Task 19 No. 26. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
They say (1) that Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate (2) and (3) when we first saw its unique bright beauty (4) we ourselves were convinced (5) how right the eyewitnesses were.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Let's create a proposal outline.
That
So, 5 simple sentences.
1 and 2—SPP, ZPT No. 1;
Answer: 1245
Source: I WILL SOLVE the Unified State Exam
Relevance: 2015
Difficulty: advanced
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Let's create a proposal outline.
[ 1 They claim], (2 that Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate), and (4 when we first saw its unique vibrant beauty), [ 3 That convinced themselves], (5 how right the eyewitnesses were).
So, 5 simple sentences.
1 and 2—SPP, ZPT No. 1;
The 3rd forms an SPP with both 4 and 5 (the so-called parallel subordination) - ZPT No. 4 and 5.
There is a coordinating connection between the blocks of NGN sentences, the conjunction I and the clause No. 2.
ZPT No. 3 is not needed, since sentence 3 contains the indicative word TO.
Either THAT or a comma. This always happens.
Task 19 No. 63. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
There are always people next to you (1) and (2) even if you are very lonely (3) you do not doubt that (4) that someone will be able to listen and understand you.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
There are always people next to you, and even if you are very lonely, you have no doubt that someone will be able to listen and understand you.
A comma (1) separates the sentences “there are always people next to you” and “and even if you are very lonely.” Commas (2) and (3) show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “even if you are very lonely.” A comma (4) separates the clause “so that someone can listen to you.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 101. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
You need to think about others more often (1) and (2) even if it’s not easy for you now (3) don’t forget that (4) someone may need your participation.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
You need to think about others more often, and even if it’s not easy for you now, don’t forget that someone may need your participation.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “you need to think about others more often” and “don’t forget about that.”
Commas 2 and 3 highlight the subordinate clause “even if it’s not easy for you now.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the subordinate clause “that someone may need your participation.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 139. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
There was an impression (1) that we had magically visited a wonderful country (2) where there are scarlet lilies and red rowan trees (3) where everything is clearer and more beautiful (4) than it has always been around.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
It was as if we had magically visited a wonderful country, where there are scarlet lilies and red rowan trees, where everything is clearer and more beautiful than it has always been around.
Commas 1, 2, 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the subordinate clauses “that we magically visited a wonderful country”, “where there are scarlet lilies and red poppies”, “where everything is clearer and more beautiful”, “than it has always been around”.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 215. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
For archeology, material sources (1) and (2) are important, even if they are hidden in the ground (3) they still constitute the main category of monuments (4) which this science studies.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Material sources are important for archeology, and even if they are hidden in the ground, they still constitute the main category of monuments that this science studies.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “material sources are important for archeology” and “they still constitute the main category of monuments.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the clause “even if they are hidden in the ground.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “the study of which this science is engaged in.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 253. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
His hand trembled (1) and (2) when Nikolai handed the horse to the horse breeder (3) he felt (4) the blood rushing to his heart.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
His hand trembled, and when Nikolai handed the horse to the handler, he felt the blood rushing to his heart.
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when Nikolai handed the horse over to the horse breeder.”
Comma 4 separates the subordinate part “as blood rushes to the heart with a knock” and the main part “he felt.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 291. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
She saw (1) that courage and proud pride do not belong only to one class (2) and from then on (3) she began to show the young teacher respect (4) which became more noticeable hour by hour to those around her.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 124
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
She saw that courage and proud pride belonged not only to one class, and from then on she began to show the young teacher respect, which became more noticeable hour by hour to those around her.
Commas 1 and 2 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “that courage and proud pride belong not only to one class.”
Comma 4 stands before the subordinate clause “which became more noticeable to others hour by hour.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 4.
Task 19 No. 329. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
It’s never boring in the forest (1) and (2) if you get sad (3) take a closer look at the most ordinary birch tree (4) that you meet on your way.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
There is never a dull moment in the forest, and if you get sad, take a closer look at the most ordinary birch tree that you meet on your way.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “It’s never boring in the forest” and “Take a closer look at the most ordinary birch tree.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “if you get sad.”
The comma 4 comes before the subordinate clause “which will come your way.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 367. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
It turned out (1) that the manuscript has not yet been completely edited (2) and that (3) until additional work is done (4) it cannot be submitted to the printing house.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 134
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
It turned out that the manuscript had not yet been completely edited and that until additional work was done, it could not be submitted to the printing house.
Commas 1 shows the beginning and end of the subordinate clause “that the manuscript has not yet been finally edited and that it cannot be submitted to the printing house.”
Commas 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the clause “until more work is done.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3, and 4.
Task 19 No. 405. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
It was time to leave (1) and (2) when buses came from the city to pick us up (3) we realized (4) how sorry it was to part with the lake.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
It was time to leave, and when buses came from the city to pick us up, we realized how sorry it was to part with the lake.
Comma 1 separates the main clause “It was time to leave” and “we understood.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when buses came from the city to pick us up.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “what a pity to part with the lake.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 443. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
A few hours later (1) Ivan became exhausted (2) and (3) when he realized (4) that he could not cope with the papers (5) he cried quietly and bitterly.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 345
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
A few hours later, Ivan became exhausted and, when he realized that he could not cope with the papers, he cried quietly and bitterly.
Commas 3, 4, 5 show the boundaries of the main part “After a few hours, Ivan became exhausted and cried quietly and bitterly” and the subordinate parts “when he realized that he couldn’t cope with the papers” (sequential subordination).
Commas should be in places 3, 4 and 5.
Task 19 No. 481. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
In the spring of that year I graduated from the Lyceum (1) and (2) when I arrived from Moscow (3) I was simply amazed (4) how our gloomy house had changed.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
In the spring of that year I graduated from the lyceum and, when I arrived from Moscow, I was simply amazed at how our gloomy house had changed.
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when I arrived from Moscow.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “how our gloomy house has changed.”
Commas should be in places 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 519. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The imagination was crowded with a variety of ideas (1) and (2) if the writer, through an effort of will, forced himself to stop at one thing (3) then he again forgot (4) what the beginning should be.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 134
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The imagination was crowded with a variety of ideas, and if the writer, by an effort of will, forced himself to stop at one thing, then he again forgot what the beginning should be.
Comma 1 separates the first sentence “A variety of ideas were crowded in the imagination” from the second.
Comma 2 is not placed, since after the subordinate clause there is a conjunction TO (and would not be placed before the conjunctions SO and BUT).
Comma 3 shows the boundary of the subordinate clause “if the writer, by force of will, forced himself to stop at one thing.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “what the beginning should be.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 557. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Mitya often simply admired his sister (1) and (2) even when he had to listen to her complaints that (3) she looked bad after night shifts in the hospital (4) Lyubasha seemed to him the most beautiful.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Mitya often simply admired his sister, and even when he had to listen to her complaints that she looked bad after night shifts in the hospital, Lyubasha seemed to him the most beautiful.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “Mitya often simply admired his sister” and “Lyubasha seemed to him the most beautiful.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the clause “even when he had to listen to her complain about it.”
Comma 4 shows the boundary of the clause “that she looks bad after night shifts in the hospital.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 595. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
In the evening it started to rain (1) and (2) while we were driving along the dirt road (3) the horses could barely walk (4) as if they had lost their last strength.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
In the evening it began to rain, and while we were driving along the country road, the horses could barely step, as if they had lost their last strength.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “In the evening it began to rain” and “the horses could barely walk.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “while we were driving along the country road.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “as if they had lost their last strength.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 633. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Everyone loved me (1) and (2) although I was incredibly naughty (3) I was forgiven for everything (4) no matter what I did.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Everyone loved me, and although I was incredibly naughty, I was forgiven for everything I did.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “Everyone loved me” and “everything was forgiven to me.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “although I was extremely naughty.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the clause “whatever I do.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 671. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
In his parents’ house, everything was as before (1) and (2) if Volodya seemed to have the home space as if it had narrowed (3), it was only because (4) that during the years of absence he had matured and grown a lot.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Answer: 134
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
In his parents’ house everything was the same, and if Volodya seemed to have narrowed his home space, it was only because during the years of absence he had matured and grown a lot.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “Everything was the same in the parents’ house” and “if it seemed to Volodya that the home space seemed to have narrowed.”
Commas 3 and 4 are placed before the subordinate clauses “this is only because” and “that during the years of absence he has matured and grown a lot.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 709. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
I really love spring (1) and (2) when young greenery appears (3) I rush into the forest (4) to enjoy the first minutes of the rebirth of nature.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
I love spring very much and, when young greenery appears, I rush into the forest to enjoy the first minutes of the rebirth of nature.
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when young greenery appears.”
Comma 4 separates the subordinate part “to enjoy the first minutes of the rebirth of nature” and the main part “I really love spring and rush to the forest.”
Commas should be in places 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 747. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The horses were very tired (1) and (2) when the packs were removed from them (3) they lay down on the cold ground (4) which had already been covered with light snow.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The horses were very tired, and when their packs were removed, they lay down on the cold ground, which had already been covered with light snow.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The horses were very tired” and “they lay down on the cold ground.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when the packs were removed from them.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “which has already been covered with light snow.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 785. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
A belated lightning flashed directly overhead (1) and (2) while it was shining (3) I saw (4) some white dot flickering on the shore.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
A belated lightning flashed directly overhead, and while it was shining, I saw some white dot flickering on the shore.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “A belated lightning flashed right overhead” and “I saw.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “while it was shining.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “like some white dot flickering on the shore.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 823. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
When the artist lived in Crimea (1) he devoted all his time to contemplating pictures of nature (2) and (3) if the weather was favorable for walks (4) he spent hours studying on the seashore the pattern of waves endlessly running one after another.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Answer: 134
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
When the artist lived in Crimea, he devoted all his time to contemplating pictures of nature and, if the weather was favorable for walks, he spent hours studying on the seashore the pattern of waves endlessly running one after another.
Comma 1 separates the subordinate clause “When the artist lived in Crimea” and the main sentence “he devoted all his time to contemplating pictures of nature and spent hours studying on the seashore the pattern of waves endlessly running one after another.”
Commas 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “if the weather was favorable for walks.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 861. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Rain pours into the glass windows (1) and (2) when the glassy twilight of the street is illuminated by flashes of lightning (3) the flowers on the windowsills become like fantastic trees (4) that grow in a fairyland.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The rain pours into the glass windows, and when the glassy twilight of the street is illuminated by flashes of lightning, the flowers on the windowsills look like fantastic trees that grow in a fairyland.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The rain is lashing the glass windows” and “the flowers on the windowsills become like fantastic trees.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when the glassy twilight of the street is illuminated by flashes of lightning.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “which grow in a fairyland.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 900. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
That day, the three of us had breakfast (1) and (2) when the cherry jelly was served (3) my sister capriciously said (4) that the dessert today was not tasty.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
That day, the three of us had breakfast, and when the cherry jelly was served, my sister capriciously said that the dessert today was not tasty.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “That day the three of us had breakfast” and “my sister said capriciously.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when the cherry jelly was served.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the subordinate clause “that dessert today is not tasty.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 938. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The French ambassador who found himself in the Sheremetyevs' home theater wrote (1) that (2) when he saw the ballet (3) he was shocked by the talent (4) of the serfs.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 13|31
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The French ambassador who found himself in the Sheremetyevs' home theater wrote that when he saw the ballet, he was shocked by the talent of the serfs.
Commas 1 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause using the construction “that when..., then...”.
Commas should be in places 1, 3.
Task 19 No. 976. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Some of A. S. Pushkin’s contemporaries said (1) that (2) when they look at his portrait by O. A. Kiprensky (3) they see reflected on the poet’s face (4) “the sorrows of life.”
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 3.
Answer: 13|31
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Some of A. S. Pushkin’s contemporaries said that when they look at his portrait by O. A. Kiprensky, they see the “sadness of life” reflected on the poet’s face.
Commas 1 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “that when they look at his portrait by O. A. Kiprensky.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3.
Task 19 No. 1014. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
I. E. Repin admitted (1) that (2) while he is working on a portrait (3) in his soul there lives a love for the person (4) whose portrait he is painting.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
I. E. Repin admitted that while he was working on a portrait, in his soul there lived a love for the person whose portrait he was painting.
Comma 1 separates the sentence “I. E. Repin admitted” and its subordinate part “that in his soul there lives a love for that person.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “while he is working on the portrait.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “whose portrait he is painting.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1052. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Alexey Pavlovich got up at early dawn (1) and (2) when he inhaled the cool air filled with the damp smell of dew (3) his soul felt (4) light and spacious.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 123
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Alexey Pavlovich got up at early dawn, and when he inhaled the cool air filled with the damp smell of dew, his soul felt light and spacious.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “Alexey Pavlovich got up at early dawn” and “his soul felt light and spacious.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when he inhaled the cool air filled with the moist smell of dew.”
Task 19 No. 1090. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The fog melted (1) and (2) when the boat went to the shore (3) it was visible (4) how specks of water lilies and lilies swayed on the waves.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The fog melted, and when the boat went to the shore, specks of water lilies and lilies could be seen swaying on the waves.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The fog was melting” and “it was visible.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when the boat went to the shore.”
The comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “like the specks of water lilies and lilies sway on the waves.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1128. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The boy grew up smart and healthy (1) and (2) when he got older (3) his father allowed him to share with the fishermen (4) the difficulties and dangers of the sea fishery.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 3.
Answer: 123
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The boy grew up smart and healthy, and when he got older, his father allowed him to share the difficulties and dangers of the sea fishery with the fishermen.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The boy grew up smart and healthy” and “his father allowed him to share the difficulties and dangers of the sea fishery with the fishermen.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the clause “when he got older.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 3.
Task 19 No. 1166. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
A person changes over time (1) and (2) in order to understand the logic of the actions of a literary hero or people of the past (3) one must imagine (4) how they lived, why they acted this way and not otherwise.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Source: I WILL SOLVE the Unified State Exam
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
A person changes over time, and in order to understand the logic of the actions of a literary hero or people of the past, one must imagine how they lived, why they acted this way and not otherwise.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “A person changes over time” and “one must imagine.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “to understand the logic of the actions of a literary hero or people of the past.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “how they lived.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1204. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
But the river majestically carries its waters (1) and what does it care about these flowers (2) that float (3) on the water (4) as the ice floes recently floated.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 4.
Answer: 124
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
But the river majestically carries its waters, and what does it care about these flowers that float on the water, just as the ice floes floated recently.
The sentence is complex: four parts. There is a creative connection between the first “But the river majestically carries its waters” and the second “and what does it care about these flowers.” They are connected by the conjunction AND and 1 is separated by a comma (1).
The third and fourth parts are subordinate clauses with sequential subordination. Connects the conjunction word WHICH and the conjunction HOW, separated by commas.
Commas 2 and 4 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “that float on the water.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1242. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
They say (1) that kindness cures loneliness (2) and (3) when I settled in the village (4) I had the opportunity to verify this.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
They say that kindness cures loneliness, and when I settled in the village, I had the opportunity to verify this.
Commas 1 and 2 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “that kindness cures loneliness.”
Commas 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when I settled in the village.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1280. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
In the evening it started to rain (1) and (2) while we were driving along the dirt road (3) the horses could barely walk (4) as if they had lost their last strength.
Explanation.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “In the evening it began to rain” and “the horses could barely walk.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “while we were driving along the country road.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
In the evening it began to rain, and while we were driving along the country road, the horses could barely step, as if they had lost their last strength.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “In the evening it began to rain” and “the horses could barely walk.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “while we were driving along the country road.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “as if they had lost their last strength.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1318. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
His hand trembled (1) and (2) when Nikolai handed the horse to the horse breeder (3) he felt (4) the blood rushing to his heart.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
His hand trembled, and when Nikolai handed the horse to the handler, he felt the blood rushing to his heart.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “His hand trembled” and “he felt.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when Nikolai handed the horse over to the horse breeder.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
His hand trembled, and when Nikolai handed the horse to the handler, he felt the blood rushing to his heart.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “His hand trembled” and “he felt.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when Nikolai handed the horse over to the horse breeder.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the subordinate clause “as blood rushes to the heart with a knock.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1356. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Those greeting him constantly looked at their watches (1) and (2) when a train appeared in the distance (3) the crowd moved towards him (4) although this could not speed up the meeting with loved ones.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Those greeting them constantly looked at their watches, and when a train appeared in the distance, the crowd moved towards it, although this could not in any way speed up the meeting with loved ones.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “Those who met him constantly looked at their watches” and “the crowd moved towards him.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when a train appeared in the distance.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the subordinate clause “although this could not speed up meeting with loved ones.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1394. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
It’s always difficult to start doing a job you don’t like (1) and (2) in order to delay the unpleasant moment at least a little (3) we often look for any excuses (4) that can somehow justify our lack of will.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
It is always difficult to start doing a job we don’t like, and in order to delay the unpleasant moment at least a little, we often look for any excuses that can somehow justify our lack of will.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “It’s always difficult to start doing a job you don’t like” and “we often look for any excuse.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “to delay the unpleasant moment at least a little.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “which can at least somehow justify our lack of will.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1432. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
After the instructor’s comments (1) the guys walked faster (2) and (3) when it began to get dark (4) there were only three kilometers left to the place where they would spend the night.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
After the instructor’s comments, the guys walked faster, and when it began to get dark, there were only three kilometers left to the place where they would spend the night.
Comma 2 separates the sentences “After the instructor’s comments, the guys walked faster” and “there were only three kilometers left to the place where they spent the night.”
Commas 3 and 4 highlight the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when it began to get dark.”
Commas should be in places 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1470. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
A couple of hours later (1) when it became quite hot (2) and the crowd in the port froze (3) the boys got out of the city limits (4) and climbed the hill (5) from which the harbor is visible.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 135
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
A couple of hours later, when it had already become very hot and the crowd in the port had died down, the boys got out of the city limits and climbed the hill from which the harbor was visible.
Commas 1 and 3 highlight the subordinate clauses “when it became quite hot and the crowd in the port froze.”
There is no need for a comma before I because these two clauses have a common main clause.
Comma 5 emphasizes the subordinate clause “from which the harbor is visible.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 5.
Task 19 No. 1508. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
On the stone terrace of one of the most beautiful buildings in the city (1) there were two (2) and (3) while the shadows steadily lengthened (4) they watched (5) as the dazzling sun lit up in the windows of the upper floors.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 2345
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
There were two people on the stone terrace of one of the most beautiful buildings in the city, and while the shadows steadily lengthened, they watched as the dazzling sun lit up in the windows of the upper floors.
Comma 2 separates the sentence “There were two people on the stone terrace of one of the most beautiful buildings in the city” and “they were looking.”
Commas 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the clause “while the shadows steadily lengthened.”
Comma 5 emphasizes the subordinate clause “as the dazzling sun lit up in the windows of the upper floors.”
Commas should be in places 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Task 19 No. 1546. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
A flock of wild ducks with a piercing cry rushed over our heads (1) and (2) when we heard (3) with what noise they landed on the river (4) we felt a little uneasy.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
A flock of wild ducks flew overhead with a piercing cry, and when we heard the noise with which they landed on the river, we felt a little uneasy.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “A flock of wild ducks rushed over our heads with a shrill cry” and “we felt a little uneasy.”
Commas 2 and 3 highlight the subordinate clause “when we heard.”
Comma 4 is placed after the subordinate clause “with what noise they landed on the river.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1584. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The entrance door suddenly swung open (1) and an unkempt-looking, strong young man jumped out into the street (2) who (3) if Alexey had not managed to step aside at the last moment (4) would probably have run straight into him.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The entrance door suddenly swung open, and an unkempt-looking, strong young man jumped out into the street, who, if Alexei had not managed to step aside at the last moment, would probably have run straight into him.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The entrance door suddenly swung open” and “a strong, unkempt-looking young man jumped out into the street.”
Comma 2 emphasizes the adjective part “which would certainly have run straight into him.”
Commas 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “if Alexey had not managed to step aside at the last moment.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1622. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
At sunset it began to rain (1) which immediately dispelled the stuffiness that had accumulated in the air (2) and (3) while it made a loud and monotonous noise in the garden around the house (4) the sweet freshness of wet greenery came through the open windows in the hall.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
At sunset it began to rain, which immediately dispelled the stuffiness that had accumulated in the air, and while it made a loud and monotonous noise through the garden around the house, the sweet freshness of wet greenery came through the open windows in the hall.
Commas should be placed in the first and second places: these are commas that separate the main clause from the subordinate clause.
Commas 3 and 4 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “while he made a loud and monotonous noise in the garden around the house.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1660. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Lucy was gently persistent (1) and (2) although it was difficult to remember everything (3) gradually the old woman told (4) how it was.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Lucy was gently insistent, and although it was difficult to remember everything, gradually the old woman told how it had happened.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “Lucy was gently persistent” and “gradually the old lady told.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “although it was difficult to remember everything.”
Comma 4 is placed before the subordinate clause “how was it?”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1698. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
He continued his journey (1) but (2) when only twelve miles remained (3) suddenly the tire whistled and sank (4) because a sharp pebble again fell under the wheel.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
He continued his journey, but when only twelve miles remained, the tire suddenly whistled and sank, because a sharp pebble again fell under the wheel.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “He continued on his way” and “but suddenly the tire whistled and sank.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when there were only twelve miles left.”
Comma 4 highlights the subordinate clause “because a sharp pebble fell under the wheel again.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1736. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The prince was not expected at the estate (1) since no one knew (2) whether he would come (3) and (4) so his appearance came as a surprise to everyone.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 3.
Answer: 123
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The prince was not expected at the estate, since no one knew whether he would arrive, and therefore his appearance came as a surprise to everyone.
Commas should be in the first and second places: these are commas showing the boundaries of the subordinate clauses “since no one knew” and “whether he would come.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 3.
Task 19 No. 1774. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
Katya listened to the story about the latest achievements in the field of nuclear physics very carefully (1) and (2) if Konstantinov had not realized (3) that the scope of his scientific interests could not truly excite such a young person (4) he would have continued his reasoning.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Katya listened to the story about the latest achievements in the field of nuclear physics very carefully, and if Konstantinov had not realized that the scope of his scientific interests could not truly excite such a young lady, he would have continued his reasoning.
The comma must come first: this is the comma that separates the sentences “Katya listened to the story about the latest achievements in the field of nuclear physics very carefully” and “he would continue his reasoning.”
Commas 2 and 3 highlight the boundaries of the subordinate clause “if Konstantinov had not realized.”
Commas 3 and 4 highlight the subordinate clause “that the scope of his scientific interests cannot truly concern such a young person.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1812. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
When Ivan Aristarkhovich appeared at the door of the dressing room (1) he habitually leaned over (2) and (3) so all the actors got the impression (4) that their artistic director was very tall (5) although in fact the doorway was simply quite low.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 1245
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
When Ivan Aristarkhovich appeared at the door of the dressing room, he habitually leaned over, and therefore all the actors had the impression that their artistic director was very tall, although in fact the doorway was simply quite low.
Commas 1 highlight the subordinate clause “When Ivan Aristarkhovich appeared at the door of the dressing room.”
Comma 2 separates the sentences “he habitually leaned over” and “that’s why all the actors got the impression.”
Commas 4 and 5 highlight the subordinate clause “that their artistic director is very tall.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 4 and 5.
Task 19 No. 1850. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The sister did not answer anything (1) and (2) in order to distract herself from the unpleasant conversation (3) she went up to the cage with the birds and began to absentmindedly pour grain into the feeders (4) although they were already full.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 1234
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The sister did not answer anything, and in order to distract herself from the unpleasant conversation, she went up to the cage with the birds and began absentmindedly pouring grain into the feeders, although they were already full.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The sister did not answer anything” and “she went up to the cage with the birds and began absentmindedly pouring grain into the feeders.”
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “to distract her from a conversation that is unpleasant for her.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the clause “although they were already full.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1888. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
At night, timber was brought to the river (1) and (2) when a white fog shrouded the banks (3) all eight companies laid planks (4) on the wreckage of the bridges.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Answer: 123
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
At night, timber was brought to the river, and when a white fog shrouded the banks, all eight companies laid planks on the wreckage of the bridges.
Comma 1 is the boundary of the first prime in the BSC.
Commas 2 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “when the white fog shrouded the shores.”
The comma at number 4 is not needed, since there is no need to separate the addition of the BOARD from the adverbial ON THE WRECKAGES.
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3.
Task 19 No. 1926. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
I thought about the people (1) whose lives (2) were connected with this story (3) and I wanted to know (4) what happened to them.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Answer: 134
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
I thought about the people whose lives were connected with this story, and I wanted to know what happened to them.
Commas 1 and 3 show the boundaries of the subordinate clause “whose life was connected with this story.”
Comma 4 emphasizes the subordinate clause “what happened to them.”
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 1964. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The bright greenery of the reeds mixed in the picturesque forest swamp with white clouds of blooming angelica and curly willow (1) and (2) when you walk along the edge of the forest (3) you involuntarily grab onto the long branches of marsh bushes (4) that stretch towards the path.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
And (When you walk along the edge of the forest), [ That
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Answer: 134
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
(The bright greenery of the reeds mixed in a picturesque forest swamp with white clouds of blooming angelica and curly willow), And (When you walk along the edge of the forest), [ That you involuntarily grab onto the long branches of marsh bushes] (which stretch towards the path).
Comma 1 separates the semantic parts of the sentence “The bright green reeds mixed in a picturesque forest swamp with white clouds of blooming angelica and curly willow” and “and when you walk along the edge of the forest, you involuntarily grab onto the long branches of marsh bushes.”
Commas 3 and 4 separate the sentences “and when you walk along the edge of the forest” and “you involuntarily grab onto the long branches of swamp bushes.”
There is no comma between AND and WHEN, because there is THAT in the third part.
Commas should be in places 1, 3 and 4.
Task 19 No. 2002. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
The audience froze in anticipation (1) and (2) when the curtain slowly rose (3) and the magnificent scenery appeared (4) exclamations of admiration were heard in the hall.
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 4.
Answer: 124
Explanation.
Let's give the correct spelling.
The audience froze in anticipation, and when the curtain slowly rose and the magnificent scenery was revealed, exclamations of admiration were heard in the hall.
Comma 1 separates the sentences “The spectators froze in anticipation” and “admired exclamations were heard in the hall.” Coordinating conjunction I.
Commas 2 and 4 highlight homogeneous subordinate clauses “when the curtain slowly rose and the magnificent scenery appeared.”
Comma 3 is not used, since the subordinate clauses “when the curtain slowly rose” and “magnificent scenery appeared” are homogeneous. The common main part for them is “The audience froze in anticipation” and “admired exclamations were heard in the hall.”
Commas should be in places 1, 2 and 4.
Task 19 No. 2497. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
A person changes (1) and (2) in order to imagine the logic of the actions of a literary hero or people of the past (3) one must imagine (4) how they lived, what kind of world surrounded them. (Yu.M. Lotman)
Explanation.
In this sentence there is both a coordinating and a subordinating relationship. It has five bases: “a person changes” - 1, “imagine” - 2, “one must imagine” - 3, “they lived” - 4, and “the world surrounded” - 5. The subordinate clause of the goal with stem number 2 is subordinated to the attributive clauses with stems number 4 and 5, which, in turn, are subordinated to the main part with stem number 3. The part with stem number 1 and the part with stem number 3 are connected by a coordinating connection. Comma (1) separates stems number 1 and number 3, commas (2) and (3) highlight the subordinate clause, comma (4) indicates the beginning of the attributive clause with stem number 4.
Here's the correct spelling:
A person changes, and in order to imagine the logic of the actions of a literary hero or people of the past, one must imagine how they lived, what kind of world surrounded them. (Yu. M. Lotman)
Commas should be in places 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Among the labels attached to Russian history in the 20th century, perhaps the most absurd were the mythologies about the kind grandfather Lenin and Tsar Nicholas the Bloody, although everything was exactly the opposite. If there was a bloody ruler in Russia, then Vladimir Ulyanov was it. But the story about him awaits us ahead. So far in our story it is 1905 and Lenin’s political role is close to zero. The cannons of the Japanese war are thundering on the hills of Manchuria, and the hellish flames of revolution are boiling in Russia. And the bad day of January 9 is approaching - the day that gave rise to the monstrous myth about the bloody king and the good people's intercessors, the revolutionaries.
Russian Empire in 1905
Despite the enormous assistance provided by England and the Wall Street banking houses, Japan was unable to win the war. The enormous economic potential of Nicholas II's empire was beginning to show. The last assault on Port Arthur alone cost the Japanese 22 thousand people killed, among whom were both sons of the Japanese commander-in-chief of the fleet, Admiral Togo. The Russian military industry began to gain momentum.
The transfer of troops to the Far East was in full swing. By the beginning of 1905, the Russian field army in the Far East alone numbered 300 thousand people and for the first time since the beginning of the war became more numerous than the Japanese one. The total number of troops in the theater reached 1 million. The Siberian Railway now handled up to 14 pairs of trains per day, instead of 4 at the beginning of the war. Japanese losses in killed approached 90 thousand people, despite the fact that Russian losses were half as much. The Japanese economy was operating at its limit, despite more than $30 million in aid from Schiff and company. In today's money, this assistance would amount to at least $20 billion.
“Time worked in Russia’s favor; her powerful body should have had an effect - more powerful both militarily and financially” (S.S. Oldenburg “The Reign of Emperor Nicholas II”).
The army was confident of victory. Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich also had no doubt about Japan’s defeat, fully aware of the difference in the potentials of Russia, which had just begun to awaken, and the land of the rising sun, which had already been strained by that moment. 1905 promised to be a year of victory and joy, but everything turned out differently.
Tsesarevich
In the midst of the war, a joyful event occurred in the personal life of the sovereign: his long-awaited son, heir, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, was born. The joy of the parents knew no bounds, and the point was not only that after 4 daughters the king finally had a son, but also that his birth strengthened the internal position in the country and removed a possible struggle for the throne in the event of death or illness Nicholas II. However, the joy was soon overshadowed by the bitter news - the Tsarevich turned out to be sick with hemophilia. Any cut, bruise, or abrasion could lead to death. Since then, constant fear and anxiety for the little child appeared in the royal house. The serious illness of Tsarevich Alexei, the future royal martyr, although it brought incredible suffering, was only a physical illness.
Russian society was spiritually sick. The Russian elite did not want their country to win. The Russian intelligentsia sent greeting cards to the Japanese emperor, rejoicing at Russian defeats and Russian deaths. The complex of negative self-perception in society bordered on a state similar to the state of a patient with sadomasochism. If even the highest officials were sick, as Danilovsky put it, with the “disease of foreignness,” that is, dislike for their Fatherland and admiration for everything foreign, then what can we say about the simple intelligentsia, infected with liberal ideology, and sometimes even Marxism. It is clear that in such a situation, Japanese intelligence had someone to rely on in our country.
Preparation of a bloody provocation
Russian intelligence became aware of the inter-party conference of Socialist Revolutionaries and Finnish radicals that took place in Geneva. It was decided to organize an armed uprising in St. Petersburg. The bet was placed on the figure of the so-called priest Gapon and his popularity among the workers of St. Petersburg. No peaceful demonstrations were planned. Work was underway to deliver large quantities of weapons to Russia. The Japanese intelligence officer Colonel Akashi was actively involved in this task. The Japanese General Staff rushed the revolutionaries with all their might.
“Work energetically. Find a shipping method. We must finish soon." (Colonel Akashi)
In 1905, a real civil war was being prepared on the mountain of Russia. Its customers were American Jewish bankers, England, Japan and America itself. Revolutionary terrorist organizations and national separatists of all stripes were chosen as perpetrators. It is worth noting the fact that tsarist Russia, being a strong military and economic power, was absolutely unprepared to fight internal rebellions. Although liberals and communists called the Russian Empire a police state, in reality everything was not like that. The progressive intelligentsia dreamed of Western democracy without the police, although in Western countries the police apparatus was much more powerful than in the “prison of nations”, unloved by liberals.
« There were only 10,000 gendarmes in the entire Russian Empire. In Republican France, which was four times smaller in population than Russia, there were 36,000 gendarmes. They were exposed to such power that our police had never even dreamed of. (A.A. Kersnovsky “History of the Russian Army”).
At the end of 1904, approximately a week before January 9, later nicknamed Bloody Sunday, preparations began for a rebellion in St. Petersburg. On November 28, a meeting was held under the leadership of Rutenberg and chaired by Gapon, at which a general plan for the speech scheduled for January 9 was developed. The Socialist Revolutionary-Gapon plan was as follows: by organizing a strike at the Putilov plant, under the guise of a meeting of factory workers, to organize a general procession of the people to the Tsar. For purposes of camouflage, the demonstration must initially have been of a monarchical character, and the petition intended for delivery to the king must have been purely economic; and only at the last moment should radically revolutionary demands be made. Then, according to Rutenberg’s plan, clashes and a general uprising should have occurred, weapons for which were already available. Ideally, the king should have come out to the people. The conspirators planned to kill the king.
The Iskra newspaper drew a parallel between the events of January 9, 1905 in Russia and October 5-6, 1789 in France, when the demonstrators also wanted to see the monarch:
“The workers decided to gather in crowds of thousands at the Winter Palace and demand that the Tsar personally go out onto the balcony to accept the petition and swear that the demands of the people will be fulfilled. This is how the heroes of the Bastille and the march on Versailles addressed their “good king”! And then there was a “hurray” in honor of the monarch who appeared to the crowd at their request, but in this “hurray” sounded the death sentence of the monarchy.”
Strike at the Putilov plant
It all started with a provocation at the Putilov plant. During the Christmas holidays, a false rumor was spread among the plant workers about the dismissal of 4 people. A strike began at the factory. On January 3, Gapon arrived at the plant with a petition drawn up by the Socialist Revolutionaries with obviously unacceptable demands.
Let us recall that the strike at the Putilov plant, which was fulfilling an order for the Japanese front, began in wartime. Try to imagine the strike in 1943 during the Great Patriotic War. What would happen to the strikers then? The answer is obvious - execution without trial or investigation. But in tsarist Russia, called the “prison of nations,” negotiations begin with the workers. On January 4, the director of the Putilov plant accepts Gapon’s petition and responds as follows:
“For the Putilov plant, which carries out emergency orders for the Manchurian Army, the establishment of an 8-hour working day is hardly acceptable” (from the work “The Beginning of the First Russian Revolution”).
After this, using a meeting of factory workers, the Social Revolutionaries organized a wave of strikes. The strikes are organized according to a plan developed by Trotsky, who was still abroad at that time. The principle of chain transmission is used: workers from one striking plant rush into another and agitate for a strike; Threats and physical terror are used against those who refuse to go on strike.
“In some factories this morning, workers wanted to start work, but people from neighboring factories came to them and convinced them to stop work. After which the strike began” (Minister of Justice N.V. Muravyov).
Revolutionary petition
On January 8, at the general meeting of the Social Revolutionaries, a new, purely revolutionary petition was adopted, demanding the separation of church and state and the responsibility of ministers to the people. It was decided not to disclose this petition to the workers. The St. Petersburg mayor Foulon completely trusted Gapon and was not against the procession organized by the factory meeting of workers. But on January 8, a secret note from Kremenetsky appears at the police department:
“According to information received, revolutionary organizations intend to take advantage of the workers’ march expected for tomorrow... Socialist revolutionaries intend to take advantage of the disorder to plunder weapons stores. Today, during a meeting of workers in the Narva department, an agitator came there, but was beaten by the workers.”
The episode with the beating of the revolutionary agitator proves that the workers were deceived by the revolutionaries and Gapon and did not have any revolutionary sentiments, but were going to go to the tsar with purely economic demands. But the revolutionaries were preparing a bloody massacre for the people and the authorities using Japanese money.
“Gapon scheduled a procession to the Winter Palace for Sunday. Gapon proposes to stock up on weapons” (from a letter from the Bolshevik S.I. Gusev to V.I. Lenin).
On January 8, Gapon conveys political demands to Minister of Justice Muravyov. Muravyov is horrified... But Gapon is not arrested. At a meeting with the Minister of Internal Affairs Svyatopolk-Mirsky, it was decided not to allow workers into the center and to send troops into the city. Take control of power plants, gas plants, the Putilov plant and the Syromyatnikov factory. Troops were allowed to use weapons only as a last resort.
But the revolutionaries needed blood. Gapon knew in advance what he was leading the workers to.
“A great moment is coming for all of us, do not grieve if there are casualties not in the fields of Manchuria, but here, on the streets of St. Petersburg. The shed blood will renew Russia” (Gapon “The Story of My Life”).
It is interesting that the Minister of Internal Affairs Svyatopolk-Mirsky, the Minister of Justice Muravyov, and the St. Petersburg mayor Fulon were afraid to report to the emperor about the impending manifestation and the Socialist Revolutionary conspiracy.
“Svyatopolk-Mirsky deceived the monarch. He considered it necessary to convince Nicholas II that calm had come to the capital” (F.M. Lurie “Zubatov and Gapon”).
Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
Soon Nikolai was promoted to captain (1) and (2) when the regiment was put under martial law (3) he again received his former squadron (4) in which he was remembered and loved.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Soon Nikolai was promoted to captain (1) and, (2) when the regiment was put under martial law, (3) again received his former squadron, (4) in which he was remembered and loved.
Commas 2 and 3, 4 separate subordinate clauses.
[Soon Nikolai was promoted to captain and, (when the regiment was put under martial law), again received his former squadron] (in which he was remembered and loved).
To check the correctness of the commas, ELIMINATE the subordinate clauses:
Soon Nikolai was promoted to captain (1) and again received his former squadron.....
There is no need for a comma before or; the predicates in the sentence are homogeneous. We insert subordinate clauses, add the numbers 2 3; 4.
Commas should be in places 2, 3 and 4.
Answer: 234
Rule: Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connections. 20 Unified State Examination
TASK 20 Unified State Exam. PUNCTUATION MARKS IN SENTENCES WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
In task 20, students must be able to place punctuation marks in a complex sentence consisting of 3-5 simple ones.
This challenging task tests the graduate’s ability to apply the following knowledge in practice:
1) at the level of a simple sentence:
Understanding that there is no sentence without a basis;
Knowledge of the features of the basis of one-part sentences (impersonal, etc.)
Understanding that in a simple sentence there can be homogeneous predicates and subjects, punctuation marks between which are placed according to the rules of homogeneous members.
2) at the level of a complex sentence:
The ability to determine the main and subordinate clauses in the composition of the IPP on the issue;
The ability to see conjunctions (conjunctive words) in subordinate clauses;
The ability to see index words in the main
The ability to see homogeneous subordinate clauses, in which punctuation marks are placed in the same way as homogeneous clauses.
3) at the level of a complex sentence:
The ability to see parts of the BSC and separate them with a comma. There is no common minor term in this task.
4) at the level of the entire proposal as a whole:
The ability to see those places in a sentence in which two conjunctions meet: there may be two subordinating conjunctions or a coordinating and subordinating conjunction.
Let's collect all the basic punctuation rules that are important when completing the task and number them for convenience.
| BP 6 If in a complex sentence there are coordinating and subordinating conjunctions nearby (And and ALTHOUGH, AND and HOW, AND and IF, BUT and WHEN, AND and THAT, etc.), then you need to find out if after the subordinate part there are correlative words THAT, SO or another coordinating conjunction (A, BUT, HOWEVER, etc.). A comma is placed only when these words are missing after the subordinate clause. For example: [Curtain rose], and, (as soon as the audience saw their favorite), [the theater shook with applause and enthusiastic screams] Compare: [Curtain rose], and (as soon as the public saw their favorite) So the theater trembled with applause and enthusiastic shouts]. and, (although her words were familiar to Saburov), [they suddenly made my heart ache]. [The woman talked and talked about her misfortunes], and (although her words were familiar to Saburov), But[they suddenly made my heart ache]. |
As you can see, rules 5 and 6 are very similar: we choose either to write TO (BUT...) or to put a comma.
Let's consider the proposals from the RESHUEGE database and the algorithm for working on the proposal.
[Claim](1) what? ( What Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate)(2) And(3) (When(4) when? That convinced yourself (5) of what? ( how much the eyewitnesses were right).
1. Let's highlight the basics.
1- Affirm (one-part, predicate)
2- carnivals delight and fascinate
3- we saw
4- convinced yourself
5- eyewitnesses are right
2. We highlight conjunctions and correlative words. Please note that there are AND and WHEN nearby and that there is THAT.
3. We mark subordinate clauses: we put all sentences in which there are subordinating conjunctions in parentheses.
(What Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate)
(When We saw its unique bright beauty for the first time)
(how much the eyewitnesses were right).
4. We establish which subordinate clauses belong to the main ones. To do this, we pose questions from the main ones to the supposed subordinate ones.
[They claim] what? ( What Brazilian carnivals delight and fascinate). 1 component found. Comma 1 is placed according to rule 4 [ = ], (which is = and =).
There are two subordinate clauses left and one without a subordinating conjunction. We check whether it is possible to ask questions from him.
[That convinced yourself] when? ( When We saw its unique bright beauty for the first time)
[convinced yourself] of what? ( how much the eyewitnesses were right). The second component has been found. Commas 4 and 5 are placed according to rule 4.
(when - =), [then- = ], (how much - =) Two different subordinate clauses to one main clause, a clause of time very often stands BEFORE the main clause.
Components 1 and 2 are connected by the coordinating conjunction AND into one complex sentence. This is comma 2.
Scheme: |[ = ], (what- = and =)|, and |(when - =), [then- = ], (as far as - =)|
It remains to find out whether a comma is needed 3. Between AND and WHEN, according to rule 6, a comma is not needed, since TO is located after the subordinate clause.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov
2.
3.
4.
Nikolai Mikhailovich attracted many, many people with his striking originality of views, his highly educated, cordiality, ability to win over people, and attentiveness to them, which was, as it were, second nature to him.
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On April 14, 1859, at three hours and thirty-five minutes in the afternoon, a cannon salute of three hundred and one shots announced to the residents of the capital of the Russian Empire, Tsarskoe Selo and the surrounding area, the birth of another member of the Crowned Romanov family.
Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich, brother of Alexander the Second, had his first child, who was named Nicholas at baptism, in honor of his grandfather, the Emperor, Nicholas the First. The branch of the Grand Dukes of Romanov blood, which bore the generic name: “Mikhailovich”, happily continued, receiving as its heir a large baby: height - sixty centimeters. His godparents and successors were entirely high-born, royal persons, a brilliant circle, with names that now mean almost nothing to us, descendants... On his father’s side: uncle - Emperor Alexander II, the Dowager Empress - grandmother Alexandra Feodorovna, and on her mother’s side - her brother, Duke Wilhelm of Baden - Ludwig and her sister, Princess Maria of Leiningen.
The brilliant surroundings obliged me to do a lot, almost from infancy. But little Nikolenka was more like an ordinary child: active, developed, beyond his years, vulnerable and impressionable, strongly attached to his mother, whom he saw very rarely.
Olga Fedorovna and Mikhail Nikolaevich raised their children strictly, like Spartans, without excessive pampering. Nikolai Mikhailovich later recalled that this upbringing “was more reminiscent of military service against the backdrop of the beautiful Caucasian nature” (he spent his childhood in Tiflis - that’s how Tbilisi was called until 1936): they got up early, took a cool bath, had a modest breakfast and almost at midday, together with their mentors - strict and picky - they went to the mountains, on a hike. for new specimens for collections of herbs and insects, they tirelessly practiced horse riding and the art of wielding a saber.
The program, compiled by strict mentors who gave detailed reports to mother or father every day, was very extensive, almost unique: languages, including not only European, but also ancient Latin, botany, chemistry, the basics of philology and art history, librarianship, etc. , history of the fleet, numismatics, aeronautics. The sons of Mikhail Nikolaevich were passionately interested in all this: Nikolai, Alexander, Sergei, Georgy, Mikhail...
But Olga Feodorovna, restless in spirit and demanding and proud, was not particularly pleased with the education and secular manners of her sons; she always felt that the children lacked her close maternal attention, the lack of which was very acutely felt by her favorite, Nikolenka.
All the hobbies and aspirations of the pet - “Bimbo” - always found a warm response in the mother’s heart, she encouraged them, gave her son books, albums that interested him, and all sorts of devices for entomology and botany. In the garden at the palace of the Caucasian governor in Tiflis, it was at her request that rare species of plants were bred and strange birds were imported from different regions, which little Nikolenka could watch for hours without moving at all. He wrote down and sketched his observations in albums, showing them to his parents..
In fairness, it must be said that the always busy father strongly approved of his son’s studies in the natural sciences, which over the years increasingly took on the character of deep scientific research, and was proud, just like his mother, that the young Grand Duke, for a number of publications in scientific journals in Europe, was already in Elected member of the French Entomological Society for 18 years.
The young naturalist traveled a lot (Spain, Switzerland, the islands of Tenerife, France, Italy.) and successfully collaborated with prominent scientists in those years in the field of entomology: G. E. Grum - Grzhimailo, S.I. Aliferaki, G.I. Sivers.
In 1879, shortly after the end of the Russian-Turkish War, where Nikolai Mikhailovich received his first baptism of fire with the rank of second lieutenant, and then staff captain and platoon commander, holder of the Order of St. Stanislav 4th degree for personal bravery; - The Grand Duke, as an ordinary participant, goes on an expedition to study the fauna and flora of Central Asia, led by the then famous geologist I.V. Mushketov. Returning from the expedition, he intensively continues his research on the entomology of the Caucasus, collecting a huge collection of 25 thousand butterflies, and independently discovering three butterflies previously unknown to science. He will christen one of these butterflies* (* more precisely, its subspecies) in Latin: “Collas Olga Romanof”, giving it the name of his adored mother, who by that time was no longer alive.
Under the editorship of Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov, a beautifully illustrated nine-volume publication “Memoirs of Lepidoptera” was published in 1891-92, unique to this day, and the Grand Duke himself became the honorary chairman of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.
A passion for science and travel almost does not prevent the prince, a scientist, from pursuing a successful career as an officer, although Nikolai Mikhailovich also becomes a military man only in memory of the ardent desire of his mother, who longs to see him continue the traditions of the royal family and his father’s work.
He successfully graduates from the Corps of Pages, the Cavalry School and the Academy of the General Staff* (*in 1885.) N. M. Romanov’s track record is quite extensive, but his place of service is almost always the same: the Caucasian Army, where he rose to senior command positions.
In 1894, Nikolai Mikhailovich, having served for a number of years as an aide-de-camp to Emperor Nicholas II in St. Petersburg, unexpectedly received command of the 16th Mingrelian Grenadier Regiment. He experiences spiritual delight and pride from this appointment. At the review, the regiment addresses the soldiers and officers with a heartfelt speech, which included the following words:
“Guys, I’m happy that I received your old combat regiment. From a young age, I got used to loving and respecting the valiant Caucasian army, into whose ranks I am incredibly glad to return!
Soon Nikolai Mikhailovich was promoted to major general, which was regarded, first of all, as evidence and recognition of his abilities and successful activities as a regimental commander, and not as the Highest patronage.
The greatest achievement in Nikolai Mikhailovich’s rather serious military career should be considered his appointment in 1897 as commander of the famous Caucasian Grenadier Division, as Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich called it in his congratulations to his son, “the first by appointment in our entire valiant army.”
This position was the last in the Grand Duke's service record. He left his military career in 1901, with the rank of lieutenant general, and already in 1903 he was appointed adjutant general in the retinue of his cousin, Emperor Nicholas II. An honorable position, but boring, you must agree. Varnish the palace parquet with the soles of military boots!
Nikolai Mikhailovich was often called by his contemporaries and historians (and still is!) “a frontier, a representative of the opposition of the “Romanov wing”, citing as examples his playful escapades, sitting in the guardhouse, (for his own disrespect for the officer’s regulations - he once passed in a carriage, in an unbuttoned uniform, without a headdress, with a cigar in his teeth - the officers met along the way could not even salute! - which immediately became known to the strict Sovereign - Uncle Alexander the Third, so he suffered!) his harsh statements addressed to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna after 1914, his letter to Nicholas II, but few people know that the scoffer, joker and frontier seriously dreamed of becoming the governor of the Caucasus, never leaving his beloved land with passion! Beloved since childhood, from the moment I could remember. And who knows, if Nikolai Mikhailovich had become the general governor of the Caucasus, maybe his fate would have turned out a little differently... Entomology would have lost a wonderful scientist - naturalist, passionate collector, history - its most devoted knight. By the way, more and more fascinated by this strange lady - history, Nikolai Mikhailovich spent a huge amount of his time on annual voyages abroad, working diligently in the archives and libraries of Munich, Paris, Florence, Berlin. At the same time, he tirelessly collected works of art, antiques, and paintings, giving preference to portraits, and moreover, to miniature reproductions of them.
He was in love more than once. For the first time, in his youth, he fell in love for a long time and ardently with his cousin, Princess Victoria of Baden, who later became the Queen of Sweden, but the strict ban of the Orthodox Church on marriages between close relatives did not give young people any hope of finding happiness in a life together. They met several times in Italy, already when Victoria was a Swedish monarch, but over the years the ardor of the feeling faded away, leaving only warm, friendly affection on her part. What about him? The family knew that the bitterness of this love left too deep a mark in the soul of the impressionable “Bimbo” for him to seriously think about marriage again, although he expressed his readiness to marry for dynastic reasons the one his parents indicated. Parents did not indicate, not wanting to interfere in the fate of their son, to reopen wounds.
The Imperial Russian Historical Society invited the Grand Duke to compile some biographies for the Russian Biographical Dictionary. Among others were the Dolgoruky princes, about whom no one has ever written due to a lack of factual material. Nikolai Mikhailovich got carried away with his work, found new documents, but the work he presented turned out to be so extensive that it was more like an independent historical research - a monograph. On the recommendation of N.K. Schilder and E.S. Shumigorsky - recognized scientists and historians of that time - Nikolai Mikhailovich dared to publish his biographical essays as a separate book.
As he himself wrote: “I hesitated for a long time, not wanting to risk entering the arena in print, but in the end I decided.” This is how the historian Nikolai Romanov was born.
In 1901, after the publication of the first work “On the Dolgorukys, companions of Alexander the First in the first years of his reign,” reading Russia received one after another, historical publications of the Grand Duke, with absolutely incredible success. Here are the names of some of them: “Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov (1774 - 1817). Historical study of the era of Alexander the First” vol. 1 - 3. St. Petersburg. 1903
“Diplomatic relations between Russia and France according to reports from Emperors Alexander and Napoleon. 1808 - 1812. T 1 -7. St. Petersburg 1905 - 1914.
As can be seen from the above, the author’s main attention was occupied by the era of Alexander the First, the phenomenon of his personality, his associates and enemies, the assessment of the liberal daring of the young emperor, which were considered by Nikolai Mikhailovich in the light of his own political views on the need for reforms in Russia.. He painstakingly and for a long time collected a collection of books, things and documents related to Emperor Alexander the First and his time. Other members of the Romanov family actively helped him in this, often presenting him with some rarities instead of birthday gifts: documents, letters, books, things. In particular, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna Romanova (Ella) presented Nikolai Mikhailovich with a medallion with a lock of hair from Alexander the First and a tiny snuff-box with a portrait of Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna inside, as well as copies of letters from Empress Eliza to her mother, Duchess of Baden, and her husband, Emperor Alexander..
In general, N. M. Romanov’s privileged position in society gave him unlimited access to archives and private collections not only in Russia, but also in Europe. For example, while working on the biography of the Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna in three volumes, according to the list of works used, Nikolai Mikhailovich repeatedly turned to the rich library of the Winter Palace, collected by several generations of Russian Emperors, to the archives of Berlin, Baden, Darmstadt and Karlsruhe - the homeland of Elizaveta Alekseevna. His letters to the director of the Karlsrui archive G. Obzer and the librarian R. Grimm have been preserved, to whom he turns to regarding the acquisition of copies or originals of the empress’s letters to her sister, Margravine Amalia of Baden, to relatives and friends. The three-volume work, the “biography” of Elizaveta Romanova, created on the basis of her correspondence and diary entries, is still fundamental for historians and archivists and has enduring artistic value!
Work on the biography of the most mysterious Empress in Russian history was very painstaking. Nikolai Mikhailovich presented its first results in a special report at a meeting of the Imperial Society dedicated to the centenary of the assassination of Paul the First - March 11, 1901. The main work on the book, a three-volume set, was completed only at the end of 1908, and in February 1909 it was finally published, arousing enormous interest both in the personality of its heroine and in the personality of the historian himself, whose enchanting charm spread on the pages of his work.
The only thing that turned out to be more interesting than this was the collection of materials for the fundamental publication started by the Grand Duke. It was called: “Russian portraits of the 18th and 19th centuries.” Little known to the general public, but an indispensable publication for an art critic or historian, it has absolutely no analogues in the world history of art history! This is a huge iconography of Russian history. From its pages, the reader is presented with portraits of the most prominent figures of the era, nobility and statesmen, kings and senators, cultural and church figures, enlivened by masterfully biographical sketches, the author of many of which was Nikolai Mikhailovich himself. L. N. Tolstoy would later call them “precious material of history,” who for many years enthusiastically communicated with the Grand Duke, invited him to his home in Yasnaya Polyana, and corresponded with him.
Nikolai Mikhailovich attracted many, many people with his striking originality of views, his highly educated, cordiality, ability to win people over, and attentiveness to them, which was, as it were, his second nature. He was especially valued in artistic circles for his commitment to art and spiritual asceticism, because the work that he always did - for example, compiling the St. Petersburg necropolises, together with Professor V. I. Saitov - required from him not only perseverance, a high professional level of knowledge , but also a complete renunciation of worldly pleasures and responsibilities, to some extent, which was very difficult in his position, you must agree!
The Grand Duke, in general, was unpredictable in many ways, extraordinary in communication, could sometimes show tactless intolerance towards those who for some reason did not agree with his point of view, and directly express an opinion that was very unkind to the interlocutor. At times he expressed snobbery, pride, and a certain amount of arrogance. Costs of character and upbringing, so to speak!
In a word, in life Nikolai Mikhailovich was not always simple and pleasant, like any living person, but that endless, enchanting sea of charm that splashed and lived in him, the highest level of culture, the brilliant originality of the mind, against his will, attracted him to this extraordinary representative of the Romanov family everyone and everything!
M. Dobuzhinsky, S. Diaghilev, A. Benois, Andrei Dostoevsky - the writer’s nephew, a major military engineer, Alexander Izvolsky - the ambassador of the Russian Empire to France, were friends and communicated with him with pleasure, reverently, respectfully. Maxim Gorky also warmly sympathized with Nikolai Mikhailovich, who helplessly tried to help him out after his arrest in 1918.
In 1915, on the recommendation of professors at Moscow University, he was awarded the academic degree of Doctor of Russian History, honorus cauza. The Grand Duke refused the title of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Berlin (1910), awarded to him in 1914, with the outbreak of the First World War. In Russia, Nikolai Mikhailovich’s honorary titles were countless: Chairman of the Society for the Protection and Preservation of Monuments of Art and Antiquities, honorary member of the Imperial Military Historical Society, and the Moscow Archaeological Institute, the Imperial Academy of Arts and a number of other scientific societies.. Back in 1909, Nikolai Mikhailovich receives from Emperor Nicholas II an offer to become chairman of the Imperial Russian Historical Society. The Emperor wrote in a letter to his historian cousin: “It seemed to me that with your great historical knowledge and, in general, great affection for Russian history, you would not refuse a permanent occupation that suits your tastes..”
But Nikolai Mikhailovich was fascinated not only by the “priceless pearls” of the heritage of past reigns and times that he discovered. He was worried and worried about the contemporary fate of Russia, the need for big changes that were brewing in it relentlessly tormented his ebullient and active mind.
He sincerely believed that “Russia is content with marking time: it, at least partially, can still use the experience of France in the process of convening the first legislative assembly (Duma) and other urgently necessary political reforms that had to be carried out progressively, slowly, with a certain “soft limitation” of the autocrat’s power!”
He understood perfectly well that Russia is a country quite original and complex, for all sorts of ill-conceived, fast, overly bold and shocking leaps and leaps. But reforms - for example, a parliament with the legitimate power of the monarch and the curbed “freedom of the people” - are simply necessary for her!
Nikolai Mikhailovich draws up a detailed report addressed to the Minister of the Household P. D. Tolstoy in which he in every possible way convinces the venerable senator to subject the structure of the State Council, some commissions and ministries to reform. This letter contains the following lines: “Life and its demands have moved far ahead in the 19th century, but the institution remained at the same point.” The letter remains, of course, unanswered, and in the person of the venerable senator, the Grand Duke acquires a polite, irreconcilable enemy!
In fairness, it should be noted that, although the scion of the royal family was a “somewhat Masonic “republican”, he did not support the Dreyfus cause, which occupied everyone and everything in Europe, for example, and in general, constantly expressed the anti-Semitic sentiments inherent in the Romanov Imperial House, for that part of society, which included moneybags - bankers and nouveau riche, definitely did not like him, but, however, he did not seek easy sympathy, and expressed his views - openly, to everyone, even the powerful of this world ...
Already at the beginning of the First World War, seconded by the Sovereign to the headquarters: to serve as an aide-de-camp to the commander of the southwestern front, Nikolai Mikhailovich, analyzing his impressions of meetings with the high command and headquarters officers, wrote in a memo addressed to the Emperor
“Why did they start this murderous war, what will be its final results? One thing is clear to me, that huge upheavals will take place in all countries; I imagine the end of many monarchies and the triumph of world socialism, which should prevail, because it has always spoken out against war. We in Rus' will not be able to do without major unrest and unrest when the passions have already subsided, and there are many chances for this assumption, especially if the government continues to pointlessly cling to the side of arbitrariness and reaction.”
Nikolai Mikhailovich proposes in his letter - report to the Sovereign - cousin, even in war conditions, to comprehensively think about the peaceful structure of Europe, and in this regard, develop measures for the preparation of an international conference, its program, and the composition of the Russian delegation. Later, a preliminary agreement was even reached that, if necessary, the Grand Duke himself could lead this delegation.
But the Emperor’s cousin did not have to go to the conference on the reconstruction of Europe. Instead, he, by order of the Emperor, soon went into exile to his estate Grushovka, near Kherson. Such a sharp turn in the biography of N. M. Romanov was preceded by rather turbulent events.
On November 1, 1916, shortly after the magnificently celebrated fiftieth anniversary of the Imperial Russian Historical Society, its chairman addresses the Tsar with a letter in which he tries to tell “dear Niki” the truth about the true situation of Russian society, tormented by endless changes of the Cabinet of Ministers, disputes in the State Duma, corruption and bureaucracy, which, against the backdrop of a protracted war, was especially terrifying.
Nikolai Mikhailovich was also worried about the increasingly incomprehensible influence of G. E. Rasputin at the Court, which, as the Grand Duke believed, greatly harmed the authority of the Royal Family, the entire family, in the eyes of society, not to mention Europe! Nikolai Mikhailovich understood perfectly well that the Sovereign has always been and is in a limited circle of people who are unlikely to tell him the truth, reveal the true state of affairs, and constantly maliciously misinform not only him, but also Alexandra Feodorovna. Such is the Fate of the Royal couple, monarchs in general. Trying to somehow break through the “vicious circle”, and knowing about the great influence of the Empress on his Crowned husband, Nikolai Mikhailovich wrote bluntly, barely containing his impatience: “If you have no power to remove this false, bad influence from her, then at least protect yourself from constant malicious whispers through your beloved wife...”
There was an immediate reaction from the hot-tempered Empress. She sharply demanded the expulsion of the “forgotten” Grand Duke from Petrograd. But, at first, the Emperor did not take decisive steps. Nikolai Mikhailovich still enjoyed all the privileges of a member of the Royal Family, attended meetings of the State Duma, seething with anti-government speeches of Purishkevich, Lvov and Rodzianko.
Despite the harshness of the letter, Nicholas II was very kind to his cousin and, as usual, remained increasingly silent. Nikolai Mikhailovich was extremely irritated by this manner of charmear* (* charmer - French - S.M.) - the Ruler.
He himself always preferred directness and sincerity to everything. “During a conversation with me,” said the Grand Duke, “when I threw one harsh word after another, my cigarette went out several times. . The Emperor kindly gave me matches, but I forgot to even thank him - I was so worried. Finally, I told him: “Here you have Cossacks and a lot of space in the garden.” You can order me to be killed and buried. Nobody will know. But I just have to tell you everything! And then he remained silent.”
On March 1, 1917, he appears at a meeting in the State Duma, where he learns about the abdication of Nicholas and the refusal of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich to accept the throne. The situation in Russia is changing dramatically and at first Prince Romanov is somewhat confused. He ponders his steps, during the course of a week he meets with Kerensky several times, discussing with him the issue of the refusal of all the great princes to succeed to the throne and the transfer of their appanage possessions in favor of the state. His own signature is one of the first to appear on the relevant documents.
Always separating Nicholas II, Niki, a man whom he loved with all his heart and with whom he had been friends since childhood, from the Emperor, with whom he often did not agree, Nikolai Mikhailovich would later write notes full of bitterness about people who, within forty-eight hours, morally and humanly betrayed the Royal Family:
“This general flight, this cynicism of abandonment was especially despicable on the part of those who, just the day before, had caught a benevolent smile or some kind of mercy.”
He also felt lost and dead in the chaos of February the seventeenth. To Maurice Paleologue, French Ambassador to Russia, in response to his question during his farewell visit:
“When will we see each other again? What will happen to Russia? - answered: “Will we ever see each other again? How can I forget that I am a hanged man?!”
Nevertheless, with such tragic and prophetic feelings in his soul, the “hanged man” - the Grand Duke continues to work as a historian-researcher, and in the April days of the seventeenth year he wrote a work entitled “On the exploits of the Russian soldier in the 19th century and about his love for Motherland"..
In fact, this is a monologue not only and not so much about the fate of the Russian soldier, but also about the fate of Russia and the entire Russian people, and perhaps about itself...
Two documents concerning the murder of Paul the First, carefully commented by Nikolai Mikhailovich and provided with his notes, were published in May 1917, in the last issue of the Historical Bulletin. Somewhere and somehow he still managed to get money for printing materials and publishing various publications of the Russian Historical Society from printing houses. Maybe it took him
Every now and then he writes in his diary about the robberies of estates and palaces, about executions, about the fact that for the purpose of safety* (*Or a quiet - dashing sale?! - S.M.) all the valuables from the Russian Museum, the Museum named after Alexander the Third and of the Hermitage were taken to Moscow. But he remains calm about the fate of his extensive collections and does not take any measures to save unique treasures.
He voraciously reads Stendhal, Alfred de Vigny, Balzac, Flaubert, and writes in his diary “What is this - fatalism, depression, or mental atrophy?” Neither one, nor the other, nor the third. The composure of a person sentenced to death, that’s what it is...
In February 1918, N. M. Romanov was expelled from the Novo-Mikhailovsky Palace, the family residence. A decree appears in the newspapers: all Romanovs must report to the Cheka. A written undertaking not to leave was taken from all of them. And soon - a new decree. Within three days, the Romanovs were to receive instructions from the Cheka to expel them from Petrograd. Vologda was destined for Nikolai Mikhailovich. My brother, Georgy Mikhailovich, was also sent there.
And on July 1, 1918, the author of the notes was imprisoned in Vologda prison, in the 20s. on the same month, he was transported to Petrograd, on Gorokhovaya, 2 - to the local Cheka, then to Shpalernaya Street, to the House of Pre-trial Detention, where he was placed in solitary confinement cell number 207. Next to him, in the neighboring “prison rooms”, was his brother George, two cousins - Grand Dukes Dmitry Konstantinovich and Gabriel Konstantinovich, with their uncle Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich.
The audience in the prison was very diverse - Grand Dukes, ministers, officials, criminals, thieves, and even revolutionaries - democrats. The doors in the cells were not locked, the prisoners freely communicated with each other and read books. Nikolai Mikhailovich, who was in charge of the prison library, gave everyone recommendations on what to choose and sometimes argued with former political opponents, such as General, Minister of War A. N. Verkhovsky: “You arrested us in April, and now you are sitting with us. Firstly, it serves you right, and secondly, learn history. There is no middle ground in revolutionary struggle. If you do not follow the consistent revolutionaries - destroyers, then, as you see, you will end up behind bars, along with us! "
Gavriil Konstantinovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich’s cousin, remembered him as “an outwardly calm, cheerful, neat man, who would leave his cell while cleaning and in the evening, joking with the officers and guards, who often stood at the large barred window in the corridor.”
Through people loyal to him, Nikolai Mikhailovich quickly established correspondence with friends and colleagues at the Historical Society.
Many people worked for the release of Nikolai Mikhailovich and other eminent hostages - the Romanov princes. And the prisoners had hope of still breathing the air of freedom. Scientists, led by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. Karpinsky, wrote letters to the Council of People's Commissars and the Cheka, Maxim Gorky worked hard for his longtime friend, the Danish envoy Harald Scavenius took an ardent part in the fate of the Grand Duke - historian - probably he was ardently asked for this the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, who loved her nephew, and possibly Alexandra’s niece, the Queen of Denmark.
The Danish government agreed to pay his guards 500 thousand gold rubles for the release of Prince Romanov! An agreement had already been reached on all this, a schedule for the departure of Swedish ships from Petrograd had been received...
But... An omnipotent chance, fate, the absurdity of circumstances, what else intervened? Diplomatic relations between Soviet Russia and Denmark were quickly broken off without explanation; the compassionate and devoted ambassador did not manage to receive the required amount and was, moreover, forced to hastily leave Russia...
On January 6, 1919, the “prisoner of Muse Clio” and a real hostage of the new government himself wrote a letter asking for release:
“This is the seventh month of my imprisonment as a hostage in a pre-trial detention center. I did not complain about my fate and stood the test in silence. But over the past three months, circumstances have changed for the worse and are becoming unbearable. Commissioner Treiman, a semi-literate man, drunk from morning to evening, brought such order that he not only outraged all the prisoners with his nagging and antics, but also almost all the prison servants.. Over these long months, I have been persistently engaged in historical research and preparing a large work on Speransky , despite all the difficult conditions and the great lack of materials...
I earnestly ask everyone to empathize with my sad situation and return my freedom. I am so mentally and physically tired that my body requires rest for at least three months. After rest, I am ready to return to Petrograd again and take on any work in my specialty, so I did not and do not have any insidious plans against the Soviet regime”...
These are the last lines of N. M. Romanov that have reached us. A typewritten copy of his statement is kept in the archives of A.V. Lunacharsky. This means that it reached the addressee... And it was even supported by A.V. Lunacharsky. There is a resolution on it: “I deeply sympathize with this petition... In my opinion, Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov should have been released a long time ago. Please consider it at the next meeting of the Council of People’s Commissars!”
The Council of People's Commissars considered, of course...
January 16, 1919. And he requested additional data about the condition of the prisoners: health, behavior, and so on..
Then, Maxim Gorky and a well-known therapist in Petrograd - St. Petersburg, I. Manukhin, join in the efforts for release. He gives a highly professional medical report on the state of health of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich, whose tuberculosis process had worsened by that time; and the rest - Nikolai Mikhailovich, Georgiy Mikhailovich and Dmitry Konstantinovich Romanov, noting that “all the prisoners behaved very dignified and calm, without nervousness and excessive concern about their fate.”
Gorky obtained written permission from Lenin for the release of all four grand dukes, presenting this medical examination, but when he rushed to the station, and, jumping into the carriage leaving for Petrograd, unfolded the first newspaper that fell into his hands, he was stunned: On the front page it, in large print, reported the execution of the Grand Dukes of the Romanovs. Lenin's written permission to release the prisoners was probably preceded by an encrypted telephone message from the Council of People's Commissars, signed by a certain Peters:
“The order for the release of the Grand Dukes has been signed. Take appropriate action." What these measures were, I think, is not at all difficult to guess…………
The Grand Dukes were raised at night, ordered to take their things with them. Nikolai Mikhailovich thought that they were going to be released, and took with him a kitten, who shared with him the hardships of imprisonment. He told brother Georgiy that they would probably be released and transported to Moscow, since no one needed their death. But Georgy Mikhailovich did not share his hopes. And he turned out to be right. They were all put into a large cart, in which sailors were already sitting with their hands tied behind their backs, and under heavily armed guard they were quietly driven along Shpalernaya Street, then turned onto the Trinity Bridge leading to the Peter and Paul Fortress. No one could any longer doubt the fate awaiting them. The death sentence was read out to them, they were stripped, despite the twenty-degree frost, and taken to the place of execution - near the Trubetskoy Bastion, where a common grave had already been dug.
When they passed the cathedral with the imperial tomb, the Grand Dukes took off their hats and crossed themselves. They all met death calmly, with great composure. Nikolai Mikhailovich even addressed the firing squad with a humorous speech. For the last time he caressed the kitten and gave it to the guard...
The execution took place on January 24, 1919 * (* After the death of the Romanov princes, various dates of their execution appeared in the press abroad, but this one is the true one, established by Russian researchers of the biography of Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich Romanov from the archives of the KGB department of the Leningrad region. - S. M.) .
Some of my readers, having become acquainted with this article, may try to reproach me for the fact that in my small work I again feel sorry for the representative of “a long-vanished, worthless family, a rotten, gilded aristocracy, who dug their own grave with their own hands, who received what they deserved.” She’s wanted it for a long time!!” Alas, such opinions are common and I am very familiar with them! But for some reason, the bitter and angry words of the philosopher, publisher and publicist P. B. Struve (Paris) are now stubbornly remembered, who dedicated a piercing article to the memory of Nikolai Mikhailovich with a simple and precisely heartfelt title: “In memorium” (“In memory”). I will give them here:
“I am writing about the Grand Duke here not because in his person the Bolsheviks tortured a man who, if he fought against anything in the past, it was only against despotism and charlatanism.. As a representative of Russian science, I want to denounce (*t That is, imagine - S. M.) before the civilized world the murder of the Grand Duke as the murder of a learned historian!
It is difficult to disagree with these simple and powerful words.
Mikhailovich, until the very last days of his life, repeated the behest of his grandfather, Emperor Nicholas I:
“Each of you must always remember that only with his life can he atone for the origin of the Grand Duke!”
Basic information about Nicholas II.
Born on May 6, 1868 (old style) in Tsarskoe Selo. He received an excellent education, like many members of the imperial family. Traveled a lot around Russia. In 1894, the physically powerful Emperor Alexander III unexpectedly died before reaching the age of 50. After a magnificent coronation, the young, 26-year-old Nikolai Alexandrovich becomes the ruler of Russia. According to his father, Nikolai was not yet ready for such responsibility. The state was waiting for transformations, the intelligentsia looked with hope at the new sovereign. We didn't have to wait long for disappointment, because... Soon Nicholas II announced the continuation of his father's policy and that the autocracy would continue to be guarded strictly and unswervingly.
In 1897, a population census was carried out, according to which only 21% of people in the country were literate. In the same year, Finance Minister Sergei Witte carried out a monetary reform that established the gold ruble, strengthening its position in the international market. By the beginning of the 20th century, despite the accelerated modernization of the country carried out by Sergei Witte, Russia remained a backward country compared to European countries. In 1903, under pressure from the Minister of Finance Sergei Witte, mutual responsibility was abolished, which Nikolai opposed, defending the interests of the landowners. After the struggle between the emperor and the “undesirable” minister on several issues, Nicholas II removed Witte from the post of Minister of Finance (at that time the most prestigious and influential position) and appointed him chairman of the Committee of Ministers. In 1904, those close to Nicholas, in particular the Empire's Minister of War, Infantry General Alexander Nikolaevich Kuropatkin, initiated military expansion into China, to which the Emperor gave the go-ahead. Sergei Witte sharply opposed such ideas, insisting on peaceful economic expansion. The military occupation of Chinese territories led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which Russia lost in disgrace. The lack of economic, military, and preparation led to shame and became the reason for the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907. The rather large demands of the Japanese on the defeated Russia were smoothed over by Sergei Yulievich Witte, who was appointed head of the diplomatic delegation to Portsmouth.
The unresolved labor question (difficult working conditions, low wages, lack of labor legislation), the unresolved agrarian question (lack of land for peasants, poverty, lynching of landowners and zemstvo bosses, peasant communities), the unresolved national question (restrictions on the rights of national minorities) became the reasons for the first revolution. On October 17, 1905, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers S.Yu. Witte compiled the “October 17” manifesto, which proclaimed political and civil freedoms, the right of people to participate in elections, regardless of class. This manifesto was signed by the emperor reluctantly, because... it limited his absolute power. On February 20, 1906, by the highest manifesto of Nicholas II, the State Council became the upper legislative chamber. This meant that laws of the State Duma could not be adopted without the consent of the upper house. The council mainly consisted of supporters of Nicholas II. With this manifesto, the emperor practically nullified the activities of the State Duma. In 1906, Sergei Witte resigned and was replaced by the famous governor of the Saratov province, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, who carried out an agrarian reform, partially solving the land issue. On March 8, 1906, the emperor took a new step to limit the Duma, removing a significant part of the state budget from its jurisdiction. On April 23, 1906, the “Basic Laws of the Russian Empire” were published, according to which, during breaks between sessions in the Duma, the emperor himself could pass laws. With this step, Nicholas II secured the right for legislative functions. On June 3, 1907, the first revolution ended, which brought certain results for the country, but the main problems were far from completely resolved. Later, thanks to the activities of Pyotr Stolypin, successes in agriculture became noticeable; Russia began to produce a lot of grain, exporting it abroad.
In 1914, Russia, defending the Serbs in the Balkans from the aggression of Austria-Hungary, became involved in the First World War. A cruel and useless war, coupled with unresolved issues, has turned the Russian economy into a deplorable state. After 3 years of war, in large cities there was an acute problem with the supply of bread, there was nothing to eat, prices had skyrocketed. After numerous strikes in the city, on March 1, 1917, the Petrograd garrison joined the rioters. On March 2, under pressure from his main associates, Emperor Nicholas II signed a manifesto abdicating himself and his son Alexei in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, who the next day, March 3, 1917, refused to accept the crown, assessing the mood of the masses. Thus ended the 23-year reign of Nicholas II.
What has been done over the years? Why was there not a single revolution before Nikolai Alexandrovich? What happened to people to make them act this way? Nicholas II is a man out of place. He is a good family man, famous for his love for his children and wife. Why didn’t he immediately give up power if he was not ready to rule the country? He was blinded by a thought that had been in the minds of Russian rulers for a long time. The idea that power is given by God is unshakable, that it should belong to him, such is the will of God. What has been done over the years? The emperor personally did little. All the positive events that took place in the state were the work of smart people who understood the whole situation. The absolute power of the emperor, the state-bureaucratic apparatus, which included the upper strata of the population - such a management system was unviable. Authorities, incl. the emperor did not care about his people; all their activities were aimed at obtaining personal gain. 23 years is a long time. During such an important period, the weak emperor and the selfish leaders not only did not carry out reforms, but also lowered the country even lower; important, pressing issues were not resolved. The problems intensified and accumulated. Emperor Nicholas II and his administrative apparatus did not strive to eliminate the problems, the sovereign allowed the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese war, which was lost in disgrace, he in every possible way limited the activities of the State Duma, prevented competent people from carrying out reforms, with his approval, during the first revolution, they were shot from cannons and guns of defenseless people, the emperor dragged the country into the disastrous First World War, and Nicholas II did nothing to somehow correct the difficult situation. And everything that he did for the people and the state was carried out exclusively through the pressure of other people. Nicholas II is the national disgrace of the country. An emperor who did not care about the state, the people and their future.
Reviews
Let me quote the words of the book. Nikolai Nikolaevich - from a telegram sent to Nicholas 2nd from the Kavaz Front (Nicholas 2nd asked how the front commanders would react to His possible abdication): “I, as a loyal subject, believe, out of duty and in the spirit of the oath, that it is necessary to KNEEL to PRAY Your Imperial Majesty save Russia and your Heir, knowing the feeling of your holy love for Russia and for him. Having made the sign of the cross, PASS ON YOUR LEGACY TO HIM. THERE IS NO OTHER EXIT.” To what extent did it have to be brought to the camp, so that the great princes and adjutant generals would ask the king for the sake of Christ - leave the throne - don’t gay the country!!!