Adjectives and participles take on the meaning “a person is the bearer of a characteristic called an adjective or participle.” Wed: look after sick child (sick- adjective) and Sickalready got out of bed (sick- noun); Wed also nouns adult, military, wounded, duty officer, helmsman, manager, manager, student, accused, authorized; depressed(cf. oppressed And oppressors), exploited(cf. exploiters And exploited) etc. In the feminine form, substantivized adjectives usually designate a room where something is located, happens: reception, checkpoint, operating room, bathroom, control room, hairdresser, bakery, snack bar, kebab shop etc. In the neuter form, substantivized adjectives and participles name the generalized, abstract carrier of the attribute (past, future, new, beautiful, obsolete, upcoming; Wed repetition passed; Amazing near etc.), and are also the names of foods, medicines (edibles, sweets, aspic, ice cream, sleeping pills), representatives of various species and classes of flora and fauna (mammal, amphibian, reptile, citrus). Substantivized adjectives in plural form. h. are the words pluralia tantum, denoting mainly different types of money and payments (travel allowances, bonuses, daily allowances and so on.; Wed Also call signs).
Substantivized adjectives and participles are homonymous to the corresponding adjectives and participles, which from a word-formation point of view are motivating (generating) words for them. The grammatical mechanism of substantivization is based on the fact that the gender-case-numerical paradigm of an adjective or participle is reduced: only a part remains of it - a system of word forms of one gender (in the singular) or only the plural. numbers. Substantivized adjectives and participles make up the vast majority of nouns of the adjectival declension (see § 52).
Other parts of speech can also be substantivized - for example, adverbs (is our Tomorrow, road to nowhere; Today the millennium is crumbling before. Mayakovsky), interjections (It thundered in the distance hooray. Pushkin), personal pronouns in the form named after. P. (not interested in anything other than his own “I”; speak in You; Empty You cordial You She said something and replaced it. Pushkin), as well as any other word forms and their combinations when conveying words spoken by someone (work through"I can not "; Her excited"No need" will remain in my memory for a long time. O. Shestinsky). In all such uses, substantivized words and their combinations act as indeclinable neuter nouns. The essence of this phenomenon, in contrast to the substantivization of adjectives and participles, is purely syntactic; it comes down to the placement of a particular word, word form, combination of words in the syntactic position of a noun.
2. Adjectivation(transition to adjectives) participles. The essence of this phenomenon is semantic: the loss of verbal features by the participle due to its semantic separation from the corresponding verb, for example: outstanding, brilliant in combinations like outstanding, brilliant abilities; an outstanding, brilliant scientist; killed, confused, lost, battered etc. in combination with words like look, look, face. Such participles break away from the verbal paradigm and become an independent word - an adjective, while maintaining the adjectival type of declension.
3. Adverbialization(transition to adverbs). Adverbial participles are adverbialized, losing verbal features and breaking away from the verbal paradigm, similar to participles during adjectivation, for example: jokingly (He'll do it jokingly - “very easy, without tension”), playfully in the same meaning lying down (Read lying down harmful). Forms of oblique cases and prepositional case forms of nouns, for example, creative forms, are also adverbialized. n. in adverbs like autumn, winter, summer, evening, at times, walking, trotting, wine shapes n. with prepositions in adverbs sideways, up, down, away, alone, half, at random etc. At the same time, breaking away from the noun paradigm, such forms become unchangeable words, and inflections and prepositions of the original case and prepositional case forms are functionally transformed: inflections become suffixes of adverbs, and prepositions become prefixes.
4. Pronominalization(transition to pronouns) is a purely semantic phenomenon. Nouns, adjectives and participles, turning into pronouns, acquire the function of indicating an object or attribute. These are, for example, nouns thing (Ball- thing good, bondage is bitter. Griboyedov), business (Vacation is good case), Human(when pointing to a face: He Human not bad and so on.), Brother(in colloquial speech, also when pointing to a person, in some constructions: had to or came out three rubles per brother); adjectives known, certain meaning "some, some" (V famous sense, on certain stage and so on.). Adjectives and participles are used as demonstrative pronouns the(“this; the one in question”: V given case, in given minute), last(“this one just mentioned”), next(“the one that will now be mentioned”), specified etc. The numeral is also pronominalized one(see § 68).
5. Widespread transition of significant words and word forms into function words. Functionally transformed, significant words, their word forms and prepositional-case combinations acquire various service functions - they become prepositions, conjunctions, particles. Such word forms are isolated from the paradigms of the corresponding significant words, for example:
Noun → preposition: by what (This can only be solved by careful analysis); by virtue of what, by using what, in continuation what, in view of what, etc.
Noun → conjunction: Truth(meaning “although”: Someone's steps Truth still distant, made the children wary. A. Gaidar), good(meaning “especially since”: The dogs climbed into the kennel good there was no one to bark at. Goncharov).
Adverb → preposition: according to what, inside what, around what, the day before what (cf.: He arrived the day before - adverb and He arrived on the eve of the decisive day- preposition), against what (cf.: Across the alley is a meadow, and against forest and Opposite houses - forest) and so on.
Adverb → conjunction: barely(cf. barely alive, She barely could not stop laughing- adverb and Barely he left when he got a phone call- union), a little while(cf. I'm still I'll wait- adverb and While he was sleeping, she was preparing breakfast- union).
Adverb → particle: simply (I just can’t see him), directly (He’s a real hero), decisively (absolutely everyone needs this man).
Verb (in gerund form) → preposition: thanks to what, despite What, later What (two hours later), not counting what, cumming how.
Verb (usually in the form of led, mood) → particle: let it, come on, let me (Let me try to do this), look (Make sure you don’t fall), it was (I wanted to stay, I thought about it).
Pronoun → conjunction: what, what, how and so on.
Pronoun → particle: it(in colloquial speech, for example: Here it what!), yourself (Go to myself home).
6. Various significant parts of speech turn into interjections: nouns (priests, God, guard, abyss, devilry), Verbs (come on, think about it, have mercy), adverbs (complete, away, out). Set phrases are widely used as interjections (oh my god, damn it, please tell me and so on.).
7. Grammatical homonymy of functional parts of speech is widespread, for example:
union - particle: so that (I'm in a hurry, to catch the train- union; To this was no longer the case!- particle), as if (Assures as if I saw it myself - union; As if I didn't see this!- particle), exactly, yes;
preposition - particle: like [coat like my- preposition; Smiled like Terkin...(A. Tvardovsky) - particle].
Sometimes a polysemantic word is a system of several interrelated meanings that relate to different parts of speech and therefore are grammatical homonyms. These are, for example:
Only - 1) particle (multi-valued: cf. Leftonlythree days;Onlywould like to leave; For whatonlyI said!); 2) union (Onlyyou say, I will come; I agree to goonlynot now); 3) adverb (Heonlyawoke); once- 1) noun (On thatonce,twotimes); 2) adverb (Oncelate evening); 3) union (Oncepromised, do); 4) interjection (Once! - a white bat hit... A. Voznesensky).
The phenomenon of grammatical homonymy is broader than the phenomenon of the transition of words from one part of speech to another. Thus, from a synchronic point of view, we can only talk about homonymy, for example, for qualitative adverbs and short forms of environments, genders of adjectives (cf.: SheBeautifuldressed And Her dressBeautiful;Express the ideaIt's clear And Your excitement to meIt's clear), in some cases - for homonymous unchangeable words (so that, yes, only) and etc.
Schematically, the system of parts of speech can be represented as follows:
§ 52. Transitional phenomena in the area of parts of speech
In the process of language development, words from one part of speech to another are possible. At the same time, the meaning of the word, its morphological features and syntactic role change. Wed: The working day is over. - The best worker is rewarded. In the first case, the word worker answers the question what?, denotes a feature of an object, agrees in gender, number and case with the noun day and serves as a definition, therefore it is an adjective. In the second case, this word answers the question who? , denotes an object, has an independent gender and is the subject of a sentence. Therefore, it is a noun.
The following transitional phenomena in the area of parts of speech are most often observed:
1) substantivization - the transition of other parts of speech into nouns. Adjectives and participles most often move into the category of nouns: A tall military man entered, with slanting fathoms at his shoulders. (Sim.) A lover’s dreams are tender and pure. (Antok.)
Other parts of speech can also be used in the meaning of nouns: Instead of thousands, two fight. (Tward.) And everyone thought and dreamed about something of their own. (Isak.);
2) adjectivation - the transition of other parts of speech into adjectives. Participles are most actively adjectivated. Compare: an open window - an open face, dew shining on the grass - brilliant speech. Sometimes numerals (the first student at school, second grade) and pronouns (some kind of relatives) are adjectivated;
3) pronominalization - the transition of other parts of speech into pronouns. In the meaning of pronouns, the numerals one, one, one (on one Saturday), some participles, adjectives and nouns can be used: at this (this) moment, to a certain (certain) extent;
4) adverbialization - the transition of other parts of speech into adverbs. Most often, in certain conditions (in the absence of definitions), nouns in the instrumental case with a temporary meaning or with the meaning of a manner of action are adverbialized. Wed: we left in the morning, met in the spring, “at times it was drizzling, we walked at a pace - we left early in the morning, in early spring, the hard times were over, we walked at a brisk pace (in the first combinations the highlighted words are adverbs, and in subsequent combinations they are nouns). The meaning of adverbs can be the nouns fear, horror, etc. For example: I don’t like fear that you are a poet, that you have become friends with bad fame. (Her.)
Transitional phenomena in the system of parts of speech are quite common. A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: “Transitional facts in the field of parts of speech are a consequence of the fact that individual words, on the basis of sound changes and changes in meaning occurring in themselves and the words associated with them, slowly and gradually move from one category to another.” According to V.V. Vinogradov, “in the living Russian language there is no ideal system with uniform, sharp and deep boundaries between different types of words. Grammatical facts move and pass from one category to another, often adhering to different categories in different ways.” In language, as in any living phenomenon, everything interacts. Consequently, there are no insurmountable barriers between the morphological classes of words and the boundaries between them are mobile.
To determine the morphological identity of a word, one should rely on its syntactic function, which is especially important in ambiguous situations. All branches of the science of language are in close and inextricable connection, and they all rely on syntax, therefore, against the background of the syntactic structure, the morphological design of the word is most understandable. Thus, the transition of different parts of speech into the category of nouns (substantivization) is established, firstly, by their syntactic position as a subject or object, and secondly, by the ability of these words to have a definition (which is characteristic of all nouns). Academician A.A. Shakhmatov believed that “every part of speech in the function of a subject or object” passes into a noun.
Let's look at examples of which parts of speech can act as nouns. The most common cases of substantivization among adjectives like dining room, hallway, insect, sentry, divisible, term, guard, duty officer, sleeping pill, workshop and so on. We find such examples in proverbs and riddles:
Wetnot afraid of rain. Evil with the evil one They were hanging out and they both fell into a hole. Hurried does the same thing twice. Thick Thin will beat thin will hit something (riddle). Happiness is always on your side brave. Kind they die, but their deeds live. From small under construction great.
The role of nouns can be participles, which begin to answer substantive questions and act in a sentence as a subject or object: Mourners crowded around the carriages. My grandfather served on this estate manager. Greeters came with flowers.
Cardinal numbers are substantivized when the dependent noun is omitted: Received for the answer two.
All collective numerals with the meaning of person are substantivized: One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon. All three became quiet. For one trip the driver could only take five. We were just waiting for the ship four. Ordinal numbers are substantivized less often: In this story you third extra. On first soup, on second- cutlets. Both fell silent at once.
Lexemes thousand, million, billion can be either cardinal numbers or nouns. They have the first meaning if they denote a number or quantity of something: TO thousand Let's add another three hundred rubles. Between us lay thousands verst. Their fortune was six millions rubles We had million we had a fight over the summer! You, grandma, million prejudices! If they are not part of numbering phrases, then we are dealing with nouns: There were a whole lot of them there thousand . (Here the former numeral has a defining word.) He made his money from these real estate transactions. millions. Along the path we have trodden, in our footsteps millions go.(Yashin)
Pronouns belonging to the categories of possessive, demonstrative and attributive, being with nouns, perform the function of definitions: These We have already passed the lakes. We stopped at himself the source where we had breakfast the day before. Any they take a mushroom, but don’t any put in the basket. In the morning All my fears are gone. When substantivating, their syntactic function changes: To your own reluctant friend. Yesterday our won against the Swedes. AND every thought O his , remembering that spring... And various people walk in the idle bustle not the same . All I remember what didn’t happen to me. My haven't returned from vacation yet. What This at your place? Like a dog in the manger: myself doesn't eat and others does not give. Substantivalization is also observed among other categories of pronouns: Is our I transitory and perishable(A. Kondratyev).
Adverbs, acting as nouns, are perceived as indeclinable words. They can be used with prepositions, have definitions, and sometimes are capable of inflection: We V formidable Tomorrow we look calmly(V. Surkov). Today the millennium is crumbling before (V. Mayakovsky). Yesterday you won't catch up, but from Tomorrow you will not leave. I took you out of your far away. That's all not long .
Participles can function as adjectives. At the same time, their verbal signs of aspect and tense weaken, and their attribute properties strengthen. Often they have a figurative meaning and a second definition nearby: suitable moment(comfortable); dancing gait(light, graceful); overwhelming advantage(explicit), beginning writer(inexperienced). At the girl's flowering view(healthy). WITH absent-minded the brother looked through the pages.
To distinguish short adjectives in the neuter form from adverbs homonymous with them, it is necessary to identify their syntactic connections in the sentence. Short adjectives are associated with subject nouns, while adverbs are associated with verbs: His behavior was Weird (short form of adjective), He looked somehow Weird (adverb).
Words in the form of the comparative degree cause difficulties. It should be remembered that the adjective in such cases refers to a noun and can be replaced by the full form: This rope stronger yours. - The rope is strong, stronger than yours. An adverb refers to a verb and can only be replaced by an adverb: Tighter Hold on to the steering wheel, driver!- How are you holding up? - stronger, or stronger.
Nouns actively replenish the class of adverbs: incessantly, in winter, deep into, at a gallop, running, up, to the top, shoulder, the old fashioned way, without looking back, in revenge and so on. The inability to distinguish between them then affects spelling: Dust rises like a wavy cloud in the distance (Fet) . In the distance the golden sand was spinning like a blue pillar(Lermontov). In the first case, we have a noun with a preposition with an adjective defining it, in the second - an adverb in the function of circumstance. We started our hike early in the morning. I in the morning I must be sure that I will see you during the day(Pushkin). Nouns can also be transformed into conjunctions (once), prepositions ( as a result of, during, in continuation of, for the purposes of, regarding, in connection with, as far as etc.), in interjections ( horror, fathers, mothers, god), into modal words (fortunately, unfortunately, right, in a word, true and etc.).
The phenomenon of transitivity has expressiveness, which is actively used in proverbs, aphorisms, and poetic texts.
From smart you will learn, and from stupid you'll unlearn. Be small If you're happy, you'll get more. Strangers you won't be rich. The man is not for beautiful good, but for good handsome. On foot to horseback not a comrade. Yesterday you won't catch up, but from Tomorrow you will not leave. Broken, spilled Yes lived don't turn back. Of many few one big one comes out a lot of. Will make it through the road going. Please doesn't bow, but Thank you does not bend your back. Russian man loves maybe, I guess Yes somehow.
It's a pity that loved ones are close-minded. Be compassionate not only to pets, but also to homemade at all. Today's Then leads to the future never. Looking in past, bare your heads, looking into future, roll up your sleeves. Insane lives future, imbecilic past, A smart– hereby.
I can't live hereby
I love restless dreams...(K. Balmont)
Everything is allowed cherished leave,
You can fall out of love without a trace.
But you can't to the past cool down
But you can't about the past forget!(K. Balmont)
We want to keep the beautiful in flight,
Unnamedwe want to give a name...(V. Zhukovsky)
Oh dear guest, holy Before,
Why are you pressing into my chest?(V. Zhukovsky)
Sun, burn the present in the name future, but have mercy past! (N. Gumilev)
Rushing after me like a flying mountain Yesterday,
A Tomorrow What awaits me ahead is like an abyss...(N. Gumilev)
What is happiness? Child of mad speech,
One minute on the way
Where with the kiss of a greedy meeting
The inaudible merged sorry (I. Annensky) .
The future cannot be reconciled with the past,
Don't make friends Today And Yesterday. (A. Dementyev)
Smart, be proud of inequality with fools!
Honest, be proud of inequality with scoundrels!(A. Volodin)
Related information.
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110.
Transitional phenomena in the area of parts of speech
In the process of language development, words from one lexical and grammatical category can move to another.
If a word belonging to a certain part of speech loses (or changes) its basic lexical meaning and morphological features inherent in a given series of words, it acquires the features of another part of speech, and in accordance with this its syntactic functions change. Wed:Worker the area was very lively in the morning. - Worker took a place at the machine, where, depending on belonging to different parts of speech, the role of the word in the sentence changes. In the first sentence, the word worker denotes a feature of an object and is an adjective, acting as a definition. In the second sentence, the same word received an independent meaning of objectivity, i.e. has passed into the category of nouns, with it a definition is possible ( old worker, regular worker, auxiliary worker etc.), it is used as a subject.
The transition from one part of speech to another occurs constantly in the language, so the distribution of words among different parts of speech is not constant. However, not all parts of speech can move equally freely into others. For example, adjectives often turn into nouns, participles into adjectives ( delicious food, brilliant victory). Nouns can take on the meaning of pronouns: Soon regular classes began. It was in September. Often nouns are involved in the formation of prepositions, conjunctions, particles, for example: during the year, for the purpose of improvement; while, since; Is it a joke? or something, etc. Adverbs can become prepositions, for example: about, around ; gerunds - in adverbs and prepositions, for example: silently, sitting, standing; thanks despite etc.
111.
Composition of parts of speech
In modern Russian, there are different parts of speech: independent and auxiliary.
A special group of words includes modal words, interjections and onomatopoeic words.
Independent(or significant) parts of speech either name objects, qualities or properties, quantity, action or state, or indicate them. They have independent lexical and grammatical meanings; in a sentence they act as main or secondary members of the sentence.
Independent parts of speech include 7 categories of words: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, impersonal predicative words (state category).
Among significant words, nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs and pronouns have a variety of forms.
Adverbs and impersonal predicative words (such as glad, sorry, no time etc.) are deprived of formative means (except for the degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs and impersonal predicative words formed from them).
Function words(or particles of speech) are deprived of a nominative (naming) function. They are a kind of grammatical means for expressing relationships and connections between words and sentences (prepositions, conjunctions), as well as for conveying certain semantic and emotional shades of meaning expressed by independent parts of speech (particles).
Functional words include prepositions, conjunctions, and particles.
Modal words allocated to a special group, like auxiliary parts of speech, do not have a nominative function. They express the speaker’s assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relationship of what is being communicated to objective reality ( definitely, unfortunately and etc.).
Interjectionsalso lack the naming function. They are exponents of certain feelings (oh! chu! fu! alas! etc.) and expressions of will (there! stop! tch! etc.). Like modal words, interjections are immutable and are usually not parts of a sentence, although they are always intonationally connected with the sentence to which they adjoin.
1) the presence of a generalized meaning, abstracted from the lexical and morphological meanings of all words of a given class;
2) a complex of certain morphological categories;
3) a general system (identical organization) of paradigms and
4) commonality of basic syntactic functions.
Note. The identical organization of paradigms (full and partial) is not violated by the absence of partial paradigms or individual forms in some words or groups of words belonging to one or another part of speech. Thus, the absence of short forms in a number of adjectives of partial paradigms (see § 1331) or the absence of forms in intransitive verbs suffer. participles (see § 1580) do not take words with such incomplete paradigms beyond such parts of speech as adjective and verb.
In modern Russian there are ten parts of speech: 1) noun; 2) pronoun noun; 3) adjective; 4) numeral name; 5) adverb; 6) verb; 7) preposition; 8) union; 9) particles; 10)interjection.
The first six parts of speech are significant(full-valued or independent) words, i.e. words that are lexically independent, naming objects and signs or indicating them, and capable of functioning as members of a sentence. Prepositions, conjunctions and particles are service words, i.e. lexically independent, words that serve to express various syntactic relations (prepositions and conjunctions), as well as to form analytical forms or to express the syntactic and modal meanings of a sentence (particle). Interjections constitute a special group of words: they do not name anything and serve to express an emotional attitude and subjective assessments.
Inside significant words, crossing their main grammatical division into parts of speech, there is a division of words, firstly, into significant ones ( non-demonstrative words) and pronominal ( demonstrative words) and, secondly, into uncountable and countable. Demonstrative (pronoun) words include words that do not name an object or attribute, but only point to it, including words indicating quantity and a quantitative attribute, for example: I, You, He; That, such, some; there, there; so many, How many. Counting words include words that name the number of objects (numerals), a feature in place in a counting series (ordinal adjectives), quantitative characteristics (adverbs), for example: five, two, sixth,three times, together. There are no verbs among either demonstrative or counting words.
§ 1117. Among the significant parts of speech, two groups stand out: main parts of speech, which include noun, adjective, verb and adverb, and non-main parts of speech, which include the pronoun noun and numeral. The main parts of speech have the entire complex of features that characterize a part of speech as a special grammatical class of words (see § 1116). The composition of words included in these parts of speech is constantly updated due to new formations and borrowed words. From the side of meaning, the main parts of speech are characterized by the following oppositions: 1) a noun as naming an object (substance) is contrasted with all other parts of speech - adjective, adverb and verb as naming a feature of an object or other feature; 2) within the parts of speech that name the attribute, the adjective and adverb naming the non-processual attribute are opposed to the verb naming the procedural attribute; 3) parts of speech that name a characteristic are also contrasted with each other depending on whether they name the characteristic of only an object (verb, adjective) or the characteristic of both an object and another characteristic (adverb).
Non-basic parts of speech - pronoun-noun and numeral - are closed, non-replenishing classes of words. The pronoun-noun has a system of morphological categories close to the noun; the difference from a noun is the inconsistency of the pronoun’s expression of the morphological meanings of gender and number (see § 1271).
The numeral, in its morphological meanings and the way of their expression, occupies an intermediate position between the noun and the adjective: the numeral is characterized by the morphological category of case; the system of its case forms does not differ from the system of case forms of a noun or (in words such as How many, some, a lot of, A little) from the system of adjective forms; however, the numeral does not have the morphological categories of gender and number (for some exceptions, see § 1369). In space pad. The numeral forms differ from the adjective forms in the incomplete agreement with the noun being defined (see § 1366).
Depending on the ability or inability of words to change (form forms), the parts of speech of significant words are divided into changeable(all significant parts of speech, except those adverbs that do not form comparative forms) and immutable(those adverbs that do not form comparative forms). According to the nature of inflection, the modified parts of speech are divided into declined And conjugated. Declined parts of speech combine all names: noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun noun; they all change according to cases, that is, they are declined. The conjugated part of speech is the verb; all verbs change according to tenses, moods, persons and numbers (in past tense and subjunctive tense - according to gender), i.e. they are conjugated.
§1118. Functional words - prepositions, conjunctions and particles do not name objects and characteristics; their lexical meanings are meanings abstracted from the relationships they express in the sentence. The meaning that unites function words into one or another part of speech differs from the meaning that unites significant words into one part of speech: the community of function words is only a functional community.
Function words are opposed to significant words as words that, firstly, do not have morphological categories and, secondly, perform only service functions in a syntactic structure. Function words are used to connect words, sentences or parts of a sentence, and also serve to express different shades of the speaker’s subjective attitude to the content of the message. Individual particles participate in the formation of analytical forms of a word.
§ 1119. Parts of speech are the most general grammatical classification of words. Within each significant part of speech there are lexico-grammatical categories of words. These are subclasses of a given part of speech that have a common semantic feature that affects the ability of words to express certain morphological meanings or enter into oppositions within morphological categories. Lexico-grammatical categories are, for example, in a verb - modes of action, transitive and intransitive verbs, categories of reflexive verbs, personal and impersonal verbs; in a noun – animate and inanimate nouns, collective, material, abstract and concrete, as well as proper and common nouns; in an adjective - qualitative, relative adjectives (including possessive and ordinal), in an adverb - qualitative and adverbial adverbs. Many lexico-grammatical categories of words are characterized by incomplete paradigms. Thus, nouns belonging to the categories of real, collective and abstract are only singular nouns. h. or only plural. h. (singularia or pluralia tantum), proper nouns, as a rule, are not used in plural forms. h.; Relative adjectives, as a rule, cannot have compare forms. degrees, as well as short forms; verbs classified as impersonal do not change according to persons.
Note. The incompleteness of the paradigm itself, i.e. the impossibility of forming a number of forms or individual forms of a word, cannot yet serve as a defining feature when classifying words into lexico-grammatical categories: such incompleteness can be explained not only by the peculiarities of the lexical meanings of words, but also by their morphological structure or phonemic composition. For individual words, the incompleteness of paradigms is associated with the practical infrequency of individual forms (for example, the gender form of plural in the word dream, forms 1 l. units h. bud. vr. at the word win).
§ 1120. Parts of speech and lexico-grammatical categories are groupings of words. Along with this division, a proper morphological classification of word forms is possible (sometimes including whole words). This is a classification into morphological categories. Morphological categories are associations of morphological forms of words based on the commonality of their inflectional morphological meanings, as well as the formal means by which these meanings are expressed.
The following morphological categories are distinguished.
1) The category of forms expressing only the meaning of the case; this includes all forms (full paradigms) of pronouns-nouns ( I, You, Who, What) and numerals, except words one, two, both And one and a half.
2) The category of forms expressing the meanings of case and number unites all forms (full paradigms) of nouns.
3) The category of forms expressing the meanings of gender and case unites all forms (full paradigms) of numerals two, both, one and a half.
4) The category of forms expressing the meanings of case, number and gender unites the gender and number case forms of adjectives, valid. and are completely suffering. participles and all forms (full paradigm) of the countable pronominal word one(one, one – alone).
5) The category of forms expressing the meanings of gender and number unites the short forms of adjectives and adjectives. participles, past forms vr. and they will compose. incl. verb, as well as all forms of words glad, love, much, must, that's how it is, words like too big, too small, alone, alone, radohonek, my dear and words in - one day, -onek (twin, strict).
6) The category of forms expressing the meanings of person and number unites the personal forms present, future. simple and bud. difficult times.
All of the listed categories are opposed by the category of unchangeable words and word forms that do not express the meanings of case, number, gender and person. All adverbs and forms are combined here. degrees of adjectives and adverbs, gerunds and infinitives.
Function words do not form morphological categories.