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Battle of Kulevcha

On June 11, 1829, Russian troops under the command of infantry general Ivan Dibich inflicted a decisive defeat on the Turkish army at Kulevcha in eastern Bulgaria.

Battle of Kulevcha

On June 11, 1829, Russian troops under the command of infantry general Ivan Dibich inflicted a decisive defeat on the Turkish army at Kulevcha in eastern Bulgaria.

The Russian army, numbering 125 thousand people and 450 guns, besieged the fortress of Silistria occupied by Turkish troops. On June 11, a Russian detachment attacked the Turks and captured the heights of the village of Kulevcha.

The victory in the Battle of Kulevcha gave the Russian army passage through the Balkans to Adrianople (now Edirne, Turkey). The Turkish army lost 5 thousand people killed, 1.5 thousand prisoners, 43 guns and all food. The Russian army lost 1,270 people killed.

After the conclusion of the Treaty of Adrianople, Russian troops left Kulevch. Thousands of Bulgarians rushed after them, fearing Turkish reprisals. Kulevch was deserted, and the settlers founded a new village in the Odessa region, which is still called Kulevch, where do they live today? about 5,000 ethnic Bulgarians.

Execution of Tukhachevsky

On June 11, 1937, in Moscow, the highest commanders and political workers of the Soviet Armed Forces, Tukhachevsky, Primakov, Yakir, Uborevich, Eideman and others were shot by a military tribunal on charges of organizing a “military-fascist conspiracy in the Red Army.”

Execution of Tukhachevsky

On June 11, 1937, in Moscow, the highest commanders and political workers of the Soviet Armed Forces, Tukhachevsky, Primakov, Yakir, Uborevich, Eideman and others were shot by a military tribunal on charges of organizing a “military-fascist conspiracy in the Red Army.”

This process went down in history as the “Tukhachevsky case.” It arose 11 months before the execution of the sentence in July 1936. Then, through Czech diplomats, Stalin received information that A conspiracy is brewing among the leadership of the Red Army, led by Deputy People's Commissar of Defense Mikhail Tukhachevsky, and that the conspirators are in contact with leading generals of the German High Command and the German intelligence service. As confirmation, a dossier stolen from SS security services, which contained documents of the special department “K” - a camouflaged organization of the Reichswehr that dealt with the production of weapons and ammunition prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles. The dossier contained recordings of conversations between German officers and representatives of the Soviet command, including protocols of negotiations with Tukhachevsky. These documents began a criminal case under the code name “Conspiracy of General Turguev” (the pseudonym of Tukhachevsky, under which he came to Germany with an official military delegation in the early 30s of the last century).

Today in the liberal press there is a fairly widespread version that “stupid Stalin” became victim of a provocation by the secret services of Nazi Germany, who planted fabricated documents about a “conspiracy in the Red Army” for the purpose of beheading Soviet Armed Forces on the eve of the war.

I had a chance to familiarize myself with Tukhachevsky’s criminal case, but there was no evidence of this version there. I'll start with the confessions of Tukhachevsky himself. The marshal's first written statement after the arrest was dated May 26, 1937. He wrote to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Yezhov: “Having been arrested on May 22, arriving in Moscow on the 24th, first interrogated on the 25th, and today, May 26, I declare that I recognize the existence of an anti-Soviet military-Trotskyist conspiracy and that I was at its head. I undertake to independently present to the investigation everything concerning the conspiracy, without concealing any of its participants, not a single fact or document. The foundation of the conspiracy dates back to 1932. The following people took part in it: Feldman, Alafuzov, Primakov, Putna, etc., which I will show in detail later.” During interrogation by the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, Tukhachevsky said: “Back in 1928, I was drawn into a right-wing organization by Yenukidze. In 1934 I personally contacted Bukharin; I established espionage connections with the Germans since 1925, when I traveled to Germany for exercises and maneuvers... During a trip to London in 1936, Putna arranged a meeting for me with Sedov (the son of L.D. Trotsky - S.T.).. ."

There are also materials in the criminal case that were previously collected on Tukhachevsky, but which were not put to use at the time. For example, testimony from 1922 of two officers who served in the past in the tsarist army. They named... Tukhachevsky as the inspirer of their anti-Soviet activities. Copies of the interrogation protocols were reported to Stalin, who sent them to Ordzhonikidze with the following meaningful note: “Please read. Since this is not impossible, it is possible.” Ordzhonikidze's reaction is unknown - he apparently did not believe the slander. There was another case: the secretary of the party committee of the Western Military District complained to the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs about Tukhachevsky (wrong attitude towards communists, immoral behavior). But People's Commissar M. Frunze imposed a resolution on the information: “The party believed comrade Tukhachevsky, believes and will believe.” An interesting excerpt from the testimony of the arrested brigade commander Medvedev states that back in 1931 he “became aware” of the existence of a counter-revolutionary Trotskyist organization in the central departments of the Red Army. On May 13, 1937, Yezhov arrested Dzerzhinsky’s former ally A. Artuzov, and he testified that information received from Germany in 1931 reported a conspiracy in the Red Army under the leadership of a certain General Turguev (pseudonym Tukhachevsky), who had been in Germany. Yezhov’s predecessor Yagoda said at the same time: “This is frivolous material, hand it over to the archives.”

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, fascist documents with assessments of the “Tukhachevsky case” became known. Here are some of them.

Goebbels’ diary entry dated May 8, 1943 is interesting: “There was a conference of Reichsleiter and Gauleiter... The Fuhrer remembered the incident with Tukhachevsky and expressed the opinion that we were completely wrong when we believed that Stalin would destroy the Red Army in this way. The opposite was true: Stalin got rid of the opposition in the Red Army and thus put an end to defeatism."

In his speech in front of subordinates in October 1943, Reichsführer SS Himmler said: “When large show trials were going on in Moscow, and the former tsarist cadet was executed, and subsequently the Bolshevik general Tukhachevsky and other generals, all of us in Europe, including us, members of the party and the SS, adhered to the opinion that the Bolshevik system and Stalin made one of their biggest mistakes here. By assessing the situation this way, we greatly deceived ourselves. We can state this truthfully and confidently. I believe that Russia would not have survived all these two years of war - and now it is already in its third - if it had retained the former tsarist generals.”

On September 16, 1944, a conversation took place between Himmler and the traitor general A.A. Vlasov, during which Himmler asked Vlasov about the Tukhachevsky case. Why did he fail? Vlasov replied: “Tukhachevsky made the same mistake as your people on July 20 (attempt on Hitler). He did not know the law of masses.” Those. and the first and second conspiracy do not deny.

IN in his memoirs, a major Soviet intelligence officer Lieutenant General Pavel Sudoplatov states: “The myth about the involvement of German intelligence in Stalin’s massacre of Tukhachevsky was first started in 1939 by defector V. Krivitsky, a former officer of the Red Army Intelligence Department, in the book “I Was an Agent of Stalin.” At the same time, he referred to the white General Skoblin, a prominent agent of the INO NKVD among the white emigration. Skoblin, according to Krivitsky, was a double who worked for German intelligence. In reality, Skoblin was not a double. His intelligence file completely refutes this version. The invention of Krivitsky, who became a mentally unstable person in emigration, was later used by Schellenberg in his memoirs, taking credit for falsifying the Tukhachevsky case.”

Even if Tukhachevsky had turned out to be clean before the Soviet authorities, in his criminal case I found such documents that, after reading them, his execution seems well deserved. I will give some of them.

In March 1921, Tukhachevsky was appointed commander of the 7th Army, aimed at suppressing the uprising of the Kronstadt garrison. TO As we know, it was drowned in blood.

In 1921 Soviet Russia was engulfed in anti-Soviet uprisings, the largest of which in European Russia was a peasant uprising in the Tambov province. Considering the Tambov rebellion as a serious danger, the Politburo of the Central Committee in early May 1921 appointed Tukhachevsky commander of the troops of the Tambov district with the task of completely suppressing it as soon as possible. According to the plan developed by Tukhachevsky, the uprising was largely suppressed by the end of July 1921.

The atmosphere of Venus has been explored

On June 11, 1985, the automatic interplanetary station "Vega-1" reached the outskirts of the planet Venus and carried out a complex of scientific research under the international project "Venus - Halley's Comet". Back on June 4, 1960, the USSR government issued a decree “On plans for space exploration,” which ordered the creation of a launch vehicle for flight to Mars and Venus.

The atmosphere of Venus has been explored

On June 11, 1985, the automatic interplanetary station "Vega-1" reached the outskirts of the planet Venus and carried out a complex of scientific research under the international project "Venus - Halley's Comet". Back on June 4, 1960, the USSR government issued a decree “On plans for space exploration,” which ordered the creation of a launch vehicle for flight to Mars and Venus.

From February 1961 to June 1985, 16 Venus spacecraft were launched in the USSR. In December 1984, the Soviet spacecraft Vega-1 and Vega-2 were launched to explore Venus and Halley's Comet. On June 11 and 15, 1985, these spacecraft reached Venus and dropped landing modules into its atmosphere.
As a result of experiments carried out by the devices, the atmosphere of the planet was studied in detail, which is the densest among the terrestrial planets, since it contains up to 96 percent carbon dioxide, up to 4 percent nitrogen and some water vapor. A thin layer of dust was discovered on the surface of Venus. Most of it is occupied by hilly plains, the highest mountains rise 11 kilometers above the average surface level.

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Ivan Karpovich Golubets(May 8, Taganrog - March 25, Sevastopol) - senior border guard sailor, Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).

Biography

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• Golubets Ivan Karpovich- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia..
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• at pogranichnik.ru.

Excerpt characterizing Golubets, Ivan Karpovich

“Let me introduce you to my daughter,” said the countess, blushing.
“I have the pleasure of being an acquaintance, if the countess remembers me,” said Prince Andrei with a polite and low bow, completely contradicting Peronskaya’s remarks about his rudeness, approaching Natasha and raising his hand to hug her waist even before he finished the invitation to dance. He suggested a waltz tour. That frozen expression on Natasha’s face, ready for despair and delight, suddenly lit up with a happy, grateful, childish smile.
“I’ve been waiting for you for a long time,” as if this frightened and happy girl said, with her smile that appeared behind the ready tears, raising her hand on Prince Andrei’s shoulder. They were the second couple to enter the circle. Prince Andrey was one of the best dancers of his time. Natasha danced superbly. Her feet in ballroom satin shoes quickly, easily and independently of her did their job, and her face shone with the delight of happiness. Her bare neck and arms were thin and ugly. Compared to Helen's shoulders, her shoulders were thin, her breasts were vague, her arms were thin; but Helen already seemed to have varnish from all the thousands of glances sliding over her body, and Natasha seemed like a girl who had been exposed for the first time, and who would have been very ashamed of it if she had not been assured that it was so necessary.
Prince Andrei loved to dance, and wanting to quickly get rid of the political and intelligent conversations with which everyone turned to him, and wanting to quickly break this annoying circle of embarrassment formed by the presence of the sovereign, he went to dance and chose Natasha, because Pierre pointed him out to her and because she was the first of the pretty women to come into his sight; but as soon as he embraced this thin, mobile figure, and she moved so close to him and smiled so close to him, the wine of her charm went to his head: he felt revived and rejuvenated when, catching his breath and leaving her, he stopped and began to look on the dancers.

After Prince Andrei, Boris approached Natasha, inviting her to dance, and the adjutant dancer who started the ball, and more young people, and Natasha, handing over her excess gentlemen to Sonya, happy and flushed, did not stop dancing the whole evening. She did not notice anything and did not see anything that occupied everyone at this ball. She not only did not notice how the sovereign spoke for a long time with the French envoy, how he spoke especially graciously to such and such a lady, how prince such and such did and said this, how Helen was a great success and received special attention from such and such; she did not even see the sovereign and noticed that he left only because after his departure the ball became more lively. One of the merry cotillions, before dinner, Prince Andrei danced with Natasha again. He reminded her of their first date in the Otradnensky alley and how she could not sleep on a moonlit night, and how he involuntarily heard her. Natasha blushed at this reminder and tried to justify herself, as if there was something shameful in the feeling in which Prince Andrei involuntarily overheard her.
Prince Andrei, like all people who grew up in the world, loved to meet in the world that which did not have a common secular imprint on it. And such was Natasha, with her surprise, joy and timidity and even mistakes in the French language. He treated and spoke to her especially tenderly and carefully. Sitting next to her, talking with her about the simplest and most insignificant subjects, Prince Andrei admired the joyful sparkle of her eyes and smile, which related not to the speeches spoken, but to her inner happiness. While Natasha was being chosen and she stood up with a smile and danced around the hall, Prince Andrei especially admired her timid grace. In the middle of the cotillion, Natasha, having completed her figure, still breathing heavily, approached her place. The new gentleman invited her again. She was tired and out of breath, and apparently thought of refusing, but immediately again cheerfully raised her hand on the gentleman’s shoulder and smiled at Prince Andrey.
“I would be glad to rest and sit with you, I’m tired; but you see how they choose me, and I’m glad about it, and I’m happy, and I love everyone, and you and I understand all this,” and that smile said a lot more. When the gentleman left her, Natasha ran across the hall to take two ladies for the figures.
“If she approaches her cousin first, and then another lady, then she will be my wife,” Prince Andrei said to himself quite unexpectedly, looking at her. She approached her cousin first.
“What nonsense sometimes comes to mind! thought Prince Andrey; but the only thing that is true is that this girl is so sweet, so special, that she won’t dance here for a month and get married... This is a rarity here,” he thought when Natasha, straightening the rose that had fallen back from her bodice, sat down next to him.
At the end of the cotillion, the old count approached the dancers in his blue tailcoat. He invited Prince Andrei to his place and asked his daughter if she was having fun? Natasha did not answer and only smiled a smile that reproachfully said: “How could you ask about this?”
- More fun than ever in my life! - she said, and Prince Andrei noticed how quickly her thin arms rose to hug her father and immediately fell. Natasha was as happy as she had never been in her life. She was at that highest level of happiness when a person becomes completely trusting and does not believe in the possibility of evil, misfortune and grief.

At this ball, Pierre for the first time felt insulted by the position that his wife occupied in the highest spheres. He was gloomy and absent-minded. There was a wide crease across his forehead, and he, standing at the window, looked through his glasses, not seeing anyone.
Natasha, heading to dinner, passed him.
Pierre's gloomy, unhappy face struck her. She stopped in front of him. She wanted to help him, to convey to him the excess of her happiness.
“How fun, Count,” she said, “isn’t it?”
Pierre smiled absently, obviously not understanding what was being said to him.
“Yes, I’m very glad,” he said.
“How can they be unhappy with something,” Natasha thought. Especially someone as good as this Bezukhov?” In Natasha’s eyes, everyone at the ball were equally kind, sweet, wonderful people who loved each other: no one could offend each other, and therefore everyone should be happy.

One of the streets of Anapa is named in honor of the Hero of the Great Patriotic War - Ivan Golubets. What is known about the 25-year-old guy who saved dozens of people at the cost of his life?

Ivan Golubets was born on May 8, 1916 in Taganrog, trained as an electrician and worked at a metallurgical enterprise. In 1937, after being drafted into the army, he joined the navy. After 2 years he graduated from the Balaklava Maritime Border School, and then served in the 2nd and 1st Black Sea detachments of border courts.

Shortly before the start of the Great Patriotic War, he studied for six months in Anapa. As reported in the museum at the current Coast Guard Institute, they have preserved the characteristics of Ivan Golubets and a document that says that he even participated in local competitions.

When the war broke out, Ivan was serving on a boat that was part of the Sevastopol garrison. On March 25, 1942, Ivan was sent ashore on official business. By that time, the fortress city had been under siege for five months and was fighting heroically.

The enemy began to fire at Streletskaya Bay with long-range artillery, hitting one of the patrol boats. The engine compartments caught fire. The ship was engulfed in flames by fragments of another shell that hit the fuel tank. There was a threat of an explosion of the stock of depth charges on the patrol boat and the destruction of ships in the bay.

The fighter fearlessly rushed onto the burning boat, made his way to the stern through the raging flames and began dropping heavy depth charges into the sea. He succeeded, but there were still 20 small explosive devices left on the ship. He began to throw them off too, and the flames had already engulfed the stern. Realizing the danger, the brave sailor did not stop until one of the last bombs exploded. By sacrificing himself, Ivan Golubets saved dozens of human lives and combat boats.

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 14, 1942, for the exemplary fulfillment of command assignments and the courage and heroism shown in battles with the Nazi invaders, senior Red Navy man Golubets Ivan Karpovich was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Streets in Taganrog, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Anapa and the village of Leplyavo are named after him.

Photo: memorial plaque on the street in Anapa

By the way, there is evidence that Ivan was not alone in performing the heroic feat. Below is an excerpt from an article on Flot.com.

“35 years after the events, the Council of Veterans of the Red Banner Black Sea Fleet received a letter from one of the eyewitnesses and participants in these events, at that time a sailor of the patrol boat SKA-0111 Nikolai Zubkov. He said that the first to start extinguishing the fire were the crew members of SKA-0121, Petty Officer 2nd Class Viktor Timofeev and Red Navy man Vasily Zhukov, and Ivan Golubets, who was the helmsman on SKA-0183, arrived in time to help.

The three of them managed to throw all the depth charges overboard, but died as a result of the explosion of one of the gas tanks of the burning boat. Their bodies were buried the next day in the Russian (now Old City) cemetery of Sevastopol, not far from its western wall, next to the grave of the sailor-miners who died six months earlier. The funeral team consisted of crew members of the boat SKA-0111 - boatswain Vasily Lapin, sailors Novikov and Zubkov. Both graves have survived to this day, only the grave of two heroes is unnamed, since according to the official version the hero was alone and buried in Streletskaya Bay.

The command of the unit almost immediately after the events sent a proposal to higher authorities to award all three dead the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but it was awarded only to Ivan Golubets, since his last name was first in the alphabet, and he was a member of the Komsomol, while the other two were non-partisan.
This eyewitness account is also confirmed by data from the Central Naval Archive of the USSR (now TsVM of the Russian Federation), f. 864, op. 1, file 1313, l. 60, entered into the Sevastopol Book of Memory, which indicates the simultaneous death of all three people and one place of their burial (the western wall of the Russian cemetery). In the same case, obviously, is the nomination of three sailors for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.”

Of course, this does not detract from the feat of Ivan Golubets, who without hesitation took a huge risk and gave his life for the sake of others. It's just a pity that heroic deeds are forgotten by history.

Earlier, Anapa Notebook wrote about what a feat

Many people know the description of the feat of sailor Ivan Golubets, who at the cost of his life in March 1942 saved a division of sea hunters and several dozen of his colleagues.

According to the official version, passed from one printed source to another, on March 25, 1942, during the shelling of Streletskaya Bay by German long-range artillery on the SKA-0121 patrol boat, as a result of an enemy shell explosion nearby, one of the gasoline tanks was pierced by shrapnel. There was a fire. Since there were 8 large and 22 small depth charges on the boat at that moment, there was a threat of a powerful explosion, which could have destroyed 4 nearby patrol boats being repaired, a floating crane, a bolinder, and a ship repair shop. The helmsman of the boat, senior Red Navy man Ivan Golubets, joined the fight against the fire. Realizing that he would not be able to put out the fire on his own, he began dropping depth charges overboard to prevent an explosion. The last of them exploded, resulting in the death of the sailor. He was buried with honors near the place of his death, and after the war an obelisk was erected on this site.

However, recently a number of pieces of evidence have emerged that significantly clarify and even modify the picture of the events that took place. But before presenting this evidence, it is necessary to try to independently consider the objective circumstances of what happened. Could one person, in the 10-15 minutes at his disposal from the moment the fire started until the moment of the explosion, independently throw such a number of bulky and heavy objects overboard, and even while being in the middle of a raging flame?

Indeed, 35 years after the events, the Council of Veterans of the Red Banner Black Sea Fleet received a letter from one of the eyewitnesses and participants in these events, at that time a sailor of the patrol boat SKA-0111 Nikolai Zubkov. According to the letter, Ivan Golubets was not a member of the crew of the SKA-0121 boat that caught fire, he was the helmsman of the SKA-0183. The first to start extinguishing the fire were crew members of SKA-0121, foreman 2nd class Viktor Timofeev and Red Navy man Vasily Zhukov. A few minutes later, the helmsman of the boat SKA-0183, senior Red Navy man Ivan Golubets, came to their aid. The three of them managed to throw all the depth charges overboard, but died as a result of the explosion of one of the gas tanks of the burning boat. Their bodies were buried the next day in the Russian (now Old City) cemetery of Sevastopol, not far from its western wall, next to the grave of the sailor-miners who died six months earlier. The funeral team consisted of crew members of the boat SKA-0111 - boatswain Vasily Lapin, sailors Novikov and Zubkov. Both graves have survived to this day, only the grave of two heroes is unnamed, since according to the official version the hero was alone and buried in Streletskaya Bay.

The command of the unit almost immediately after the events sent a proposal to higher authorities to award all three dead the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but it was awarded only to Ivan Golubets, since his last name was first in the alphabet, and he was a member of the Komsomol, while the other two were non-partisan.

This eyewitness account is also confirmed by data from the Central Naval Archive of the USSR (now TsVM of the Russian Federation), f. 864, op. 1, file 1313, l. 60, entered into the Sevastopol Book of Memory, which indicates the simultaneous death of all three people and one place of their burial (the western wall of the Russian cemetery). In the same case, obviously, is the nomination of three sailors for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

This is the solution to another mystery in the history of the Black Sea Fleet and the second defense of Sevastopol.

Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Golubets (disambiguation). Ivan Karpovich Golubets Date of birth ... Wikipedia

May 8, 1916 (19160508) March 25, 1942 Monument to I.K. Golubtsu, Taganrog, 2007 Place of birth Taganrog Place of death ... Wikipedia

Stuffed cabbage: Stuffed cabbage is a dish of Russian cuisine, minced meat wrapped in cabbage leaves. Golubets (architecture), or golbets is the name of a cross with a gable roof-like covering; also the roof itself to protect the icons and frescoes on the outer wall... ... Wikipedia

Stuffed cabbage: Stuffed cabbage is a dish of Russian cuisine, minced meat wrapped in cabbage leaves. Golubets (architecture) the name of a cross with a gable roof-like covering (see also “golbets”); also the roof itself to protect the icons and frescoes on... ... Wikipedia

Senior sailor border guard, Hero of the Soviet Union (June 14, 1942, posthumously). Member of the Komsomol since 1933. Born into a working-class family. From 1939 he served in the Novorossiysk border detachment as a boat helmsman. 25… …

Ivan Karpovich, senior border guard sailor, Hero of the Soviet Union (June 14, 1942, posthumously). Member of the Komsomol since 1933. Born into a working-class family. Since 1939 he served in the Novorossiysk border detachment... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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