History of creation

Description and analysis

Historical reference

Description of the painting “Duel of Peresvet with Chelubey on the Kulikovo Field” by M. Avilov

This painting is one of the most significant in the work of M.A. Avilov. The plot of the canvas is a historical battle between the Russian hero Peresvet and the Tatar warrior Chelubey, which preceded the start of the Battle of Kulikovo.

The warriors who fought in this duel died, but Peresvet is considered the winner - since his horse was able to take its owner to the Russian troops, while Chelubey was knocked out of the saddle.

History of creation

The monumental historical canvas was painted by Avilov during the Great Patriotic War, during the period of events associated with the defense of Stalingrad and the battles on the Kursk Bulge. The artist conceived the idea for the work long before this. Back in 1917, Avilov exhibited his painting “The Departure of the Tatar Cheli-Bey for Single Combat with Peresvet” to the viewer. However, then the artist was dissatisfied with his creation. At the start of the Great Patriotic War, Avilov was almost sixty years old. However, the artist resolutely went to the military registration and enlistment office. True, they told him that his duty as an artist was not to fight with weapons in his hands, but to support the patriotic spirit of Soviet soldiers through his creative talent and brush.

In the fall of 1942, the artist returned to Moscow from evacuation. Here he was presented with a spacious workshop in which he could work on a large canvas. In December, intense work began on the painting that later became widely known. The artist worked on creating the canvas with great inspiration and care. In order to make the work historically accurate, Avilov made a large number of sketches of weapons and costumes, which were stored in the Central Historical Museum. While working on the painting, he also completed several large sketches on the theme of the Battle of Kulikovo. The famous monumental painting was painted in six months.

Description and analysis

In the description of his own painting, Avilov noted that the composition of the work is quite simple. The central place in it is occupied by the mighty figures of horses rearing up. Peresvet (left) and Chelubey (right) are sitting on them.

The main characters are depicted in close-up and suppress the secondary images in the painting. The extraordinary height and strength of the heroes colliding in a duel are deliberately exaggerated by the artist, brought to a pathetic, epic sound. The rearing figures of horses are raised above the plain like a pyramid. Crossing them, the powerful figures of two warriors are pushed to the sides, emphasizing the hostility of the duel.

The intensity of the painting reaches its maximum in the depiction of the central figures, while the opposing armies are painted in a deliberately pale manner in the background. Flowing manes and bared mouths make the horses look terrifying. Chelubey’s painted shield and the colorful blanket of his horse are emphasized against the general background of the painting. The steel armor of Peresvet gleams in the sun.

Opponents strike each other with spears at great speed. The armor cannot withstand the force of the blows, and the spears, piercing them, plunge into the bodies of the heroes. Chelubey flies out of the saddle from the blow of the Russian hero. Red malachai falls from his head. Peresvet also moved back a little. His posture indicates extreme tension, and his eyes are fixed with hatred on the defeated enemy.

Avilov conveys the state of the soldiers of the opposing armies to the right and left of the center of the composition through the play of colors. The gray, strict color scheme on the left side of the picture personifies endurance and confidence in the superiority and victory of the Russian army. The Russians are watching the fight with anxiety, but they stand calmly and confidently, like a granite rock. No movement is noticeable in their camp.

In front is Prince Dmitry Donskoy on a white horse. During the Kulikovo battle he will be shell-shocked, but will remain alive.

The variegated and bright colors used to depict the Tatar-Mongol army emphasize the enemy’s uncertainty and his anxiety about the end of the fight.

Avilov’s painting is full of expression and tense anticipation of the outcome: mighty horses rose up, riders hit each other with sharp spears - the author convincingly conveyed the feeling of the highest tension in the duel of two heroes.

Historical reference

The Battle of Kulikovo Field is a battle between Russian regiments led by Prince Dmitry and the Horde army led by Khan Mamai. This event became a turning point in the confrontation between the Russian people and the Golden Horde. As a result of the battle, a decisive blow was dealt to the strength of the Golden Horde, which subsequently led to its collapse.

In the summer of 1380, the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich learned about the offensive of the Horde army. He addressed the Russian militia with a call to gather to provide a decisive rebuff to the enemy. In Kolomna, about two hundred thousand militia gathered in response to his call. On September 8, 1380, the opponents fought to the death on the Kulikovo Field.

The famous painting by Mikhail Avilov tells the viewer not only about the fateful historical event, which received two names from historians - the Battle of the Don and the Battle of Mamaev, but about a specific episode - the duel between Peresvet and Chelubey, which served as the beginning of the entire battle and became its symbolic personification.

In this story, the personality of the warrior Peresvet, the legendary warrior monk, is surprising. Peresvet is a warrior monk, monk of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized him as a saint.

Chelubey (Chelibey) is a Turkic hero from the troops of Mamai. The name Chelubey is of Turkic origin. According to legend, Chelubey was distinguished by incredible strength and high skill in military training.

In a fierce duel, Peresvet was able to deceive Chelubey, albeit at the cost of his own life. Chelubey's trick was that he had a longer spear than his opponents. Thanks to this, he was able to pierce his opponent faster, and he himself remained alive. However, before the start of the fight, Peresvet took off his chain mail. Because of this, the spear of the Turkic hero plunged deeply into his chest, but could not knock him out of the saddle. Having reduced the distance between himself and the enemy in this way, the mortally wounded Peresvet was able to reach the insidious enemy with his spear...

Recently, during an interview with His Holiness the Patriarch, I noticed a painting hanging in his reception room. This was the original of Pavel Ryzhenko’s painting “Victory of Peresvet”. The canvas depicts the famous fight between the invincible Tatar-Mongol hero Chelubey and our Alexander Peresvet, a monk who, with the special blessing of St. Sergius of Radonezh, went out with his brother Andrei Oslyabey to battle on the Kulikovo field.

The great wisdom and insight of the remarkable Russian saint, St. Sergius, was manifested in the very essence of this fight. It was a battle between the forces of light and the forces of darkness. And this is not a figurative expression at all, but the very essence of the events that occurred on September 8, 1380.

When we stood in front of this picture, one of the abbots of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra told us the following story. There is a monk in the monastery who, in his youth, like many then, was fascinated by Eastern spiritual traditions and martial arts. When perestroika began, he and his friends decided to go to Tibet to enter some Buddhist monastery. Since 1984, when the monasteries of Tibet were opened for access, albeit with limited quotas, many foreigners began to come there. And it must be said frankly that the attitude towards foreigners in the monasteries was extremely bad: after all, this is Tibetan national spirituality. Our future monk and his friends were disappointed: they were so eager for this sublime teaching, for this brotherhood, spiritual exploits, mantras and prayers. This attitude continued until the Tibetans learned that they were facing Russians. They began to talk among themselves, and the word “Peresvet” was heard in the conversation. They began to find out, and it turned out that the name of this Russian monk was written in a special holy book, where their most important spiritual events were recorded. The victory of Peresvet is listed there as an event that fell out of the usual course of things.

It turns out that Chelubey was not just an experienced warrior and hero - he was a Tibetan monk who was trained not only in the Tibetan martial arts system, but also mastered the ancient practice of martial magic - Bon-po. As a result, he reached the heights of this initiation and achieved the status of “immortal”. The phrase “Bon-po” can be translated as “school of combat magic speech,” that is, the art of fighting in which the effectiveness of fighting techniques increases infinitely by attracting the power of powerful entities of the other world - demons (demons) through magical spells. As a result, a person lets in the “power of the beast”, or, more simply put, turns into a single being with the demon, a kind of symbiosis of man and demon, becoming possessed. The payment for such a service is the immortal soul of a person, which even after death will not be able to free itself from these terrible posthumous embraces of the forces of darkness.

It was believed that such a warrior monk was practically invincible. The number of such Tibetan warriors chosen by spirits has always been extremely small; they were considered a special phenomenon in the spiritual practice of Tibet. That is why Chelubey was put up for single combat with Peresvet - in order to spiritually break the Russians even before the battle began.

In the famous painting by V. M. Vasnetsov, both warriors are depicted in armor, which distorts the deep meaning of what was happening. Pavel Ryzhenko wrote this story more accurately: Peresvet went into battle without armor - in the vestments of a Russian monk of the great schema and with a spear in his hand. Therefore, he himself received a serious wound from Chelubey. But he killed the “immortal”. This caused complete confusion for the Tatar army: something happened before their eyes that, in principle, could not happen. The usual course of things was disrupted and the immutable laws of the pagan world were shaken.

And to this day, servants of the spirits of darkness, masters of martial arts, keep the memory that there are certain “Russians” who have their own God, whose power is irresistible. And this Russian God is higher than all their gods, and the warriors of this God are invincible.

Battle of Kulikovo, 1380

Battle of Kulikovo Field- battle between united Russian troops under the command of the Moscow prince Dmitry Ivanovich and the troops of the Golden Horde, subordinate to the beklyarbek Mama. This battle was very important to history in many ways and was probably the largest battle of the fourteenth century and the first major Russian victory over the Mongols.

Mongol invasion of Rus'

In 1237, the Mongol troops led by Batu invaded the territory of the Ryazan principality. Three years later, most of Rus', with the exception of the Novgorod principality, lay in ruins. The Mongol invasion, according to historians, delayed the full development of Rus' for more than 2 centuries.

Unlike the Mongol campaigns in Europe, after the end of hostilities the Mongols took over most of Rus' and forced the local inhabitants to pay tribute. Novgorod, despite the fact that it managed to avoid the fate of Kyiv and Vladimir, was also forced to pay a large tribute to the Mongol khans. Novgorod was also subjected to numerous Mongol-Tatar raids over the course of 50 years.

The direction is starting to change

Opposition to the Mongols took a different direction in 1252, when Prince Andrey Yaroslavovich led his troops against the Tatars near Pereslavl-Zalessky. But the real result was achieved in 1285, when the prince Dmitry Aleksandrovich was able to drive the Tatars out of the Novgorod lands.

From 1269, Russian princes actually began to be recruited by the Mongols into their armies, and Russians fought on the side of some of the khans of the Golden Horde. The direction of the Russian struggle was still clearly defined, and as of 1270 the number of Russian troops had increased significantly. European influences became increasingly evident, and the combination of fighting styles contributed to the gradual success of the Russian army.

For example, horse archers were still a headache for many Western armies, and obvious examples were the unsuccessful attempts of the Germans and Scandinavians to expand their possessions into the Novgorod territories. European armor, weapons and artillery also became an important component in subsequent clashes between the Russians and the Mongols.

At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the weapons and armor of the Mongols became significantly outdated, while Russian military power increased. The importance of Moscow as a city has increased significantly, while Kyiv has decreased. It was the Muscovites, under the leadership of several inspiring leaders, who liberated Rus' from the Mongol yoke.

In the Battle of Kulikovo, the united Russian troops under the command Dmitry Ivanovich Moskovsky faced a much larger Tatar force, led by Mamai. Allies of Mamaia, Grand Duke Oleg Ryazansky and the Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania, were late for the battle.

Kulikovo, 1380

The Battle of Kulikovo took place on September 8 on the Kulikovo Field near the Don River. The Russian troops formed the traditional three lines, with reserves remaining in the rear, and the elite cavalry of Vladimir Andreevich, Prince of Serpukhov (Dmitry's cousin), hidden in ambush. Mamai also lined up his troops. In the middle was the infantry, consisting of Genoese mercenaries. On the flanks and behind the infantry were the Horde cavalry and other mercenaries. Behind them was a reserve.

The number of warriors who took part in the battle is the subject of much debate. For example, according to some estimates, the Mongol forces numbered about 250,000 soldiers. A number of 100-120 thousand Mongols and 70 thousand Russians is considered acceptable, but a more reasonable figure is about 70 thousand Mongols and 36 thousand Russians. Be that as it may, these numbers are still huge for the armies of that time.

A.P. Bubnov “Morning on the Kulikovo Field”

Thick fog covered the Kulikovo field on the morning of September 8, 1380. The fog cleared only at 11 o'clock in the morning, after which both armies moved forward towards each other.

The battle began with a duel between a Russian monk Alexander Peresvet and a Tatar knight named Chelubey. Both killed each other with spears on the first pass, although Russian legend says that Peresvet did not fall from his horse, unlike Chelubey. After the duel, the battle began and both sides suffered heavy losses. Peresvet subsequently became a hero and often his image became an example of courage.

M. A. Avilov “Duel of Peresvet with Chelubey on the Kulikovo Field”

Genoese infantry, supported by Tatar cavalry, attacked the leading Russian regiment, but the onslaught was contained. After the first attack was repulsed, the remnants of the regiment returned to the main Russian army. The Horde cavalry launched a powerful frontal attack along the entire Russian front line. Dmitry himself fought in the front ranks and received several blows to the body and head and was thrown off his horse twice. Only European-style armor saved his life.

Despite the ferocity of the attacks, the Russians stood firm in their positions and forced Mamai to send his reserves against the Russian left flank, hoping to break them apart. Despite the fierce resistance of Russian soldiers, the Horde managed to break through the Russian lines. Having lost most of their soldiers, the left wing began to retreat. Reserves did not save the situation. At about 2 o'clock the Horde entered the Russian rear, bypassing the main forces of the Russian army. Russian troops were in real danger of defeat.

At this moment, from an ambush, the cavalry of Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhovsky, led by Dmitry Bobrok- Prince Volynsky - attacked the Horde cavalry from the rear. This unexpected addition of fresh Russian troops radically changed the situation. From that moment on, Russian troops went on the offensive. Mamai's army fled, and its pursuit continued until late at night. The difficult battle lasted about four hours and ended in an absolute victory for the Russians. The troops of the Golden Horde were completely destroyed. Mamai fled to Crimea, where he was subsequently killed by his enemies. The reigns of the Horde passed to Tokhtamysh.

A high price was paid for the victory. Twelve princes and 483 boyars (the flower of the Russian army) were killed - this is 60% of all military leaders of the Russian army - plus a significant part of their armies. It took 7 days to honorably bury all the soldiers who fell in this battle.

After the battle, Dmitry Ivanovich received the nickname Donskoy, and then was canonized. The Battle of Kulikovo became one of the largest, if not the largest battle in the Middle Ages. More than one hundred thousand soldiers took part in it.

Aftermath of the battle

This victory marked the beginning of the end of Mongol rule in Rus', which officially ended in 1480 with a great Standing on the Ugra River. The Battle of Kulikovo was more important for the unification of Russian lands. According to one of the historians, the Russians went to the Kulikovo Field as citizens of various principalities, and returned as a united Russian people.

However, the fall of the Golden Horde was still far away. Just two years later, in 1382, Tokhtamysh attacked Rus' and Moscow was plundered and burned almost to the ground. Tokhtamysh was a great success as the Russians simply could not recruit enough men to fight him. This suggests that the Russians have not yet been able to fully compensate for the losses suffered on the Kulikovo Field. However, already in 1386 Dmitry Donskoy was able to lead a solid army against Novgorod. The fatal conflict with Tamerlane prevented Tokhtamysh from achieving further success in Russia. In 1399, the Russians suffered a serious defeat from the emir's troops Edigeya in the battle on the Vorskla River.

Ultimately, infighting among the Mongols and the unification of the Russians led to the final defeat of the Golden Horde and the fall of its capital Kazan. One of the most powerful states that were part of the former Golden Horde - the Crimean Tatars - subsequently even took the side of the Russians in many wars.

It is not so much the Battle of Kulikovo itself that is of great importance, since the Mongols quickly restored what they had lost. Rather, it became a symbol of the fight against the Mongols and was a source of inspiration for all subsequent campaigns against them. This was the first large-scale battle with the Mongols in which the Russians won a complete victory. The Battle of Kulikovo destroyed the myth of the invincibility of the Mongols in Rus', just like the Battle of Ain Jalut in the Middle East.

The site of the battle is marked by a temple-monument built according to the design of Alexei Shchusev. Warrior-monk Alexander Peresvet, who killed the Tatar knight Chelubey (also known as Temir-Mirza), but who himself died in this duel, became a hero after the battle.

We know well about the duel between the heroes Peresvet and Chelubey before the start of the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), thanks to a painting by the Soviet artist M.I. Avilov. The master wrote it in the tragic, turning point year of 1943 for the country, when it was important to support the spirit of the Soviet army and direct it to achieve victory in the holy war of liberation. After all, at one time the duel of heroes decided the outcome of the Battle of Kulikovo in favor of the Russians.

In that historic battle, both warriors died, but victory was recognized as Peresvet, who managed to ride his horse to the Russian regiments, and Chelubey, knocked out of the saddle, remained lying on the field.

The significance of the Battle of Kulikovo for the fate of the Russian state is very great, since the dominance of the Horde was then fundamentally shaken. The very outcome of the Battle of Kulikovo, according to historians, was predetermined by the result of the duel between the Russian and Tatar heroes.

It turns out that according to the laws established in ancient times, duels of the strongest warriors before battle were appointed only when a difficult or uncertain situation arose.

It was a kind of lot for choosing the attacking side. It is well known that the army that starts the battle first always suffers heavy losses. Therefore, the duel could be decisive for the outcome of the battle. The one of the participants who turned out to be the losing side doomed his army to great losses. What kind of situation in the relationship of opposing forces took place before the Battle of Kulikovo?

It turns out that the Russian and Tatar troops at that time were approximately equal in strength and had approximately the same number of soldiers. This did not make any of the armies want to attack first, since no one wanted to lose a significant part of their army. Therefore, the combat regiments stood opposite each other, awaiting action from the opposite side.

The Tatars had another reason for delaying the start of the battle - they were waiting for the army of the Lithuanian prince Jagiello, rushing to their aid. For the same reason, the Russians were interested in starting the battle as soon as possible, until the forces of the Tatars and Lithuanians united.

It was to resolve this situation of confrontation that the duel was started. From the Tatar army came the Pecheneg giant Murza Chelubey, a warrior of enormous strength who mastered the techniques of the ancient fight “Bonch-bo”.

He had already defeated his opponents more than 300 times in spear fights, using a cunning technique: thanks to his incredible strength, he took a spear 1 meter longer than his opponent’s spear in order to be able to hit the enemy first.

The mighty warrior Alexander Peresvet, a monk from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, volunteered from the Russians. Realizing that protection would not save him from a blow from a giant enemy, Peresvet did not wear chain mail to the fight in order to be more free in his movements. This is what helped him hit Chelubey.

When the riders approached in a fatal blow, the longer spear of the Pecheneg pierced Peresvet’s body, which was not protected by chain mail, right through, but did not knock him out of the saddle due to the low resistance of living flesh to iron. And Alexander’s spear, by reducing the distance between opponents, was able to kill the enemy and knock him out of the saddle.

The Russian hero remained alive for some time and found the strength to ride on horseback to the Russian army. Mamai saw that victory belonged to the Russian warrior, so he immediately threw his advanced cavalry into the attack.

The Battle of Kulikovo ended with the defeat of Mamaev’s army, the remnants of which the Russians pursued for many miles from the Kulikovo field.

For his feat of arms in the name of Rus', Peresvet was canonized; his memory is celebrated in the Cathedral of Tula Saints on September 22 according to the Julian calendar. The hero's grave has still not been found.

One of the greatest creations of the outstanding Russian and Soviet painter Mikhail Ivanovich Avilov is the painting “Duel on the Kulikovo Field”. This painting brought real fame and success to the artist. Thanks to her, Mikhail Avilov became a laureate of the 1st degree of the Stalin Prize.

The artist depicted the legendary battle of two heroes - Peresvet and Chelubey. Both warriors are depicted in the center of the picture, riding on horses. Anticipating a strong collision, the horses reared up. It is worth noting that the Russian warrior is depicted on the left, and the Tatar hero on the right. As we can see, Peresvet is dressed in a Russian shirt, on top of which there is chain mail with metal plates, and a white helmet gleams on the hero’s head. And the warrior has leather boots on his feet, which speak of his noble family.

The whole atmosphere of military action is beautifully conveyed with the help of colors and shades. So, behind Peresvet, Russian soldiers are depicted. Thanks to the artist’s skill, you can feel the mood of the Russian army. Using more gray, pale tones, the author of the picture allows you to feel the spirit of the Russian army. Confident, persistent Russian heroes are located on the left side of the picture. The warriors are anxiously awaiting the outcome of this important fight. But at the same time they are firm and strong. At the head of the army, Mikhail Avilov painted Dmitry Donskoy himself, seated on a white horse.

At the same time, Chelubey is depicted opposite Peresvet. In general, the entire right side of the picture is more saturated with bright colors. So, we can understand that the red malachai is about to fly off Chelubey’s shaved head. The Tatar warrior is also depicted large; his body, struck by a spear, will soon fall to the ground. And the army, which is located on the right side of the picture, in the background, is watching the process with anticipation and impatience. The artist masterfully conveys the feelings of the enemy with bright colors. Uncertainty, impatience - these are the feelings experienced by the enemy army. Fear and anxiety had already pierced them, because they had already predicted the outcome of the fight.

Of course, it should be noted that the figures of the heroes themselves are the central part of the picture. The artist depicts the warriors very large, as if he increases their height, thereby adding unprecedented strength to them.

It is enough to look into the face of the Russian warrior - Peresvet. His face seems to radiate incredible strength and power, which personify the spirit of the entire Russian army. At the same time, we do not see the face of the Tatar hero. The artist very poignantly conveyed the most intense moment of the fight - a clash that anticipated the entire course of the Battle of Kulikovo. As we know, in reality, both warriors died heroically in this battle. But victory remained with the Russian warrior, since his horse galloped with a dead body on the saddle to his army, and the body of the Tatar hero at the moment of the collision fell lifeless to the ground.

The painting by Mikhail Ivanovich Avilov is truly a treasure of Russian culture. She stunningly embodied one of the most important events in the history of Ancient Rus'.

Description of the painting: Duel of Peresvet with Chelubey

The tradition of fielding one warrior from two troops to decide the outcome of a battle has existed for quite some time. Of course, in practice, only such a duel was not always enough, because those who came to the battlefield often come there to stay there and many understand this fact. As you know, the massacre on the Kulikovo field claimed many human lives, both Russian and Tatar; after the battle, the field was abundantly fertilized with strong, young and old bodies.

Avilov offers us a picture before the battle, almost before the battle itself. The two armies have converged and are standing not far from each other in close ranks. The main heroes met in the free space.

According to legend, Dmitry Donskoy came to Sergius of Radonezh to receive blessings and spiritual guidance. One of the Radonezh monks was Peresvet, who belonged to a boyar family and had knowledge of military art. Therefore, Sergius of Radonezh not only blessed the prince, but also sent his monk with him, who could help his own land not only with prayer, but also with the sword.

Thus, the figure of Peresvet represents a monk-warrior who opposed the foreign warrior Chelubey, who, by the way, was a professional fighter. Further information from the legend differs slightly, however, it almost always indicates the death of each warrior. They stabbed each other with their own spears and died.

However, these details are not as significant as the artistic value of the painting in question and the thoughts that the artist wanted to convey. In front of us are two warriors on large, zealous horses, rearing. The horses bent and neighed fiercely, and the warriors broke their spears against each other.

It must be said that Avilov does not paint pierced warriors; if you look closely, Peresvet’s spear rested on Chelubey’s shield, and Chelubey plunged his spear somewhere towards Peresvet’s shield. It is worth considering why the artist depicts the fight in this way, and does not follow the legend. Indeed, according to the logic of his picture, after a moment both warriors will fly off the saddle and find themselves on the ground with broken spears.

The main focus is on the central figures, but in the background there are two troops who are captivated by the spectacle. They watch the heroes fight, some encourage their warrior with shouts, others simply lean forward slightly with interest. The heroes here portray, as it were, the quintessence of the forces of their people, their own civilization, behind them stand the rest of the warriors, who after some minutes will become fertilizer for the earth.

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