Man is the whole world; if only the basic impulse in him were noble.
Need is a state caused by the need for certain conditions of human life and development.
Needs are the source of people’s activity and activity. The formation of needs occurs in the process of education and self-education - introduction to the world of human culture.
Needs can be very different, unconscious, in the form of drives. A person only feels that he is missing something or experiences a state of tension and anxiety. Awareness of needs manifests itself in the form of motives for behavior.
Needs define personality and guide its behavior.
Need is a perceived psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in a person’s perception.
Basic human needs: to have, to be, to do, to love, to grow. The motive for people's activities is the desire to satisfy these needs.
Have — manifestation of needs at two levels:
1st - people want to have things necessary for survival (housing, food, clothing) for themselves and their families and to maintain a standard of living acceptable to themselves. The main source of motivation in this case is the opportunity to earn money;
2nd - people make prestigious acquisitions (works of art, antiques).
Be- most people develop, often subconsciously, the desired image of a person, how they want to be and look in the eyes of others (famous, powerful).
Do- every person wants to be appreciated, to live a fulfilling life (professional success, raising children).
Be in love- every person wants to love and be loved, desired.
Grow— the realization of opportunities comes through growth. A small child says: “When I grow up and...”, an older child says: “I myself...”. This need reaches its peak in adulthood and determines the range of a person’s capabilities.
This list of needs is based on the views of Abraham Maslow. In 1943, American psychophysiologist of Russian origin A. Maslow conducted research on the motivations of human behavior and developed one of the theories of the needs of human behavior. He classified needs according to a hierarchical system - from physiological (lowest level) to self-expression needs (highest level). Maslow depicted the levels of needs in the form of a pyramid. The base of the pyramid (and this is the foundation) is physiological needs - the basis of life.
People's ability to satisfy their needs varies and depends on the following general factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself.
Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow
1st level- physiological needs - ensure human survival. This level is absolutely primitive.
1 - breathe,
2 - There is,
3 - drink,
4 - highlight,
5 - sleep, rest
2nd level- needs for safety and security - concern for maintaining living standards, desire for material security.
6 - be clean
7 - dress, undress
8 - maintain body temperature
9 - to be healthy
10 - avoid danger, illness, stress
11 - move
Many people spend almost all their time satisfying the needs of the first two levels.
3rd level— social needs — finding one’s place in life — these are the needs of most people; a person cannot “live in the desert.”
12 - communication
4th level- need for respect from others. A. Maslow meant the steady self-improvement of people.
13 - achieving success
5 - th level - the top of the pyramid - the needs of self-expression, self-actualization - self-expression, service, realization of human potential.
14 - play, study, work,
Maslow defined with his theory: every person has not only lower needs, but also higher ones. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life.
Human personality structure
3 - knowledge
M - worldview
A - social activity
3 + A - M = careerism
M + A - 3 = fanaticism
Z+ M - A = “rotten intelligentsia”
You can educate a person only through activity and knowledge.
Theory McClelland — 3 types of needs:
1 type— the need for power and success (or exerting influence) — the desire to influence other people; good speakers, organizers, frank, energetic, defend original positions, no tendency to tyranny or adventurism, the main thing is to show their influence.
Type 2— the need for success (or for achievements) — the desire to do one’s job in the best possible way, these are “hard workers.” It is necessary to set certain tasks for such people, and upon achievement, they must be rewarded.
Type 3- the need for involvement - the most important thing is human relationships, for them it is important not to achieve, but to belong, they get along well with others, avoid leadership positions.
To live in harmony with the environment, a person must constantly satisfy his needs:
Maintain a healthy lifestyle;
Live in harmony with the social and cultural environment, with yourself;
Increase material and spiritual values. The nurse should encourage the patient and his family members to meet their self-care needs and help maintain autonomy and independence.
The basis of V. Henderson’s theory is the concept of human vital needs. Awareness of these needs and assistance in meeting them are prerequisites for the nurse’s actions to ensure the patient’s health, recovery or a dignified death.
W. Henderson leads 14 fundamental needs:
1 - breathe normally;
2 - drink enough fluids and food;
3 - excrete waste products from the body;
4 - move and maintain the desired position;
5 - sleep and rest;
6 - dress and undress independently, choose clothes;
7 — maintain body temperature within normal limits;
8 — maintain personal hygiene, take care of appearance;
9 — ensure your safety and not create danger for other people;
10 - maintain communication with other people;
11 — perform religious rituals in accordance with one’s faith;
12 - do your favorite job;
13 - relax, take part in entertainment, games;
14 - satisfy your curiosity, which helps you develop normally.
A healthy person, as a rule, does not experience difficulties in meeting his needs.
In his model of nursing, unlike Maslow, V. Henderson rejects the hierarchy of needs and believes that the patient himself (or together with his sister) determines the priority of impaired needs, for example: adequate nutrition or adequate sleep, deficiency of general - hygiene or personal hygiene, study/work or relax.
Taking into account the peculiarities of Russian healthcare, domestic researchers S.A. Mukhina and I.I. Tarnovskaya offered nursing care for 10 fundamental human needs:
1) normal breathing;
3) physiological functions;
4) movement;
6) personal hygiene and change of clothes;
7) maintaining normal body temperature;
8) maintaining a safe environment;
9) communication;
10) work and rest.
According to the theory of D. Orem, “self-care” is a specific, purposeful activity of an individual either for himself or for his environment in the name of life, health and well-being. Each person has certain needs to maintain his life.
D. Orem identifies three groups of self-care needs:
1) universal - inherent to all people throughout life:
Sufficient air consumption;
Adequate water intake;
Adequate food intake;
Sufficient allocation capacity and needs associated with this process;
Maintaining a balance between activity and rest;
Prevention of danger to life, normal functioning, well-being;
Stimulating the desire to fit into a certain social group in accordance with individual abilities and limitations;
Time alone is balanced with time in the company of other people.
The level of satisfaction of each of the eight needs is individual for each person.
Factors influencing these needs: age, gender, stage of development, health status, level of culture, social environment, financial capabilities;
2) needs associated with the developmental phase - people’s satisfaction of their needs at different life stages;
3) needs related to health impairments - types of impairments:
Anatomical changes (bedsores, swelling, wounds);
Functional physiological changes (shortness of breath, contracture, paralysis);
Changes in behavior or daily living habits (apathy, depression, fear, anxiety).
Each person has individual abilities and capabilities to meet their needs. Basic needs must be satisfied by the people themselves, and in this case the person feels self-sufficient.
If the patient, his relatives and loved ones cannot maintain a balance between his needs and capabilities for self-care and the needs of self-care exceed the capabilities of the person himself, there is a need for nursing intervention.
20.05.2016 17:28
In my books, I often described the traits of neurotic personalities, their problems and difficulties. What characteristics do absolutely normal psychological people have? What is the set of qualities of a successful, self-confident person? Let's figure it out.
Neurotics often see the world distortedly, through their sensations and experiences formed in childhood. A neurotic person does not like change and spontaneity; it is easier for him to exist in his own imaginary world, but at the same time he is very dependent on the opinions of the people around him. A psychologically healthy person is happy, busy with what he loves and developing. This happens when the natural - basic needs of the body are satisfied. Maslow identified the definition and levels of needs, let's take a look at them.
1. Physiological needs are a person’s primary need for food; hunger does not allow one to think about anything other than how to get enough.
2. Security need - the desire to feel protected. If this condition is not sufficiently satisfied, a person goes deeper into creating comfort at home or at work. He is afraid of change and wants stability, afraid of peace and danger.
3. Sexual need - satisfying this need is one of the foundations of human happiness. It manifests itself already in adolescence, if, of course, the first needs are normal. But often people satisfy their need for food and security with the help of other people - and this can lead to a number of problems.
4. At the fourth level, a person is overtaken by the need for love - everyone needs their own unit of society, relatives and loved ones who appreciate and accept. A person without a family is filled with loneliness and anxiety.
5. It is important for a person to be self-confident; this ensures the fulfillment of the need for recognition, which is divided into two levels - the need to realize one’s importance and power and the thirst for prestige. If a person loses self-confidence, he feels humiliated, lost, and dependence on other people’s opinions is also very bad for health, especially if it is the basis of self-esteem.
6. Maslow called the realization of the abilities inherent in a person self-actualization. The need for self-actualization helps a person understand that he is doing something other than his own, something that is not intended for him. And a person begins to look for his own path, because a musician must create songs, an artist must create paintings, etc.
7. The need for understanding and knowledge is a person’s craving for new information. This need is not as expressive as others, and its dissatisfaction also does not immediately appear, but can lead to great troubles. So, for example, if an intellectually developed person is engaged in boring work that does not develop his abilities and does not satisfy the need for new knowledge, sooner or later he will get sick or have a nervous crisis.
Curiosity and a desire for new things are most noticeable in children, and it is very important to support this desire, rather than counteract it. When the need for knowledge is satisfied, a person realizes himself happy, involved in what is happening in the world and in life in general, as if he is touching the truth. Knowledge is a kind of pleasure, it improves our mood; by learning something, we become more developed and better, so it is necessary to constantly feed our intellect with a new piece of information.
Needs are divided into lower and higher; Maslow identified the following differences between them.
High-level needs begin to stand out in developed individuals, that is, a number of needs are characteristic only of man, since he has intelligence. Physical needs are also present in animals - for food, safety and sex, but satisfaction is sharply different from human ones - animals pounce on food, dig holes for themselves where it is convenient. A person studies, works, earns money in order to feed himself and buy a house.
During individual development, lower and then higher needs appear first. A newborn is concerned only with physiological needs, later the need for security appears, and after a few months - the need for love. When these needs are satisfied, the need for self-actualization appears; it is usually identified early in children. It is very important that parents and teachers do not try to change the child, because if a child wants to be an actor or an artist, then this is how it should be.
The lower needs are directly our physiology and the work of the body, therefore they dominate and their dissatisfaction is immediately noticeable. If a need is very high in the structure of needs, it is not very important in the process of survival, and can remain unfulfilled for a long time without any threats to life arising.
The fulfillment of higher needs causes the greatest joy and a large amount of endorphins. If a person lives taking into account and satisfying higher needs, he gets sick less, his quality of life improves, and its duration increases. Recognizing your highest needs is a difficult task, because they are not as obvious as the lower ones. Therefore, understanding and identifying them is already a great achievement. When a person satisfies his highest needs, he approaches the state of a harmonious personality, finds happiness and peace, and feels that his life is exactly the way it should be.
If a person strives to seek and satisfy higher needs, then this leads him to psychological balance and health. To realize higher needs, much more effort and preparation is needed than to satisfy the lower ones. In order for a person to think about satisfying higher needs, a favorable environment is necessary. In childhood, we all dreamed of becoming someone, but if a child does not think about who he will be when he grows up, it means that all his desires and dreams are so easily fulfilled by his parents that the child is deprived of motive for future activities. And it's very bad. Or another unfavorable condition - when parents force a child to study for a profession that is useful, in their opinion, and the person ultimately does not become what he really should be.
For a person, the realization of a higher need is the most significant and for the sake of it he is ready to endure various difficulties. With an increase in the level of higher needs, the amount of love in a person increases. He is happy, and the number of loved ones is growing. And here we mean love, not sex. Higher needs are non-selfish, this is their important difference from the lower. The need for love leads to communication and relationships with people. Therefore, the realization of higher needs makes a person better - both civilly and socially.
Fulfilling higher needs is the most important step towards self-actualization. A self-actualized person is happy, harmonious and lives at peace with himself. Individualism is a consequence of satisfying higher needs, the ability to love oneself, one’s life and the people in it. A person with a high level of needs is much more susceptible to psychological influence.
A hungry person will not be able to accept psychotherapeutic help. Lower needs are limited and clear, and the need for their satisfaction is more noticeable and obvious than the implementation of higher-level needs. Hunger is satisfied by food, but the need for knowledge is not satisfied by a certain amount of information, it is endless.
Identifying your highest needs is a complex process, but necessary, since our health depends on it. It is important that a person hears and knows himself, therefore psychotherapy is faced with the task of helping a person get to the bottom of the truth, remove clamps and internal boundaries, those frameworks that are imposed on us by education, in schools and institutes.
The states and needs of people that arise when they need something underlie their motives. That is, it is the needs that are the source of activity of each individual. Man is a desiring creature, so in reality it is unlikely that his needs will be fully satisfied. The nature of human needs is such that as soon as one need is satisfied, the next one comes first.
Maslow's pyramid of needs
Abraham Maslow's concept of needs is perhaps the most famous of all. The psychologist not only classified people's needs, but also made an interesting assumption. Maslow noted that each person has an individual hierarchy of needs. That is, there are basic human needs - they are also called basic, and additional.
According to the concept of a psychologist, absolutely all people on earth experience needs at all levels. Moreover, there is the following law: basic human needs are dominant. However, high-level needs can also remind you of themselves and become motivators of behavior, but this happens only when the basic ones are satisfied.
The basic needs of people are those aimed at survival. At the base of Maslow's pyramid are the basic needs. Human biological needs are the most important. Next comes the need for security. Satisfying a person's needs for security ensures survival, as well as a sense of permanence in living conditions.
A person feels needs of a higher level only when he has done everything to ensure his physical well-being. The social needs of a person are that he feels the need to unite with other people, to love and recognition. After satisfying this need, the following come to the fore. Human spiritual needs include self-esteem, protection from loneliness, and feeling worthy of respect.
Further, at the very top of the pyramid of needs is the need to reveal one’s potential, to self-actualize. Maslow explained this human need for activity as the desire to become who he originally was.
Maslow assumed that this need is innate and, most importantly, common to every individual. However, at the same time, it is obvious that people differ dramatically from each other in their motivation. For various reasons, not everyone manages to reach the pinnacle of necessity. Throughout life, people's needs can vary between physical and social, so they are not always aware of needs, for example, for self-actualization, because they are extremely busy satisfying lower desires.
The needs of man and society are divided into natural and unnatural. In addition, they are constantly expanding. The development of human needs occurs through the development of society.
Thus, we can conclude that the higher the needs a person satisfies, the more clearly his individuality manifests itself.
Are hierarchy violations possible?
Examples of violation of hierarchy in satisfying needs are known to everyone. Probably, if only those who are well-fed and healthy experienced human spiritual needs, then the very concept of such needs would have long since sunk into oblivion. Therefore, the organization of needs is replete with exceptions.
Satisfying needs
The extremely important fact is that satisfying a need can never be an all-or-nothing process. After all, if this were so, then physiological needs would be satisfied once and for life, and then a transition to the social needs of a person would follow without the possibility of return. There is no need to prove otherwise.
Biological needs of man
The bottom level of Maslow's pyramid is those needs that ensure human survival. Of course, they are the most urgent and have the most powerful motivating force. In order for an individual to feel the needs of higher levels, biological needs must be satisfied at least minimally.
Safety and protection needs
This level of vital or vital needs is the need for safety and protection. We can safely say that if physiological needs are closely related to the survival of the organism, then the need for safety ensures its long life.
Needs for love and belonging
This is the next level of Maslow's pyramid. The need for love is closely related to the individual’s desire to avoid loneliness and be accepted into human society. When the needs at the previous two levels are satisfied, motives of this kind occupy a dominant position.
Almost everything in our behavior is determined by the need for love. It is important for any person to be included in relationships, be it family, work team or something else. The baby needs love, and no less than the satisfaction of physical needs and the need for security.
The need for love is especially pronounced during the teenage period of human development. At this time, it is the motives that grow out of this need that become leading.
Psychologists often say that typical behavior patterns appear during adolescence. For example, the main activity of a teenager is communication with peers. Also typical is the search for an authoritative adult - a teacher and mentor. All teenagers subconsciously strive to be different - to stand out from the crowd. This gives rise to the desire to follow fashion trends or belong to a subculture.
The need for love and acceptance in adulthood
As a person matures, love needs begin to focus on more selective and deeper relationships. Now needs are pushing people to start families. In addition, it is not the quantity of friendships that becomes more important, but their quality and depth. It is easy to notice that adults have far fewer friends than teenagers, but these friendships are necessary for the mental well-being of the individual.
Despite the large number of different means of communication, people in modern society are very fragmented. Today, a person does not feel part of a community, except perhaps as part of a family that has three generations, but many lack even that. In addition, children who experienced a lack of intimacy experience fear of it in later life. On the one hand, they neurotically avoid close relationships, because they are afraid of losing themselves as individuals, and on the other hand, they really need them.
Maslow identified two main types of relationships. They are not necessarily marital, but may well be friendly, between children and parents, and so on. What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?
Scarce love
This type of love is aimed at the desire to make up for the lack of something vital. Scarce love has a specific source - unmet needs. The person may lack self-esteem, protection, or acceptance. This type of love is a feeling born of selfishness. It is motivated by the individual’s desire to fill his inner world. A person is not able to give anything, he only takes.
Alas, in most cases, the basis of long-term relationships, including marital ones, is precisely scarce love. The parties to such a union can live together all their lives, but much in their relationship is determined by the internal hunger of one of the participants in the couple.
Deficient love is the source of dependence, fear of losing, jealousy and constant attempts to pull the blanket over oneself, suppressing and subjugating the partner in order to tie him more closely to oneself.
Being love
This feeling is based on recognition of the unconditional value of a loved one, but not for any qualities or special merits, but simply for the fact that he exists. Of course, existential love is also designed to satisfy human needs for acceptance, but its striking difference is that there is no element of possessiveness in it. There is also no desire to take away from your neighbor what you yourself need.
The person who is able to experience existential love does not seek to remake a partner or somehow change him, but encourages all the best qualities in him and supports the desire to grow and develop spiritually.
Maslow himself described this type of love as a healthy relationship between people that is based on mutual trust, respect and admiration.
Self-esteem needs
Despite the fact that this level of needs is designated as the need for self-esteem, Maslow divided it into two types: self-esteem and respect from other people. Although they are closely related to each other, it is often extremely difficult to separate them.
A person's need for self-esteem is that he must know that he is capable of much. For example, that he can successfully cope with the tasks and requirements assigned to him, and that he feels like a full-fledged person.
If this type of need is not satisfied, then a feeling of weakness, dependence and inferiority appears. Moreover, the stronger such experiences are, the less effective human activity becomes.
It should be noted that self-respect is healthy only when it is based on respect from other people, and not status in society, flattery, etc. Only in this case will satisfaction of such a need contribute to psychological stability.
It is interesting that the need for self-esteem manifests itself differently at different periods of life. Psychologists have noticed that young people who are just starting to start a family and look for their professional niche need respect from others more than others.
Self-actualization needs
The highest level in the pyramid of needs is the need for self-actualization. Abraham Maslow defined this need as a person's desire to become what he can become. For example, musicians write music, poets write poetry, artists paint. Why? Because they want to be themselves in this world. They need to follow their nature.
For whom is self-actualization important?
It should be noted that not only those who have any talent need self-actualization. Every person without exception has their own personal or creative potential. Each person has his own calling. The need for self-actualization is to find your life's work. The forms and possible paths of self-actualization are very diverse, and it is at this spiritual level of needs that people’s motives and behavior are most unique and individual.
Psychologists say that the desire to achieve maximum self-realization is inherent in every person. However, there are very few people whom Maslow called self-actualizers. No more than 1% of the population. Why do those incentives that should encourage a person to act do not always work?
Maslow in his works indicated the following three reasons for such unfavorable behavior.
Firstly, a person’s ignorance of his capabilities, as well as a lack of understanding of the benefits of self-improvement. In addition, there are ordinary doubts in one’s own abilities or fear of failure.
Secondly, the pressure of prejudice - cultural or social. That is, a person’s abilities may run counter to the stereotypes that society imposes. For example, stereotypes of femininity and masculinity can prevent a boy from becoming a talented makeup artist or dancer, or a girl from achieving success, for example, in military affairs.
Third, the need for self-actualization may conflict with the need for security. For example, if self-realization requires a person to take risky or dangerous actions or actions that do not guarantee success.
Man is a social being. Without contact with other people we do not develop. Back in the mid-20th century, numerous studies showed that a child deprived of contact with his mother is stuck in development, including physiological development, even if his physical needs are met.
Every person, and first of all, a child, needs to satisfy not only the personal basic needs for survival and physical safety, which Abraham Maslow spoke about, but also the needs for relationships. Of course, we are not talking about situations where neither party needs anything from the other, then there will simply be no relationship.
“When healthy relationships are not available, children are left to fend for themselves. If children are deprived of responsive relationships, they are likely to develop the belief that no one will help them - neither now nor in the future,” say the authors of the book “Beyond Empathy”, translated into Russian for the first time, which examines in detail the basic needs in relationships based on the example of the work of a psychotherapist and a client.
Scarcity - often unconsciously - is reflected in our everyday contacts in everyday life. We don’t always understand why we now react so violently to a remark from a store clerk or a phrase from a work colleague. And often the gap from childhood develops into a gaping hole filled with emptiness, and interferes with building normal adult relationships.
Conversely, when we find what we have been missing for so long, we calm down and feel more whole. We can work in the same company for many years, be married for many years. Perhaps we finally got what we needed. And if not, then we continue our search further. What are these basic needs in a relationship?
1. Security. The need that Maslow spoke about is reflected in relationships. In them we strive to survive and be safe. In a healthy relationship, we can be who we are without fear of not being accepted, without fear of losing love and respect.
But expressing yourself, showing your openness is risky, because it means exposing your vulnerability and removing your defenses. Everyone wants to be sure that at this moment they will not receive a “blow” in the Achilles heel - a caustic remark or an unexpected mention of previous mistakes and failures. That is why at the very beginning of a relationship, each of us checks the other: how safe it is to be around. We need to be prepared for the fact that at this moment we are also being tested. Can we guarantee security on our part?
2. Recognition of value. We want to be valued, cared for, and considered worthy. Do we want to be around those who do not understand, appreciate or respect us? Of course, complete understanding is impossible - we don’t always understand ourselves. The question arises: “If they don’t know me at all, how can they recognize my value?” But it is possible to get closer to understanding. Interest in another provides an opportunity to get to know them and give them much-needed recognition of value.
Feeling that someone nearby is experiencing the same thing or has experienced it before is an important parameter of relationships
3. Acceptance. As children, we need acceptance from a strong, stable, and protective adult. When we were children, we all wanted to respect and rely on our parent, mentor, teacher. “We needed to have significant people from whom we could get protection, encouragement and information. Unfortunately, for many this need was not satisfied,” the authors of the book write.
We often expect our relationship partner to be stable and reliable: to honor agreements, answer phone calls, and justify our trust. We want to make sure that tomorrow it will be the same as today.
4. Community. Being on the same wavelength with someone, feeling that someone nearby is experiencing the same thing or has experienced it before, is an important parameter of a relationship. Commonality is something that sometimes doesn't need to be explained in words. This is when we are with people who share our views, our experiences or feelings. Not the generalized “It happens to everyone,” but “It happens to me too, just like you.” At the same time, it is not necessary that a person literally live the same thing. It is important that he feels the same as we do.
5. Self-determination. Even when we are in a relationship, we want to maintain our uniqueness and receive recognition for this uniqueness. This is the antipode of the need for commonality: to be similar, but in some way exceptional.
“Expressing your self-determination can be a risky business - showing your otherness too often is met with disapproval and ridicule. Such reactions are especially common in childhood and adolescence, when peers insist on unconditional adherence to the unspoken rules of the group,” the authors of the book say.
Children who grew up in an environment of conformity, unquestioning obedience to rules and norms, may never learn to be themselves. These people will have a constant need in relationships to be authentic and to feel valued and admired.
6. Influence. In any relationship, we want to influence each other. We dream of changing someone else's way of thinking, behavior, and emotional reaction. We want not only to influence, but also to “see the effect of that influence and know that something happened to another person in response to our actions.” A healthy relationship involves growth in each partner. We want to attract the attention of another, interest, influence.
Learning to thank and accept another's feelings is an important skill in healthy relationships.
Children often do their best to attract the attention of adults. “He or she doesn't listen to me” is the most common complaint to a psychotherapist about a spouse. Hearing another is one way to let him know that we feel his influence on us.
7. Initiative from the other side. We want the initiative in communication to come not only from us. Any relationship where one person always makes the first move will eventually become one-sided or even painful. Very soon we will begin to doubt that we are truly interesting to the other person and that such a relationship is worth continuing. Sometimes we keep them, but become isolated. If we are not confident in ourselves, we may begin to blame ourselves for everything and, as an extreme case, “no longer want” to experience this need at all.
“Such conclusions, of course, are rarely reached in adulthood. These are old script beliefs that can be reinforced and reinforced by the behavior of some adult in our lives - a friend, lover, co-worker, and even a therapist if that person is insensitive to our needs."
8. Expression of love. What could be more natural than feeling love and affection for someone who knows us well, respects, accepts and cares for us? “In any close, positive relationship, the participants experience care, love, respect, and appreciation for each other,” the book’s authors remind. Expressing these feelings is one of the needs in a relationship. After all, what we experience in relation to another is part of ourselves, and we want to express it.
Often in relationships, the other party prevents us from expressing our feelings because they do not know what to say in response. We grew up in an atmosphere where it is impossible to openly show our emotions - be it joy or anger. And often our open good feelings are responded to with suspicion. Learning to thank and accept another's feelings is an important skill in healthy relationships.
The material was prepared from the book “Beyond Empathy” by Richard G. Erskine, Janet P. Morsund, Rebecca L. Trautmann. Contact-in-relationship therapy" (Interservice, 2018).
Social studies lesson on the topic: “Human Needs” 8th grade
goals: Educational:
Provide an understanding of human needs;
Provide an understanding of the types of needs, the role of needs in human life;
Summarize and systematize knowledge on the topic “Man and Society”;
Practice monologue speech skills;
To achieve students’ understanding of the concepts: needs, primary and secondary needs
Educational: create conditions for the development of cognitive interest and motivation for educational activities using the example of a close connection between the material being studied and life; to develop students’ creative abilities, logical thinking, and the ability to find cause-and-effect relationships of events; for the development of oral speech, the ability to argue your point of view.
Educational: create conditions for students to develop an emotional and value-based attitude to the material being studied; provide conditions for the formation of a respectful attitude towards the opinion of another person.
Tasks - organization of interaction; acquiring knowledge on the topic, developing skills in working with documents and illustrations; development of abilities, experience of creative activity, communication.
Materials and equipment for the lesson:textbook, presentation, visual aids, multimedia projector, task cards.
Lesson type: learning new material.
During the classes
- Start of the lesson
- Organizing time
- Problem task for students
Goal: to interest students, update knowledge
Guys, I would like to start our lesson by reading an excerpt from this poem.
What does a person need to live?
May your apartment be nourishing and warm!
Hungry and cold to create
There is no desire. Food is only in perspective!
Let’s say you’re full and sitting warm!
But still something is missing...
After all, you need to know that in the future you
There is no danger or disease!
Having developed your intellect, decide again -
Which area should you focus your knowledge on?
How difficult it is for a person to combine
Needs, abilities, desires!
Determine the topic of our lesson? (human needs) Slide 1
3) Determining the purpose of the lesson
What would you like to learn about this topic in class today? (what are needs, what types of needs are there?) Students determine the goals of the lessons.
II. Learning new material
Goal: create conditions for solving a problem task?
What are needs? What associations do you have? Slide 2
How would you define the term need? (students' answers)
Now let’s open the textbook, page 45, and compare the definition of need with your definition. (children compare the definition and write it down in a notebook)
1) Class assignment
Take a blank sheet of paper on your desks and draw a tree of your desires, write your needs on the branches of the tree.
Question: Does your tree have needs that you can do without? (students' answers)
And those that you can’t do without? (students' answers)
The state of needing something causes discomfort, a feeling of dissatisfaction Slide 3
Having satisfied these needs, we again need other needs. Etc
THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN NEEDS IS CONSIDERED IN VARIOUS SCIENCES: HISTORY, SOCIOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, ETC.
HOW Many scientists have tried to explain the nature of needs:?
2) Student’s story. (how scientists tried to explain the nature of needs) Slide 4
L. Brentano - need as a negative feeling that the individual tries to eliminate;
D.N. Uznadze – need as a need;
V.G. Lezhnev – need as the satisfaction of a need;
V.S. Magun – need as the absence of a good, as a value;
YES. Leontyev – need as necessity;
I.A. Dzhidaryan – need as a state of tension;
J. Schwanzer – need as a systemic reaction;
B.F. Porshnev – need as the initial contradiction between the real and the necessary
But, despite the diversity of opinions, the authors agree on one thing: Slide 5
Needs are the source of human activity (do you agree with this statement?) (student answers)
The FIRST who understood the structure of needs and identified their role was originally the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. HIS teaching is called the hierarchical theory of needs.
Guys, look at the slide and explain the essence of each type of need Slide 6 ( student answers)
If the lower needs are inherent in all people equally, then the higher ones are unequal. Educated and uneducated alike experience hunger. The latter hardly feel the need for creativity. Higher needs make a great contribution to the development of the individual - where the highest needs begin, the personality begins
A person with suppressed needs is inferior. Failure to meet needs leads to mass discontent.
Look at the slide and answer the question What conclusions can be drawn when comparing the pictures. (student answers) Slide 7
3) Work on cards - work in pairs
- Explain how needs influenced the individual's behavior. How could the consequences be prevented?
Card No. 1
Petya Sidorov grew up in a poor family. However, after graduating from school, he decided to show independence and organize his own business. After some time, he found himself in the center of attention of large criminal organizations. For a lot of money and a donated apartment, he began to engage in underground business, i.e. activities prohibited by Russian laws. He really wanted to prove his leadership and strength to his economic partners. Soon the activities of the criminal group were blocked, and Petya was brought to criminal responsibility
Card No. 2
- Find the characteristics of your needs in the list provided:
- Occurs from the moment a person is born
- Appear at a conscious age
- Every individual has
- Does not affect individual behavior
- Remains unchanged throughout the life of each person
Card No. 3
- All the terms listed below, with the exception of one, refer to the concept of “acquired (secondary) needs.” Remove the excess.
- Spiritual Needs
- Social needs
- Security needs
- Prestigious needs
Card No. 4
3 Consolidation of knowledge.
Goal: to systematize knowledge on the topic studied, to identify possible gaps. (5 minutes.)
The teacher organizes reinforcement.
Students take the test. (Appendix No. 1)
4 Conclusion
So what are needs?
What types of needs are there?
The lower needs are inherent in all people.
Needs influence personality formation
5. Reflection . Students complete the sentences.
Today I found out
I realized that..
Now I can
6. Homework
2. “Satisfactory” - find 5-7 sayings about needs
3. “Good” - complete the tasks in the workbook according to paragraph 6
4. “Excellent” - conduct and analyze a sociological survey on the topic “What do I need?/My needs” (at least 10-15 people
APPENDIX No. 1
Test.
Topic: “Human Needs”
1. Social needs include human needs for:
1) rest; 2) food; 3) water; 4) communication
2. Correlate the types of needs with their characteristics:
Types of needs Characteristics
Types of needs | Characteristics |
1) Physiological 2) the need for security; 3) social; 4) prestigious; 5) spiritual. | A. The human need to live in a team, in communication, friendship, love, respect and mutual understanding B. The desire to master the world according to the laws of beauty, to see harmony in nature, in people, to have compassion and empathy, to deeply feel music, painting, poetry, to improve human relationships. B. The need for recognition from other people, the need to take a worthy place in life, in society, in the team. D. Human needs for food, water, housing, rest. |
3. Are the following statements true?
A. It is the needs that contribute to the formation of personality to a greater extent.
B. When a person loses the meaning of life, he begins to decline spiritually.
1) only A is true; 2) only B is true; 3) both A and B are true; 4) both judgments are incorrect.
4. Human needs determined by his biological nature include the needs for:
1) self-preservation; 2) self-realization; 3) self-knowledge; 4) self-education.
5.What is the most important social need of a person we are talking about:
Exchange between people of certain results of their mental activity: learned information, thoughts, judgments, assessments, feelings.
6. Match:
7. Below are a number of concepts. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to human social traits.
Creation; collective work; brain; communication; speech.
Find and write down a concept that falls out of this series.