Prepared and spontaneous speech. Consultation "cognitive - speech development"

BIG LENINGRAD LIBRARY - ABSTRACTS - official and informal communication situations. Prepared and spontaneous speech.

formal and informal communication situations. Prepared and spontaneous speech.

Abstract on the topic:

Formal and informal communication situations.

Prepared and spontaneous speech.

Introduction 3

1. Speech situation. Types of situations 4

2. Prepared and spontaneous speech 6

Conclusion 9

References 10

Introduction

Speech is one of the types of human communicative activity, expressed either in audio form (oral speech) or in written form (written speech). Speech is a historically established form of communication, a way of forming and formulating thoughts through language in the process of communication. Or, to put it succinctly, we can say this: speech is language in action. Consequently, when considering the relationship between language and speech in the communicative process, the main thing in the concept of “speech” is the active principle.

It follows from this that although speech is a realization of language and is subject to its laws, it is not equal to language. In speech, linguistic units receive additional properties through selection, repetition, placement, combination and transformation of linguistic means. The speaker or writer is forced by the very tasks and possibilities of communication to make a choice from the multitude of words and other units available in the system - well-defined ones, required by a very specific “step” in the development and construction of speech. Speech always unfolds in time and is realized in space.

It reflects experience and bears the imprint of the individuality of the person speaking or writing. It is also determined by the context and situation of communication.

Speech is a relatively independent component of linguistic and speech communication, which has its own specifics and certain qualities that require special attention and study.

Abstract objectives:

Consider the features of official and informal speech;

Components of a prepared speech;

Characteristic features of spontaneous speech.

When writing the abstract, educational and methodological literature on the research problem was used. The abstract consists of an introduction, main part, conclusion and bibliography.

1. Speech withsituation. Types of situations.

The topic is usually suggested to the author by life itself, its course, the interweaving of events, i.e. situation. The most important role in verbal communication is played by the speech situation, i.e. the context of communication. The speech situation is the first stage of the act of communication and, therefore, the first step of rhetorical action: preparation for an oral or written presentation.

Situations can be natural or artificial, specially staged. An example of a natural situation: A researcher is preparing for a scientific seminar, at which he will have to report to his colleagues on the results of an experiment for a month of work.

Artificial situations are usually associated with learning: for example, students are asked to prepare for a discussion of environmental problems; Perhaps an approximate topic for selection is given; Schoolchildren were asked to propose pressing environmental topics themselves.

There can be an innumerable number of situations and topics; they constitute the flow of the spiritual life of people, societies, nations, humanity, which is called culture.

A speech situation is the specific circumstances in which speech interaction occurs. Any speech act acquires meaning and can be understood only in the structure of non-speech contact. The speech situation is the starting point of any speech action in the sense that one or another combination of circumstances prompts a person to perform a speech action. Examples of speech situations: the need to answer questions, make a report on the results of work, write a letter, talk with a friend, etc. A speech situation consists of the following main components:

Participants of communication;

Places and times of communication;

Subject of communication;

Goals of communication;

Feedback between communication participants. Direct participants in communication are the sender and the addressee. But third parties can also participate in verbal communication in the role of observers or listeners. And their presence leaves its mark on the nature of communication.

The spatiotemporal context - the time and place in which verbal communication occurs - plays a significant role in verbal communication. The place of communication can largely determine the genre of communication: small talk at a party, at a party, at a banquet, a conversation at a doctor’s appointment in a clinic, a dialogue between a teacher and a student at a university during exams, etc. Depending on the participation of the time factor, they are distinguished canonical and non-canonical speech situations.

Situations are considered canonical when the time of utterance (the time of the speaker) is synchronous with the time of his perception (the time of the listener), i.e., the moment of speech is determined when the speakers are in the same place and each sees the same as the other (ideally they have a common field of view); when the addressee is a specific person, etc.

Non-canonical situations are characterized by the following points: the time of the speaker, i.e. the time of utterance, may not coincide with the time of the addressee, i.e. the time of perception (writing situation); the statement may not have a specific addressee (a public speaking situation), etc. If, for example, a telephone speaker uses the word here, then it denotes only its space. In a letter, the subject of speech now determines with a word only his own time, and not the time of the addressee.
For a speech situation, the purpose of communication is extremely important (why something is being said in a given situation). Even Aristotle in “Rhetoric” paid great attention to the purpose of speeches of various types: “For people pronouncing praise or blasphemy (epideictic speech), the goal is the beautiful and the shameful.” Kokhtev N.N. Rhetoric. - M., 1994. P. 12

The speaker’s goal in such a speech is to show the audience “what is good and what is bad,” to ignite in their hearts a love for the beautiful and a hatred for the shameful. “For litigants (who make a speech in court), the goal is just and unjust”; one accuses, the other defends or defends. The speaker's goal is to prove that he is right, that his point of view is fair.

“A person giving advice (a political speaker) has a goal of benefit and harm: one gives advice, encouraging him to do better, the other dissuades him, diverting him from the worst” Michalskaya A.K. Basics of rhetoric. - M., 1996. P. 262 In general, we can say that the goal of communication is the result that the addresser and the addressee want to receive as a result of their communication.

In verbal communication, two types of goals are usually distinguished: direct, immediate, directly expressed by the speaker and indirect, more distant, long-term, often perceived as target subtext. There are many varieties of both types of goals.
The main types of direct, immediate goals of communication are:

Broadcast;
-receiving the information;

Clarification of positions;
- support of opinion;
-discussion of the problem, search for the truth;
- theme development;
- explanation;
-criticism, etc.
These are the so-called intellectual goals, ultimately related to the cognitive and informational aspect of communication.

The speech situation dictates the rules of speech communication and determines the forms of its expression. These forms are different in conditions of direct or face-to-face communication. With active feedback (for example, dialogue) and with passive feedback (for example, a written order), they change depending on the number of participants and the nature of the situation (in everyday communication: a conversation with loved ones or private letters, etc., in business communication: report, lecture, discussion, negotiations, etc.). The speech situation helps to understand the meaning of the text, specifies the meaning of a number of grammatical categories, for example, categories of time, pronominal words like I, you, now, here, there, here, etc. It also allows you to correctly interpret the text, clarify its target function (threat , request, advice, recommendation, etc.), identify the causal connections of this statement with other events, etc.

The choice of etiquette forms and a person’s speech behavior are closely dependent on the situation and must change in accordance with changes in this situation. What are the factors that determine the communicative situation that should be taken into account by the subjects of communication in order to comply with etiquette rules? These factors include:

1. Type of situation: formal situation, informal situation, semi-formal situation

In an official situation (boss - subordinate, employee - client, teacher - student, etc.), the strictest rules of speech etiquette apply. This area of communication is most clearly regulated by etiquette. Therefore, violations of speech etiquette are most noticeable in it, and it is in this area that violations can have the most serious consequences for the subjects of communication.

In an informal situation (acquaintances, friends, relatives, etc.), the norms of speech etiquette are the most free. Often verbal communication in this situation is not regulated at all. Close people, friends, relatives, lovers, in the absence of strangers, can tell each other everything and in any tone. Their verbal communication is determined by moral norms that fall within the scope of ethics, but not by etiquette norms. But if an outsider is present in an informal situation, then the current rules of speech etiquette immediately apply to the entire situation.

In a semi-official situation (communication between colleagues, communication in the family), the norms of etiquette are of a loose, vague nature, and here the main role begins to be played by those rules of speech behavior that this particular small social group has developed in the process of social interaction: the team of employees of the laboratory, department, family and etc.

2. Prepared and spontaneous speech

Experienced speakers sometimes give brilliant speeches without preparation, but these are usually short speeches (welcomes, toasts, etc.). A lecture, report, political review, parliamentary speech, that is, speeches of large, serious genres, require careful preparation.

First, it is necessary to define and precisely formulate the topic; it must be relevant and interesting for the given audience. When choosing a topic, you should also think about the title of the lecture (report, message); it should not only reflect the content of the speech, but also attract the attention of future listeners and affect their interests. Titles must be specific. For example, from two options for titles - “The fight against corruption” and “Who takes bribes and how to fight it? " - the second one is preferable. Headlines can be appealing (“Let’s unite against the mafia!”), advertising (“How to lose weight without dieting and pills?”), but many topics receive individual names that accurately target potential listeners (“Entrance exams to the Moscow State University of Printing Arts”, “Preparation new reform of Russian spelling and punctuation"). The speaker must clearly define for himself the purpose of the upcoming speech: he not only informs the audience by talking about certain events and facts, but also tries to form in them certain ideas and beliefs that should determine their future behavior. Ivanova S.F. Specifics of public speech. - M., 1998. P. 87

Any speech must pursue educational goals, and the speaker must, unnoticed by the listeners, introduce them to his moral ideals.

Preliminary acquaintance with the composition of the audience is of great importance. When preparing for a speech, the lecturer should find out who will come to listen to him (adults or children, young or old, educated or not, the direction of their education - humanitarian or technical; predominantly female or male composition of the audience, its national and religious characteristics). This is very important for determining not only the content of the speech, but also its style, the degree of popularity of the presentation, the choice of lexical and phraseological means and oratorical techniques to influence listeners.

The main component of preparing for a performance is the search and selection of material. Even if the speaker knows the topic of the upcoming speech well, he still prepares for it: he looks through special literature and periodicals in order to connect the topic with modern times and learn fresh facts related to the content of the speech. Depending on the theoretical preparedness of the speaker, he chooses forms of studying the material (selective or in-depth reading, skimming articles, reviews). In this case, you can turn to various reference books for statistical data, textbooks, encyclopedic dictionaries, tables, maps. When studying specific material, it is necessary to take notes and compile a summary of what you read, prepare slides and photographs for display in the audience. Having studied the material well, they usually write either the full text of the speech, or its synopsis, or theses or a plan, which is best made detailed and extremely complete. Some experienced speakers refuse to take the written text of their speech with them, but hold in their hands a “cheat sheet” in which they can find the necessary reference material (numbers, quotes, examples, arguments). The audience will forgive you if you peek at such a cheat sheet, but will immediately dislike the speaker who begins to read his speech from beginning to end “from a piece of paper.”

On a piece of paper for such a “cheat sheet” you can select large fields and write down key words on them that will help you remember this or that thesis of the speech; here you can “suggest” aphorisms, paradoxes, proverbs, anecdotes that may be useful to maintain the interest of the audience if the listeners’ attention weakens.

In the process of preparing for a speech, it is recommended to rehearse it, look at yourself in the mirror, paying attention to your usual involuntary movements that accompany speech (mannerisms: brushing hair from the forehead, scratching the back of the head, swaying, moving shoulders, gesturing, etc.). Mastering the “language of movement” is an effective way to hold the audience’s attention. Complete immobility (numbness) of the speaker during a speech is unacceptable, but excessive gesticulation and grimaces have a detrimental effect on the speech, distracting the listeners.

The speaker's posture, gestures, and facial expressions should enhance the emotionality of his speech and have their own meaning. There is a whole science about the symbolic meaning of gestures, and we have practically mastered the meaning of one or another hand movement (greeting, calling for attention, agreement, denial, rejection, threat, farewell, etc.), turning the head, etc. The speaker's gestures and facial expressions must be natural and varied, and most importantly, they must be motivated by the content of the speech. At the final stage of preparing for a speech, you need to analyze it again and again, take into account the strengths and weaknesses of the speech, and already in the audience rely on the positive.

Mastery of public speaking comes with experience. And yet you need to know the main “secrets” of oratory and learn to apply them in the audience.

A communicative task arises in cases when the speaker actively focuses his statement on a specific listener and sets himself some communicative goal: to inform, report, explain, convince, reassure, find out, etc. Ladanov I.D. Speech as the main means of communication. Ability to persuade. - M., 2004. P. 25 In this case, solving only the rational-expressive problem is not sufficient: an utterance that satisfies the speaker himself and basically adequately, from his point of view, conveys the thought, must undergo additional procedures. Thus, in order to facilitate the understanding of it by a specific listener, as well as to enhance its persuasiveness (taking into account, again, the characteristics of the addressee), it happens, for example, that it is necessary to more fully reveal the main components of a thought, to identify in more detail in verbal form the connections between them, to modify the style of the statement etc. The speaker cannot make sure that the communicative task is solved adequately without feedback, that is, without relying on the reaction of the message addressee. And, of course, it is of great importance here that the speaker takes into account the age, professional, characterological, individual, personal and other characteristics of the communication partner.

The features of planning, control, and correction of the utterance by the subject of speech depend on many conditions, for example, on the size of the time gap between preparation and external speech implementation of the utterance (prepared and unprepared, spontaneous speech).
If the speaker has time to prepare a statement, he has the opportunity to develop his plan in detail, highlighting specific content elements, their connections and outlining the sequence of their presentation. You can choose the best version of the expression and even “test” your statement in your mind. Thus, if there is time to prepare an utterance, the speaker can plan not only its content (“what and “what to talk about”), but also choose the option for its external speech implementation (“how to speak”). This situation is typical for written speech. In oral speech, characteristic of such cases of communication, there is no time pressure.
In unprepared (spontaneous) speech, we speak without preliminary thinking, for the first time and new content for ourselves, continuing to develop it in the very process of speech. Nozhin E.A. Oral presentation skills. - M., 1991. P. 128

In this case, all three tasks discussed above are combined in time. In a familiar situation of everyday communication, the subject, as a rule, begins speech, anticipating its content only in general terms. More often than not, he presents only the main gist of what he is about to present. How exactly this needs to be done (where to start, what elements of content to indicate in a word and in what sequence) is usually determined during the speech itself.

Under normal conditions of situational speech, the speaker uses paralinguistic means of communication (intonation, gesture, facial expressions) as significant elements of the message being constructed. When a speaker develops new content, he has almost no ready-made “blocks” that are an important support in stereotypical speech.

Therefore, here the rational-expressive task, combined with the mental one, acquires special importance and distracts the main efforts of the speaker. In such situations, the structure of the utterance is often distorted, and the communicative characteristics of speech deteriorate. Occasionally, in those particularly acute communication situations when the influence on the interlocutor or the success of joint activity depends on the speech characteristics of communication (for example, on the understandability of arguments), the solution of rational-expressive and communicative problems becomes the focus of the speaker’s consciousness.

Conclusion

A speech act as an expression of a specific communicative intention of the speaker is built from communicative components that have various communicative functions. Communicative meanings can form sentences as speech acts of a certain type, serve as the basis for the start of a speech act, and modify the components of speech acts within one type.

In the classical understanding of the difference between oral and written speech, it is believed that the mechanisms of generation and perception of oral and written speech are not the same. When generating written speech, there is time to think about the formal plan of the statement, so the degree of its structure is high. When reading, you can always stop and think more deeply about what you read. This allows both the writer and the reader to transfer the necessary information from RAM to long-term memory. Sound oral speech represents a certain flow, which only when it is produced can be interrupted by the speaker, and the listener must follow the speaker in time. This speech is spontaneous, one-time, it can no longer be repeated in the form in which it was already pronounced. Oral speech is always individual.

In the genres of written and oral speech, there are various alternations or mixtures, interpenetration of elements of book and spoken language. The targeting of “written-oral” statements is very diverse. Statements can relate to direct and indirect situations, they can be both thoughtful and spontaneous, prepared and unprepared, official and unofficial.

The conditions for successful communication are a complex, multidimensional category, representing a synthesis of linguistic, cultural, psychological and social knowledge. Successful communication involves mastering not only language and linguistic skills, but also skills associated with knowledge of the patterns of speech communication in the unity and interconnection of all its components: structural and content organization of communication activities; sociocultural norms and stereotypes of verbal communication; material and spiritual culture of the language being studied, etc. This general knowledge and skills must be supplemented by skills of a particular nature: the speaker’s knowledge of speech strategies and tactics characteristic of certain genres of communication, mastery of dialogue techniques, the ability to “read” the nonverbal behavior of the interlocutor, etc.

Bibliography:

1. Kokhtev N.N. Rhetoric. - M.: Education, 1994

2. Mikhalskaya A.K. Fundamentals of rhetoric: Thought and word. - M.: Education, 1996.

3. Ivanova S.F. Specifics of public speech. - M.: Knowledge, 1998.

4. Nozhin E.A. Oral presentation skills. - M.: Education, 1991

5. Soper P.S. Fundamentals of the art of speech. - M.: Progress, 2000.

6. Ivin A.A. The art of thinking correctly. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

7. Formanovskaya N.I. Speech etiquette and communication culture. - M.: Publishing house NORMA, 1999.

8. Badmaev B. Ts. Speech, conversation - always communication. M.: Education, 1993.

9. Ladanov I. D. Speech as the main means of communication. The ability to persuade // Practical management. M., 2004.

10. Lvova S.I. Language in speech communication. M.: Bustard, 2001.

^ Inductive method– presentation of material from specific to general. The speaker begins his speech with a particular case, and then leads the audience to generalizations and conclusions. Deductive method– presentation of material from general to specific. At the beginning of the speech, the speaker puts forward some provisions, and then explains their meaning using specific examples and facts. Analogy method– comparison of various phenomena, events, facts. Usually the parallel is drawn with what is well known to the listeners. ^ Concentric method– arrangement of material around the main problem raised by the speaker. The speaker moves from a general consideration of the central issue to a more specific and in-depth analysis of it. ^ Step method– sequential presentation of one issue after another. Having considered any problem, the speaker never returns to it. Historical method– presentation of material in chronological order, description and analysis of changes that have occurred over time.

Formal and informal communication situations. Prepared and spontaneous speech.

A speech situation is the specific circumstances in which speech interaction occurs. The speech situation consists of the following main components:

Participants of communication;

Places and times of communication;

Subject of communication;

Goals of communication;

experienced speakers sometimes give brilliant speeches without preparation, but these are usually short speeches (welcomes, toasts, etc.). A lecture, report, political review, parliamentary speech, that is, speeches of large, serious genres, require careful preparation.

Functional styles of the Russian literary language. Colloquial speech. Examples.

Each functional style of the modern Russian literary language is a subsystem of it that is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in some sphere of social activity and has a certain set of stylistically significant linguistic means. In accordance with the spheres of social activity in the modern Russian language, the following functional styles are distinguished: scientific, official business, newspaper journalistic, artistic and colloquial.

Scientific style

The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The leading position in the scientific style is occupied by monologue speech. This functional style has a wide variety of speech genres; The main ones among them are: scientific monograph and scientific article, dissertations, scientific and educational prose (textbooks, educational and teaching aids, etc.), scientific and technical works (various kinds of instructions, safety regulations, etc.), annotations , abstracts, scientific reports, lectures, scientific discussions, as well as genres of popular science literature.

The scientific style is realized mainly in written form of speech.

The main features of the scientific style are accuracy, abstraction, logic and objectivity of presentation. It is they who organize into a system all the linguistic means that form this functional style, and determine the choice of vocabulary in works of the scientific style. This functional style is characterized by the use of special scientific and terminological vocabulary, and recently international terminology has occupied more and more space here (today this is especially noticeable in economic speech, for example, manager, management, quoting, realtor, etc.). A feature of using vocabulary in a scientific style is that polysemantic lexically neutral words are not used in all of their meanings, but, as a rule, in one (count, body, strength, sour). In scientific speech, compared to other styles, abstract vocabulary is used more widely than concrete vocabulary (perspectives, development, truth, presentation, point of view).

The lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation, which is expressed, in particular, in the lesser use of synonyms. The volume of text in a scientific style increases not so much due to the use of different words, but rather due to the repeated repetition of the same ones. In the scientific functional style there is no vocabulary with colloquial and colloquial coloring. This style, to a lesser extent than journalistic or artistic ones, is characterized by evaluativeness. Evaluations are used to express the author's point of view, make it more understandable and accessible, clarify an idea, attract attention, and are generally of a rational rather than emotionally expressive nature. Scientific speech is distinguished by the accuracy and logic of thought, its consistent presentation and objectivity of presentation. Scientific style texts provide strict definitions of the concepts and phenomena under consideration; each sentence or statement is logically connected to previous and subsequent information. In the syntactic structures in the scientific style of speech, the detachment of the author and the objectivity of the information presented are maximally demonstrated. This is expressed in the use of generalized personal and impersonal constructions instead of the 1st person: there is reason to believe, it is believed, it is known, one can say, one must pay attention, etc. This also explains the use in scientific speech of a large number of passive constructions, in which the real producer of the action is indicated not by the grammatical form of the subject in the nominative case, but by the form of the minor member in the instrumental case or is omitted altogether. The action itself comes to the fore, and dependence on the manufacturer is relegated to the background or is not expressed at all by linguistic means. The desire for a logical presentation of material in scientific speech leads to the active use of complex conjunctive sentences, as well as constructions that complicate a simple sentence: introductory words and phrases, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, etc. The most typical complex sentences are those with clauses of cause and condition.

Texts in the scientific style of speech can contain not only linguistic information, but also various formulas, symbols, tables, graphs, etc. Almost any scientific text can contain graphic information.

Formal business style

The main area in which the official business style of the Russian literary language functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication. Texts of this style represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, instruction, contract, instruction, complaint, recipe, various kinds of statements, as well as many business genres (explanatory note, autobiography, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.). The expression of legal will in business documents determines the properties, main features of business speech and the social and organizational use of language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, and ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main implementation of this style is written. Despite the differences in the content of individual genres and the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow the possibility of differences in interpretation; detail of presentation; stereotyping, standardization of presentation; the obligatorily prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, rigor in the expression of thoughts, as well as objectivity and logic, which are also characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and its language is impeccable. It is this goal that determines the actual linguistic features of official business speech, as well as its composition, rubrication, paragraph selection, etc., i.e. standardization of the design of many business documents. The lexical composition of texts of this style has its own characteristics associated with the indicated features. These texts use words and phrases of the literary language that have a pronounced functional and stylistic connotation (plaintiff, defendant, job description, supply, researcher, etc.), among them a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation (prohibit, allow, decree, oblige, assign, etc.). In official business speech, the highest percentage of infinitive use is observed among verb forms. This is also due to the imperative nature of official business texts.

Typical for business language are complex words formed from two or more words. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of business language for accuracy and conveying meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, destination, higher education institution, joint-stock company, housing cooperative, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the clichédness of the linguistic means used, which gives the texts of an official business style a standardized character.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in semantic terms, i.e. Everything concrete and unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore preference is given to generic concepts, for example, to arrive (to arrive, to fly, to come, etc.), vehicle (bus, plane, etc.), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person based on a characteristic conditioned by some attitude or action (teacher T.N. Sergeeva, witness T.P. Molotkov, etc.).

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, of which there are more in the official business style than in other styles, and participles: arrival of a train, serving the population, taking measures; given, indicated, above-named, etc.; Denominative prepositions are widely used: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, etc.

Newspaper and journalistic style

The newspaper-journalistic style functions in the socio-political sphere and is used in oratory, in various newspaper genres (for example, editorial, report, etc.), in journalistic articles, and in periodicals. It is implemented both in written and oral speech. One of the main characteristic features of this style is the combination of two trends - the tendency towards expressiveness and the tendency towards standard. This is due to the functions that journalism performs: informational and content function and the function of persuasion, emotional influence. They have a special character in a journalistic style. Information in this area of public activity is addressed to a wide range of people, all native speakers and members of a given society (and not just specialists, as in the scientific field). For the relevance of information, the time factor is very important: information must be transmitted and become publicly known as soon as possible, which is not at all important, for example, in an official business style. In the newspaper-journalistic style, persuasion is carried out through an emotional impact on the reader or listener, therefore the author always expresses his attitude to the information being communicated, but it, as a rule, is not only his personal attitude, but expresses the opinion of a certain social group of people, for example some party, some movement, etc. The function of influencing the mass reader or listener is associated with such a feature of the newspaper-journalistic style as its emotionally expressive nature, and the speed of transmission of socially significant information is associated with the standard of this style. The tendency towards a standard means the desire of journalism for rigor and information content, which are characteristic of scientific and official business styles. For example, the standard for newspaper-journalistic style includes steady growth, wide scope, official visit, etc. The tendency towards expressiveness is expressed in the desire for accessibility and figurativeness of the form of expression, which is characteristic of artistic style and colloquial speech - features of these styles are intertwined in journalistic speech. The newspaper-journalistic style is both conservative and flexible. On the one hand, journalistic speech contains a sufficient number of cliches, socio-political and other terms. On the other hand, the desire to convince readers requires more and more new linguistic means to influence them. All the riches of artistic and colloquial speech serve precisely this purpose. The vocabulary of the newspaper-journalistic style has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and even slang elements. Here we use lexical and phraseological units and phrases that combine functional and expressive-evaluative connotations, for example, dumbing down, yellow press, accomplice, etc.; they not only show that they belong to the newspaper-journalistic style of speech, but also contain a negative assessment. Many words acquire a newspaper-journalistic connotation if they are used in a figurative meaning (This article served as a signal for discussion). Newspaper and journalistic speech actively uses foreign words and elements of words, in particular the prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-, ultra-, etc. It is thanks to the media that the active dictionary of foreign language words included in the Russian language: privatization, electorate, denomination, etc. The functional style under consideration not only attracts the entire stock of emotionally expressive and evaluative words, but also includes even proper names, titles of literary works, etc. in the sphere of evaluation. (Plyushkin, Derzhimorda, Man in a Case, etc.). The desire for expressiveness, imagery and, at the same time, brevity is also realized with the help of precedent texts (texts familiar to any average member of a society), which today is an integral part of journalistic speech.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressively colored constructions: exclamatory sentences of various meanings, interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dismembered constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with conversational coloring: constructions with particles, interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature, inversions, non-union sentences, ellipses (omission of one or another member of the sentence, structural incompleteness of the construction), etc.

Art style

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. To understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, of thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech. Fiction, like other types of art, is characterized by a concrete figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by perception through the senses and re-creation of reality; the author strives, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and comprehension of a particular phenomenon. The artistic style of speech is characterized by attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general. The world of fiction is a “recreated” world; the reality depicted is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that in the artistic style of speech the main point is played by the subjective moment. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech. As a means of communication, artistic speech has its own language - a system of figurative forms expressed by linguistic and extralinguistic means. Artistic speech, along with non-fiction, constitute two levels of the national language. The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word in this functional style performs a nominative-figurative function. The lexical composition and functioning of words in the artistic style of speech have their own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style, first of all, includes figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only for artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life. In the artistic style of speech, the verbal ambiguity of a word is very widely used, which opens up additional meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words, which in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory ideas. Thus, the styles functionally complement each other. For example, the adjective lead in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning (lead ore, lead bullet), and in artistic speech they form an expressive metaphor (lead clouds, lead night, lead waves). Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of a word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring. The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative and emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks. In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible, due to artistic actualization, i.e. the author highlighting some thought, idea, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms. This technique is especially often used to create a comic effect or a bright, expressive artistic image.

Colloquial style

The colloquial style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of casual, unprepared monologue or dialogic speech on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. Ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendship, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Conversational speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation with family or a conversation between people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation between friends at work related to the speaker’s profession, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc. The form of implementation of spoken language is predominantly oral. The colloquial and everyday style is contrasted with book styles, since they function in certain areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific linguistic means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the Russian language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means. Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to the codified language as a whole (speech is called codified because it is in relation to it that work is being done to preserve its norms, for its purity). But codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of a literary language speaks both of these varieties of speech.

The main features of the colloquial style are the already mentioned relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech all the riches of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is its reliance on the extra-linguistic situation, i.e. the immediate context of speech in which communication takes place. In colloquial speech, an extra-linguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.

The colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. Here you can find the most diverse thematic and stylistic groups of vocabulary: general book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two tones - serious and humorous, and in the latter case it is possible to use a variety of elements.

Syntactic constructions have their own characteristics. Constructions with particles, interjections, and phraseological constructions are typical for colloquial speech. Conversational speech is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is assessed in a hyperbolic way: “Wow! Wow!"

It is typical to use words in a figurative sense, for example: “Your head is such a mess!”

The word order in spoken language is different from that used in written language. Here the main information is concentrated at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of listeners on the main information, intonation emphasis is used. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

Colloquial speech- a functional style of speech, which serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

The usual form of implementation of the conversational style is dialogue; this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no preliminary selection of language material. In this style of speech, extra-linguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

The conversational style is characterized by emotionality, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery it doesn’t seem strange to say: “Please, with bran, one.”

The relaxed atmosphere of communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are used more widely ( be silly, talkative, talkative, giggle, cackle), vernacular ( neigh, weakling, awsome, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).

Another example is an excerpt from a letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife, N. N. Pushkina, dated August 3, 1834:

It's a shame, lady. You are angry with me, not deciding who is to blame, me or the post office, and you leave me for two weeks without news of yourself and the children. I was so embarrassed that I didn't know what to think. Your letter reassured me, but did not console me. The description of your trip to Kaluga, no matter how funny it may be, is not funny to me at all. What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty little provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?<…>I asked you not to travel around Kaluga, yes, apparently, that’s your nature.

This passage shows the following linguistic features of a conversational style:

the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary: wife, trudge, bad, drive around, what kind of hunt, the conjunction “yes” in the meaning of “but”, particles “already” and “not at all”, the introductory word “visible”;

a word with an evaluative derivational suffix gorodishko;

inverted word order in some sentences;

lexical repetition of the word nasty;

appeal;

presence of an interrogative sentence;

use of personal pronouns 1st and 2nd person singular;

using verbs in the present tense;

the use of the absent plural form of the word Kaluga (to drive around Kaluga) to designate all the small provincial towns.

Elliptical pronunciation of some words. These include, for example, the sound forms of the following words: Now[just in a minute, right now], thousand[thousand], Means, at all in the meaning of introductory words [meaning, beginning, nasch; in general, generally], I say,speaks[grue, grit], Today[sednya, senya, senya].

In morphology, as in phonetics, there are no special differences from the codified literary language in the set of units itself. Nevertheless, there is some specificity here. For example, there are special colloquial vocative forms (such as Dad!,Mom, and mom!). Statistical studies of recordings of live conversational speech have shown that in this subsystem the most common non-nominal and semi-nominal vocabulary is: conjunctions, particles, pronouns; the frequency of nouns is lower than that of verbs, and among the verb forms the least common are gerunds and participles. Wed. colloquial: Bring a book lies on the table(v. book-letter: Bring a book, lying on the table); Words that perform the function of a predicate in a personal sentence. These include, for example, interjection-verb words (such as la-la, bang, shu-shu-shu, cf.: And they sit in the corner and shu-shu-shu between themselves); predicative evaluations (such as no ah, so-so, not that, Wed the weather was no ah; She sings so-so). Analytical adjectives (units like air, auto, tele, beige and many more etc.), having greater independence in colloquial speech. Wed: (conversation in the mail) A. What kind of envelopes do you want? B. To me air and simple//; Did you find the book? Sber?

In terms of lexico-style, colloquial texts are heterogeneous: in them one can find, first of all, words associated with everyday life, everyday life, the so-called bytovisms ( spoon, saucepan, frying pan, comb, hairpin, rag, broom etc.), words that have a pronounced colloquial, often reduced, connotation ( snag, get into trouble, dirty etc.), stylistically neutral words that make up the main vocabulary of the modern literary language ( work, rest, young, now, no time and many more etc.), special terminological vocabulary and, conversely, individual jargon inclusions. This stylistic “omnivorousness” of colloquial speech is explained primarily by its wide thematic range.

Conversational texts are characterized by a high degree of expression. through repetitions and interjections (I really, really liked it)

Oral speech

Oral speech is sounding speech that functions in the sphere of direct communication, and in a broader sense it is any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e., pronounced sounds that are the result of the complex activity of the human pronunciation organs. The rich intonation capabilities of oral speech are associated with this phenomenon. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human feelings, experiences, moods, etc.

The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Therefore, oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. Thus, a gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting (in this case, gestures have a national-cultural specificity, therefore, they must be used carefully, especially in oral business and scientific speech). All these linguistic and extralinguistic means help to increase the semantic significance and emotional richness of oral speech.

Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature deployment in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, and because of this, the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, that is, he thinks as if “on the go,” therefore oral speech may be characterized by unfluency, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units, for example. “The director called. Delayed. It'll be there in half an hour. Start without him"(message from the director’s secretary for participants in the production meeting) On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions; “The department/ carried out a lot of work/ over the course of a year/ yes/ I must say/ great and important// educational, and scientific, and methodological// Well/ everyone knows/ the educational// Do I need to detail/ the educational// No// Yes / I also think / it’s not necessary //"

Oral speech can be prepared (report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared (conversation, conversation). Prepared oral speech It is distinguished by thoughtfulness, a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized”, and to resemble direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, hmm) allows the speaker to think about what happens next. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraselogical levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. The phonetic and morphological levels of the language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms, are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, even the presence of speech errors, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones. Participial and adverbial phrases are usually replaced by complex sentences; verbs are used instead of verbal nouns; inversion is possible.

As an example, here is an excerpt from a written text: “Distracting slightly from domestic issues, I would like to note that, as the modern experience of the Scandinavian region and a number of other countries has shown, the point is not at all in the monarchy, not in the form of political organization, but in the division of political power between the state and society.”(“Star”. 1997, No. 6). When this fragment is reproduced orally, for example at a lecture, it will, of course, be changed and may have approximately the following form: “If we abstract from domestic issues, we will see that the issue is not at all about the monarchy, it is not about the form of political organization. The whole point is how to divide power between the state and society. And this is confirmed today by the experience of the Scandinavian countries"

Oral speech, just like written speech, is standardized and regulated, but the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, poor structure, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication" *. The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account, then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions.

* Bubnova G. I. Garbovsky N. K. Written and oral communications: Syntax and prosody M, 1991. P. 8.

The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language, but it has an undoubted advantage in the colloquial and everyday style of speech. The following functional types of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.

As an example, here is an excerpt from an interview with the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia: “Of course, there are exceptions... The mayor of Izhevsk approached us with a claim to declare the law adopted by the republican authorities unconstitutional. And the court actually recognized some articles as such. Unfortunately, at first this caused irritation among the local authorities, to the point that, they say, as it was, so it will be, no one can tell us. Then, as they say, “heavy artillery” was launched: the State Duma got involved. The President of Russia issued a decree... There was a lot of noise in the local and central press" (Business People. 1997. No. 78).

This fragment also contains colloquial particles well, they say, and expressions of colloquial and phraseological nature at first, no one ordered us, as they say, there was a lot of noise, expression heavy artillery in a figurative sense, and inversion issued a decree. The number of conversational elements is determined by the characteristics of a specific communicative situation. For example, the speech of a speaker leading a meeting in the State Duma and the speech of a manager leading a production meeting will, of course, be different. In the first case, when meetings are broadcast on radio and television to a huge audience, you need to be especially careful in choosing spoken language units.

Oral speech is any spoken language. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that arise as a result of the activity of the human pronunciation organs. This phenomenon is associated with the rich intonation capabilities of oral speech. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human experiences, moods, etc.

The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. A gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express an emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of establishing contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting.

Irreversibility, progressive and linear nature of unfolding in time is one of the main properties of oral speech. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, so the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, i.e. he thinks as if “on the go”, in connection with this, oral speech may be characterized by sluggishness, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units: the secretary’s message to the meeting participants “The director called. He’s delayed. Will be there in half an hour. Start without him.” . On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions: “The department carried out a lot of work during the year / yes / I must say / great and important / And educational, and scientific, and methodological / Well / educational/ everyone knows/ Do I need detailed/ educational/ No/ Yes/ I also think/don’t/.

Oral speech can be prepared(report, lecture, etc.) and unprepared(conversation, conversation).

Prepared oral speech is distinguished by thoughtfulness and a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized,” and to resemble direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words like uh, um) allows the speaker to think about what follows. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraseological levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. Phonetic and morphological levels of language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and adverbial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones.

Oral speech just like written normalized and regulated, however, the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many of the so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication.” The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account; then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions.

The oral form of speech is assigned to all functional styles of the Russian language However, it has an advantage in the colloquial style of speech. The following functional types of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.

Features of oral speech for the addressee

Oral speech is spoken speech. Each person has his own, unique features of the speech apparatus.

Oral speech is spoken speech

Depending on one's temperament, a person speaks quickly, slowly or at an average pace.

Speech rate can change and depend on the emotional state of the speaker.

Psychologists say that slow speech is especially difficult to perceive, although sometimes only such speech can contribute to the fulfillment of the task for both the listener and the speaker. At the same time, there are communication situations when a fast pace of speech is necessary, for example in the work of announcers.

Timbre of speech(the difference in sound vibrations that helps distinguish one sound from another) also characterizes oral speech .

Different timbres of speech may be perceived differently by listeners. Thus, a very high-pitched, shrill voice is more likely to cause an unpleasant reaction from listeners.

Voice volume also affects the listener's perception and is regulated by various situations.

Intonation(raising or lowering tone) is another characteristic of oral speech.

With the help of intonation, a person manages to convey the slightest shades of feelings. Unexpressive intonation can make it difficult to understand and communicate. The sound characteristics of oral speech are complemented by gestures and facial expressions, which makes oral speech more expressive.

Depending on various communication situations, oral speech can be prepared or unprepared. Unlike a friendly conversation, a report, speech, or response in class requires serious, thoughtful preparation from the author.

Oral speech - prepared and unprepared

For unprepared oral speech is characteristic: repetition of thoughts, words, intermittency, speech errors, inconsistency of presentation, etc.

Prepared oral speech more harmonious and logical in composition, the possibility of stylistic and speech errors appearing in it is much less.

For auditory perception, as already mentioned, tempo, timbre, volume, intonation are important, and for visual perception - facial expressions, gestures, appearance, clothing, hairstyle - all of these together make up features of oral speech for the addressee .

age,
social affiliation,
level of education,
mood of the audience, etc.

If an oral presentation has been prepared, then the author, of course, has thought through its composition and course, selected the necessary examples, and found means of verbal imagery.

rearrange your performance, if necessary,
omit any parts
return to what was said earlier,
to focus on an important thought, in his opinion,

although during an oral presentation the author does not always have the opportunity to correct what has already been said. The immediate emotional response of the audience indicates an immediate reaction to the words of the author. Mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener brings great pleasure to the speaker.

This is evidenced, in particular, by the hero of Chekhov’s story “A Boring Story.” The hero of the story, an old professor, calls the student audience a hundred-headed hydra that must be tamed. An experienced lecturer, he notices the fatigue of the audience in time:

“This means attention is tired. Taking this opportunity, I make some pun. All one and a half hundred faces are smiling broadly, their eyes are sparkling cheerfully, the sound of the sea can be heard for a short time... I laugh too. My attention is refreshed and I can continue.”

See our presentation on the topic

Written and oral speech differ in the means of verbal expression

Speech is mostly monologue, because involves the statement of one author about the topic chosen by him.

Oral speech is dialogical and involves the participation of interlocutors (at least two) in revealing the topic. Sometimes the author chooses the form of dialogue in writing, but this happens much less often.

Participial and adverbial phrases and phrases with verbal nouns are widely used in written speech.

In oral speech they are replaced by sentences With various types of subordinate clauses, verbal constructions.

The volume of sentences in oral and written speech is also different. In oral speech, incomplete and unextended sentences are widely used, and in volume they are, as a rule, much smaller than in written speech.

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy

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Prepared and spontaneous speech. Consultation "cognitive - speech development"

BIG LENINGRAD LIBRARY - ABSTRACTS - official and informal communication situations. Prepared and spontaneous speech.

formal and informal communication situations. Prepared and spontaneous speech.

Formal and informal communication situations. Prepared and spontaneous speech.

Functional styles of the Russian literary language. Colloquial speech. Examples.

Oral speech