A dream is an image of the desired future, a motive for activity, a necessary condition for the implementation of human creative powers.

Recreating is the imagination that recreates images based on a description, on the basis of a text, a story, on the basis of previously perceived images.

With creative imagination, new images are independently created.

By the nature of the images, imagination can be concrete and abstract.

Specific operates with single, material images, with details.

Abstract operates with images in the form of generalized diagrams and symbols.

But these two types cannot be opposed, since there are many mutual transitions between them.

The value of the human personality largely depends on what types of imagination predominate in its structure. If creative imagination, realized in activity, predominates, then this indicates a high level of personal development.

One of the highest types of creative imagination is dream.

In this regard, a person’s dream is one of his meaningful characteristics. The dream reflects the direction of the personality and the degree of its activity.

The process of imagination is not purely arbitrary; it has its own mechanisms. To create fantasy images, a person uses a fairly limited number of techniques.

1. Combination- a combination of elements given in experience in new combinations (usually this is not a random set, but a selection of certain traits). This method is very common and is used in science, technical invention, art, and artistic creativity. A special case of combination is agglutination- “gluing” of various parts, properties that are not combined in real life.

Examples of agglutination include fairy-tale and fantastic images - a hut on chicken legs, a flying carpet, a mermaid, a centaur, an amphibian, etc.

2. Hyperbolization- exaggeration of the subject; change in the number of parts of an object and their displacement - dragons, multi-armed goddesses, Serpent-Gorynych, etc.

3. Accentuation- highlighting, emphasizing any features and aspects of an object or phenomenon. Accentuation is actively used by satirical writers and artists when creating friendly cartoons and expressive images.

4. Typing- a specific generalization, which is characterized by the identification of the essential, repeated in homogeneous facts and their embodiment in a specific image. Typification is widely used in art and fiction. For example, the image of “Hero of Our Time” M.Yu. Lermontov created, combining the typical features of his contemporaries, the image of Natasha Rostova, according to the memoirs of L.N. Tolstoy, includes typical features of his own ideal woman.

In addition to these techniques, the imagination also uses other transformations:

allegories(allegory, metaphor, etc.)

symbols, in which the fusion of image and meaning occurs.

// Comment on the following example from the perspective of the psychology of imagination.

The student expressed his understanding of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov’s “The Cliff”: “A cloud is a fleeting joy that has visited a person. She warmed him up, left him with a good memory and flew away. And this person, after fleeting joy, feels his loneliness even more acutely...”

Name the techniques for creating imaginative images in the following examples:

“... monsters are sitting around the table: one with horns with a dog’s face, the other with a rooster’s head. An evil witch with a goat’s beard, here I am a prim and proud frame, there is a dwarf with a ponytail, and here is a half-crane and half-cat” (A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”: Tatyana’s dream).

“...an old man: thin as winter hares. All white and a tall white hat with a band of red cloth. The nose is beaked like a hawk, the mustache is gray and long. And different eyes...” (N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'”).

“Even more terrible, even more wonderful: here is a crab riding on a spider, here is a skull on a goose neck, spinning in a red cap, here is a mill dancing in a crouch and cracking and flapping its wings” (A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”: Tatyana’s dream).

“And then the nightingale whistles, but like a nightingale. He screams - a villain, a robber - like an animal. And whether it was from him or from the nightingale's whistle. And whether from him or from the cry of an animal. Then all the ant grasses are entwined, All the azure flowers are crumbling... (the epic “Ilya Muromets and the Nightingale the Robber”).

First of all, the process of artistic creativity is connected with the phenomenon of imagination in the practical activities of people. We encounter productive imagination in art in cases where a person is not satisfied with recreating reality using a realistic method. The following methods of creating imaginary images are distinguished:

Agglutination– “gluing together” various incompatible qualities and parts in everyday life. An example of agglutination is many fairy-tale and mythical heroes: a mermaid (a woman with a fish tail), a centaur (a horse with a man’s head), etc.

Hyperbolization– characterized by an increase or decrease in a real-life object, as well as a change in the number of its individual parts and the creation of a new fantastic image on this basis. For example, multi-armed goddesses, cyclops in mythical tales; three, six, nine-headed dragons, Thumb, giants in Russian folk tales.

Schematization- essentially consists in the fact that when creating an image of the imagination, a separate idea merges, differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly. The main motifs of the art of Russian folk crafts are built on the technique of schematization: Khokhloma, Gzhel, Gorodets painting. Schematization was embodied in the creation of images of historical ethnic folk costumes: Russian, Chukchi, Uzbek, Georgian, Scottish, Spanish, etc.

Sharpening- ϶ᴛᴏ underlining, emphasizing, any individual features. Friendly cartoons, caricatures, lampoons reveal the essence of the technique of sharpening. As a rule, in literary works, cinema and theatrical productions, sharpening is used to create an artistic image of a “villain” or, conversely, a positive “hero”.

Typing- ϶ᴛᴏ highlighting what is essential and repeating in homogeneous images. Very often, this technique of creative imagination is used in literary works of art to create the image of a hero of the historical period that is described in the book. Natasha Rostova, Evgeny Onegin - collective images typical representatives of young people of the noble class of that era. The image of Ivanushka the Fool in Russian folk tales - reflection typical character of the Russian people: dexterity, ingenuity and resourcefulness, laziness, kindness, courage, etc.

Questions and tasks

1. What is imagination? What are the features of the imagination process?

2. List the main functions of imagination. Give examples from life.

3. Describe the types of imagination. What are the features of dream images as a type of imagination?

4. Name the ways of creating imaginative images in the process of artistic creativity. Give examples of agglutination, hyperbolization, schematization, sharpening and typification in artistic creativity.

Chapter 12. Speech and communication

Summary

The concept of speech and language. The concept of speech. The concept of language. Natural and artificial languages. Dead languages. Speech is the ability and ability to use language.

Types and functions of speech. Types of speech: external speech - oral, written, affective; inner speech Inner speech as the main means of human thinking.

Functions of speech. Z naval (significative) function. Generalization function. Intelligent function. Communication function. Three sides of the communicative function: informational, expressive, volitional.

Communication concept. Communication functions. In the process of communication, interpersonal relationships are formed, manifested and implemented. The problem of relationships in the works of V. N. Myasishchev . The effectiveness of a teacher’s work and the art of communication.

Structure of communication. Communicative, interactive and perceptual side of communication (according to G.M. Andreeva). Model of the communication process (according to Laozuel)

Types and means of communication. Principles of classification of types of communication. Informal communication. Socially oriented communication. Group subject-oriented communication. Personally oriented communication. Speech and non-speech means of communication. Verbal speech and non-verbal communication.

Communication styles and their characteristics. Pedagogical communication and its effectiveness. Styles of pedagogical communication: democratic, authoritarian, liberal.

Techniques for creating imaginative images. All processes of imagination are of an analytical-synthetic nature, as are perception, memory, and thinking.
Images of the creative imagination are created through various techniques. One of these techniques is combining elements into a holistic new image. Combination – This is not a simple sum of already known elements, but a creative synthesis, where elements are transformed, changed, and appear in new relationships. Thus, the image of Natasha Rostova was created by L.N. Tolstoy based on a deep analysis of the character traits of two people close to him - his wife Sofia Andreevna and her sister Tatyana. A less complex, but also very productive method of forming a new image is agglutination(from Latin agglluninary - to glue) - a combination of properties, qualities, parts of various objects that are incompatible in real life (mermaid, sphinx, centaur, Pegasus, hut on chicken legs). In technology, using this technique, an accordion, a trolleybus, an amphibious tank, a seaplane, etc. were created.
A unique way of creating images of the imagination is accentuation– sharpening, emphasizing, exaggerating any features of an object. This technique is often used in caricatures and cartoons. One form of emphasis is hyperbolization- a method of reducing (increasing) the object itself (giant, heroes, Thumbelina, gnomes, elves) or changing the quantity and quality of its parts (dragon with seven heads, Kalimata - the many-armed Indian goddess).
A common technique for creating creative images is typing– highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous phenomena, and embodying it in a specific image. For example, Pechorin is “... a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development.” A type is an individual image in which the most characteristic features of people of a class, nation or group are combined into one whole.
Techniques for creating new images also include schematization and specification. Schematization consists in smoothing out the differences between objects and identifying similarities between them. An example is the creation of an ornament from elements of the plant world.

Specification abstract concepts can be observed in various allegories, metaphors and other symbolic images (eagle, lion - strength and pride; turtle - slowness; fox - cunning; hare - cowardice). Any artist, poet, composer realizes his thoughts and ideas not in general abstract concepts, but in specific images. Thus, in the fable “Swan, Crayfish and Pike” by I.A. Krylov concretizes the thought in figurative form: “When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.”

Imagination creates new images by transforming known images of objects and phenomena. There are a number of ways to do this conversion:

1.Creation image about any parts of an object , its property or individual attribute. The basis of this process is analysis in the form of mental isolation of a part or property of an object, their abstraction from the whole with a specific cognitive or practical task (for example, Gogol’s “Nose”).

2.Hyperbolization is a way of creating an image of the imagination by exaggerating the entire image of an object or its parts, endowing the object with a significantly larger number of significant features compared to reality, exaggerating the forces and possibilities of action of the object. Often used in cartoons.

3.Miniaturization (understatement)) – a way of creating an image of the imagination by downplaying holistic images of objects from individual properties and psychological qualities. Sometimes there is a combination of miniaturization and hyperbolization, when techniques of both enlargement and reduction are simultaneously used in creating an image.

4.Accentuation (sharpening) is a technique for creating imaginative images by emphasizing certain properties, features, aspects of various phenomena. One of the forms of emphasis is the selection of one of the properties of the image, which is not only dominant, but also universal, unique, characterizing the image in its entirety (almost all the main characters of works of art, allegorism of images). Emphasis in artistic creativity, advertising, imageology is achieved through repeated repetition of any stable expressive features, which allows for individualization of the image and its unforgettableness.

5.Agglutination – a way of creating an image of the imagination by combining into a single system of ideas in a sequence (combination) that is different from our direct perceptions and experiences (mermaids, sphinxes, centaurs).

6.Schematization consists in excluding some properties or qualities inherent in a certain object or person. Speaking about the advantages of schematization, S.L. Rubinstein emphasized that the artist achieves the proper expressiveness of the object if he rids it of unnecessary, minor details that interfere with the perception of what is characteristic of the depicted object (a typical hero in typical circumstances).

7.Reconstruction of an object based on known fragments is essential in creative work. This technique is actively used by archaeologists, emergency specialists, etc. It is used in the restoration of historical figures from preserved remains (the work of M.M. Gerasimov on the creation of portraits of Ivan the Terrible, Tamerlane, etc.)

Types of imagination

Like any other mental cognitive process, imagination can be viewed from different angles. If we take into account the dominant importance of individual psychological components in the images of the imagination, then we must talk, for example, about emotional and intellectual imagination. If we take the connection between the images of the imagination and reality as the basis for the classification, then we need to talk about recreating and creative imagination.

According to the degree of activity of the subject of imagination, two types can be distinguished: active imagination, in which a person intends to use the results of imagination in practice, and passive, in which the goal of using the results of imagination is not set, and it itself can arise regardless of the desire of the subject.

Passive imagination in humans it is represented by two subtypes depending on the presence or absence of awareness of its occurrence.

So, passive intentional imagination (or dreams ) represent creation of imaginary images that are initially perceived by a person as unreal, impracticable, illusory, dream-like. However, passive intentional imagination is recognized by a person as his own and is formed under his conscious influence. Dreams usually occur in a person with weakened control of consciousness, often in a half-asleep state. In this case, control is manifested in the selection of fantastic paintings, and only those that would evoke the desired feelings in a person, accompanied by peculiar emotional states, figuratively called “sweet sadness.” These are paintings have a nice, but obviously unrealizable. The external expression of dreams is most often the prolonged immobility of a person with an emphasized apathy of posture. Reasons for the occurrence of dreams: dreams arise under the influence of peace, complacency and contentment; as a result of tedious work, long transitions, when a person’s consciousness becomes dull; under the influence of special stimuli (favorite music, etc.). No matter how realistic a dream may be, a person always distinguishes it from reality, which is how it differs from both hallucinations and illusions. Dreams appear without any support for perception, and therefore easily disappear when a person is exposed to any irritant.

Often in everyday psychology, dreams are considered synonymous with either a dream (“daydreaming”) or a daydream, but then it is defined as a “passive” dream, thereby emphasizing the initially unrealistic nature of the created image.

Passive unintentional imagination creates images in special states of a person or his body, when a person does not control the process of creating these images. Varieties of passive unintentional imagination are dreams and hallucinations. Under dream many scientists understand imaginary images that arise in a person during REM sleep and represent the creation of new images as a result of a combination of images retrieved from long-term memory and perceptual images received during the previous day.According to S. Freud and his followers , dreams – it is a symbolic expression of the unconscious for the conscious. Hallucinations – This a psychological phenomenon in which an apparent image appears in the absence of a real external stimulus outside the clouding of consciousness. This image is assessed by a person without criticism, as a truly truly existing object. The hallucinating subject is unable to renounce the internal conviction that at this moment he has sensory sensations, that the object he senses really exists, although this object does not affect him. This distinguishes a hallucination from an illusion, which distorts the image of an object that actually affects the senses. The causes of hallucinations can be organic (exposure to drugs, alcohol, toxic substances, temperature, lack of oxygen, etc.) and psychogenic (state of passion) in nature.

Active imagination also has two subspecies: recreating And creative . A feature of active imagination can be called the fact that it is basically conscious, occurring during the active activity of the subject’s thinking and is subordinated directly or indirectly to a conscious task - scientific, artistic, educational or practical.

Recreating imagination - this kind of imagination, in the course of in which new images arise based on the perception of descriptions, diagrams, drawings, musical notations, etc. His images are relatively new and usually the goal of this type of imagination is to create an image that is as close to the real thing as possible. This type of imagination plays a leading role in learning, allowing the student to understand its essence through the images of the phenomenon being studied.

Creative imagination represents such a type of imagination in which a person independently creates new images that have personal or social value. The main thing in the process of creative imagination is the modification and transformation of images, the creation of new synthetic compositions. Creative imagination is given direction by the conscious needs of practice and knowledge, as well as the ability to imaginatively foresee the results of one’s own actions. To prevent the imagination from turning into a fruitless game of the mind, the subject in activity must adhere to certain restrictive conditions. The latter include, firstly, taking into account the connection of the new image with existing reality. Therefore, it is useful when the combinatorics of visual elements of the image of creative imagination is regulated by abstract thinking, i.e. carried out according to the rules of logic. The second condition is to find out how original the images of the imagination are.

Creative imagination can create images that are subjectively new (“reinventing the wheel”) and objectively new (as a result of scientific or artistic activity).

Active imagination in a particular person can reach different levels. About level of imagination development can be judged by the content of the images, their vital significance for theoretical and practical activities, the long-term purposefulness of the images, their novelty, originality, etc.

A dream occupies a special place in the system of types of imagination. Dream - This the activity of imagination, manifested in the creation of optimistic plans, the implementation of which a person expects in the future. Of all the manifestations of active, voluntary imagination, the dream is especially strongly woven into human life. From early childhood to old age, a person constantly hopes for something, waits for something. A dream is a great motivating force that makes us work hard to achieve the desired results. As some dreams come true, others appear. A dream is different from creative imagination is as follows: 1) represents the creation of images of the desired future of the person himself; 2) not included in creative activity, i.e. does not provide an immediate and directly objective product in the form of a scientific invention, a work of art, a technical invention, etc.

Imagination and personality

There is a mutual connection between imagination and personal characteristics of a person. For different people, depending on their personality, the images of the imagination differ in brightness, degree of correlation with reality, vitality and truthfulness of these images. The ability to subordinate the imagination to the task at hand determines the organization or disorganization of the imagination process.

At the same time, various character traits of a person follow from the characteristics of the imagination and are formed on their basis. The lack of a lofty dream is due to prosaic. Insufficient correlation between imagination and reality leads to the development fantasy. Dreams can serve as the basis for daydreaming. Creative imagination is inseparable from spirituality, which, in turn, manifests itself either in poetry human nature, or in romance.

It is assumed that the imagination takes part in the formation of a person’s sensitivity, tactfulness, empathy and the ability to empathize with another person.

Basic techniques for creating creative images.

There are several techniques for creating creative imaginary images: agglutination, analogy, exaggeration/understatement, emphasis, typification.

Agglutination (lat. - gluing) - the method of connecting (“gluing”) some parts of two or more objects into one whole. Agglutination is widespread in fairy tales in the form of images of a hut on chicken legs, a mermaid - a woman with a fish tail, etc. Agglutination is also used in real images (for example, an amphibious tank, an accordion that combines elements of a piano and button accordion).

Analogy – method of constructing an image based on the principle of similarity. For example, a locator was created based on the principle of similarity to the orientation organ of a bat.

Exaggeration/understatement – a technique with the help of which they strive to show the dominant qualities of a person (for example, the kindness of a mighty Giant or the intelligence and soft heart of a Thumb Boy).

Accenting – a technique close to exaggeration, highlighting any one clearly expressed positive or negative feature in the image. It is especially often used in caricatures and cartoons.

Typing – the most difficult technique for creatively creating images of the imagination. Characterizing creativity in literature, M. Gorky said that the character of a hero is made from many individual traits taken from various people of a certain social group. You need to take a closer look at a hundred or two, say, workers in order to approximately correctly describe the portrait of one worker.

All the techniques described can be used in any area of ​​life and activity in connection with the search for something new, with the manifestation of creative imagination.

Dream are called the images of what is desired created in the imagination. They do not contradict reality, therefore, under certain conditions, the dream can be realized. For many centuries, people have dreamed of flying, but their bodily organization does not have wings. However, the time came when flying machines were created and man flew. Now air transport has become an everyday, fast, convenient means of communication and transportation. A dream, therefore, is a useful mechanism for creative activity.

In dreams It's called fruitless fantasy. In dreams, a person evokes in his mind unrealistic images and thoughts that contradict reality.

In any type of human labor - be it the work of a teacher, engineer, doctor, designer, innovative turner, artist, writer, scientist and even a student who writes an essay - there are certain manifestations of the reproducing or creative imagination.

Constructive skills are associated with planning classes for the whole academic year, quarter, with the construction and conduct of each lesson. They always give a great effect if they are based on creativity.

IN design skills creativity is more clearly expressed. Here we are talking about the need to see the “tomorrow” of your followers, your business.

Observations of people's lives and their activities show that a developed and pronounced imagination is manifested in a number of essential human qualities. Such qualities, or personality traits, primarily include spirituality. With spirituality, imagination is included in all cognitive activity. At the same time, a person’s relationship to other people and to life is emotionally elevated.

The opposite of spirituality is prosaic. The prosaic nature is expressed in the absence of lofty dreams and high civic ideals, in the chaining of interests and needs to the everyday trifles of life. For such a person, his whole life goes on in the plane of everyday worries. If there is any manifestation of spirituality in him, then these are only flashes that only emphasize his typical prosaic nature.

A dream, as a special type of imagination, is associated with such a personality trait as daydreaming. Unlike dreams, a dream is not divorced from reality, but daydreaming is not considered a positive personality trait. Daydreaming becomes a positive quality of a person if it is included in activity, is one of its motivators and is associated with a person’s volitional qualities.