) property.
Thus, thanks to the trails, the phenomena of the surrounding reality can acquire new properties, appear from an unusual side, and look more vivid and expressive. The main types of tropes in literature are the following: epithet, comparison, metonymy, metaphor, litotes, hyperbole, allegory, personification, synecdoche, periphrase(s), etc. Different types of tropes can be used in the same work. Also, in some cases, mixed paths take place - a kind of “fusion” of several types.
Let's look at some of the most common tropes in the literature with examples.
Epithet
An epithet (translated from Greek “epitheton” - attached) is a poetic definition. In contrast to the logical definition (aimed at highlighting the basic properties of an object that distinguish it from other objects), an epithet indicates more conditional, subjective properties of the concept.
For example, the phrase “cold wind” is not an epithet, since we are talking about an objectively existing property of a phenomenon. In this case, this is the actual wind temperature. At the same time, we should not take the phrase “the wind blows” literally. Just like the wind is an inanimate being, it therefore cannot “blow” in the human sense. It's just about moving air.
In turn, the phrase “cold gaze” creates a poetic definition, since we are not talking about the real, measured temperature of the gaze, but about its subjective perception from the outside. In this case we can talk about an epithet.
Thus, a poetic definition always adds expressiveness to the text. It makes the text more emotional, but at the same time more subjective.
Metaphor
Tropes in literature are not only a bright and colorful image, they can also be completely unexpected and not always clear. A similar example is a type of trope such as metaphor (Greek “μεταφορά” - “transfer”). Metaphor occurs when an expression is used in a figurative sense, to make it resemble another object.
What are the tropes in literature that correspond to this definition? For example:
"Plants rainbow outfit
Kept traces of heavenly tears"
(M.Yu. Lermontov, “Mtsyri”).
The similarities outlined by Lermontov are clear to any ordinary reader and do not come as a surprise. When the author takes as a basis more subjective experiences, which are not characteristic of every consciousness, the metaphor can look quite unexpected:
"The sky is whiter than paper"
turns pink in the west,
as if they were folding crumpled flags there,
sorting slogans into warehouses"
(I.A. Brodsky “Twilight. Snow..”).
Comparison
L.N. Tolstoy singled out comparison as one of the most natural means of description in literature. Comparison as an artistic trope implies a comparison of two or more objects/phenomena in order to clarify one of them through the properties of the other. Similar tropes are found very often in literature:
“Station, fireproof box.
My separations, meetings and separations"
(B. L. Pasternak, “Station”);
“It hits like a bomb,
takes it like a hedgehog,
like a double-edged razor...”
(V.V. Mayakovsky “Poems about the Soviet passport”).
Figures and tropes in literature tend to have a composite structure. Comparison, in turn, also has certain subtypes:
- formed using adjectives/adverbs in comparative form;
- using phrases with conjunctions “exactly”, “as if”, “as”, “as if”, etc.;
- using phrases with adjectives “similar”, “reminiscent”, “similar”, etc.
In addition, comparisons can be simple (when the comparison is carried out based on one characteristic) and expanded (comparison based on a number of characteristics).
Hyperbola
Represents an excessive exaggeration of the values and properties of objects. “..Over there is the most dangerous, big-eyed, tailed Sea Girl, slippery, malicious and tempting” (T. N. Tolstaya, “Night”). This is not at all a description of some kind of sea monster - this is how the main character, Alexey Petrovich, sees his neighbor in a communal apartment.
The technique of hyperbolization can be used to ridicule something, or to enhance the effect of a certain feature - in any case, the use of hyperbole makes the text more emotionally rich. So, Tolstaya could give a standard description of the girl who is her hero’s neighbor (height, hair color, facial expression, etc.), which, in turn, would form a more specific image in the reader. However, the narration in the story “Night” is told primarily from the hero himself, Alexei Petrovich, whose mental development does not correspond to the age of an adult. He looks at everything through the eyes of a child.
Alexey Petrovich has his own special vision of the world around him with all its images, sounds, smells. This is not the world to which we are accustomed - it is a kind of alloy of dangers and miracles, the bright colors of the day and the frightening blackness of the night. Home for Alexei Petrovich is a large ship that has set off on a dangerous journey. The ship is ruled by mommy - the great, wise one - the only stronghold of Alexei Petrovich in this world.
Thanks to the technique of hyperbolization used by Tolstoy in the story “Night,” the reader also gets the opportunity to look at the world through the eyes of a child, to discover an unfamiliar side of reality.
Litotes
The opposite of hyperbole is the technique of litotes (or reverse hyperbole), which consists in excessively understating the properties of objects and phenomena. For example, “little boy”, “the cat cried”, etc. Accordingly, such tropes in literature as litotes and hyperbole are aimed at a significant deviation of the quality of an object in one direction or another from the norm.
Personification
“The beam darted along the wall,
And then he slid over me.
“Nothing,” he seemed to whisper, “
Let’s sit in silence!”
(E.A. Blaginina, “Mom is sleeping..”).
This technique becomes especially popular in fairy tales and fables. For example, in the play “The Kingdom of Crooked Mirrors” (V. G. Gubarev), the girl talks to the mirror as if it were a living being. In the fairy tales of G.-H. Andersen often “comes to life” various objects. They communicate, quarrel, complain - in general, they begin to live their own lives: toys (“Piggy Bank”), peas (“Five from One Pod”), a slate board, a notebook (“Ole-Lukoie”), a coin (“ Silver coin"), etc.
In turn, in fables, inanimate objects acquire the properties of a person along with his vices: “Leaves and Roots”, “Oak and Cane” (I.A. Krylov); “Watermelon”, “Pyatak and Ruble” (S.V. Mikhalkov), etc.
Literary tropes in literature: the problem of differentiation
It should also be noted that the specifics of artistic techniques are so diverse and sometimes subjective that it is not always possible to clearly differentiate certain paths in literature. Confusion often arises with examples from a particular work due to their correspondence to several types of tropes at the same time. For example, metaphor and comparison are not always amenable to strict differentiation. A similar situation is observed with metaphor and epithet.
Meanwhile, the domestic literary critic A. N. Veselovsky identified such a subtype as epithet-metaphor. In turn, many researchers, on the contrary, considered the epithet as a type of metaphor. This problem is due to the fact that some types of tropes in literature simply do not have clear boundaries of differentiation.
Every day we come across a lot of means of artistic expression; we often use them in speech ourselves, without even meaning it. We remind mom that she has golden hands; we remember bast shoes, while they have long gone out of general use; We are afraid to get a pig in a poke and exaggerate objects and phenomena. All of these are tropes, examples of which can be found not only in fiction, but also in the oral speech of every person.
What is expressiveness?
The term "paths" comes from the Greek word tropos, which translated into Russian means "turn of speech." They are used to give figurative speech; with their help, poetic and prose works become incredibly expressive. Tropes in literature, examples of which can be found in almost any poem or story, constitute a separate layer in modern philological science. Depending on the situation of use, they are divided into lexical means, rhetorical and syntactic figures. Tropes are widespread not only in fiction, but also in oratory, and even everyday speech.
Lexical means of the Russian language
Every day we use words that in one way or another decorate our speech and make it more expressive. Vivid paths, examples of which are countless, are no less important than lexical means.
- Antonyms- words with opposite meanings.
- Synonyms- lexical units that are close in meaning.
- Phraseologisms- stable combinations consisting of two or more lexical units, which in semantics can be equated to one word.
- Dialectisms- words that are common only in a certain area.
- Archaisms- outdated words denoting objects or phenomena, modern analogues of which are present in human culture and everyday life.
- Historicisms- terms denoting already disappeared objects or phenomena.
Tropes in Russian (examples)
Currently, the means of artistic expression are magnificently demonstrated in the works of classics. Most often these are poems, ballads, poems, sometimes stories and tales. They decorate speech and give it imagery.
- Metonymy- replacing one word with another by contiguity. For example: On New Year's midnight the whole street came out to set off fireworks.
- Epithet- a figurative definition that gives an object an additional characteristic. For example: Mashenka had magnificent silk curls.
- Synecdoche- the name of the part instead of the whole. For example: A Russian, a Finn, an Englishman, and a Tatar are studying at the Faculty of International Relations.
- Personification- assignment of animate qualities to an inanimate object or phenomenon. For example: The weather was worried, angry, raging, and a minute later it began to rain.
- Comparison- an expression based on the comparison of two objects. For example: Your face is fragrant and pale, like a spring flower.
- Metaphor- transferring the properties of one object to another. For example: Our mother has golden hands.
Tropes in literature (examples)
The presented means of artistic expression are less often used in the speech of modern people, but this does not diminish their importance in the literary heritage of great writers and poets. Thus, litotes and hyperbole are often used in satirical stories, and allegory in fables. Periphrasis is used to avoid repetition in or speech.
- Litotes- artistic understatement. For example: A little man works in our factory.
- Periphrase- replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression. For example: The night star is especially yellow today (about the Moon).
- Allegory- depiction of abstract objects with images. For example: Human qualities - cunning, cowardice, clumsiness - are revealed in the form of a fox, a hare, a bear.
- Hyperbola- deliberate exaggeration. For example: My friend has incredibly huge ears, the size of his head.
Rhetorical figures
The idea of every writer is to intrigue his reader and not demand an answer to the problem posed. A similar effect is achieved through the use of rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals, and omissions in a work of art. All these are tropes and figures of speech, examples of which are probably familiar to every person. Their use in everyday speech is encouraged, the main thing is to know the situation when it is appropriate.
A rhetorical question is posed at the end of a sentence and does not require an answer from the reader. It makes you think about pressing issues.
The incentive offer ends. Using this figure, the writer calls for action. The exclamation should also be classified under the “tropes” section.
Examples of rhetorical appeal can be found in "To the Sea", in Lermontov ("The Death of a Poet"), as well as in many other classics. It applies not to a specific person, but to an entire generation or era as a whole. Using it in a work of art, a writer can blame or, on the contrary, approve of actions.
Rhetorical silence is actively used in lyrical digressions. The writer does not express his thoughts to the end and gives rise to subsequent reasoning.
Syntactic figures
Such techniques are achieved through sentence construction and include word order, punctuation; they make for an intriguing and interesting sentence design, which is why every writer strives to use these tropes. Examples are especially noticeable when reading the work.
- Multi-Union- deliberate increase in the number of conjunctions in a sentence.
- Asyndeton- absence of conjunctions when listing objects, actions or phenomena.
- Syntactic parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by depicting them in parallel.
- Ellipsis- deliberate omission of a number of words in a sentence.
- Inversion- violation of word order in a construction.
- Parcellation- deliberate division of a sentence.
Figures of speech
The paths in the Russian language, examples of which are given above, can be continued endlessly, but we should not forget that there is another conventionally distinguished section of means of expression. Artistic figures play an important role in written and oral speech.
Table of all tropes with examples
It is important for high school students, graduates of humanities faculties and philologists to know the variety of means of artistic expression and cases of their use in the works of classics and contemporaries. If you want to know in more detail what types of tropes there are, a table with examples will replace dozens of literary critical articles.
Lexical means and examples |
|
Synonyms | We may be humiliated and insulted, but we deserve a better life. |
Antonyms | My life is nothing but black and white stripes. |
Phraseologisms | Before buying jeans, find out about their quality, otherwise they will give you a pig in a poke. |
Archaisms | Barbers (hairdressers) do their job quickly and efficiently. |
Historicisms | Bast shoes are an original and necessary thing, but not everyone has them today. |
Dialectisms | There were roes (snakes) in this area. |
Stylistic tropes (examples) |
|
Metaphor | You have my friend. |
Personification | The foliage sways and dances with the wind. |
The red sun sets below the horizon. |
|
Metonymy | I've already eaten three plates. |
Synecdoche | The consumer always chooses quality products. |
Periphrase | Let's go to the zoo to see the king of beasts (about a lion). |
Allegory | You are a real ass (about stupidity). |
Hyperbola | I've been waiting for you for three hours already! |
Is this a man? A little guy, and that's all! |
|
Syntactic figures (examples) |
|
There are so many people with whom I can be sad, |
|
We'll go through the raspberries! |
|
Gradation | I think about you, I miss you, I remember, I miss you, I pray. |
Pun | Because of you, I began to drown my sadness in wine. |
Rhetorical figures (appeal, exclamation, question, silence) | When will you, the younger generation, become polite? Oh, what a wonderful day it is today! And you say that you know the material perfectly? You'll come home soon - look... |
Multi-Union | I know algebra, geometry, physics, chemistry, geography, and biology very well. |
Asyndeton | The store sells shortbread, crumbly, peanut, oatmeal, honey, chocolate, diet, and banana cookies. |
Ellipsis | Not so (it was)! |
Inversion | I would like to tell you one story. |
Antithesis | You are everything and nothing to me. |
Oxymoron | Living Dead. |
The role of means of artistic expression
The use of tropes in everyday speech elevates every person, makes him more literate and educated. A variety of means of artistic expression can be found in any literary work, poetic or prosaic. Paths and figures, examples of which every self-respecting person should know and use, do not have an unambiguous classification, since from year to year philologists continue to study this area of the Russian language. If in the second half of the twentieth century they singled out only metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche, now the list has increased tenfold.
The concept of rhetorical trope.
Def. A trope is a figure of speech, the use of a word or expression in a figurative meaning.
The most important features of tropes and their meaning in speech.
1) Rhetorical tropes reflect the course of human cognitive activity.
2) Paths reflect a subjective view of the world, reflect his emotions,
moods, assessments.
3) The rhetorical trope has semantic capacity, which helps to briefly convey complex content.
4) The figurative phrase is visual, remains better in memory, and is better perceived.
5) Rhetorical tropes make it possible to enjoy the text and include the addressee in the creative process.
Expressions “a callous soul,” “a line of understanding things,” “the capital instantly interrupted its activities,” “the Russian citizen could not be heard,” “and the sworduthe thunder of guns is not able to occupy the world,” “the world is on the road, and not at the pier, not at an overnight stop, not at a temporary station or rest” contain trails.
Many words in the language that we are used to using without really thinking about their meaning have formed as tropes. We are speaking “electric current,” “the train has arrived,” “wet autumn,” but also “The Word of God,” “the mercy of God,” “into Your hands I commend my spirit,” but in all these expressions the words are used in a figurative sense, although we often do not imagine how we could replace them with words in their own meaning, for such words may not exist in the language.
Metaphor- a word that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity in some respect of two objects or phenomena. Metaphor is a hidden comparison that reveals itself with conjunctions “as” and “as if”.
There are two comparisons of the subject:
Object and Subject
The third criterion by which objects are compared.
1) Elements of comparison must be heterogeneous - a rule based on proportion.
2) The term of comparison should reveal not any random, but an essential feature during comparison.
3) The assessment of the subject of speech depends on the area of comparison.
When a comparison is sought to improve a metaphor
When a comparison is sought to deteriorate the metaphor
4) To get a fresh metaphor, you can use specific comparisons.
5) Metaphors can be short and detailed.
Brief metaphor– words are compared in a new concept, the phrase “as if” is washed out.
Expanded metaphor– a phrase within a metaphor. Deepens the structure of the subject, turns into a text frame.
Metonymy– (renaming) transferring the name of an object from one to another based on contiguity or proximity.
Metonymy is often used to refer to:
1) an item according to the material from which it is made
2) by property
4) the subject is called by subject, content. his.
5) time is called by an object or phenomenon that characterizes this time (to love to the grave)
6) a special case of metonymy is synecdoche
The name of a part of an item is transferred to the entire item
The plural is replaced by the singular
7) the rhetorical device of paraphrases is built on the development of metonymy, when
the name of the item is replaced by a description of its characteristics.
Other tropes and figures of speech and their use in the text.
Personification (animation)– endowing inanimate objects with the signs and properties of a person (most often used when describing nature).
Allegory(allegory, allusion - “hint”) - the expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images. Used in fables, epics, fairy tales. ( cunning - fox)
Allusion- the use in speech of an allusion to well-known circumstances. (wash your hands)
Antimetabola- a play on words. where a serious situation is dealt with, as opposed to a pun.
Antonomasia(renaming) - the use of a well-known proper name in the meaning of a common noun.
Epithet– a figurative definition of an object or action.
Hyperbola- exaggeration of size, strength, beauty. (scared to death, the sea is hot)
Litotes (simplicity) – inverse hyperbola, image. an expression deliberately downplaying size, strength, beauty ( interesting fact)
Meiosis(same as litotes) – a figure of speech that understates the properties, degree of something.
Paraphrase(retelling) is a descriptive phrase that is used instead of any word, subject of speech.
Dysphemism- a trope consisting of replacing a normative, natural word with a more vulgar, familiar word.
Euphemism- a polite, softening designation for something.
Catachresis- a trope associated with the use of words in a meaning that does not belong to them, often acts as a hyperbolic metaphor.
Pun(play on words) - the use of different meanings of the same word or two identical sounding words. (at the words “sentence” and “union” the students modestly lower their eyes and blush)
Oxymoron is a figure of speech consisting of the combination of two antonyms (words of opposite meanings), when a new semantic unity is born (eloquent silence, living corpse).
Anaphora- a figure of speech consisting of repeating the initial word in each sentence.
Paradox- an unexpected reasoning, conclusion, conclusion that sharply diverges from logic. (the quieter you go, the further you'll get)
Every word in the Russian language has a nominative meaning. This helps to relate speech to reality and express thoughts. In addition to the main meaning, most words are included in a specific one and have an additional symbolic meaning, which is most often figurative. This lexical property is actively used by poets and writers to create, and a similar phenomenon in the Russian language is also called literary tropes. They add expressiveness to the text and help convey your thoughts more accurately.
Types of artistic and visual media
Tropes include metonymy, periphrasis, synecdoche, litotes, and hyperbole. The ability to see them in a work allows you to understand the author’s ideological intent and enjoy the richness of the magnificent Russian language. And the use of tropes in one’s own speech is a sign of a literate, cultured person who can speak accurately and expressively.
How can you identify literary tropes in a text and learn to apply them yourself?
Table with examples from works of art
Let's see how recognized poets and writers do this.
Literary tropes | Property | Example |
An adjective, less often a noun, an adverb, a gerund, used in a figurative meaning and denoting an essential feature of the subject | "And the eyes are blue bottomless blooming..." (A. Blok) |
|
Comparison | Turnover with conjunctions AS, AS IF, AS IF, AS WELL or words SIMILAR, SIMILAR; noun in instrumental case; adjective or adverb in comparative degree. The point is to compare | “The block seemed... expensive to me..., like a nightingale in a spring bush..."(K. Balmont) |
Metaphor | Based on the transfer of meaning by similarity | «… the soul is full of fire..."(M. Lermontov) |
Personification | Animation of natural phenomena and objects | « The blue sky laughs..."(F. Tyutchev) |
Metonymy | Transferring value by adjacency | « Scolded Homer, Theocritus..." (A. Pushkin), i.e. their works |
Synecdoche | Implies the transfer of meaning based on the ratio in quantity: singular instead and vice versa | "To him … and the beast is not coming..." (A. Pushkin) |
Hyperbola | Excessive exaggeration | « A man... from a fingernail"(N. Nekrasov) |
Excessive understatement | « I made two shirtfronts from the wings of a mosquito"(K. Aksakov) |
|
Periphrase | The name of an object or phenomenon through an essential, well-recognized feature | "Love you, Peter's creation..." (A. Pushkin), i.e. St. Petersburg |
Thus, literary tropes - the table fully reflects their essential features - can be determined even by a person who does not have a special education. You just need to understand their essence. To do this, let's take a closer look at those means of expression that usually cause the greatest difficulties.
Metaphor and personification
Unlike comparison, in which there are two objects or phenomena - the original and the one that is taken for comparison, these literary tropes contain only the second. In metaphor, similarity can be expressed in color, volume, shape, purpose, etc. Here are examples of similar use of words in a figurative meaning: “ wooden moon clock», « noon breathes».
Personification differs from metaphor in that it represents a more detailed image: “ The wind suddenly rose and tossed and moaned all night».
Metonymy, synecdoche, periphrasis
These literary tropes are very often confused with the metaphor described above. To avoid such mistakes, you should remember that the manifestation of contiguity in metonymy can be as follows:
- content and what it includes: “ eat a plate»;
- the author and his work: " remembered all of Gogol well»;
- action and the instrument for performing it: “ villages were doomed to swords»;
- the object and the material from which it is made: “ porcelain at the exhibition»;
- place and people in it: “ the city was no longer sleeping».
Synecdoche usually implies a quantitative relationship between objects and phenomena: “ everyone here wants to be a Napoleon».
Periphrase
Sometimes writers and poets, for greater expressiveness and creation of imagery, replace the name of an object or phenomenon with an indication of its essential feature. Periphrasis also helps to eliminate repetitions and connect sentences in the text. Let's look at these literary tropes with examples: “ shining steel" - dagger, " author of "Mumu" - I. Turgenev, " old woman with a scythe" - death.
In the Russian language, additional expressive means are widely used, for example, tropes and figures of speech
Tropes are speech patterns that are based on the use of words in a figurative meaning. They are used to enhance the expressiveness of the speech of the writer or speaker.
The tropes include: metaphors, epithets, metonymy, synecdoche, comparisons, hyperbole, litotes, periphrasis, personification.
Metaphor is a technique in which words and expressions are used in a figurative meaning based on analogy, similarity or comparison.
And my tired soul is enveloped in darkness and cold. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
An epithet is a word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes any of its properties, qualities, or characteristics. Usually an epithet is a colorful definition.
Your thoughtful nights are transparent twilight. (A S. Pushkin)
Metonymy is a means that is based on replacing one word with another based on contiguity.
The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. (A.S. Pushkin)
Synecdoche is one of the types of metonymy - transferring the meaning of one object to another based on the quantitative relationship between them.
And you could hear the Frenchman rejoicing until dawn. (M.Yu. Lermontov)
Comparison is a technique in which one phenomenon or concept is explained by comparing it with another. Typically comparative conjunctions are used.
Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the entire universe. (A.S. Pushkin).
Hyperbole is a trope based on excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object or phenomenon.
For a week I won’t say a word to anyone, I keep sitting on a stone by the sea... (A. A. Akhmatova).
Litotes is the opposite of hyperbole, an artistic understatement.
Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, is no more than a thimble... (A.S. Griboyedov)
Personification is a means based on the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones.
The silent sadness will be consoled, and the joyful joy will reflect. (A.S. Pushkin).
Periphrasis is a trope in which the direct name of an object, person, or phenomenon is replaced by a descriptive phrase in which the characteristics of an object, person, or phenomenon not directly named are indicated.
"King of beasts" instead of lion.
Irony is a technique of ridicule that contains an assessment of what is being ridiculed. Irony always has a double meaning, where the truth is not what is directly stated, but what is implied.
Thus, the example mentions Count Khvostov, who was not recognized as a poet by his contemporaries due to the mediocrity of his poems.
Count Khvostov, a poet beloved by heaven, was already singing in immortal verses the misfortunes of the Neva banks. (A.S. Pushkin)
Stylistic figures are special expressions that go beyond the necessary norms for creating artistic expressiveness.
It is necessary to emphasize once again that stylistic figures make our speech informationally redundant, but this redundancy is necessary for the expressiveness of speech, and therefore for a stronger impact on the addressee
These figures include:
And you, arrogant descendants... (M.Yu. Lermontov)
A rhetorical question is a structure of speech in which a statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, but only enhances the emotionality of the statement.
And will the desired dawn finally rise over the fatherland of enlightened freedom? (A S. Pushkin)
Anaphora - repetition of parts of relatively independent segments.
It’s as if you curse days without light,
As if gloomy nights scare you...
(A. Apukhtin)
Epiphora - repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza.
Dear friend, and in this quiet house
The fever hits me
I can't find a place in a quiet house
Near the peaceful fire. (A.A. Blok)
Antithesis is an artistic opposition.
And day, and hour, and in writing, and orally, for the truth, yes and no... (M. Tsvetaeva)
An oxymoron is a combination of logically incompatible concepts.
You, who loved me with the falsehood of truth and the truth of lies... (M. Tsvetaeva)
Gradation is a grouping of homogeneous members of a sentence in a certain order: according to the principle of increasing or decreasing emotional and semantic significance
I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry... (With A. Yesenin)
Silence is a deliberate interruption of speech based on the guesswork of the reader, who must mentally complete the phrase.
But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, I was born near the Caucasus... (A.S. Pushkin)
Polyunion - repetition of a conjunction, perceived as redundant, creates emotionality in speech.
And for him they were resurrected again: deity, inspiration, life, tears, and love. (A.S. Pushkin)
Non-union is a construction in which unions are omitted to enhance expression.
Swede, Russian, chops, stabs, cuts, drumming, clicks, grinding... (A.S. Pushkin)
Parallelism is the identical arrangement of speech elements in adjacent parts of the text.
Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon.. (V.V. Mayakovsky).
Chiasmus is a cross arrangement of parallel parts in two adjacent sentences.
Automedons (coachman, driver - O.M.) are our fighters, our troikas are indomitable... (A.S. Pushkin). The two parts of the complex sentence in the example, according to the order of the members of the sentence, are as if in a mirror image: Subject - definition - predicate, predicate - definition - subject.
Inversion is the reverse order of words, for example, placing the definition after the word being defined, etc.
At the frosty dawn, under the sixth birch tree, around the corner, near the church, wait, Don Juan... (M. Tsvetaeva).
In the example given, the adjective frosty is in the position after the word being defined, which is inversion.
To check or self-check on the topic, you can try to solve our crossword puzzle
Did you like it? Don't hide your joy from the world - share itMaterials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy