Spelling –Н- and –НН- in suffixes of various parts of speech
This activity requires knowledge of how words are formed!
Clue. You can find information about them in task B1.
Rule.
Depending on the part of speech, the rule is divided into three parts.
Full adjectives and participles.
Remember! Both parts of speech in the initial form answer the question: Which?
Remember!
| unexpectedlyNNth
slowerNNth countryNNth sacredNNth wowNNth checkNNth wishedNNth okayaNNth affairsNNth invisibleNNth unheard ofNNy unexpectedlyNNth unexpectedlyNNth bad luckNNy jamNNth |
rdyaNth
straightNth greenNth sviNOuch barNth siNth blushingNth crimsonNth YuNth smarterNth nameNy (brother) plantingNy (father) |
Distinguish!
Short adjectives and participles.
To cope with this part of the rule, you need to know the signs of each part of speech.
Nouns and adverbs.
There are as many N written in adverbs as in the words from which they were formed:
looked beshe?o - beshe?yy (see part No. 1 of the rule: formed from the verb to enrage the imperfect form, without the prefix and suffixes -OVA/-EVA = besheNy = besheNo)
Remember!
Before you apply a rule, see if this word is an exception! These include:
MosheNNik harderNIR
tribeNNik pridaNoh
putNNIR
YesNNIR
lawlessnessNNitza
Algorithm of actions.
1. Determine what part of speech are the words in which –Н- or –НН- are missing. This is necessary in order to know which part of the rule to use.
2. Remember if this word is an exception.
3. Think about what word the words being analyzed are formed from.
4. Determine the spelling according to the rule.
Analysis of the task.
Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?
His manners were not simple, but rather sophisticated. In the labyrinth of crooked, narrow and feeble streets, people were always sneaking around. The drivers argued with the loaders that the car was underloaded (3).
1) 1,2 2) 1,3 3) 1,2,3 4) 1
Manners are (what?) sophistication(1). This is a short adjective as it can be replaced with the full form exquisite. Determine the spelling of the full form: exquisite derived from the verb find, in which there is a prefix from-. Thus, we write two NNs in both full and short form.
Weak(2)th (which?) streets. This is a full adjective formed from an imperfective verb pave. The prefix ne- does not affect the spelling, there are no suffixes –OVA/-EVA, and there are no dependent words either. We write one N.
The machine is underloaded (3) (what has been done?). This is a short participle because it can be replaced with a verb underloaded. In short participles one N is written.
Thus, the correct option is answer No. 4.
Practice.
1. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NN is written?
The house stood somewhat away from the forest; its walls here and there were renovated (1) with fresh wood, the windows were painted (2) white, a small porch on the side, decorated (3) with carvings, still smelled of resin.
NN is written in adjectives in the following cases:
1. If adjectives are formed from nouns:
Using the suffix -N- from nouns with a stem in – N – (cast iron - cast iron);
Using the suffixes - ONN, - ENN - (dissertation - dissertation, morning - morning); exception: windy;
2. In short adjectives, in the presence of NN in full form (bottomless abyss - bottomless abyss).
Written in adjectives N:
1. in adjectives not formed from other parts of speech (green);
2. in adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes - AN -, - YAN -, - IN - (sand - sandy, clay - clay, goose - goose); exceptions: tin, wood, glass;
3. in short adjectives in the absence of NN in full form (green street - green street).
A significant group of words in the Russian language are made up of so-called verbal adjectives (adjectives formed from verbs).
When writing N or NN in the above-mentioned adjectives, it is necessary to establish: from what type of verbs this or that adjective (perfect or imperfect) is formed: offended from “offend” (perfect verb), woven from “weave” (imperfect verb).
Adjectives are written N if they are formed from verbs of the imperfect form (mow - mowed), NN is written if the adjectives are formed from verbs of the perfect form (offend - offended). Exceptions: named, planted.
However, it should be remembered that words like: mowed, wounded, formed from imperfect verbs, can turn into participles, and then they are written with NN (mowed, wounded). Participles, unlike adjectives, have dependent words (wicker basket, but: wicker from willow twigs basket).
Participles can also be formed from prefixed verbs (weave - woven), NN is written in them.
Conclusions:
1. Do not confuse participles and adjectives.
2. In full passive participles NN is written:
If there is a prefix or dependent words (corrected manuscript, manuscript corrected by the author).
If they (participles) are formed from perfective verbs (prefixed or unprefixed): break - broken, throw - abandoned, but: break - broken;
In short participles, one letter N is always written (extinguished candle - candle extinguished);
The spelling of Н and НН in adjectives is not affected by the prefix NOT, i.e. with this prefix, as many N are written as without it (ironed suit - unironed suit, painted fence - unpainted fence).
3. Pay special attention to which vowel is written in participles before N or NN. If in the verb of the indefinite form from which the participle is formed, before -Ть, there is A or I, then A, I (to pump out - deflated) is also written in the participle; in all other cases, only E is written in participles (to roll out - pumped out).
4. Remember the spelling of words:
Given, desired, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, accidental, awake, done (in these adjectives formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs, sometimes with the negation NOT, NN is written).
5. Passive participles in – OVANNY, - YOVANNY (organized, pampered, lined) are written with NN, but: chewed, forged.
Exercise.
Mark the numbers of words, phrases, sentences that have spelling errors.
1. Scared
2. Unpaved
3. Loaded
4. Washed – rewashed
5. If a book is poorly read, it cannot be put back on a shelf filled with other books.
1. Illustrated magazine
2. Unintentional misconduct
3. Painted fence
4. Baked milk
5. Ironed – suit.
1. Unboiled water
2. Water boiled over a fire
3. Plain dyed fabric
4. Less traveled road
5. Fresh frozen fish.
1. Production started on time
2. A person deprived of rights
3. The plots of these works are complex and confusing
4. Sometimes simple questions are artificially complicated
5. The artist’s manners are very refined.
1. Worn suit
2. Less traveled paths
3. Uninvited and uninvited guest
4. The girl is very tactful and well-mannered
5. Theater youth are brought up in the classical tradition.
1. Kneaded dough
2. A person involved in a crime
3. A barrel pumped out of the basement
1. Suffix -N- is written:
· In adjectives formed from nouns using the suffixes –AN-, -IN-, -YAN-: leather – leather, goose – goose, silver – silver.EXCEPTIONS: wooden, tin, glass.
· In adjectives and participles formed from imperfective verbs that do not have dependent words: forged, loaded, baked, gilded, smoked.EXCEPTIONS:
seen, given, done, desired, cutesy, slow, pecked, sacred, heard, arrogant.
· In adjectives with the prefix NOT-: quicklime, uninvited, uncut, unbleached, unworn. EXCEPTIONS:
unexpected, unforeseen, unheard of, unseen, unexpected, unseen.
· In short forms of passive past participles: sown, filled, set, excited.
· In short adjectives and in adverbs formed from full adjectives with -H-: confused - confused, mad - furiously, gilded - gilded, ruddy - rouge, young - yuna.
· In adjectives related to non-derivatives: crimson, green, blue, ruddy, young, and also in some other adjectives: mutton, single, pork, smart.
2. Suffix -NN- is written:
· In adjectives formed from nouns ending in -H: long, valuable, captivating, picturesque.
· In adjectives with suffixes -ONN-/-ENN-: propaganda, station, cranberry, straw.
· In adjectives formed from perfective verbs, usually with prefixes or dependent words: frozen, mowed, forged, smoked, purchased, dried in the sun. EXCEPTIONS: named brother, imprisoned father, dowry.
· In adjectives formed from verbs ending in -OVAT/EVAT: uprooted, motivated.
· In adjectives formed from nouns ending in -МЯ: nominal, seed, temporary, parietal.
· In short adjectives and adverbs formed from full adjectives with -НН-: inspired, excited, educated(those. literate).
NOTE:
1. In some cases, the spelling of adjectives with -N- or -NN- is determined by the semantics of the word.
wind have:
suffix -YAN- if they define an object powered by wind (windmill);
the suffix -EN- if they define an object containing wind (windy day, windy girl);
suffix -ENN- in all prefixes (windless, leeward, weathered).
Adjectives from the generating stem oil have:
the suffix -YAN- if they define something that is cooked in oil, or something that runs on oil (oil paint, oil pump);
suffix -EN- if they define something that is specially spread with butter (butter pancakes, butter cakes, hence Maslenitsa, this also includes the metaphorical epithet buttered eyes);
suffix -ENH- in participles and adjectives with dependent words (hands oiled with cream, oily sweatshirt).
2. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of a short adjective and a short participle in the function of a predicate: the girl is brought up - the girl was raised by her grandmother; the woman is educated – the department was founded last year; the group is organized in all matters - the conference is organized by the department.
Questions for control:
Assignments on the topic:
Exercise 1. Form verb forms whose suffixes retain the vowel infinitive.
Depend, fold, knead, stir, deflate, roll out.
Task 2. Explain how the words in pairs differ. Using reference material, explain their spelling.
To decorate - to paint, to be late - to participate, to count - to advise, to manage - to admonish, to confess - to educate, to dance - to hum.
Task 3. Write down, highlighting spellings and grouping words into columns:
1) valid prib. present vr., 2) suffering. prib. present vr., 3) actual. prib. pr. vr., 4) suffer. prib. pr. vr. Explain the spelling of words according to the diagram (see "Reference Material").
creeping, barking, barking, chasing, noticing, noticed, kneaded (in dough) - kneaded (dough), sawing, piercing, struggling, developed, cherished, pumped out (oil from a barrel) - pumped out (from a barrel barrel), provided, hung (in the gallery of paintings), hung (a kilogram of sugar), traveled, well-trodden, fanned, provided, healing, adhesive, glued, enduring, loving, dispelled, traveled, dependent, breathing, watering.
Task 4. Insert the missing letters and justify your choice.
A job corrected by someone, a load dropped, paths cleared; the building is about to be built...but; alarmed...by unpleasant news, crowned with laurels, scattered rays, an unnoticed friend, tangled hare tracks, leaf-strewn alleys of a coastal park, offended by someone... that girl, wasted time; the snow melted unexpectedly, without offending anyone.
Task 5. Insert the missing letters.
Nurtured, kneaded (dough), dropped, noticed, engaged, significant, studied..my, cherished, chalked. ..unpreserved, underweight (grain), underweight (curtains), independent, hated...my, offended...my, justified...my, celebrated, transferred..., shot... (deer), shot... (gun), shot... (traitors), scattered..., dispersed, heard... , creeping, dragging, dragging, lost, crowned.
Task 6. Explain the difference in spelling of words in paired phrases.
The woman is smart and educated. - The commission was formed the other day.
The children were inattentive and absent-minded. - The troops were scattered throughout the forest. He says depressed. “The uprising was suppressed.” The decision was hasty and ill-considered. - The decision has not been thought through by anyone. Sauerkraut is cabbage fermented for the winter. Unmown meadow. - Mowed meadow. Come to a dinner party. - Uninvited guests. sworn brother. - Named after you. Windy day. - Calm day.
Remember:uninvited n oh, name n oh, unseen NN oh, unheard of NN oh, unexpectedly NN oh bad luck NN O
Task 7. Replace the dots with the missing letters. Explain why in some cases we write N,in others - NN.
Bee...honey, wheat...porridge, with condensed...milk, oil...stain; painting, rice:... with oil paints; a clay vase, a wooden building, located in a guest...ice, noticeable shortcomings, a rye...field sown, a meadow not yet mown, some sort of ...things hanging...in the wardrobe...about the target...harvest, the girl is very educated...and, far away...draw a broken line, silver and gold... jewelry, a wounded man, a seriously wounded fighter, at dawn.
This note is addressed to those who still have not learned how to determine how many letters n write in one word or another. Or those who reread the rules for the tenth time and cannot understand them. Brew yourself tea, make sandwiches. The conversation will be serious.
How to reduce the likelihood of correct spelling
Easily. Write at random or because it looks so “beautiful”. Or the first and second at the same time.
How to increase the likelihood of correct spelling
Don't be lazy and don't skip any of the points in the algorithm. Only then will you master the skill of determining the number of letters n in a word to the point of automatism.
Aerobatics - determining the quantity n on the run.
You can, but not right away.
Sequencing
To begin with, we always determine the part of speech. This must be done according to the question that we ask by the way.
- Noun - Who? What?
- Adjective - Which?
- Short adjective - what?
- Adverb - How?
- Participle - Which?
- Short participle - what?
- Verbal adjective - Which?
You already have a question: how to distinguish between those parts of speech that answer the same question?
Adjectives and participles
An adjective is formed from a noun, and a participle is formed from a verb.
Long- it's an adjective because it answers a question Which? and derived from the noun length.
Strewn- this is a participle because it answers a question Which? and is derived from the verb put to sleep.
By the way, participles also have characteristic suffixes. In the forms of the present tense: -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -eat-, -om-, -im-. In the past tense forms: -vsh-, -sh-, -in-, -t-, -enn-, -yonn-, -nn-. These suffixes are used as an additional check to see if you have identified the part of speech correctly.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Now we have another problem: both participles and verbal adjectives are formed from a verb. Both answer the question Which?. How to distinguish them?
Firstly, the verbal adjective is formed from an imperfective verb, and the participle is formed from a perfective verb.
How to determine the type of a verb? Easily. If he answers the question what to do?, then the form is imperfect (indicates an unfinished action). If he answers the question what to do?, then the perfect form (denotes a completed action).
Secondly, verbal adjectives do not have dependent words.
A dependent word is a word that can be asked a question from the main word.
Try to determine for yourself which of these words is a participle and which is a verbal adjective: a solved problem, a loaded car.
Answer. Solved- participle. Here are all the arguments: it answers the question Which?; derived from the verb decide; this verb is perfect because it answers a question what to do?.
Loaded- verbal adjective. And here's why: answers the question Which?; derived from the verb load; this verb is imperfect because it answers a question what to do?; there are no dependent words.
In order for a verbal adjective to become a participle, it is enough to do one of two things:
- Add a dependent word.
A car loaded with people. Loaded by whom?- a person. Now this is a sacrament. - Change the form of the verb.
Loaded car. Derived from the verb download which answers the question what to do? and therefore refers to the perfect form.
Short adjectives and short participles
The sequence of actions is as follows:
- Realized that the word answers the question what?.
- We think from what full form the word is formed.
- We determine the part of speech of the full form (read the differences between adjectives and participles above).
Here is a table for clarity.
Hooray. Now we know which part of speech our word belongs to.
Applying the rules
Look how simple it is once we know the part of speech:
We also write two letters n in participles with suffixes -ova- And -Eve-.
In a word asphalted we write NN, because there is a suffix -ova-.
Make sure that -ova- or -Eve- They were just suffixes. In words forged And chewed there are no such suffixes. They have roots cov- And chew-. These words contain one letter n, because they belong to verbal adjectives.
You also need to remember the words: unexpected, unexpected, seen, unseen, seen, read, heard, unheard, desired. Just remember them.
It remains to deal with adjectives, nouns and adverbs.
In adjectives and nouns we write one n only in one case: if there is a suffix -an-, -yan-, -in-: leather en oh, silver yang oh, chickens in oh, sand en ik. Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
We write in adjectives NN in the following cases:
- In suffixes -he N-, -enn-: station he N oh, time enne y.
- If a word is formed from a noun whose stem ends in -n: tuma NN y.
Pay special attention to the second point. Without it you would write in the word fog one letter n, since there is a suffix -an-. But this word has no suffix -an-! Why? Because -an- is part of the root. The word is formed from a noun fog, the stem of which ends in n. Adjectives are written by analogy pocket, long, citric and many others. Don't forget about this rule.
Words windy, buttery, oil are not adjectives, since they are formed from verbs: wind, oil. Here everything works according to the rules of verbal adjectives and participles. Or just remember that these three words are spelled with the same letter n. In other cases, already with two (wind n oh, no wind NN y).
OK. What about short adjectives?
Everything is simple here: they contain the same number of letters n, how many and in full.
What about adverbs?
It's the same story here. We write the same amount n, how much is in the word from which the adverb is formed.
Slowly- an adverb because it answers a question How?. Derived from an adjective slow. In this adjective we write NN in the suffix -enn-, so we write it the same way in adverbs.
Attention! An adverb can be formed not only from an adjective, but also from other parts of speech. For example, confusing to explain. The logic here is tricky. Adverb confusing derived from the word confused, which is a verbal adjective (answers the question Which?; no dependent words; derived from an imperfective verb confuse). Because the confused is a verbal adjective, then in it we write one n. And if so, then we write the same amount in the adverb that is derived from it.
A little exercise. Explain the production n-nn in a sentence.
Pickled mushrooms, fried sausage, buttered rye cakes, condensed milk, beef liver, baked potatoes rolled a little in ashes, and a sip of a drink infused with some outlandish drug will seem delicious in the fresh air for the most sophisticated gourmet.
The suffixes -н- and -нн- are among those difficulties of Russian grammar that require memorizing a large amount of material and mastering not only the rules, but also exceptions to them. The bulk of these rules concern adjectives, as well as adverbs and participles. The writing of these suffixes in nouns also has its own characteristics.
Spelling n and nn in adjective suffixes
If an adjective is formed from a noun using suffixes such as -an-, -yan- and -in-, then it is written with one n, for example, as in the word clay. And there are three exception words to this grammatical rule: tin, wood, glass. If suffixes such as -onn- and -enn- were involved in the formation of the adjective, then you need to write double n, as in the word related.
But from this rule there is exceptions- these are two words, windy And buttery.
If an adjective is formed from a word with a stem in -n using the suffix -n-, then the result is a word with a double n, although one letter is part of the stem, and the second is a suffix - picture.
Adjectives can also be formed from verbs - and this makes them similar to participles, so the spelling rules n and nn in suffixes in this case will be general.
So, if an adjective or participle has a prefix or dependent word, then the suffix should be doubled: plowed, boiled in water. The same applies to cases when the word contains suffixes such as -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: marinated.
In addition, if the word is formed from a verb without a prefix, but it belongs to the perfect form, n should also be doubled: deprived.
Exception from this rule is the word wounded.
At the same time, in short participles one n will always be written, and in short adjectives there are as many of these letters as in full ones, with the exception of one form - this is the singular masculine number, in which, as in participles, one n is written.
It is necessary to distinguish between a participle and an adjective, which often coincide. For example, the word “educated” can be both, but if the short form of the participle in the feminine gender is educated, then the adjective has educated. This is not difficult to do - you need to put the word more in front of “suspect”. If it is inappropriate, then it is a participle, and if it is appropriate, then it is an adjective.
Other difficulties with the suffix -n-
This word-forming unit is used in different parts of speech. Thus, in adverbs and nouns formed from adjectives, the same number of letters n are written as in the original word: pupil (from educated), organized (from organized).
What have we learned?
The main difficulties in choosing between n and nn in suffixes concern adjectives. It is on their spelling that the spelling of those nouns and adverbs that are formed from them is based. Adjectives can be formed from nouns and verbs in different ways, which explains the use of n or nn. It is necessary to distinguish between verbal adjectives and participles.