Water is the most valuable natural resource. She
plays an exceptional role in metabolic processes,
forming the basis of life. Water is of great importance
has in industrial and agricultural production; its necessity for the everyday needs of humans, all plants and animals is well known. It serves as a habitat for many living creatures.
Water is the most important, most important substance in the world around us. About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by the World Ocean. But most often
Water is the most important, most important substance in the world around us. About 70% of the Earth's surface is coveredThe world's oceans. But most of the water is salty, and there is only about 5 million square meters of suitable fresh water. km.
or 2.8%. Every year, people need more and more fresh, clean water. Therefore, our water resources
countries need to be protected!
At the end of the 19th century, one and a half buckets a day were enough for a city dweller - both for washing and even for extinguishing a fire. The current norm is over 18 buckets, i.e. 220 l. On de
At the end of the 19th century, one and a half buckets was enough for a city dweller.day - both for washing and even for extinguishing a fire. Current
the norm is over 18 buckets, i.e. 220 l. In fact, we are in this
We don’t meet the norm. You stood in the shower for 5 minutes
- 60 l. the water ran into the sewer. More than that
enough to gently wash an elephant. A match-thick stream fills a liter jar in 3 minutes.
This experiment shows that within a day, from a faulty
At least 500 liters of water flows out of the tap.
The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry, a significant expansion of irrigated land areas, improvement of cultural and living conditions and
The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry, a significant expansion of irrigated areas, improvement of cultural and living conditions and a number of other factors allfurther complicates water supply problems.
“A person does not appreciate water until the source runs dry”
(Mongolian proverb).
This little blue ball against the background of the Earth represents the volume of all the water on our planet. 1.4087 billion cubic kilometers. Including pestilence
This little blue ball against the background of the Earthrepresents the volume of all water on our planet. 1.4087
billion cubic kilometers. Including the seas
ice caps, groundwater, rivers, lakes, clouds and
other.
The second small ball shows us what volume
would occupy all the air in our atmosphere if thickened
it to the density of sea water
Water cadastre This is a collection of information about water resources in Russia. For every inhabitant of the Russian Plain there is 8,500 M3 of water per year, and for every inhabitant
Water cadastreThis is a collection of information about water resources in Russia.
For every inhabitant of the Russian Plain there are 8
500M3 of water per year, and for one resident of Siberia -
100000M3 per year.
Water resources are water that people use in everyday life, in industry and agriculture.
Russia is rich in water resources, but they are distributed unevenly: the North-West of the Russian Plain is a lake region, very well supplied with water
Russia is rich in water resources, but they are locatedunevenly: North-West of the Russian Plain –
lake region, is very well supplied with water, and the South-East of the Russian Plain, Central Russian
highlands and the Urals lack water.
People mainly use river water,
These are annually renewable water resources,
which Siberia is rich in.
The territory of Russia is washed by the waters of 13 seas. The three seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean. Six to the Arctic, and three more to the Pacific.
Atlantic OceanArctic Ocean
Baltic Sea
Barencevo sea
Black Sea
Pechora Sea
Sea of Azov
White Sea
Pacific Ocean
Kara Sea
Bering Sea
Laptev sea
Sea of Okhotsk
East-Siberian Sea
Japanese Sea
Chukchi Sea
The most important part of Russia's water resources are rivers. Rivers influenced our history in many ways. On the river, Russian people came to life. During the resettlement, the river
The most important part of Russia's water resources are rivers.Rivers have influenced our history in many ways. On the Russian River
the man came to life. During the migration, the river showed him
way. For a significant part of the year she fed.
For a merchant it is a summer and winter road.
Dnieper and Volkhv, Klyazma, Oka, Volga, Neva, many others
rivers entered the history of our state as places
the most important events in the life of Russia.
Reservoirs have been created on many rivers, some of which are larger in area than large lakes. They are used for hydroelectric power.
Reservoirs have been created on many rivers, some of themwhich are larger in area than large lakes. They
used for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, land irrigation, water supply, navigation, and flood control.
Russian lakes, of which there are more than 2 million, contain over half of all fresh water in the country. At the same time, Baikal contains about 95% of Russia’s lake water. Hour
Russian lakes, of which there are more than 2 million, contain overhalf of the country's fresh water. At the same time, in Baikal
about 95% of Russia's lake water. Some of the lakes are rich in fish,
has reserves of salts, healing mud, used for
recreation.
Swamps are the source of food for many rivers and lakes. Swamps are common on plains and in permafrost zones. In the tundra zone, bogs are swampy.
Swamps are the source of food for many rivers and lakes. Swamps are common on plains and in permafrost zonesMore than half of the territory in the tundra zone is swampy.
Severe swampiness is characteristic of the taiga. The most swampy region in the world is Western Siberia.
Groundwater is of great importance. They are a source of clean water, as they are better protected from pollution. Almost a quarter of freshwater reserves in
Groundwater is of great importance. They -source of clean water, as they are better protected from
pollution. Almost a quarter of fresh water reserves
Russia is located in the glaciers of the Arctic islands.
Water is the most common mineral on Earth, but without it life could not exist. Water consumption is growing rapidly and
Water is the most common mineral on Earth, butwithout it, life could not exist.
Water consumption is rapidly growing and becoming
into a serious problem.
To protect water resources from depletion and pollution, a set of measures is required:
Measures to protect water resources: 1) Development of special laws 2) Monitoring of water bodies 3) Protection of surface and ground waters, including
Measures to protect water resources:1) Development of special laws
2) Observation of water bodies
3) Protection of surface and ground waters, including
purification of industrial and domestic wastewater.
4) Preparation of water used for drinking and
economic purposes.
5) Control over the use and protection of water
resources.
The ancient sage Lao Tzu said: “To understand water is to understand life.” It is everyone’s business to preserve and preserve this main value of our planet.
The ancient sage Lao Tzu said: “To understand water ismeans to understand life."
To preserve and preserve this main value of our
planets are the business of every person.
RGAZU
Course work
Water protection
Teacher:
Performed:
Introduction. 3
Rational use of water resources in public utilities. 8
Wastewater treatment, facilities for mechanical wastewater treatment. Aerated sand traps. 14
Chemical wastewater treatment. 27
List of references used: 35
Introduction.
The meaning of water in nature
Water is the most valuable natural resource. Loss of 10-12% of water affects the condition of the body, weakness, thirst, trembling appear; loss of 20-25% of water can lead to death. In extreme heat, when the intensity of solar radiation is high and the air temperature rises to 35-40°C, it is very difficult for humans and animals to tolerate a lack of water. During this period, the body spends a lot of moisture to cool the body, and the need for water often increases 2-3 times or more. Lack of water leads to disruption of digestion and removal of metabolic products from the body, the blood is depleted of water, and animals become feverish. For many living beings, water is their habitat.
Good quality water is one of the most important factors in the life of animals, their health and increased productivity.
Water plays a huge role in industrial and agricultural production. It is well known that it is necessary for people’s everyday needs.
Circulating in nature, water takes part in the formation of the Earth's surface. It destroys, dissolves and transports various inorganic substances, promotes the deposition of sedimentary rocks and the formation of soils.
Water has a significant influence on the formation of climate and weather, as it has high heat capacity and low thermal conductivity - properties that soften strong temperature changes.
Water is a source of cheap electricity. Seas and rivers are used by humans as routes of communication. Fisheries and the development of shipping are closely related to water bodies. A lot of it is also spent for industrial needs. Water is also used for medicinal purposes. 1
Anthropogenic impact on nature is various forms of influence of human activities on nature. Anthropogenic impacts can be both positive and negative; the latter necessitates the application of special environmental measures. 2
Anthropogenic impact on a water body is currently considered one of the most important factors. In the most populated areas of the country there are no rivers left unaffected by anthropogenic activities.
The population of many areas is experiencing worsening water problems through interruptions in the operation of water pipes, pollution of rivers and lakes, and a decrease in fish catches.
Both the waters of European Russia and Asia are subject to severe anthropogenic pollution. The degree of pollution of water bodies does not always depend on the quantitative characteristics of harmful substances. Oil films occupy a small specific gravity in the aquatic environment, but the damage caused by them is enormous.
The leading role of Russian industry in water pollution is beyond doubt. The most common pollutants can be summarized in 10 groups:
Domestic wastewater contains easily decomposed dead organic matter (feces).
Detergents are synthetic surfactants, highly toxic and non-biodegradable.
Pesticides and herbicides are substances used to kill herbaceous plants and insects.
Petroleum components and petroleum products.
Numerous substances of inorganic origin are acids, alkalis, ammonia and sulfides, etc.
Products of organic chemistry - carbon disulfide, phenol, etc.
Radioactive substances.
Solid waste, ordinary garbage.
Waste from thermal power plants of all types.
Waste from dredging the bottom of a reservoir in connection with the extraction of minerals in river beds.
In general, everywhere, small rivers and rivers are most susceptible to anthropogenic impact, accounting for a huge part of the surface runoff. 1
Many regions of Russia have been declared areas of environmental disaster. In light of all the above negative facts, the positive anthropogenic impact on the water body can be neglected, because Negative factors have a greater impact on water resources.
Water resources and water management of the Russian Federation.
Water resources - suitable for use in the national economy, water from rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, seas, oceans, groundwater, soil moisture, water (ice) from glaciers and snow cover. 2
Water management is a branch of the national economy dealing with accounting, planning and management of integrated use, regulation of water resources, protection of water from pollution and depletion, and transportation of it to its destination. 3
Most of the fresh water is contained in the earth's crust, but these resources are not always available, so people are forced to use the free water of the hydrosphere. The total amount of water in the hydrosphere is estimated at 14*10 km3, but its distribution is extremely uneven: 97.2% of the water is concentrated in the World Ocean. 2.2% is found in polar caps and glaciers. Today people can count on only the remaining 0.6% of water in the hydrosphere.
Russia has enormous hydropower resources. Their reserves are estimated at 320 million kWh with a potential electricity generation of up to 2800 billion kWh. Most of these resources are located in Siberia and the Far East.
There are over 2.5 million rivers and about 3 million lakes in Russia, and almost 10% of the country's territory is occupied by swamps. Glaciers account for a small area, but they have a large supply of water.
In terms of total fresh water reserves (45 thousand km3), Russia ranks second in the world. More than half of Russia's fresh water is concentrated in the deepest lake in the world - Baikal.
Fresh water intake in the country is growing at an extremely high rate. The largest user of freshwater withdrawals in the country is the manufacturing sector. It accounts for 2/3 of fresh water consumption. 12% of hydropower reserves are concentrated in Russia. But its distribution across the country is uneven.
The Western zone accounts for 18% of the hydropower potential and has been used by 48%, while the Eastern zone has 82% and 17%, respectively. In this regard, in the near future there will be a need to develop water management in the eastern regions of Russia 1
Modern problems of environmental protection.
The state of the environment in Russia is extremely unfavorable, and in some regions (their number is constantly growing) it has acquired the character of an environmental disaster. Economic damage from pollution environmental disaster. Economic damage from environmental pollution is equal to approximately half of Russia's national income.
The deterioration of the environmental situation in the Russian Federation leads to an increase in infant mortality and a reduction in people's life expectancy, and an increase in cancer diseases.
Environmental pollution has such a significant impact on the state of the nation's gene pool that the question of the possibility of its further reproduction and physical survival arises. 1
Environmental legislation in Russia is actually still in its infancy. Every year a large number of new environmental laws and other regulations are introduced.
Constant changes in legislation, an unlimited quantitative increase in legal acts at the federal, regional, departmental level ultimately lead to the fact that business entities, and especially individual citizens, do not have time to adapt to rapid changes in environmental legislation, to its innovations, and continue to act according to the old legal norms and rules, violating newly adopted ones.
In Russia, the Institute of Environmental Expertise is poorly developed and its actions are ineffective; the issues of financial independence of expert groups on an interdisciplinary basis have not yet been resolved, which is a serious problem.
And first of all, the problem is that Russians have a very weak level of environmental awareness, which is explained not only by the weak level of greening of science, culture, education, but also by the low standard of living of the population. Therefore, to improve the condition and protect the environment, it is necessary not only a set of environmental measures, but also stabilization of the social and environmental development of the country as a whole. 2
Rational use of water resources in public utilities.
Water supply is the provision of water to various water consumers (settlements), industrial enterprises and other facilities to satisfy household, drinking, technological and fire-fighting needs.
All the variety of water supply systems encountered in practice can be classified according to the following main characteristics:
By territoriality - local and group (or district):
By purpose - municipal (for cities and towns), railway, agricultural, industrial, etc.
In this chapter we will consider only water consumption in public utilities, i.e. the use of water for household and typical needs of the population (i.e. all types of water use due to people’s everyday life: drinking, cooking, personal and home hygiene, washing, etc.) this also includes types of water consumption such as watering roadways parts of streets and sidewalks, green spaces, watering of city reservoirs and water exchange in swimming pools, etc. This category of water users imposes water requirements regulated by GOST “Drinking Water” (i.e., these are primarily sanitary and hygienic requirements).
At the same time, in certain areas, in order to save water resources, the use of water with high mineralization for watering streets, filling baths, swimming pools, and watering urban reservoirs; It is possible to use post-treated wastewater for watering green spaces, streets and other purposes. 1
Analysis of the operating experience of existing sewerage water pipelines makes it possible to determine the actual water consumption per inhabitant with varying degrees of sanitary equipment in residential buildings in different climatic zones.
Currently, the level of well-being of certain categories of the Russian population and the improvement of sanitary equipment in homes require a constant increase in water consumption, therefore water consumption standards are periodically revised.
Approximate norms of water consumption for all household and drinking needs of people, spent both in residential buildings and in public buildings (canteens, laundries, baths, etc.) are given in Table No. 1. Larger standards are adopted for the southern regions of the country, and smaller ones for the northern ones.
Table 1.
|
Building type |
Water consumption per 1 resident, p/day |
Hourly unevenness coefficient |
|
|
Average daily for the year |
On the day of greatest water consumption |
||
|
1. With internal water supply and sewerage, without bathtubs |
|||
|
2. The same with gas supply |
|||
|
3. With water supply, sewerage and bathtubs with water heaters running on solid fuel... The concept and essence of legal security water. 1.1. Water as a legal object security. The need for legal regulation... Legal regulation security waterAbstract >> EcologyLegal regulation security water. 2.Judicial practice. Used Books. 1.Legal regulation security water. Subject to protection... is violation of the hydrological and hydrogeological regime. Legal security water manifested in the adoption and implementation of legal... Legal regime of use and security water (2)Test >> Environmental LawAnd its types. 8 3. Legal security water. Security security police of reservoirs and other water... about water capacity.5 3. Legal security water. Security departmental units security police of reservoirs and other water... Meaning water in nature. Usage water person. Security waterAbstract >> EcologyTopic: "Meaning water in nature. Usage water person. Security water“...Prepared by 5th grade student B Anastasia Dyakonova 2011 Water... 1997. 4. Makevnin S. G., Vakulin A. A. Security nature. - M.: Agropromizdat 1991. 5. Mikheev... Security water resourcesAbstract >> EcologyRegulation security water carried out by the Water Code of the Republic of Belarus Section V. SECURITY VOD Chapter 17. SECURITY VOD(WATER...Implementation of the economic mechanism security water monitoring water state accounting water and their use... | |||
Conservation and protection of natural waters
The protection and protection of natural waters should be understood as a system of measures aimed at preventing and eliminating the consequences of pollution and clogging of surface and groundwater. Various measures are taken to protect surface waters from pollution. The most significant of them are the following: - improvement of technological processes in industry to reduce water consumption and create circulating water supply systems; - ensuring complete biological treatment of wastewater from industrial enterprises and populated areas; - rational water use in agriculture, including the validity of the use of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as farming within the catchment area; - compliance with environmental standards for the extraction and processing of minerals, their enrichment and transportation; - compliance with the rules for drilling and construction work (where they are carried out) in water protection zones; - reduction (and, if possible, prevention) of the entry of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) into water bodies; - compliance with water protection zones and rules of economic activity in them; - ensuring constant monitoring of the condition of reservoirs and indicators (standards) for the composition and properties of water quality; - development and implementation of low-waste technologies. Preventive, organizational and technical methods contribute to improving the quality of surface waters. One of them is self-purification, which is possible due to the vital activity of higher aquatic plants (reeds, cattails, narrow-leaved reeds, duckweed, algae), which saturate the water with oxygen (since under the influence of oxygen the content of calcium and magnesium ions in the water decreases). The essence of this method is to maintain and restore water bodies. In recent years, plants (water hyacinth, pistia, calamus, water pine, pondweed), which provide a significant increase in biomass (up to 100 kg/m2 per month), and, accordingly, a decrease in pollutants, have become widely used for the deeutrophication of polluted water bodies. One of the significant measures to protect surface waters from pollution is compliance with the boundaries of water protection zones, which have an important protective function on any water body, especially on small rivers, which make up over 95% of watercourses in Russia. These zones include: the river floodplain, above-floodplain terraces, edges and steep slopes of bedrock banks, areas of eroded land, ravines more than 10 km long or any length, but with a slope steepness of more than 8 °. Groundwater protection is understood as a set of measures aimed at preserving and improving the qualitative and quantitative state of groundwater that allows its use in the national economy. Groundwater protection consists of strict compliance with water legislation, which provides for a set of preventive measures and special water protection measures, which are divided into preventive and special. Preventive measures include the following: choosing a facility location (industrial, agricultural) with minimal impact on the environment and groundwater; careful observance of sanitary protection zones of groundwater intakes, etc. Special measures include: construction of protective water intakes to intercept contaminated groundwater and hydraulic watersheds (curtains) between the water area and exploited clean groundwater, as well as the creation of impenetrable screens (walls) around the source pollution, etc. For groundwater, the main negative consequences of anthropogenic impact are pollution and depletion. Carrying out special protective measures is costly and often represents a complex and cumbersome technical system, which includes the mandatory purification of pumped contaminated water. It should be borne in mind that groundwater pollution is interconnected with the state of the environment: it is impossible to prevent their pollution if waste enters surface waters, the atmosphere, or soil, since these components of the biosphere are closely connected by the water cycle. Therefore, in the protection of groundwater, the most important are preventive measures to prevent their contamination. Depletion of groundwater means a decrease in its natural and (or) artificial reserves due to the excess of groundwater consumption over its supply. The reasons for such depletion may be deforestation, plowing of land, straightening and diversion of rivers, extraction of groundwater by water intakes, water-reducing installations, drainages, etc. In this case, depletion can be temporary (seasonal) or permanent (due to economic activity) in nature. Replenishment of groundwater reserves is carried out: through the creation of dams, dikes, dams, ponds that regulate the flow of watercourses or atmospheric runoff; by pumping water from pressure horizons; snow melt delays; thanks to the use of biochemically treated wastewater; reduced evaporation; improving methods of watering and irrigating farmland. It should be taken into account that sanitary authorities have established water quality standards for artificial replenishment. Unsustainable use of groundwater (as well as surface water) has economic, social and environmental impacts on both humans and nature. In the hydrosphere, as well as in the biosphere as a whole, the effect of the ecological postulate “everything is connected to everything” is clearly visible. According to the Water Cadastre, there are over 127 thousand rivers in Russia with a length of 10 to 200 km. From these thousands, about 600 rivers were selected that need protection. In order to avoid their pollution and depletion, mandatory water protection zones have been created or are being created along the rivers, in which it is prohibited to plow land, use pesticides, or graze livestock. The main task of water protection zones is to ensure and maintain a favorable regime, improve the condition of small rivers and reservoirs, protect them from flooding with soil erosion products, and avoid pollution with pesticides and nutrients. Protection of rivers and reservoirs from pollution can occur through their self-purification. For example, the intense flow of rivers provides good mixing and reduced concentrations of suspended particles. The settling of insoluble sediments in water, as well as the settling of polluted waters, contribute to the self-purification of water bodies. A decrease in water temperature favors the long-term preservation of bacteria and viruses entering water bodies. Thus, in a temperate climate zone, self-cleaning of a river occurs in an area located 200...300 km from the site of pollution, and in the Far North, the distance to this area increases to 2 thousand km. The physical factor in the self-purification of reservoirs is ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, under the influence of which water is disinfected. Among the chemical factors of self-purification of reservoirs, oxidation of organic and inorganic substances should be noted. Pollution of water bodies with chemicals leads to disruption of normal water self-purification processes, changes in some important properties of microbes and, ultimately, to changes in water quality. The biological factor of self-purification is the totality of organisms inhabiting water: bacteria, algae, various invertebrate animals, which is why it is so important to maintain conditions that make the water suitable for their existence. The death of bacteria and viruses can be facilitated by certain chemicals and representatives of the animal world. Thus, oysters and some types of amoebas adsorb intestinal and other viruses, and the Dreissen mollusk, which resembles the southern mussel in appearance, passes through water contaminated with organic matter, mineralizes and precipitates unnecessary substances.
Personally, I cannot imagine my life without water. Water is widely used in everyday life. Every day I start with water treatments. To cook food, make tea, wash clothes or wash floors - all this requires water. It is also used in other industries. Without it, life on Earth is simply impossible. Do you realize the importance of this familiar liquid?
Water Pollution: What Causes It?
People's livelihoods are developing too actively. Rapid progress leads to numerous environmental problems, including those related to water. Solving these problems is extremely important for all humanity.
Water pollution occurs for many reasons, which are not even always related to human activity. So, sources of pollution:
Protecting water from pollution
This is perhaps one of the most important tasks of humanity. First of all, protecting water from pollution is aimed at minimizing discharges into rivers and other bodies of water. The industry is developing new, more advanced technologies for wastewater treatment. My opinion is this: in general, it is necessary to significantly increase fines for discharges, and the proceeds from this should be distributed for the design and assembly of new technologies.
In addition, proper education of the new generation of people is also important. From childhood, it is necessary to instill respect for nature, teach respect for water, not to pour it unnecessarily, and not to pour harmful substances into the sewer.
1. Water resources and their use
2. Drinking water supply.
3. Classification of water uses.
4. Sources of water pollution.
5. Land water pollution.
6. Reservoirs and hydraulic structures.
7. Self-purification of reservoirs.
8. Sanitary conditions for wastewater discharge.
9. Water protection zones.
10. Protection of water bodies.
11. Protection of small rivers.
12. Domestic wastewater treatment.
13. Industrial wastewater treatment.
14. Drainless production.
15. Monitoring of water bodies.
16. Literature
Water resources and their use. Water occupies a special position among the natural resources of the Earth. The famous Russian and Soviet geologist Academician A.P. Karpinsky said that there is no more precious mineral than water, without which life is impossible.
Currently, the availability of water per person per day varies in different countries of the world. In a number of countries with developed economies, the threat of water shortages is imminent. The shortage of fresh water on earth is growing exponentially. However, there are promising sources of fresh water - icebergs born from the glaciers of Antarctica and Greenland.
A person cannot live without water. Water is one of the most important factors determining the location of productive forces, and very often a means of production. The increase in water consumption by industry is associated not only with its rapid development, but also with an increase in water consumption per unit of production. For example, to produce 1 ton of cotton fabric, factories spend 250 m 3 of water. The chemical industry requires a lot of water. Thus, the production of 1 ton of ammonia requires about 1000 m 3 of water.
Modern large thermal power plants consume huge amounts of water. Only one station with a capacity of 300 thousand kW consumes up to 120 m 3 /s, or more than 300 million m 3 per year. Gross water consumption for these stations will increase approximately 9-10 times in the future.
One of the most significant water consumers is agriculture. It is the largest water consumer in the water management system. Growing 1 ton of wheat requires 1500 m3 of water during the growing season, 1 ton of rice requires more than 7000 m3. The high productivity of irrigated lands has stimulated a sharp increase in the area worldwide - it is now equal to 200 million hectares. Constituting about 1/6 of the total crop area, irrigated lands provide approximately half of agricultural products.
A special place in the use of water resources is occupied by water consumption for the needs of the population. Household and drinking purposes in our country account for about 10% of water consumption. At the same time, uninterrupted water supply, as well as strict adherence to scientifically based sanitary and hygienic standards, are mandatory.
The use of water for economic purposes is one of the links in the water cycle in nature. But the anthropogenic link of the cycle differs from the natural one in that during the process of evaporation, part of the water used by humans returns to the atmosphere desalinated. The other part (which, for example, makes up 90% for water supply to cities and most industrial enterprises) is discharged into water bodies in the form of wastewater contaminated with industrial waste.
According to the State Water Cadastre, the total water intake from natural water bodies in 1995 amounted to 96.9 km 3 . More than 70 km 3 were used for the needs of the national economy, including for:
Industrial water supply – 46 km 3 ;
Irrigation – 13.1 km 3;
Agricultural water supply – 3.9 km 3 ;
Other needs – 7.5 km 3 .
Industry needs were met by 23% by drawing water from natural water bodies and by 77% by a system of recycling and re-sequential water supply.
Drinking water supply. The basic principles of drinking water supply are
State guarantees of priority provision of drinking water to citizens in order to meet their vital needs and protect their health;
State control and regulation of drinking water supply issues, accountability of organizations responsible for drinking water supply to executive authorities and local governments, as well as state supervision and control authorities, civil defense and emergency authorities within their competence;
Ensuring the safety, reliability and controllability of drinking water supply systems, taking into account their technological features and selection of a water supply source based on uniform standards and regulations in force in Ukraine, priority use of underground sources for drinking water supply;
Accounting and payment for drinking water supply;
State support for the production and supply of equipment, materials for drinking water supply, as well as chemicals for water purification and disinfection;
Classification of drinking water supply systems as important life support facilities.
It is of great importance to meet the needs of the population for drinking water in their places of residence through centralized or non-centralized drinking water supply systems.
The sources of centralized water supply are surface water, the share of which in the total volume of water intake is 68%, and groundwater – 32%.
The processes of degradation of surface water bodies are increasing due to the discharge of contaminated wastewater into them by enterprises and facilities of housing and communal services, petrochemical, oil, gas, coal, meat, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, as well as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, sewerage collection - drainage water from irrigated lands contaminated with toxic chemicals and pesticides.
The condition of small rivers is unfavorable, especially in the areas of large industrial centers. Significant damage to small rivers is caused in rural areas due to violation of the special regime of economic activity in water protection zones and coastal protective strips, leading to river pollution, as well as soil loss as a result of water erosion.
Pollution of groundwater used for water supply is increasing.
The total consumption of contaminated water at water intakes is 5-6% of the total amount of groundwater used for domestic and drinking water supply.
Due to increased pollution of water sources, traditionally used water treatment technologies are in most cases insufficiently effective. The efficiency of water treatment is negatively affected by the shortage of reagents and the low level of equipment of water stations, automation and control devices. The situation is aggravated by the fact that 40% of the internal surfaces of pipelines are corroded and covered with rust, therefore, during transportation, the quality of water further deteriorates.
State control and supervision in the field of drinking water supply is carried out by bodies and institutions of the state sanitary and epidemiological service in interaction with state environmental control bodies and state bodies for managing the use and protection of the water fund. Accounting for the amount of water consumed from centralized drinking water supply systems is carried out by housing and communal services authorities.
Drinking water supply development programs are an integral part of the socio-economic development plans of the territories. The design, construction and reconstruction of centralized and non-centralized drinking water supply systems are carried out in accordance with the calculated indicators of master plans for the development of territories, building codes and regulations, state standards, sanitary rules and norms. At the same time, the requirements for ensuring the reliability of these systems when exposed to destabilizing factors of natural (landslides, flooding, aquifer depletion, etc.) and man-made origin must be taken into account.
The main consumer of water is the population (81%), 11% is used in industry, and the rest in the domestic sector.
Classification of water uses. For water use, the following classification criteria are established: purposes of water use; water use facilities; technical conditions for water use; conditions for providing water bodies for use; nature of water use; method of using water bodies; impact of water use on water bodies.
According to the purposes of water use, they are divided into household and drinking, municipal needs of the population, for medical, resort and health purposes, agricultural needs, irrigation and water supply, industrial needs, heat power needs, territorial redistribution of surface water flow and replenishment of groundwater reserves, hydropower needs, needs water transport and timber rafting, fisheries needs, wastewater discharge, other needs, multi-purpose water use.
Based on water use objects, waters are divided into surface, underground, internal, and sea.
According to the technical conditions of water use - general and special.
According to the conditions for providing water bodies for water use - joint and separate.
By the nature of its use, water is considered as a substance with certain properties, as mass and energy potential, and as a living environment.
According to the method of using water bodies - with water withdrawal (with and without return), without water withdrawal.
According to the impact of water use on water bodies - quantitative and qualitative.
Sources of water pollution. Sources of pollution are recognized as objects from which discharge or otherwise enter water bodies of harmful substances that worsen the quality of surface waters, limit their use, and also negatively affect the condition of the bottom and coastal water bodies.