The first satellite was called Sputnik 1, scientists considered it
the name is appropriate. Code designation of the device –
PS-1, which stands for “Simple Sputnik-1”.
External and internal structure:
Externally, the satellite was an aluminum sphere equal to
58 cm with two criss-cross curved antennas. Inside
50-kilogram batteries were located,
radio transmitter, fan, thermostat, various
sensors The total weight was 83.6 kg.
Development of the first Earth satellite
took place under the leadership of Mikhail
Tikhonravov, and the creation of a launch vehicle and
launching a satellite into orbit - under the supervision of
Sergei Korolev. They also worked with him
scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S.
Lidorenko, V. I. Lapko, B. S. Chekunov, A. V.
Bukhtiyarov and many others. Launch history.
On October 4, 1957, the first
artificial satellite into Earth orbit. He was there
92 days and during this time made 1400 revolutions around
planets, each revolution required 100 minutes. Satellite
burned up in the atmosphere. Flight history.
At 22:28:34 Moscow time the launch took place
rockets with satellite from the first site of NIIP No. 5
(Baikonur). After 295 seconds, the central block of the rocket and
The satellite was launched into an elliptical orbit. More
after 20 seconds, PS-1 separated from the rocket and gave a signal.
On the first orbit of the apparatus around the Earth Telegraph
Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) transmitted the message
about the successful launch of the world's first satellite. Having stayed on
orbit for 92 days, having lost speed due to atmospheric friction,
Sputnik 1 began to descend and completely burned out in
dense layers of the atmosphere. The meaning of flight.
Scientific results of the PS-1 flight
The launch of this PS-1 had several goals:
Testing the technical ability of the device, as well as checking
calculations taken for the successful launch of the satellite;
Ionosphere research. Before the spacecraft launch
radio waves sent from the Earth were reflected from the ionosphere,
excluding the possibility of studying it. Now scientists have been able to begin
study of the ionosphere through the interaction of radio waves,
emitted by a satellite from space and traveling through the atmosphere to
surface of the Earth.
Calculating the density of the upper atmosphere using observation
the rate of deceleration of the vehicle due to friction with the atmosphere;
Study of the influence of outer space on equipment, and
also determining favorable conditions for the operation of equipment in
space. Data:
1. The satellite, called PS-1 (the simplest satellite-1), was
launched into orbit by the R-7 launch vehicle. Its launch occurred on the 5th
Research Test Site of the Ministry
defense of the USSR, which later received the name
Baikonur Cosmodrome.
2. PS-1 was a ball with a diameter of 58 centimeters and a weight of 83.6
kilogram. The satellite was equipped with four whip antennas
2.4 and 2.9 meters long for signal transmission. 295 seconds after
launch station PS-1 and the central block of the rocket weighing 7.5 tons were removed
into an elliptical orbit with an altitude of 947 km at apogee and 288 km at perigee.
At 315 seconds after launch, the satellite separated from the second stage
launch vehicle, and his call signs were heard by the whole world.
3. The development of the first artificial Earth satellite was carried out
Sergei Korolev, Mstislav Keldysh, Mikhail Tikhonravov, Nikolai
Lidorenko, Boris Chekunov and many other Soviet scientists. 4. PS-1 was in orbit for 92 days and completed 1440 revolutions during this time
around the Earth, thus covering about 60 million kilometers.
The satellite's radio transmitters operated for two weeks after launch.
5. In September 1967, the International Astronautical Federation
proclaimed October 4 as the Day of the Beginning of the Space Age of Mankind.
6. Analysis of signals received from PS-1 allowed specialists to study
upper layers of the ionosphere and obtain information about operating conditions
hardware that turned out to be very useful for running other
satellites. Monument
creators
first
satellite
Monument to the Creators
the first satellite of the Earth
installed about
metro lobby
"Rizhskaya" in 1963.
The monument was restored in
1998
The sculpture represents
myself as a worker,
raised in hand
first artificial
Earth satellite.
On the pedestal of the monument
inscription: “To the creators
the first satellite of the Earth.
1957."
Slide 1
Scientific research work in physics WORK COMPLETED: STUDENT 9 "B" CLASS BONDARENKO IVAN SUPERVISOR: PHYSICS TEACHER SURGENKOVA L.A.Slide 2
Slide 3
Having overcome gravity, the Rocket took off from the Earth... And there was no happier moment - Here a new era began. Stage... second... The third separated, Burning in the atmosphere without a trace... And a rapidly flying star suddenly appeared above the Earth. And Humanity froze in amazement: A silver ball flying in the sky - a great creation of human hands - Was sent from the Earth to the Universe as a gift!
Slide 4
Slide 5
This year, all progressive humanity celebrates the 55th anniversary of the launch of the First artificial Earth satellite. This was the first step towards space exploration.
Slide 6
The purpose of this work is: - Familiarization with the history of the creation of the First artificial Earth satellite (AES); - The significance of the launch of satellites for science and all humanity.
Slide 7
The history of the creation of the first satellite is connected with the work on the rocket itself. Moreover, both in the Soviet Union and in the USA it had a German origin. The main achievements of German specialists were the technology of serial production of powerful liquid-propellant rocket engines and flight control systems.
Slide 8
Single-stage missiles could not satisfy the military - they needed a multi-stage intercontinental missile capable of delivering “cargo” to any point on the globe. The development of such a rocket was carried out at the Korolev Design Bureau
Slide 9
Sergei Pavlovich Korolev 01/12/1907 - 01/14/1966 Sergei Pavlovich Korolev - chief designer of the first launch vehicles, artificial Earth satellites, manned spacecraft, founder of practical cosmonautics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961), laureate Lenin Prize (1957), member of the CPSU since 1953.
Slide 10
Back in 1939, one of the founders of practical cosmonautics in our country, the closest associate of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, wrote: “All work in the field of rocketry, without exception, ultimately leads to space flight.”
Slide 11
Tikhonravov’s group developed the concept of an artificial Earth satellite from 1950 to 1954 almost “underground.” In the foreground (from left to right): Vladimir Galkovsky, Gleb Maksimov, Lidiya Soldatofva, Mikhail Tikhonravov and Igor Yatsunsky; in the background (standing): Grigory Moskalenko, Oleg Gurko and Igor Bazhinov. (Photo courtesy of Asif Siddiqui)
Slide 12
Although the satellite was called the simplest, it was created for the first time; there were no analogues in technology. Only one thing was set - a weight limit (no more than 100 kg). Quite quickly, the designers came to the conclusion that it would be advantageous to make it in the shape of a ball. The spherical shape made it possible to make full use of the internal volume with a smaller shell surface.
Slide 13
Inside the satellite they decided to place two radio transmitters with a radiation frequency of 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Receiving their signals would allow scientists to study the conditions for the passage of radio waves from space to Earth. In addition, it was necessary to transmit information about the pressure and temperature inside the satellite.
Slide 14
At dawn on October 3, 1957, the rocket, docked with the satellite, was carefully removed from the installation and testing building. Walking nearby were the creators of the world's first space complex. And the bulk of the rocket before the launch was amazingly beautiful. She sparkled all over, covered with frost.
Slide 15
On October 4, 1957, at 22:28 Moscow time, a bright burst of light illuminated the night steppe, and the rocket went up with a roar. Her torch gradually weakened and soon became indistinguishable against the background of the heavenly bodies.
Slide 16
“He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind.” S. Korolev
Slide 17
In an hour and a half - a trip around the world, 15 revolutions per day, and each time along a new route, because the plane of the satellite’s orbit in space is stationary, and the Earth rotates around its axis inside this orbit. Thousands of eyes and radios watched his flight. And every hour of his life interested scientists.
Slide 18
For the first time in history, hundreds of millions of people could observe in the rays of the rising or setting sun an artificial star, created not by gods, but by the hands of man, moving across the dark sky. And the world community perceived this event as the greatest scientific achievement. For the first time, the first cosmic velocity was achieved, calculated by the founder of classical physics and the law of universal gravitation, the Englishman Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727).
Slide 19
On February 1, 1958, the first American satellite, Explorer-1, was launched into orbit, and a little later, other countries also launched independent satellites: November 26, 1965 - France (satellite A-1), November 29, 1967 - Australia (VRSAT-1). 1"), February 11, 1970 - Japan ("Osumi"), April 24, 1970 - China ("China-1"), October 28, 1971 - Great Britain ("Prospero").
Slide 20
Thanks to these flights, people began to realize that humanity has one single home, one planet, and there is a goal that can unite all peoples - the study of the Earth for the benefit of all people. Outer space became an arena for scientific cooperation, and world science was enriched with new invaluable data.
Slide 21
The pioneers of practical astronautics, the creators of the first artificial Earth satellites, knew how to look far ahead. But even in those years they would hardly have been able to imagine that their small and, from a modern perspective, simple devices would give rise to the formation of a grandiose system.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
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Prepared by: 9th grade student Andrey Konovalov Supervisor: Alla Mikhailovna Lupik, physics teacher of the first qualification category MBOU Dyatkovichi basic secondary school
2 slide
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Goal: Studying the main stages of work aimed at creating and launching the first artificial Earth satellite. Objectives: 1. Familiarize yourself with scientific materials about the history, creation and launch of the first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR. 2. Identify the names of scientists, researchers, and government officials who worked fruitfully on the problem of launching the first artificial Earth satellite. 3. Assess the significance of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite for the development of astronautics and the increasing role of the USSR in the political arena. 4. Expand cognitive interest in successes and discoveries in the history of the Motherland.
3 slide
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For many centuries, people have admired and studied the starry sky - one of nature's greatest spectacles. Since ancient times, the sky has attracted the attention of man, revealing amazing and incomprehensible pictures to his gaze. Surrounded by deep blackness, small bright lights flicker, Incomparably brighter than the finest precious stones. Is it possible to take your eyes off these huge distant worlds!
4 slide
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5 slide
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6 slide
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The first mentions of rockets are found in ancient Chinese chronicles, in ancient Indian and Greek literature, as well as in ancient Russian chronicles. Heron's ball (120 BC) - the first jet engine
7 slide
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Chinese fire arrow (11th century) - a rocket weapon used in wars Fireworks rocket (14th century) - the simplest jet aircraft.
8 slide
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The first project of a manned rocket was in 1881 the project of a rocket with a powder engine by the famous revolutionary Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich (1853-1881). Having been convicted by the royal court for participating in the murder of Emperor Alexander II, Kibalchich, on death row, 10 days before his execution, submitted a note to the prison administration describing his invention. But tsarist officials hid this project from scientists. It became known only in 1916.
Slide 9
Slide description:
The history of space rocketry and astronautics knows many famous names, including the great Russian scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who in 1883 came up with the idea of using jet propulsion to create interplanetary aircraft. K.E. Tsiolkovsky
10 slide
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The movement of a body resulting from the separation of part of its mass from it at a certain speed is called reactive. The principles of jet propulsion find wide practical application in aviation and astronautics.
11 slide
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In 1903, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky proposed the first design of a rocket for space flight using liquid fuel. In 1929, the scientist proposed the idea of creating rocket trains (multistage rockets).
12 slide
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The flight of the first satellite was preceded by long work by Soviet rocket designers led by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. 1931-1947 In 1931, the Jet Propulsion Study Group was created in the USSR, engaged in the design of rockets, in which, in particular, Zander, Tikhonravov, Pobedonostsev, Korolev worked. On May 13, 1946, J.V. Stalin signed a decree on the creation of a rocket science and industry in the USSR. In 1947, flight tests of V-2 rockets assembled in Germany marked the beginning of Soviet work on the development of rocket technology. In 1948, tests of the R-1 rocket, which was a copy of the V-2, manufactured entirely in the USSR, were already carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site. On February 13, 1953, the first decree was issued obliging the development of a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile with a range of 7-8 thousand km. In January 1954, a meeting of chief designers was held, at which the basic principles of the layout of the rocket and ground launch equipment were developed. On March 16, 1954, a meeting was held with Academician M.V. Keldysh, where the range of scientific problems solved with the help of artificial Earth satellites was defined. On May 20, 1954, the government issued a decree on the development of a two-stage R-7 intercontinental missile.
Slide 13
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Slide 14
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Liquid jet engine of the German V-2 rocket, mounted in the tail of the rocket: 1 – air rudder; 2- combustion chamber; 3 – pipeline for supplying fuel (alcohol); 4- turbopump unit; 5- tank for oxidizer; 6-outlet nozzle section; 7 – gas rudders
15 slide
Slide description:
At the beginning of March 1957, the first R-7 rocket No. M1-5 was delivered to the technical position of the test site, and on May 5 it was taken to launch pad No. 1. Preparations for the launch lasted a week, refueling began on the eighth day. The launch took place on May 15 at 19:00 local time. The launch went fine, but at the 98th second of the flight there was a malfunction in one of the side engines, after another 5 seconds. all engines automatically turned off and the rocket fell 300 km from the launch. The cause of the accident was a fire as a result of depressurization of the high-pressure fuel line. Design of the simplest satellite began in November 1956, and at the beginning of September 1957, PS-1 passed final tests on a vibration stand and in a thermal chamber. On Friday, October 4, at 22 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds Moscow time (19 hours 28 minutes), a successful launch took place. People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouted “Hurray!”, shook the designers and military personnel. And even on the first orbit, a TASS message was heard: “... As a result of a lot of hard work by research institutes and design bureaus, the world’s first artificial Earth satellite was created...”
16 slide
Slide description:
The satellite's body consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm, made of aluminum alloy with connecting frames connected to each other by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two rods 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was unoriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions. Inside the sealed housing were placed: a block of electrochemical sources; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device for on-board electrical automation; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network. Weight: 83.6 kg.
Slide 17
Slide description:
Use of satellites 1. Use of satellites for communication. Implementation of telephone and television communications. 2. Use of satellites for navigation of ships and aircraft. 3. The use of satellites in meteorology and for studying processes occurring in the atmosphere; forecasting natural phenomena. 4. Use of satellites for scientific research, implementation of various technological processes in conditions of weightlessness, clarification of natural resources. 5. The use of satellites to study space and the physical nature of other bodies in the Solar System. Etc.
Artificial Earth satellites
Performed:
physics teacher Ilyicheva O.A.
In 1957, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev created the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, which in the same year was used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite .
Artificial Earth satellite (satellite) is a spacecraft revolving around the Earth in a geocentric orbit. Geocentric orbit- the trajectory of a celestial body along an elliptical path around the Earth. One of the two foci of the ellipse along which the celestial body moves coincides with the Earth. In order for the spacecraft to be in this orbit, it must be given a speed that is less than the second escape velocity, but not less than the first escape velocity. AES flights are carried out at altitudes of up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the satellite's flight altitude is determined by the need to avoid the process of rapid braking in the atmosphere. The orbital period of a satellite, depending on the average flight altitude, can range from one and a half hours to several days.
Geocentric orbit
Movement of an artificial Earth satellite in geostationary orbit
Of particular importance are satellites in geostationary orbit, whose orbital period is strictly equal to a day and therefore for a ground observer they “hang” motionless in the sky, which makes it possible to get rid of rotating devices in antennas. Geostationary orbit(GSO) - a circular orbit located above the Earth’s equator (0° latitude), while in which an artificial satellite orbits the planet with an angular velocity equal to the angular velocity of the Earth’s rotation around its axis.
Sputnik-1- the first artificial Earth satellite, the first spacecraft, launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957.
Satellite code designation - PS-1(The simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (later this place was named the Baikonur Cosmodrome) on a Sputnik (R-7) launch vehicle.
Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, A. worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.
The date of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day of the Space Forces.
Sputnik-1
The satellite's body consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm made of aluminum alloy with docking frames connected to each other by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two rods 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was unoriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions.
A block of electrochemical sources was placed inside the sealed housing; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device for on-board electrical automation; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network. Mass of the first satellite: 83.6 kg.
Sergey Pavlovich Korolev
The name of Sergei Korolev is known throughout the world. He is the designer of the first artificial Earth satellites and the first space rocket, the opener of a new era in the history of mankind.