Schoolchildren learn to determine the ending in words when they become familiar with the composition of the word, and repeatedly return to this when studying spelling. This skill is necessary when determining the personal endings of verbs and case endings of nouns. How to learn to determine the ending in word?
Instructions
- You should know that the ending is the part of the word that changes. Thus, immutable parts of speech do not have it. They are absent from adverbs and gerunds.
- If you have difficulty identifying the ending, change the form of the word and identify the part that changes. This will be the end. For example, you need to highlight the ending of the word “table”. Try changing its shape: “table”, “table”, “table”, etc. Note that the change occurs just after the root. We can conclude that the ending of the word “table” is zero.
- Zero endings are parts of a word that are not expressed by sounds. As a rule, they occur on nouns in the masculine nominative form of the first declension or in the third declension.
- If you need to determine the personal endings of verbs, pay attention to which conjugation it belongs to. So, in word"reads" the ending will be "et", since the verb belongs to the first conjugation.
- Learn to distinguish between the endings of verbs of the imperative and indicative moods. The sound in them may be the same, but the parts of the word are different. Notice the verb "shout". It is used in the imperative mood. Change the shape and you can see what's in word"shout" ends in "and". This means that in the verb “shout” there is “those”.
- Notice the sentence “When you shout, let me know.” In it, the verb “kriknete” is used in the indicative mood. If you change the form of the word, you will see that the ending will be “ete”.
- When determining the ending of adjectives or participles, you can ask an auxiliary question or find out case, gender and number. For example, in an adjective, the “strong” ending is “ym”, since it refers to the masculine gender, singular, instrumental case.
- If you are determining the case ending of a noun, find out in what case and declension it is used. The noun “in the village” will have an “e” ending, since the word belongs to the first declension, the prepositional case.
Russian language today is the richest, most beautiful and at the same time very complex. Its grammar and spelling include many rules and at the same time exceptions to them. Even words and sentences consist of separate parts that are inseparably connected with each other. For example, many schoolchildren are faced with the following question: what is an ending? And, of course, it’s sad that not everyone can answer it.
What is the ending of a word?
In Russian, an ending is an inflected morpheme that appears at the end of a word. It expresses number, gender, person and case. It is also considered an indispensable part of a word, because the ending makes sentences coherent, filling them with meaning.
Why do you need an ending in Russian?
- Gender, number and case - for participles, some numerals and pronouns.
- Case is used for pronouns and numerals, although not for all.
- Person and number are for verbs that are in the future or present tense.
- Number and gender are for verbs in the past tense.
2. The ending makes the sentence coherent.
How is this morpheme designated?
In writing at school, the ending, like any other part of the word, has its own designation. Once the student has identified it, he circles it with a square.
What could the ending be?
In general, words belonging to any part of speech, except unchangeable ones, have this morpheme. A striking example of this is the adverb. The ending can be represented in different ways: with one or more sounds, and sometimes it can even be zero, that is, have no sounds. But you shouldn’t think that this means the absence of this part of the word, because such an ending is almost no different from the usual one. Most often it is found in nouns of the masculine or feminine gender, respectively, of the second and third declension.
How to highlight the ending in a word
In Russian language lessons there are exercises, the essence of which is to highlight morphemes. First, you need to decline the word in several cases, and the part that will change is the ending. Once you have determined what the morpheme you are looking for belongs to, you need to highlight this area. This is done as follows: usually, with a pencil, all the necessary letters are circled in a square. In the case when you simply draw the same geometric figure after the word.
Russian is the greatest language in the whole world, but many foreigners have a lot of problems learning it. A lot of rules and exceptions, a lot of vocabulary elements of speech and incomprehensible Russian phraseological units can drive anyone crazy. However, despite all this, speech is not only a set of letters, it allows people to communicate with each other. That is why each component of a word is very important, which is why you cannot simply exclude one of them. Therefore, answering the question of what an ending is, we can safely say that this is one of the significant parts that serves to create coherent phrases and sentences.
In order to correctly find the remaining parts of a word, it is customary to highlight the ending first and only then the stem. Other parts like suffix, root and prefix can be easily found in the second step. This way the child will not get confused and will be able to understand in time where exactly he made a mistake. You will learn about ways to find these parts of a word in this article.
How to find the ending
First of all, you need to find the ending, since the rest of the word is its basis. In order for the child to understand the very essence of such a part as the ending, you need to explain to him that it helps us change words by numbers and genders. Without the ending, we simply would not be able to indicate that this or that part of speech belongs to a specific person.
Change by numbers
The surest step is to change the word. If you can change the number, it only takes a couple of seconds to determine the ending. Let's take a few simple examples:
- The child needs to determine the ending in the word “took”. Let's change its number, namely: they took. Only the last letter has changed, therefore this will be the ending.
- Let's change the word "beautiful" to "beautiful". It immediately becomes clear that the ending is the connective “aya”.
- It is easy to find the ending in the noun “squirrel” by changing it to “squirrels”.
To be completely confident in the result, it is not enough to change the word once. So you can make a mistake, and the child will get confused. Once you have changed the word by numbers, move on to the next method.
Change by birth
This way you can make sure that the part of the word that you considered to be the ending actually changes. Change gender to neuter, masculine and feminine.
- The ending in the word “took” disappears when we put it in the masculine gender “took”.
- “Amazing” reveals the ending, changing to “amazing.”
- “Built” drops the last letter in the word “built.”
This method is the easiest to find endings in verbs and adjectives, since they either completely change their ending or discard it altogether.
Use the genitive case
To cast aside doubts with nouns, you can put the word in the genitive case. First, the child will have to analyze it and present it in the nominative case, since it is quite difficult to immediately change the case to the genitive case. Already at this stage, the baby can guess what the base is. Next, the genitive case is substituted.
- The word “dacha” just begs to become a root, but substitute it in the genitive case and the letter “a” disappears: what’s missing? - no dachas.
- The word “needles” no longer seems so difficult to parse: what’s missing? - no needles.
- “Tit” also loses its ending when placed in the genitive case: “tits.”
If you first change the noun tenses and then put it in the genitive case, then the ending is very easy to find.
How to find the stem of a word
If you were able to find the ending, then determining the basis is an extremely simple task. First, explain to your child that the stem is all parts of the word except the ending. That is, by highlighting the ending with a square, you see the base.
It is emphasized by a straight line with slight bends along the edges to make it easier for the teacher to understand where the beginning is and where the end is. Let's look at an example.
- In the word “Beautiful” the ending is “y”, which means the base will be “beautiful”.
- In the word “Houses” we remove the ending “a” and highlight “house”.
The stem may contain many parts of a word, or it may turn out that it only contains the root - there is no difference, the main thing is that the stem does not include the ending.
If there is no ending in a word, then in most school programs it is customary to put an empty square next to it, which symbolizes the zero ending of the word. This means that it can theoretically exist, but in this particular form of the word it simply does not exist.
An ending is a variable significant part of a word that forms the forms of a word and serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. This formative morpheme expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case.
Not all words have an ending. Only mutable words have it. It happens that a word has an ending, but it is not visible or heard, i.e. it is not expressed in letters and sounds - it is a zero ending. In addition, the ending does not always come at the end of the word. A word can have two endings. Sometimes, to highlight the ending, you have to use phonetic transcription.
The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of a word (gender, person, number, case), and not lexical meanings as derivational morphemes.
The ending differs from formative suffixes in the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses.
Only changing parts of speech can have an ending(declinable, conjugated or changing according to gender and number):
- inflected nouns,
- adjectives,
- numerals,
- pronouns,
- Verbs,
- participles.
To highlight the ending, you need to change the form of the word:
- change number:
meadow () - meadow (A),
herbs (A)- herbs (s),
brave () - dared (s); - change gender for adjectives and participles:
white (th)- white (oh)- white (and I), thinking (ii)- thinking (and I), sat () — sat (A);
- case for parts of speech that are inflected: house () - house (A)- house (y), syn (ii)— syn (his)— syn (to him) ;
- verb face: write (y)- write (yeah)- write (ut) .
The part of the word that changes when changing the form of a word, it is an ending.
Ending is not part of the word, since it has only grammatical meaning.
The ends of words of different parts of speech may be the same, but their endings are different, i.e. words have different morphemic structures. Examples:
- small And vision - adjective small and noun vision at the end of the word have -ies . Changing the gender of the adjective: small (s) - small (s) -small (s) , we define the changing part - the last two letters change, therefore, -ies - ending. Declining noun vision(s) - vision(s) - vision(s), determine the ending -e .
- yawning And angry - participle yawning has no ending, because it is an unchangeable word and an adjective hl(s) - evil(s) - evil(s)) has an ending -and I .
- in vain And Earth - adverb in vain has no ending, because it is an unchangeable word and a noun landl (ya) - earth (oh) - earth (y) has an ending -I .
- banner And biology - nouns banner(s) - banner(s)-banner(s) And biologist(s)-biologist(s)-biologist(s) have the same ending -i.
Attention! Second person plural verbs. The present and future numbers and forms of the imperative mood of these verbs may coincide, but have a different morphemic structure, i.e. have two options for morphemic parsing:
Execute
(imperative mood, you-full-and-(those), -and- —
imperative mood) second task after completing
(present tense, you-full-(ite)) first.
you-let-and-(those)
(imperative mood) - you-let
;
you-heal-and-(those)
(second conjugation, imperative mood) - you-treat-(ite)
etc.
Verbs of the first conjugation have an unstressed ending -(yeah) has the same sound as the imperative mood, but is written differently:
jump out-and-(those) (command tilt) — jump out ) (first conjugation (jump), second person, plural).
With the help of endings, forms of inflected words are formed.
The ending expresses the different grammatical meanings of parts of speech:
- number and case of nouns, numerals, personal pronouns (without a preposition or with
)
noun 2nd declension, Tv.p., singular by whom?, by what? elephant( ohm), father( ohm), con( eat - gender, number, case of adjectives, participles, pronouns
- person and number for verbs in the present and future tense:
- gender and number for past tense verbs and short adjectives
In addition to distinguishing word forms, endings sometimes serve meaningful function:
bread(s) - cereals and bread(s) - products baked from flour; men are husbands, teeth are teeth, leaves are leaves.
Sometimes it's easy in the end define not only the form, but also Part of speech. For example:
In a phrase, unchangeable words are subordinate to the main word in meaning, using word order and intonation: run fast, run upstairs.
Immutable words have no endings:
| Unchangeable parts of speech | Examples |
|---|---|
| participles | seeing, hearing, collecting, washing |
| adverbs | naked, fun, better, in German, first of all, unbearable, married |
| indeclinable nouns (usually borrowed): | cocoa, necklace, flowerpot |
| indeclinable adjectives: | khaki, burgundy, beige |
| comparative adjectives: | stronger, higher |
| possessive pronouns denoting belonging to a third party: | his, her, theirs |
| interjections and onomatopoeias: | hurray, ah! |
| Functional parts of speech: | |
| unions | though |
| near | |
| let | |
Attention! The absence of an ending in a word is not graphically indicated. During morphemic and word-formation analysis, you cannot put a zero ending sign! The whole word is included in the base.
Participles and adverbs are unchangeable parts of speech, so they have no endings. Don't be confused gerunds and adverbs with adjective endings. The endings of adjectives can be changed:
- doom/ A/t - dum/ A/I- gerund suffix;
- mil( and I) is the ending of an adjective that can be changed: dear, dear.
Null endings
Declined or conjugated (changeable!) parts of speech in some forms may have a zero ending.
The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing. You can detect it by changing the forms of the word. If, when changing the form of a word, an ending appears, expressed in letters and sounds, then
The null ending conveys a specific grammatical meaning:
table(), horse() - Im. n., masculine, second declension; clouds(), puddles(), mam() - the meaning of the plural genitive case.
When the form of such words changes, after the stem a pronounced ending appears (with sounds, letters).
| Zero endings have: | Examples |
|---|---|
| masculine singular nouns of the 2nd declension in the nominative and accusative cases: |
forest() - forest(a), forest(y); |
| feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in the nominative singular case: |
mouse() - mouse(s); |
| nouns in the genitive plural. different genera: |
cloud() - cloud(s) - cloud(s), |
| short adjectives and masculine singular participles: |
handsome() - handsome, clumsy - clumsy, |
| possessive adjectives in I.p. m.r. unit |
fox-y() - fox(i) -fox[y"(a)], shark(), wolf() (see below why this is so) |
| past tense verbs masculine singular in the indicative and subjunctive mood: |
sang(), sang() would - sang(a), |
| verbs of the imperative mood have singular parts: |
teach(), watch(), write(); |
| numerals in the nominative and accusative cases: |
ten() - ten(s), ten(s) |
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between words with a zero ending and unchangeable words, because in a word with a zero ending it is indicated during morphemic parsing of the word, but in unchangeable words it is not (there is no ending)!
- noun already() (already (y), already (ohm)) has a zero ending, and the adverb really - an unchangeable word and therefore has no ending.
- net()
- noun ( set(s), set(s)),
ses(th) ) - a verb where the ending is indefinite — (th),
launch(s) - verb,
five() - numeral ( heel(s)),
path() - noun ( put(s), put(s)),
though - a conjunction and an unchangeable word, so there is no ending,
let — , unchangeable word - no ending,
thinking - gerund, unchangeable word - no ending.
The ending can be inside the word:
- If a word has , then the ending is located before it, inside the stem of the word: uch (y) sya, uch (ish) Xia, having studied (ii) Xia(after the ending there is a verb -sya/-sya - the most common case); let's go (eat)-te ; in the middle of compound pronouns: How (Ouch)-either as (Wow)-either as (Wow) something, to (oh) someday.
- In some difficult words: to Komsomolsk (f)-on-Amur (f) .
Two endings in a word.
In complex words, two endings can be distinguished:
- for nouns: armchair (O)-bed () - armchair (A)-bed (And) ;
- for numerals: five () ten () - toe (And) ten (And) .
But, in complex nouns and adjectives that are written together, after the first there is a connecting vowel, and not an ending: myself- O-years () , red- O-leather (ii) .
The ending is distinguished by its sound composition
using transcription, since the spelling does not reflect the morphemic composition of the word:
- Masculine possessive adjectives in -iy:
fox(), wolf(), bear(), Where - th is a suffix and has a null ending. When declining, fluent - And - drops out of the suffix, leaving a suffix that sounds like [th’] , and in writing it is conveyed with a soft separating sign: fox(him) [fox’-y-‘(willow)], wolf(him) [wolf’-y’-(willow)], bear(him)[m’edv’ezh-y’-(willow)] - the suffix sounds in the transcription [th’] and ending.
- In the following words, the suffix -й- also appears in the sound composition of the word: guns
[roug-y’-(a)],gun [roug-y’-(o)]; sparrow ya[sparrow’-th’-(a)], sparrow yu[sparrow’-th’-(y)]
; edge, edge
[kra-y'-(u)].
Suffix -th-
is also preserved when forming related words: rifle, passerine [
sparrow'-y'-in-(y)]
. In these words and others like them (dancer, grumbler; gorge, knowledge, aspiration; May, tram etc.) not in all forms the ending is indicated by letters.
List of used literature
- Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Russian language Olympiads. 5-11 grades. – 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
- Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials on the Russian language for preparing for exams. - M.: - Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2004.-462 p.
- Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities / V.N. Svetlysheva. - M.: AST -PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 - ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.
Read it. Do you understand what idea is expressed in this sentence?
Daughter_listening_mom_.
Let's add parts to the words.
Daughter A listening no mom at.
Daughter at listening no mom A.
Daughter And listening ut mom at.
This part of the word that contributed its meaning is called the ending.
In order to connect words with each other in speech, we change their.
The part of the word that changes is this is the ending.
The ending is usually found at the end of the word after the root or suffix. It is distinguished by an icon that looks like a rectangular frame.
So, ending- this is a variable part of a word, with the help of which words are associated with each other.
Since the ending is the variable part of the word, the word needs to be changed.
Let's take the floor table.
It can be changed by numbers and by question commands (cases). We will highlight the part of the word that has changed.
In a word table the ending is first “invisible” and then appears; highlight the “invisible” ending with an empty frame. He is called zero ending.
So, to find the ending, the word needs to be changed by numbers or by the command of one or two questions.
Let's find the endings in the words: house, big, painted. To do this, let's change the words by numbers and by command of one or two questions.
We changed the words. In variations of the same word, only the endings are different, other parts are the same. The meaning conveyed by the ending is said to be: ending value.
For example, let's read words with a plural meaning. ( Houses, houses, big, paint, paint). The endings -a, -ov, -ie, -yat, -im indicated it.
Scientists named the meaning of the ending grammatical(from the Greek “gram” - “letter”)
Imagine that you are sculpting from plasticine. You can first make one figure from one piece, and then crush it and mold another. In your hands, a piece of plasticine changed its shape every time form.
We do the same with words when we use them in speech. The word can change, or, as scientists say, change your shape.
Every change in a word is its form. Forms of the same word often differ endings.
Let's look at the words: paint, paint, repaint, paint.
Are these changes to one word or different words?
The ending of the words is the same - -ish.
These words differ in their basics. These are different words.
The part of a word without an ending is called the stem of the word. The base is separated from the ending on the letter by an icon.
The word will help you understand this name (base) basic.
Each word has its own meaning, its own meaning. It is stored primarily in root. The meaning of the root can be supplemented by the meaning of prefixes and suffixes.
The meaning of the word is basic, which distinguishes it from other words. Therefore, that part of it that conveys meaning is called basis words.
The meaning of a word, which is conveyed by its stem, is called: stem meaning words. Scientists called the meaning of the base lexical(from the Greek “lexis” - “word, speech”).
Let's compare the words. Which column contains different words, and which column contains changes, forms of one word?
1. birch
on a birch
under the birch
birch trees
2. birch
birch forest
birch
boletus
In the first column, the words differ in endings.
The basis of the words is the same (berez-).
When the endings are different, they are forms of the same word.
In the second column, the words have different stems (birch-, birch-tree-, birch-, boletus-).
When words have different stems, they are different words.
These words have the same root, since they have the same root (-birch-) and the words are close in meaning.
Initial form of the word:
Read the text and find the forms of one word.
The crane is the tallest bird. The legs are long, the neck is long. The nose is long too. And the voice is loud - you can hear it three kilometers away.(According to N. Sladkov)
length s(which?)
length and I(which?)
length th(Which?)
These are forms of one word, since the endings are different.
One of the forms of the word is initial.
Every word has a first initial form, from which its changes begin. The word is usually named after it.
The initial form of the adjective answers the question which?
Which? - long, stentorian. These adjectives are in the initial form.
The initial form of a noun is the singular form. numbers that answer the questions who? or what? There are never any excuses with her.
Who? - crane, bird, what? - neck, nose, voice
The initial form of the verb answers the question: what to do? or what to do? To put a verb into its initial form, you need to execute the command of one of these questions.
What to do? - hear.
We put the words in the initial form:
Let's put the words in their initial form. First, let's ask a question and determine the part of speech.
Behind the porch - behind what?, noun, what? - porch.
Blue - which one?, adj. name, which one? - blue.
Invents - what does he do?, verb, what to do? - invent.
Will come up with - what will he do?, verb, what to do? - come up with.
You might be interested to know that not all words have endings.
For example, nouns that do not change have no endings: subway, coat, cinema, piano, highway and others.
Verbs in the initial form do not have endings. What to do? jump, carry, bake. What to do? write, bring, bake.
And other words that you will become familiar with in high school.
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