Help in difficult life situations. Help for those in difficult life situations

In modern conditions, the problems of families who find themselves in difficult life situations are becoming increasingly acute and relevant, since their number does not decrease every year, but is constantly growing. This is due to problems of an economic, demographic, socio-political nature. At the same time, perhaps the most unprotected category are children.

According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, children have the right to special care and assistance. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees state support for family, motherhood and childhood. By signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international acts in the field of ensuring children's rights, the Russian Federation expressed its commitment to participating in the efforts of the world community to create an environment that is comfortable and friendly for children to live in.

The federal laws “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” and “On Additional Guarantees for Social Support for Orphans and Children Without Parental Care” establish that the protection of the rights of children in difficult life situations is carried out by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Regional target programs implemented by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are a kind of core for solving the problems of children, families with children in difficult life situations. The effectiveness of the implementation of such programs largely determines the possibility of achieving the goals and objectives of the state’s social policy.

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Social support for children in difficult life situations

The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. Providing for this social sphere in Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, work as part of a group, and prepare for entering school.

Social protection of preschool children is carried out in interaction with medicine, pedagogy, and production. Social protection authorities promote the health and treatment of preschool children, for which they provide, for example, preferential conditions for preschool children to stay in sanatoriums. The education of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest ones learn the rules of behavior, get involved in group activities, and master the basics of culture.

The social protection system for schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities carried out at school, in out-of-school institutions, work with the family and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of social security of schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful socio-professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work promotes inclusion in productive work and the system of lifelong education.

Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without failures, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress their life. Social work of this type is of a preventive and therapeutic nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used .

An important area of socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for restoring abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities) are built, correctional groups are organized, relevant activities are selected that allow, in collective activities, to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to apply it in work, communication, and personal life .

The above is closely related to the problem of so-called “difficult”, maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when communicating with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities of a social teacher when communicating directly with minors.

When working with “difficult” children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, in the family, where his behavior, connections, personal characteristics are observable, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since the understanding of the problem is not limited only on the personality of this child .

Today, children in need can count, first of all, on financial assistance. Its main task is to maintain an acceptable (necessary and sufficient) standard of living for a child and family as a whole who are in a socially difficult situation. Material assistance is a one-time payment in cash or in kind, expressed in the form of an amount of money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothing, shoes and other essential items.

The main criterion for establishing the right to financial assistance is poverty, as an indicator of need. Bodies of social protection of the population decide the issue of recognizing those in need as low-income and providing them with material assistance, and municipal social service centers are directly involved in providing such assistance. Commissions for the distribution and provision of material assistance, created under the social protection authorities, consider issues of providing such assistance, taking into account the financial and living situation of the applicant, the composition and income of the family, the reasons and circumstances that prompted the application for help. Unfortunately, in order to receive financial assistance, a whole list of certificates and documents is often required, which creates significant difficulties for low-income citizens.

Increased government spending to support families with children played a certain role in improving their financial situation and increasing the birth rate of children. However, the share of costs in GDP for supporting families with children in Russia is still much lower than in developed European countries. It can hardly be expected that monetary regulation is radically capable of eliminating the causes leading to children's disadvantage.

In search of new ways to manage the process and stimulate the necessary changes in the regions, in 2008, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Fund to Support Children in Difficult Life Situations was created. The Fund is a new modern tool for pursuing social policy in the interests of children and families with children in difficult life situations, in the conditions of division of powers between the center and the regions.

The mission of the Foundation is to create a new management mechanism that allows, under the conditions of division of powers between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, to significantly reduce the prevalence of social disadvantage in children and families with children, and to stimulate the development of effective forms and methods of working with families and children in need of help.

Directions of the Fund’s activities for 2012-2015:

prevention of family dysfunction and social orphanhood of children, including prevention of child abuse, restoration of a family environment favorable for raising a child, family placement of orphans and children without parental care;
social support for families with disabled children to ensure the maximum possible development of such children in a family environment, their socialization, preparation for independent living and integration into society;
social rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law (who have committed offenses and crimes), prevention of neglect and homelessness of children, juvenile delinquency, including repeated.

The Fund for Support of Children in Difficult Life Situations focuses the attention of regions on the need to organize systematic, comprehensive and interdepartmental work with families and children and believes that a program-targeted approach is the most appropriate tool for organizing such work .

The next type of assistance provided by the state is social services for disabled children at home. Help at home is aimed at improving the level and quality of life of disabled people, finding children in their usual habitat - at home, protecting their rights and legitimate interests. Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis.

Specialized departments providing home services are created at social service centers. Social workers visit their clients several times a week. The list of services provided in this case is quite wide. This could be, firstly, the organization of meals, everyday life and leisure.

Secondly, social – medical, sanitary – hygienic services (assistance in medical care, rehabilitation measures, provision of medicines, provision of psychological assistance, hospitalization, etc.).

Thirdly, assistance in obtaining education for people with disabilities in accordance with their physical capabilities and mental abilities.

Fourthly, legal services (assistance in preparing documents, assistance in obtaining benefits and advantages established by current legislation, etc.). As well as assistance in organizing funeral services .

Children can receive social services in specialized institutions on a stationary and semi-stationary basis. On the basis of full state support, services are provided to disabled people, orphans, children whose parents have been deprived of parental rights, have been convicted, declared incompetent, are under long-term treatment, and also in cases where the whereabouts of the parents have not been established. For a period of no more than one year, children of single mothers, unemployed people, refugees, and internally displaced persons can be admitted to hospitals.

Inpatient care for children is provided in orphanages, boarding schools, sanatorium-type orphanages, correctional orphanages (including correctional psychological ones), and special orphanages (for children with disabilities). These institutions perform the functions of creating favorable conditions, close to home, conducive to the mental, emotional and physical development of the individual. There medical, psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation of children are carried out; mastering educational programs, training and education; ensuring the protection and promotion of the health of pupils; protection of the rights of their interests.

Social service institutions have day and night departments. Here minors can receive semi-stationary social services.

Day care units for children and adolescents are being created in comprehensive social service centers. In their free time from school, children attend the day care department, where rehabilitation groups of 5 to 10 people are staffed. The activities of rehabilitation groups are carried out on the basis of group programs that take into account individual rehabilitation programs for minors.

During their stay in the day care department, children and adolescents are provided with hot meals and medicines. In the day care departments there are premises for a medical office and a psychological assistance office, for conducting educational classes, leisure and club work, as well as a dining room .

The issue of street children also remains problematic. To solve this problem, the state created specialized institutions that provide temporary shelter for children.

It is important to note that providing temporary shelter to children in difficult life situations contributes to prevention and, in many ways, prevents the neglect of minors. For these purposes, specialized temporary stay institutions are created - these are social rehabilitation centers for minors, social shelters for children, and assistance centers for children without parental care. Minors are kept in such institutions for the time necessary to provide social assistance and (or) social rehabilitation and resolve issues of their further placement. Children (from 3 to 18 years old) are accepted around the clock; they can apply independently, at the initiative of their parents (their legal representatives) .

What functions do temporary residence institutions perform? First of all, this is assistance in restoring the social status of a minor in a group of peers at the place of study or residence. Promoting the return of children to their families, providing social, psychological and other assistance to children and their parents. Organization of medical care and training, assistance in vocational guidance and obtaining a specialty, etc. Institutions such as social shelters, together with bodies and institutions of education, healthcare, internal affairs and other organizations, carry out activities to identify children in need of emergency social assistance. Assist guardianship and trusteeship authorities in placing minors without parental care .

The next type of social assistance is rehabilitation services. Various categories of children need them: disabled people, juvenile delinquents, neglected children, street children, etc.

The rehabilitation process is a complex process that includes a whole range of measures: medical, psychological, and professional rehabilitation. Such measures are aimed at preserving and restoring the health of the child and his life support environment.

One of the main directions of rehabilitation is preferential provision of disabled children with prostheses, orthopedic products, and mobility aids - wheelchairs. Today there are about 200 manufacturing enterprises of technical equipment necessary for the rehabilitation of disabled people. It is no secret that rehabilitation services in our country are at a rather low level - there are not sufficient funds to provide free services to all citizens in need; there are few enterprises specializing in the development and production of prosthetic and orthopedic products; The quality of such products also often leaves much to be desired.

Legislation guarantees disabled children the right to free access to professions, which is implemented in 42 special educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, where over 7 thousand people study. Training is also carried out in general education institutions. As part of secondary vocational education, training is provided in modern specialties related to management, finance, banking, social security organization, etc.

Disabled children of preschool age receive rehabilitation services in general preschool institutions, and if this is excluded due to the state of their health, then in special preschool institutions. The maintenance of disabled children in preschool and general education institutions is carried out at the expense of the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

It is important to note that if it is impossible to educate and educate disabled children in general or special preschool and general education institutions, education of disabled children, with the consent of their parents, is carried out at home according to a full general education or individual program. Training is carried out, as a rule, by the educational institution closest to the place of residence of the disabled child. During the course of study, the educational institution provides free textbooks, educational and reference literature available in the library of the educational institution. Based on the results of training, a state-issued document on the appropriate education is issued .

Thus, the principle of priority in providing social services to minors has been proclaimed at the state level. It is obvious that caring for the younger generation is one of the main tasks of the state. After all, timely assistance helps to return a child who finds himself in a difficult life situation to the mainstream of a normal, fulfilling life. At the same time, the material well-being, spiritual development and moral health of the younger generation are decisive. Ignoring assigned tasks is immoral.

Pronin A.A. Social and legal protection of childhood in Russia // Issues of juvenile justice. - 2009. - N 6. - P. 4.

Omigov V.I. Features of combating juvenile delinquency // Russian justice. - 2012. - N 1. - P. 24.

Social support - in the most general sense - is information that leads a person to the belief that he is loved, valued, cared for, that he is a member of a social network and has mutual obligations with it. Social support is defined as the exchange of resources between people.

Social support of the population is a system of measures providing social guarantees to certain categories of citizens established by laws and other regulatory legal acts, with the exception of pensions. The presented definition is based on the provisions of Federal Law No. 122-FZ “On Amendments to Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and Recognition of Invalidity of Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Adoption of Federal Laws “On Amendments and Additions to the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Legislative Acts” (representative) and executive authorities of the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation", adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation on August 5, 2004. . Before the adoption of this law, in the scientific, legal and business literature, as well as in regulatory documents, social support was interpreted as one-time and (or) episodic measures of a short-term nature.

Social support for the family is also considered as assistance in cash and in kind, which is provided taking into account legally established guarantees for social security.

There are the following types of social support for families:

1. emotional, intimate - caring for another, trust and empathy for him;

2. instrumental (material) - financial assistance, provision of resources;

3. informational - assistance in resolving the problem by offering important information and advice;

4. feedback or support in the form of evaluation - evaluation of performance after the problem is resolved.

Social support networks play a special role. Social support networks are structures that can provide assistance to a person or family. Our country has created a whole network of institutions providing social assistance to families and children. In the Chelyabinsk region there is a wide network of institutions whose activities are aimed at providing social support and assistance to families and children. These are 55 educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (orphanages and boarding schools), 23 specialized institutions for minors in need of social rehabilitation (social shelters and social rehabilitation centers), 3 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities, 2 centers for social assistance to families and children and 1 crisis center for women.

Family social support is a complex process that includes three parts:

1. search for social support (the family’s ability to find people willing to help);

2. the presence of a social support network (structures capable of providing support);

3. perception of social support (the family’s ability to accept help from others).

The Russian family needs support from the state and society, but such support from the state and society cannot be reduced only to material, economic (monetary or in kind) assistance, it must include assistance in organizing other possible needs of the family, in resolving any problems and crisis situations of any nature, not just economic. As noted by P.D. Pavlenok, the most promising is a balanced combination of monetary and non-monetary types of assistance.

The family is a full-fledged institution of social education. In order to preserve and develop the social functions of the family, the state develops and implements family policy, which includes two main tasks: on the one hand, it is aimed at stabilizing the situation of the family, creating real preconditions for the positive dynamics of its life support processes, and on the other hand, at creating an effective social protection systems for socially vulnerable families.

Social support for families is a set of measures to provide assistance to certain groups of families who are temporarily in difficult economic situations by providing them with information, financial resources, loans, training and retraining and other benefits. The hallmarks of social support are temporary or partial; active participation of the person in need in solving the problem; use of the principle of repayment of allocated financial resources. An integral element of social support for a family is social assistance. According to Russian legislation, “state social assistance is the provision to low-income families, low-income citizens living alone ... of social benefits, social supplements to pensions, subsidies, social services and vital goods. Recipients of state social assistance can be low-income families and low-income citizens living alone who have an average per capita income below the subsistence level established in the relevant constituent entity of the Russian Federation"

To date, the following main forms of state assistance to families with children have been established and are in effect:

Cash payments to families for children in connection with their birth, maintenance and upbringing (pensions, benefits, subsidies);

Labor, tax, housing, medical, credit and other benefits for parents and children;

Social services for families (providing social services and advisory assistance), etc.

Russian legislation also defines social support measures to which a family in difficult life situations is entitled:

1. One-time targeted financial assistance to citizens in difficult life situations

2. Monthly cash payment to families consisting exclusively of disabled people who have not worked since childhood.

3. Providing children of the first and second year of life with special dairy products of baby food.

4. Providing meals to children studying in municipal educational institutions without charging a fee.

5. One-time targeted financial assistance for the repair of residential premises.

Currently, it is impossible to follow the path of eliminating poverty through additional payments from the budget to all families with incomes below the official subsistence level. Social assistance in modern conditions can only be specific and provided in an individual form as a targeted one. Only in this case can the very limited funds for social protection be used optimally.

Social protection bodies cover all categories of families: low-income, single-parent, large, disadvantaged and at-risk families.

The main directions for social protection of families and children are:

1) prevention of family troubles and social orphanhood with the introduction of modern technologies;

2) comprehensive material support for families and children, including low-income and large families;

3) organization of work on recreation and health improvement of children.

A special category of clients are families at risk or in a socially dangerous situation. In 2011, 7,000 families were registered in Chelyabinsk; in 2010, the number of such families was 6,984. The Family and Children Assistance Departments of Municipal Institutions, the Integrated Center for Social Services for the City Population, perform the primary function of identifying such families, their social patronage, and selecting a rehabilitation program.

It is necessary to identify problematic, dysfunctional families at an early stage, when intervention can be especially effective, to intensify work with such families, and to develop family educational groups in shelters and social rehabilitation centers for minors.

In total, 2 billion 724.1 million rubles are allocated to assist in the growth of real incomes of families with children in 2011 in the Chelyabinsk region. Of these, more than 1 billion rubles are allocated annually for the payment of monthly child benefits, and 121 million rubles for a one-time benefit for the birth of a child. More than 330 thousand families with children will receive benefits.

The system of providing subsidies for housing and utility bills (including targeted subsidies in connection with the increase in utility bills in 2011), which is one of the types of state social assistance, helps protect low-income families from growing debts for housing payments. utilities, and, ultimately, from losing their home. More than 1 billion rubles are allocated annually for these purposes. More than 100 thousand families receive subsidies in the region.

Ensuring social security for low-income citizens and families, citizens in difficult life situations, is facilitated by the payment of a one-time social benefit. This year, the amount of funding for its payment will be 19.5 million rubles.

The main goal of social support for families is to mobilize the internal forces of the family to overcome the crisis. The specific content of social support for a family in each individual case is determined by its individual characteristics: structure, financial situation, the nature of internal relationships, the specifics of problems, the degree of their severity, the aspect of disadvantage.

The family is a society in miniature, on the integrity of which the security of the entire large human society depends. It is possible to achieve a revival of the authority of the Russian family, strengthening basic family values and traditions by improving family policy, developing the content of social support for the family, spiritual and moral education of the population, improving social relations, introducing children and youth to family values, through preserving cultural traditions and studying genealogy. Without strong and strong families there will never be a strong and strong state. The main goal of state social support for families and children is the well-being of the family. State family policy must constantly develop and improve, based on scientific research, introduce new state standards, form new mechanisms for interaction with the family, thereby providing the necessary conditions for the family to realize its basic functions.

The I-Parent portal tells you which children may find themselves in difficult life situations, what are the reasons for getting into such situations, and what ways to solve the problems of such children exist in Russia.

The modern world is extremely unstable and full of change. Adults sometimes fall into a state of stress in conditions of an unstable economic situation, an increase in crime, and the need to worry about what will happen tomorrow. This, of course, cannot but affect the children.

A child's perception is very different from an adult's. Sometimes a mere trifle can turn into a real tragedy, greatly upsetting and traumatizing a little person. As a result, the child finds himself in a difficult situation, and it is important for adults to understand how they can help him survive the pain that the child has to face due to various life circumstances.

Causes of difficult life situations in children

One of the main reasons for the emergence of the category “children in difficult life situations” is family dysfunction, namely:

drug addiction or alcoholism in the family;
low material security, poverty;
conflicts between parents and relatives;
child abuse, domestic violence.

Causes of family dysfunction

Reproduction of patterns of interaction and behavior adopted in the parental family.
A fatal combination of life circumstances, as a result of which the entire structure and conditions of existence of the family changes. For example, sudden death, disability of one of the family members.
Changes in the surrounding world, entailing changes in each family system. For example, economic crisis, wars, etc.

1. Children without parental care

The number of orphans is increasing in direct proportion to the decline in socio-economic well-being in the country. Children are left without parental care for a number of reasons. Most often this is deprivation of parental rights.

Reasons for deprivation of parental rights:

failure to fulfill parental responsibilities or abuse of them,
presence of domestic violence,
presence of chronic drug addiction or alcoholism in the family,
commission by a parent of a crime against the life and health of his child or spouse.

Thus, children can be left without parental care and end up in an orphanage if staying in a family becomes dangerous for their lives.

The primary task of society is the early identification of families that are at risk, assistance to such families and their support, and the desire to preserve the blood family for the child. Sometimes a simple conversation with a neighbor who has begun to often appear at the entrance while intoxicated can prevent the development of a real catastrophe.

Of course, the dream of any child who has lost his parents and ended up in an orphanage and the best outcome of the situation for him is to find a new family, to find a mother, father and his own home again.

Nowadays, infants are most often adopted, while older children and teenagers have a chance to be placed under guardianship or guardianship. Recently, there has been such a form of guardianship as a “foster family.” By law, adoptive parents in such a family have the right to financial compensation due for raising a child. In addition, every month such a family is paid a child care allowance, which is an additional factor in attracting people who are ready to take custody of a child from an orphanage to solve this problem.

2. Children with disabilities (those who have developmental disabilities: mental and/or physical)

The causes of childhood disability can be disorders of intrauterine development caused by genetic factors, the lifestyle of parents (drug addiction, alcoholism and other types of deviations); birth injuries, as well as subsequent injuries of various origins.

Children with special needs often live and study at home. Currently, inclusive education has been developed, in which children with disabilities have the opportunity to live and study in the same environment with their peers.

Very often, the appearance of a child with a disability in a family leads to its disintegration. Men leave the family, unable to withstand the additional difficulties and problems associated with raising a special child. At the same time, it is obvious that raising such a child requires exorbitant efforts from a woman left alone.

Characteristics of families with disabled children:

poverty: caring for a sick child requires, in addition to large material costs, a large amount of personal time, so many have to give up high-paying jobs in favor of work with a more flexible schedule and convenient location;
isolation from society: difficulty visiting entertainment places and events due to insufficient readiness of society to accept children with disabilities and poor technical support for the needs of people with disabilities;
difficulties in obtaining education and profession. To carry out educational and professional activities, special children need special conditions. In addition, they often encounter rejection and bullying among their peers.

Currently, social projects and programs are being developed for the socialization and adaptation of disabled children, teaching them work skills, and programs are being introduced to integrate them into the environment of healthy peers. An important factor is the identification of various defects at an early stage of children's development. Nowadays, throughout the country there is an early assistance service for children under three years of age, where parents with children with developmental disabilities or at risk can apply. Consequences of identifying defects at an early stage of child development:

preventing the development of secondary disorders in the development of children,
revealing the rehabilitation potential of the family in providing support to the child, providing advisory assistance to the family itself,
social adaptation and inclusion of the child among peers at an early stage,
completing earlier preparation for studying according to the school curriculum, reducing difficulties in subsequent learning.

The implementation of such social programs and projects requires the active participation of all of us and a sincere desire to change the attitude of our society towards disability. Everyone can help, for example, look after a child in the absence of parents, or help mothers of children with developmental disabilities find employment to the best of their ability.

And we must start with the fact that we should all try to understand and accept the simple truth: not being like me does not mean bad.

There is nothing shameful or shameful about disability, and we should teach this to our children. And most importantly, this can happen in every family, regardless of age, place of residence and income level! It is important not to look away embarrassedly from the boy in the wheelchair, but to be able to explain to your child that all people are different and some are less fortunate, but this does not mean that he is less worthy of respect, attention and communication. You can support families raising disabled children - in word and deed. Without a doubt, any help (both psychological support and material participation) is very necessary and invaluable for them!

3. Children who have become victims of interethnic (including armed) conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children in extreme conditions

Essentially, these children are victims of extreme conditions, i.e. situations that go beyond normal human experience. The source of childhood trauma is often another person - this includes terrorist acts, attacks, local wars.

In the modern world, the number of such children, unfortunately, is growing. The primary task in times of emergency is to place children in a safe place and provide them with everything they need, from personal hygiene products to the opportunity to receive an education. After all, often, finding themselves on the street and losing a roof over their heads, children are forced to independently provide themselves with everything they need, which can lead them to the path of crime.

The main problem of such children is that very little attention is paid to their experiences associated with a change of place of residence. But they are faced with a number of issues that are not easily resolved even by adults. Along with their place of residence, children need to change school, social circle, usual places of recreation and entertainment, and adapt to a new environment. Often children who find themselves in extreme situations lose close relatives and even parents. Undoubtedly, they all experience loss.

In the future, such children experience difficulties in communication, their overall development is hampered, and their academic performance and interest in life decrease. Children in extreme conditions need qualified help from psychologists in overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder.

4. Children who have been subjected to violence, including in the family

An abused child lives with deep trauma from an early age. The child, as a rule, carefully hides the cause of the injury from others; the pain from the injury can torment him for the rest of his life.

Types of violence:

physical violence when a child is beaten, and there may be traces of beating on the body, or they are not fed,
sexual violence,

psychological abuse when a child is humiliated in every possible way, isolated, lied to and threatened.

Consequences of violence:

Children develop anxiety and various fears,
children may be subject to feelings of guilt, shame,
children do not know how to navigate their feelings and emotions,
In adulthood, children often face a number of difficulties when creating their own family.

The main role in helping child victims of violence is played by early identification of this difficult situation. We need to be more attentive to the children around us in order to notice that the child may be depressed or upset.

First of all, this applies to the child’s parents. It is extremely important for parents to be in close contact with their children. It is very useful to discuss with your child what he does outside the home, with whom he communicates, and it is important to maintain a trusting relationship so that he does not hesitate to tell at home if someone behaves with him differently than is customary in his family. It is necessary to pay attention to even minor changes in the child’s behavior. Sudden tears, loss of appetite and other changes are a good reason for a confidential conversation. In order to prevent violence against children, you can develop their self-defense skills by playing small riddle games. For example, you can ask: “What would you do if a stranger offered you a ride in a car?” A good activity for spending time together is to draw together with your child reminder sheets with basic safety rules: do not leave with strangers, do not open the door for strangers, keep your parents informed of your whereabouts, etc. In particular, it is worth paying special attention to any manifestations of childhood aggression directed both at oneself and at others, try to identify its causes and prevent it from getting worse.

The worst thing that can happen to a little person is violence against him in the family, when it seems to him that no one will ever protect him, there is no one to complain to. After all, the tormentors are his closest people, his parents, who for personal reasons became alcoholics, drug addicts, religious fanatics, or are mentally ill people.

A big role in such situations is played by where children can call without fear of exposure. Everyone can and should report situations of domestic violence that we witness: relatives, neighbors, school psychologists and teachers.

5. Children serving a sentence of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions

As a rule, such children are characterized by a desire for deviant behavior, or deviant behavior, i.e. behavior that does not correspond to the norms accepted in society.

Levels of behavioral deviation:

pre-criminal level– these are minor offenses, consumption of alcohol and psychoactive substances, leaving home;
criminal level- this is an extreme case of deviant behavior - delinquent behavior that can lead a child to criminal offenses.

Reasons for deviations in behavior:

socio-pedagogical neglect, specifics of education;
family dysfunction, as a result of which the child experiences deep psychological discomfort;
personal characteristics of the child: developmental deviations, transitional stages of growing up;
insufficient opportunity for self-realization and self-expression;
neglect.

In helping this category of children it is extremely important prevention and prevention manifestations of deviant behavior in the early stages of its manifestation. Here the main role is given to parents and teachers, since their duty is to treat children with due attention. In the modern world, the most common types of deviant behavior are represented by various forms of addictions - alcohol, tobacco, drugs, computer. In order to know how to behave in a situation if your child is susceptible to addiction, we recommend watching the following videos:

If a crisis situation arises in the life of a child or in his family, it is necessary to turn to qualified specialists for help and support as soon as possible. For children, teenagers, as well as their parents, there is a number they can call if necessary.

In practice, social assistance to children who find themselves in difficult situations consists of constant work with their families when they are unfavorable. The main type of such assistance is social support for the child and his family. Accompaniment is social assistance, including pedagogical and psychological assistance. Accompanying is also called patronage. This is a whole comprehensive system of psychological, pedagogical and social assistance provided by social service specialists. But each of us can help a child in a difficult life situation. You just have to stop, don’t pass by and don’t turn away from the little person in trouble.

Sooner or later, every person experiences significant events in life that throw them out of their usual rut and deprive them of confidence in themselves and the future. There can be plenty of reasons for feeling lost and empty: sudden loss of loved ones, work, other shocks. Help in a difficult life situation lies, first of all, in purposeful work with feelings, which should gradually lead to internal healing.

The main danger of such situations is that they always happen unexpectedly, leading to a dead end and depriving one of moral strength. A person is not ready to immediately accept the circumstances of life that led him to an internal crisis. A certain amount of time must pass for complete recovery. It is necessary to comprehend what happened, which cannot happen instantly. Thus, a whole complex of emotional reactions arises, leading to deep emotional experiences. In this article we will look at various life situations that lead to a state of powerful intrapersonal crisis, and we will try to answer the question of whether in this situation.

Loss of loved ones

This includes the death of relatives. Perhaps this is the most difficult case, since the event is completely irreversible. If the financial situation can, if desired, be improved over time, then all you need to do is come to terms with it. How does your loved one feel? Confusion, depression, emptiness, acute unbearable pain. At the moment of grief, interest in what is happening around is lost, the person is focused on himself and his feelings. Usually quite a lot of time passes before a person finally accepts the loss and learns to live without the deceased. Help in a difficult life situation should consist of several stages.

Listening. Here, the psychologist or psychotherapist must provide the client with the opportunity to speak without restrictions and any framework. The individual needs to throw out his emotions, speak out completely, and then it will become a little easier. At this moment it is so important to feel that someone needs you and cares.

Active work of grief- the next difficult stage, which should lead a person to accept what happened. This requires deep work with feelings. A competent specialist will ask questions about whether the person understands what is happening to him, about how he feels at the moment.

Making plans for the future. A vision of prospects is necessary, if only because a person cannot live without hope and faith in the best. Helping those in difficult life situations must necessarily be accompanied by developing a vision of future life, as the person can imagine it.

Loss of a loved one

Despite the external similarity with the previous case, the situation in this context may be very different. If the loss of relatives and loved ones is almost always associated with death, then the loss of a loved one can also occur as a result of divorce or infidelity. For many, it is synonymous with the devaluation of life. In this situation, the help of a specialist psychologist is important and necessary in order to help the individual find strength for future life and activities.

Help in a difficult life situation like this should be built on the gradual building of long-term perspectives. It is necessary to explain to a man or woman that life does not end there.

Teenage pregnancy

Having children is not always a joy for young people who have not yet reached adulthood themselves. This news can come as a shock to both teenagers and their parents. Fear is caused by the unwillingness to become parents and take responsibility for raising a child. On top of everything else, often there are also material problems associated with a lack of money. Help for pregnant women and families in difficult situations must be provided immediately, otherwise there is a risk of complications: abortions, abandoned children. Participation is not only desirable, but also mandatory.

Military operations in the home country

War brings great tragedies in life. Whatever it is, there is always destruction and, above all, of a psychological nature. Moral oppression, the inability to understand what is happening and where this world is heading, literally overwhelms a person and does not allow him to see the truth. When a big disaster happens, it seems that there is no one to turn to, all ideas are turned upside down, you understand that you cannot expect help from the state. The feeling of powerlessness gives rise to helplessness, self-absorption and inner bitterness. There are cases where, even after the cessation of hostilities, many people were never able to fully recover from a serious shock.

Help in a difficult life situation, which, without a doubt, is war, should be aimed at restoring mental balance. We need a conversation about feelings, various outbursts of emotions so that a person does not get stuck at a certain stage. First of all, you need to minimize the consequences of the stress you have experienced. The consulting psychologist needs to support the client in every possible way, aiming him at a long-term vision of his life.

Moving to another country as a result of any events

Migration is not always associated with military operations in the home country. Even in peacetime, adapting to new living conditions can be very difficult. Lack of money, the need to fill out documents, difficulties - all this does not have the best effect on the mental state of people. If difficulties cannot be overcome for a long time, many subsequently develop apathy, lethargy, and reluctance to do anything. Help in difficult life situations, discussion of problems should occur systematically, until the situation is completely resolved.

Dismissal from work

This can happen to anyone. We get so used to certain living conditions that under some changing circumstances we begin to feel uncomfortable. Someone, when losing a job, panics and loses How to behave and what to do in this situation? After all, this undermines self-confidence; a person is afraid to try something.

What should psychotherapeutic help be directed towards? First of all, to build long-term and short-term goals. It is important to explain to the client that losing a job is not the end of the world, but an opportunity to start a new life, build it in accordance with your goals and aspirations.

Medical rehabilitation

While a person is healthy, he does not feel how difficult it is for those who are bedridden. Help in difficult life situations for seriously ill patients must be carried out systematically. How to do it? Show increased attention to their desires and take into account the lack of communication. Think about how you can help your neighbor, friends or parents.

Disasters

This includes earthquakes, floods, fires, and terrorist attacks. In all these incidents, a person becomes overwhelmed by circumstances. Someone is left homeless, without food and warm clothing. How can you not lose faith in yourself and your capabilities? This is what a difficult life situation can lead to. Overcoming difficulties begins with the desire to change something in yourself, and then in the world around you.

Thus, it is important for a person in difficult living conditions to provide psychological assistance as soon as possible: moral support, financial assistance, and assurance that all the problems he has encountered have a solution.