We used the following methods. Research methods

Method is a set of actions designed to help achieve the desired result - the goal of the study.

The method is a scientific research tool that allows you to study the subject of the thesis deeply and comprehensively, to penetrate into the essence of the problem being solved.

Traditionally, methods are divided into theoretical, empirical and methods of data processing and interpretation (V.N. Druzhinin, 1997).

Theoretical methods reveal the essence of the phenomena being studied, identify natural connections and relationships, that is, they are necessarily used when writing any thesis. These methods include the following:

1. Analysis – identifying the component parts in the subject of research and their subsequent study. This method is used when writing almost any thesis. There may be other options for its formulation: literature analysis; analysis of regulatory documents on the topic of the thesis.

2. Synthesis – combining the studied properties and characteristics of the subject of research into a single whole.

3. Classification is a method based on ungrouping objects according to their inherent characteristics. This method is widely used when writing theoretical dissertations.

4. The generalization method is an analogue of the deduction method: based on the properties of an object, appropriate conclusions are drawn about it.

5. Forecasting method - conclusions are based on inferences about trends in the development of the subject of research.

Methods of comparison (for example, the effectiveness of various means of caring for a seriously ill patient), specification (for example, the role of a nurse in a certain process), analogies, and historical methods can also be used.

Empirical methods serve as a means of collecting specific facts, aimed at identifying them and describing phenomena (observation, experiment, conversation, interview, questionnaire, psychodiagnostic method, study of the process and products of human activity, modeling).

Mention of these methods is necessary in experimental and practical works. For example, an experiment assumes that phenomena of reality are studied under controlled and controlled conditions. In the classical form of the experiment, only one of the conditions is changed during its implementation and it is monitored whether this condition will affect other parameters (for example, the use of new disinfectants on the results of rinses, the level of nosocomial infection). The method of questioning (employees of medical organizations, patients, relatives) is also often used.

From methods of data processing and interpretation in the majority of theses, mathematical methods of processing the obtained materials are used (for theses of an experimental nature). The use of such methods leads the researcher to the need to transfer his knowledge about the process being studied from the level of qualitative concepts to the level of quantitative ones - in the form of numbers, diagrams, formulas, graphs, diagrams.

Examples:

a) “When writing the thesis, the following scientific research methods were used:

- comparative method;

- analysis of the regulatory framework;

- survey";

b) “In the process of research, such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis, methods of classification, and comparison were used”;

c) “The methodological basis of the study consisted of using the method of analysis, historical method and observation. Thus, based on the comparative historical method, an analysis of the history of the development and significance of nursing in Russian medical science of different periods was carried out.”

Practical significance The results of the study may include the possibility of:

· Solutions on their basis to one or another practical problem of a specific treatment and prevention organization or health care system as a whole;

· Using the obtained data or formulated recommendations in the process of training certain specialists.

“The practical significance of this study lies in the development of specific recommendations for the use of peripheral intravenous catheters in hospital and at home.”

“The practical significance of this study lies in the possibility of identifying the main negative components that affect the quality of pharmaceutical care, and the results of the study can be used to analyze and improve the quality of service to the population in pharmacies”.

Theoretical part of the WRC(thesis) covers the object and subject of research, the history of the issue, the theoretical foundations of the problem under consideration from the perspective of modern achievements of medical (pharmaceutical) science, various positions of scientists, gives a critical assessment of contradictory facts, analyzes the contribution of domestic and foreign scientists to the development of the topic, notes the level development of the topic in theory and practice. The author of the thesis defines his attitude, formulates his position, substantiates his point of view, its coincidence (discrepancy) with the opinion of scientists.

In most cases, the chapter is divided into paragraphs. The theoretical part must include at least two paragraphs. It is necessary to ensure that all parts of the chapter are approximately proportional to each other, both in structural division and in volume. Overly large sections should be avoided - this makes it difficult to understand the logic of the presentation of the material. However, too short sections - less than half a page are also impractical; it is better to include them in another section or simply exclude them.

Each paragraph of the theoretical part should end with conclusions, which are located in the last paragraph of the paragraph. You can use revolutions: “Thus...” As we see...”

« Thus, the content and topics of materials on hygienic training and education of the population are determined in accordance with the tasks and needs of the population served by the medical institution. For pediatric district nurses, this may include rules for caring for a seriously ill patient at home, preventive measures at the source of an infectious disease, educational work on the need for preventive medical examinations, medical examinations, and vaccine prophylaxis.”

The stylistic requirements for the thesis work consist of two components - the requirements of the modern Russian literary language and the requirements of the so-called academic etiquette - scientific speech. A characteristic feature of scientific speech is the logical way of presenting the material; scientific presentation consists of reasoning and evidence. When presenting a scientific text, the following are also characteristic: completeness and coherence.

One of the means of expressing a logical connection is functional connectives - mainly introductory words and phrases (see Appendix 2). They may have different purposes and may indicate:

Sequence of thought development: in the beginning, first of all, first of all, then, so;

Conflicting Relationships: however, meanwhile, nevertheless;

Causal relationships: therefore, therefore, thanks;

Moving from one thought to another: Before moving on to..., let's turn to..., let's move on to..., we need to consider....

Summary, conclusion: so, thus, it means, in conclusion, we note that what has been said allows us to draw a conclusion, summing up, it should be said... .

It is unacceptable to use words and expressions of so-called professional jargon in theses/thesis projects: you cannot use the definition "ruler"- « linear emergency medical team."

The style of scientific work is an impersonal monologue. Therefore, the presentation is in the third person: "the author believes" Pronoun "I" not used, write the pronoun “we”: “we have established”, “we have come to a conclusion”.

It is recommended to start each section with an introductory sentence. For example, “Let us consider the main problems of therapeutic communication”, “When studying the problem of professional stress, the following concepts are distinguished.” At the same time, it should be clear in the text which authors and works you rely on. For example, “As shown in the works of A.A. Smirnova, rehabilitation is...", "Problems of dental morbidity at an early age were considered in the works...", "Research by Bogdanov S.G. showed that..."

To expand lexical diversity when analyzing, comparing points of view, referring to statements and ideas of cited authors, as well as when expressing your attitude towards them, you can use the following verbs: analyzes, expresses an opinion, adds, proves, admits, states, states, notes, writes, defines, believes, assumes, understands, admits, comes to a conclusion, shares, explains, recommends, agrees, reports, refers, believes, indicates, mentions , affirms, clarifies.

To demonstrate the ability to compare, classify, and generalize, it is necessary to present part of the material in a theoretical chapter using logical diagrams and comparative tables, graphological structures, drawings, and illustrations.

The theoretical part must end conclusions. They provide reasoned answers to the objectives of the theoretical part of the study. The essential is highlighted, the main thing being the result of theoretical research work. In any case, all sections, paragraphs and subparagraphs of the work must be connected to each other by a sequence of text, without semantic breaks.

“It should be emphasized that

1) the effectiveness/safety ratio is the main criterion for the clinical and pharmacological assessment of a particular drug;

2) pharmacoeconomic analysis allows us to obtain a comprehensive, integral characteristic of a drug from a medical and social point of view, including clinical, economic and psychological aspects;

3) when calculating costs, take into account direct, indirect and intangible costs.”

The volume of this chapter is 10-15 pages of printed text.

Practical part of the WRC(thesis) should contain the results of the research conducted, the problem under consideration in real conditions, in a group, in college, in a hospital, in a pharmacy, in a laboratory (results of questionnaires, analysis of case histories). Tables, graphs, drawings, and mathematical calculations must demonstrate the reliability of the results obtained during the study. This should be the most voluminous part of the work - about 15-20 pages.

To increase the compactness and clarity of the work, it is necessary to use tables, diagrams, and graphs.

Practical part has the following stages:

- organizational stage, which indicates the purpose, objectives of practical work, plan (schedule) of implementation, justification of the selected methods, characteristics of methods of practical work, and the basis of the research.

The purpose of the organizational stage is to evaluate the initial data for solving the problem within the framework of the stated objectives of the thesis.

- interpretation of results in accordance with the stated research plan.

The purpose of the results interpretation stage is quantitative and qualitative processing and analysis of the results, characterization (description) of the identified problem.

- formative stage, which provides a description of the student’s work experience, realized during professional practice on this issue.

The purpose of the formative stage is to present the results realized in professional activity in the form of specific products of activity (plans, notes, activities, actions, experience, recommendations, etc.).

- evaluation stage work in which they present analysis of one's own professional activities within the framework of the problem being solved (self-analysis, analysis of other subjects of research work).

The purpose of the evaluation stage is quantitative and qualitative confirmation of the results of the pilot study.

Conclusions on the practical part of the study represent the greatest value and reflect the most significant results of the research work carried out

IN conclusion The thesis presents the results of the research in a condensed and systematized form, notes the achievement of the goal, and the solution of the tasks set at the beginning. In this part of the work, it is important to correlate the findings with the goals and objectives of the study, combine the findings into a single whole, and evaluate the success of the work done. The presentation must be clear and concise. The recommended length of the conclusion is no more than 3 pages.

You can use pin numbering, which gives the section greater structure and clarity. It is advisable that the “conclusion” section contain no more than 5-7 conclusions, which will allow you to see the main achievements of the work.

It should be noted that it is recommended to correct both the introduction and the conclusion after the work on the main part has been completed. This is explained by the fact that only after writing the main part does the author fully master all the material on the topic.

!The text of the conclusion should not duplicate the content of the conclusions.

Recommendations- these are proposals, a list of activities, recommendations justified by the graduate student, on the possibility of practical application of the results obtained in practical healthcare, other institutions and on the consequences possible as a result of the implementation of these proposals, the depth of elaboration of which characterizes the level of preparedness of the student for independent professional activity in the specialty.

List used sources and literature - reflects the list of references worked by the author, regardless of whether there are references to it in the text or not. The thesis must have at least 25 sources, of which 75% are from the last 5 years of publication.

Applications - research protocols, developed lesson notes with patients, medical staff, schoolchildren, students, parents of students, methodological recommendations and didactic materials, and regulatory documents are presented. The application is designed separately in 12 pt font, 1 spacing. The APPENDIX heading is numbered in order in Arabic numerals and a thematic heading of each application is given.

Writing a term paper requires the use of several research methods.

Method is an action that is used to achieve a goal. In the process of completing coursework, various research methods are used, the most common ones:

• Analysis is the most popular research method; it is the division of a phenomenon or process into its component components and involves their further study.
• Analogy is a research method that involves studying objects that are similar in some respects. Based on the similar characteristics of the object, a conclusion is made about the similarity of another type of object.
• Deduction is one of the research methods that involves making a conclusion about the totality of the analyzed properties of an object based on individual properties of the object.
• Induction is the reverse of deduction, a research method that involves drawing conclusions from the general to the specific.
• Classification is the division of objects under study into types based on some property.
• Modeling is the analysis of a model or copy of the object under study that exactly replicates the original. The model must fully correspond to the object in terms of the presence of properties, but at the same time it may differ from the original in several ways, which guarantees a high-quality study of the analyzed object.
• Observation is one of the research methods, which consists of several actions aimed at obtaining information about the properties of the analyzed object.
• Generalization method - involves drawing conclusions about the general properties of the objects of study.
• The forecasting method involves making assumptions about the further stages of development of the analyzed object.
• Synthesis is often found when writing term papers and involves combining several properties of the object under study into one component.
• An experiment is a study of an object under pre-created conditions.

The described methods are quite often used when writing term papers, but this is not the entire list. Typically, the following methods are used for course work:

1. Comparative – carried out using a comparative analysis of several sources of information and identifying similar and opposing opinions about the object under study. Most often, this method makes it possible to obtain more complete knowledge of the area being analyzed, since opinions may be enough to make one’s own judgment about the problem under study based on them.
2. Analysis of the regulatory framework - involves studying not only educational literature on a given topic, but also additional sources, including recently published newspapers and magazines, where the topic being analyzed is discussed in detail. Allows you to get up-to-date information taking into account the latest changes.
3. Analysis of monographs and articles. The monograph contains information related to the results of research on one issue. Typically, it is a collection of articles belonging to the same topic area, containing similar research on an issue, united by a single idea or structure of analysis.
4. The analytical method is most often used when writing the practical part of the course work. Involves carrying out analysis through mathematical calculations of the main indicators and comparing the results obtained. Based on the data obtained by the analytical method, the object under study is analyzed and basic recommendations are made to improve the situation of the object of study or possible development paths in the future.

To solve the problems posed in the work, the following research methods were used:

1.Analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature.

2. Anthropometry.

3.Psychological testing.

4.Pedagogical observations.

5.Pedagogical experiment.

6.Mathematical processing of results.

Analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature

Work was carried out to select methodological literature and its analysis was carried out in order to identify. The review of scientific and methodological literature describes the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the musculoskeletal system of children of primary school age, describes the technique of corrective gymnastics and its effect on the spine. 56 literary sources of domestic and foreign authors were studied.

Pedagogical observations included the following

Anthropometric measurements.

1.1. Standing height (measurement accuracy - 0.5 cm)

1.2. Weight (measurement accuracy - 0.5 kg)

1.3 Chest circumference (measurement accuracy - 0.5 s)

1.4. Dynamometry (measurement accuracy - 0.5 kg)

Physical fitness assessment

2.1. Test "Raising straight legs from a starting position lying on your back." Designed to measure strength and power endurance of the muscles of the lower extremities. I.p. lying on your back, arms along your body, legs straight together. Raise your legs up above an angle of 60 0, return to the i.p. Within 10 seconds, perform the maximum number of repetitions of the exercise. Rating: number of times.

2.2 Test "Squat". The test is designed to measure speed-strength endurance of the muscles of the lower extremities. I.p. - stand with legs apart, arms along the body. Squat, flexion angle at the knee joint 90 0, arms forward, return to standing position. Within 10 seconds, you need to perform the maximum number of repetitions of the exercise. Rating: number of times.

2.3 Test "Shuttle run 10 m x 3 times." Designed to assess speed abilities. Performed as a jerk at maximum speed from a high start with turns on the limit lines. Instructions for subjects: “Stand behind the boundary line, with one foot located at the line itself, the other behind in a position convenient for each subject. After the signal, run as quickly as possible to the opposite boundary line, cross it, turn around and run to the start line. Having reached it, step in the same way and after turning, continue running in the opposite direction. Thus, you must complete three round-trip cycles. The test will be performed once, so from the very beginning, tune in to perform it at maximum speed and do not reduce it by turns.

Rating: measurement accuracy - 0.1 s.

2.4. Test "Walking in a straight line with eyes closed."

The test is designed to determine dexterity and coordination abilities. A 30 cm wide path is marked, which is limited by the side lines. The subject is asked to walk along the path with his eyes closed without stepping on the boundary lines (for example, 3m.5 cm).

2.5. Test "Complex coordination exercise". This test is designed to measure agility and coordination. The test is scored on a 10-point system.

Starting position - main stance.

1 - jumping legs apart

2 - jump legs together, arms to the sides

3 - jump legs apart, arms down

4 - jump legs together, arms to the sides

Score: 10 points - completed on the first try

9 points - from the second

8 points - from the third, etc.

2.6. Test "Running 120 m". Designed to measure strength endurance. Helper needed. Performed from a high start. The test is carried out on the site (on the street), a distance of 120 m is marked (around the building). Children are invited to the command "March!" cover the distance from flag to flag without stopping, while it is allowed to combine running and walking at a pace convenient for the child.

Rating: measurement accuracy: 0.1 s.

Tests: Agility Index (Flamingo Test)

Posture assessment Normal posture is characterized by the following signs. The human body is not tense, but not relaxed either. Viewed from the front: The head position is straight, the shoulders, collarbones, costal arches, and iliac crests are symmetrical. The stomach is flat and tucked up. Legs are straight, thighs and shins are closed. The distance between the lowered arms and the waist is the same. Viewed from behind: the contours of the shoulders are at the same level, the shoulder blades are not too far from the chest, their lower corners are at the same level, and the inner edges are at the same distance from the spine. The line drawn along the most prominent points of the spine should be a vertical straight line. Viewed from the side: the spine has a moderate wave-like curve (anteriorly, cervical and lumbar lordosis; posteriorly, thoracic and sacrococcygeal kyphosis). A line mentally drawn through the earlobe, shoulder joint, greater trochanter, head of the fibula, and the outer side of the ankle joint should be continuous vertical.

4. Somatoscopy, somatometry

External examination (somatoscopy) makes it possible to evaluate physique, condition of the musculoskeletal system (shape of the chest, legs, arms, feet), posture.

To measure physical condition use somatometry(actually anthropometry), or the measurement of a living person.

The foundations of modern anthropological methods were laid by the works of the famous French anthropologist, anatomist and surgeon Paul Broca (1824–1880), who in the 60–70s of the last century developed detailed programs for conducting anthropological research, proposed a number of instruments and instruments for measuring the human body, compiled tables for determining pigmentation, etc.

This technique received significant improvement and expansion in the works of Rudolf Martin (1864-1925). His three-volume manual "Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in systematischer Darstellung" ("Textbook of Anthropology in a Systematic Presentation") provides a detailed presentation of the techniques of anthropometric and anthroposcopic examination and a summary of numerical data on variations in individual somatological, osteological and craniological characters (the first edition of Martin's manual was published in 1914 ., second, posthumous, in 1928). Currently, the third edition has been published, revised by K. Zaller (1956–1959).

Martin's Anthropological Methodology with certain modifications, has received the widest recognition and use, as well as various basic anthropometric instruments improved by him.

To determine the height and proportions of the body, a metal rod compound is used Martin anthropometer; For measuring the head and face, as well as for craniometric studies, sliding and thick compasses, also Martin systems, are used.

When measuring angles on the skull, use an attachment Mollison goniometer, mounted on the leg of a sliding compass. There is a significant set of special tools: tripods for strengthening skulls, a mandibulometer for measuring the lower jaw, coordinate compasses for measuring depth dimensions, boards for measuring long bones, etc.

To obtain reliable results in anthropological research, a number of general and special conditions must be observed. The most important of them is strict adherence to established measurement techniques and accepted instructions. Even a slight deviation from determining a particular anthropometric point or a violation in the installation of what is being measured is enough for the results obtained to be incomparable with others.

In anthropometry, various methods are used to reproduce an object or elements of its structure, i.e., its size and shape. These are the methods graphic reproduction contours of the body, skull; special moves anthropological photography; plastic reproduction forms by making casts; receiving relief prints skin; cooking blood smears and a number of other methods.

Methods have been widely used in anthropology variational-statistical processing of measurement materials; Using these methods, the most representative, i.e., the most often occurring in the group under study, value of the trait, the range of variations, the statistical reality of differences between groups, the degree of their closeness to each other, etc. are determined.

5. Psychological test

Everyone knows the word “psychosomatics,” although not everyone fully understands what it is. Roughly speaking, “psychosomatics” is the dependence of a person’s physiological state on mental factors. The back is very sensitive to psychological problems. Muscles react sharply to any experience, especially if it is an experience with a minus sign. A negative emotion is a load, a burden that a person has taken on. And although this severity is not physical, the muscles of the back and neck react to it. The more stress a person experiences, the more it affects his posture. And it doesn’t matter whether we’re talking about a child or an adult

Mostly, poor posture develops in childhood. And it’s not just the wrong posture in class that is to blame for this. Frequent punishments, bad marks, and conflicts also deteriorate your posture. In general, there are many psychological reasons for poor posture. Have you, for example, ever noticed that children who are subject to unreasonably high demands (and they honestly try to meet these requirements) raise their shoulders strongly? This habit often remains for life. Which, in turn, affects muscle function, the condition of the spine and, as a result, the functioning of internal organs.

Often, however, the opposite effect occurs: poor posture makes a person feel complex, creates psychological discomfort, which, in turn, again leads to various ailments.

That is why the study separately examined the level of adequate self-esteem.

To identify the level of self-esteem in a child, a modified test developed by S.G. was used. Yakobson and V.G. Shchur (Ya.L. Kolominsky, E.A. Panko. Diagnosis and correction of mental development of preschool children, - Minsk, 1997 p. 58).

The test developed by G.A. Uruntaeva, was used to determine the level of self-esteem in 3 types of activities: drawing, labor, motor exercises (G.A. Uruntaeva. Diagnosis of psychological characteristics of preschool children. - M., 1998).

Test T.A. Repina was used to determine self-esteem and assess the personal qualities of children in the group (G.A. Uruntaeva. Diagnosis of psychological characteristics of preschool children. - M., 1998).

The results of each test were calculated in points from 0 to 10. Depending on the number of points scored, the subjects were divided into 3 groups:

1 gr. from 7 to 10 points – children with high self-esteem.

2 gr. from 4 to 6 points – children with adequate self-esteem.

3 gr. from 0 to 3 points – children with low self-esteem.

6. Pedagogical observation

An important element of the study is pedagogical observation. It allows you to determine the following facts influencing the development of posture:

Physical activity mode in kindergarten

psychological atmosphere in the group

individual behavioral characteristics of children that influence posture

Research methods- these are ways to achieve the goal of research work. Sometimes students use the wording research methods or project, but it is more correct to use the first type of record.

The rationale for research methods is described in the Introduction to Student Research section. Often this section contains a simple listing of research methods.

In justifying the research methods, you need to indicate the research methods that were used in the research work and it is advisable to explain your choice of research methods, i.e. indicate why these methods are better suited to achieve the goal.

At each stage of the work, the researcher determines the research methods to be used that are best suited to accomplish the tasks set in the research work and achieve the desired goal in the project.

A huge number of research methods applicable in research work (project) can be combined into methods of the empirical level, experimental-theoretical level and simply theoretical level. Let's consider possible research methods in a student's research project.

Types of research methods

Empirical level methods:

• observation;
• interview;
• survey;
• survey;
• interview;
• testing;
• photographing;
• check;
• measurement;
• comparison.

Using these research methods, specific phenomena or processes are studied, on the basis of which hypotheses are formed, analysis is made, and conclusions are formulated.

Methods of experimental-theoretical level:

• experiment;
• laboratory experience;
• analysis;
• modeling;
• historical;
• logical;
• synthesis;
• induction;
• deduction;
• hypothetical.

These research methods help not only to collect facts, but also to test them, systematize them, identify non-random dependencies and determine causes and consequences.

Theoretical level methods:

• study and synthesis;
• abstraction;
• idealization;
• formalization;
• analysis and synthesis;
• induction and deduction;
• axiomatics.

These research methods make it possible to carry out a logical investigation of the collected facts, develop concepts and judgments, make conclusions and theoretical generalizations.

Basic research methods

1. Studying literature and other sources of information

This research method is the collection of information on the research topic (project) from books, magazines, newspapers, disks and the Internet. Before you begin collecting information, you need to identify the basic concepts that are important for the study and find their definitions.

Please note that information may have varying degrees of reliability, especially on the Internet. In the text of your research paper, provide links to sources of information.

2. Observation

This research method is a targeted perception of a phenomenon, during which the researcher obtains information. Before you start observing, you need to make a plan.

Answer the questions: when, where, for how long and what exactly you will observe. Write down the results of your observations. Records can be made in text or table form.

3. Survey

conversation, interview, questionnaire.
The conversation is conducted according to a pre-planned plan, highlighting issues that require clarification. It is conducted in free form without recording the interlocutor’s answers.
When conducting interviews, the researcher adheres to pre-planned questions asked in a certain sequence. During the interview, responses are recorded.

4. Questionnaire

This research method is a mass collection of material using a questionnaire. Those to whom the questionnaires are addressed provide answers to the questions in writing. Questionnaires can be on paper or online. When preparing for a survey, clearly define the questions you want answered and determine who you will ask them to. Survey results can be presented in text or in the form of charts showing what percentage of respondents chose one answer option or another.

5. Experiment

This research method consists of conducting a series of experiments. Experience involves creating certain conditions, observing what happens, and recording the results. Both the conditions, the course of the experiment, and the results obtained must be described in detail in the research work (project). The results can be presented in the form of text, graphs, diagrams. It must be remembered that educational experiments on animals and people are strictly prohibited!

6. Text analysis

This research method is a process of obtaining information through text interpretation. In the text you can find words with one meaning or another, words of different parts of speech, repetitions, rhymes, means of artistic expression, errors, inconsistency between the content of the text and the illustrations, etc. All this affects our perception and understanding of the text. You can compare a text in a foreign language and its translation. It is interesting that today scientists consider text not only verbally expressed information, but also graphic images, and even music.

Examples of recording research methods

Research methods: observation, interviews, statistical analysis, study of the media, literature.

Research methods:
1. theoretical: theoretical analysis of literary sources, newspapers;
2. empirical: interviews, sociological surveys.

Research methods: theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, periodicals about the history of the city from the archives and funds of museums, libraries, excursions in the vicinity where historical events took place.

Research methods:
1. bibliographic analysis of literature and materials on the Internet;
2. taking temperature measurements;
3. system analysis;
4. isolation and synthesis of the main components.

Research methods:
- study and analysis of literature;
- survey of schoolchildren;
- taking measurements of the weight of the backpack;
- analysis of the received data.

Research methods:
1) First, we will draw up questions and conduct a survey. Then, knowing the energy value of foods, we calculate the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates consumed by each student.
2) We will process the results of the survey we conducted using a computer program. Based on the data obtained, it will be possible to observe the dynamics of changes in the risk share of liver and gastrointestinal diseases.

All graduate students are faced with the problem of how to write an introduction for their thesis. After all, this section is actively used in the preparation of a protective word; inspectors pay the most attention to it. This means that the text must be verified and polished to the smallest detail. The first section should include precise statements of the most important points of the research done, as well as a description of the methods used in the thesis.

Structure of the “Introduction” section

There is a certain algorithm that is important to adhere to when writing an introduction to a thesis. It's actually quite simple once you get your head around it. The introduction should sequentially include the following points:

1. Relevance of the problem raised (2-3 paragraphs).
2. Authors (domestic and foreign) who worked on the same topic (1 paragraph).
3. Object and subject of research (2 sentences, it is best to separate them into separate paragraphs).
4. Research hypothesis (can be general, specific or descriptive; formed on the basis of the problem posed).
5. Purpose of the study (no more than 1 paragraph).
6. Research objectives (no more than 4-5). Objectives are components of the goal and come from the names of the points of the thesis.
7. Methodological basis (research methods) in the thesis.
8. Scientific novelty and practical significance.
9. Work structure (briefly).

How to determine the purpose of the study

It is necessary to start with the final result, because it will determine the purpose of the research in the thesis. State what you want to find out in the second (practical) chapter.

In general, the purpose of the thesis is to solve the problem posed. The formulation may begin with the words: define, identify, find, prove, justify, etc.

Determining the object and subject of research

This question often causes difficulties for students. To better understand it, you first need to remember that the concept of “object of research” is much broader than “subject of research.”

In the first case, we are talking about any area of ​​​​knowledge (the human body, the functioning of an enterprise, the speech development of a preschool child, taxation of individuals, translation of a literary text, etc.). All these are objects of research.

In the second case, we mean a separate process or phenomenon that stems from a given area of ​​knowledge and is considered in the thesis. For example: the respiratory system, payment of wages, the use of fairy tales, taxes for residents and non-residents, translation of metaphors, etc. All these are subjects of relevant research.

When writing an introduction, the object (as a broader concept) is first indicated, and then the subject of research in the thesis. Both formulations must be clear, understandable and sufficiently concise.

General scientific research methods in the thesis

Since the thesis is an independent research of a graduate on a topic related to his future profession, scientific methods are used to carry out this task. There is a wide variety of them.

The so-called general scientific research methods in the thesis:

• analysis of literature (or regulatory documents) on the research topic;
• historical method (study in chronological order);
• studying and summarizing information;
• comparison (for example, of different schools of research or different results of the same activity);
• abstraction (the study of a subject outside of its connections with the world);
• synthesis (combining facts into one whole);
• induction (reasoning from the particular to the general);
• deduction (reasoning from the general to the specific);
• analogy (transfer of knowledge from one subject to another);
• classification (creation of a system that unites heterogeneous phenomena according to a single principle);
• modeling (obtaining information about an object through a created model).

Among general scientific methods, empirical research methods in the thesis work are highlighted separately. Their difference is that they are based on direct knowledge of the properties of an object. These methods are used when writing the second chapter of the thesis. Among them:

• measurement (obtaining quantitative data);
• questionnaire or interviewing (survey on the desired issue);
• observation (recording of any phenomena);
• experiment (organization of directed observation);
• comparison (of phenomena or qualities).

Private Methods

Some research methods in the thesis are suitable for any topic, while others are used only in certain fields of knowledge. And in addition to the listed general scientific theoretical and empirical methods, there are also private ones. They are used in certain branches of knowledge and are necessary for the study of individual, specific issues. For example, these could be:

Knowledge and understanding of the basic methods of scientific research helps in writing any type of similar work.