Ants apostle pestel 9 letters. Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich

Biography

Muravyov-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich (10/9/1796 - 07/25/1826) - lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement.

Born in St. Petersburg on September 28 (October 9), 1796. He was the fourth child in the family of the writer and statesman Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol.

Participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, participated in the battles of Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris, and had military awards. In 1817-1818 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. He was among the founders of the “Union of Salvation” and the “Union of Welfare” and one of the most active members of Southern society; established contacts with the Polish Patriotic Society and the Society of United Slavs. He agreed on the need to kill the king. He conducted successful propaganda among soldiers and was one of the leaders of the Decembrists.

He became a key figure in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. After the defeat of the uprising on January 3, 1826, he was captured; in the last battle he was seriously wounded. Sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court to quartering, commuted to hanging.

S.I. Muravyov-Apostol was executed at dawn on July 13 (25), 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. He was one of the three unfortunates whose rope broke. Some time later he was hanged again. The exact burial place of S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, like other executed Decembrists, is unknown. According to one version, he was buried along with other executed Decembrists on Goloday Island.

Documentation

Investigation materials S. I. Muravyova-Apostola. Decembrist revolt. Documentation. T.IV, pp.228-412

Estate of the Muravyov-Apostles on Staraya Basmannaya

Old Basmannaya Street

Basmanny, like a drop, spread from the former Ilyinsky Gate of Kitai-Gorod to the east, as if paving the way deep into Russia. Along it were roads to the Trinity-Sergeev Lavra, to Vladimir and Ryazan, as well as to the nearby grand ducal and later royal villages: in the gardens, on Vorontsov Field, Vasilyev Meadow, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Yauza. And distant villages: Rubtsovo, Stromyn, Preobrazhenskoye, Semenovskoye and Izmailovskoye. This is how a modern pedestrian will say the distant ones, forgetting about long-tailed clothes, rattling horses without wheels and axles, just on runners, and the absence of sneakers.

The Basmannaya territory occupies a special place among the districts of the Central Administrative Okrug. The history of the development of the region is connected with the formation of Russian culture, science and art. First of all, this applies to part of the area of the former German and Basmannaya settlements, located between St. Basmannaya, Spartakovskaya and st. Kazakova. It is here, on the banks of the river. Yauza, during the time of Peter the Great’s reforms, the technical renewal of Russia was born.

Old Basmannaya Street

The activities of famous representatives of Russian culture are connected with these places, the most prominent of them: Rokotov - in art, Pushkin - in literature, Chaadaev - in philosophy, Zhukovsky - in aviation science. House number 36 on the street. Art. Basmannaya, where Uncle A.S. lived. Pushkin, is associated with the stay of leading people of that time - Derzhavin, Vyazemsky, Karamzin and others. Muravyov-Apostol, the father of the three Decembrists Muravyovs, lived on this street (St. Basmannaya, 23). First-class architectural monuments and simply valuable historical buildings have been preserved on the territory: the Cathedral of the Epiphany in Elokhov, the Church of Nikita the Martyr, the Church of the Ascension, the Razumosky estate, the Demidov Palace, the Musin-Pushkin House of the architect Kazakov and many others.

Ivan Matveevich Muravyov with his daughter Elizaveta, deputy. Ozharovskaya

Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol(October 1 (12), 1762 - March 12 (24, 1851) - Russian writer and diplomat from the Muravyov family, who took the double surname “Muravyov-Apostol”. Minister to Hamburg and Madrid, then senator. Owner of a house on Staraya Basmannaya. Father of the Three Decembrists

Born near the Opechenskaya pier near Borovichi, Novgorod province on October 1, 1768, in the family of Major General Matvey Artamonovich Muravyov and Elena Petrovna Apostol (on his mother’s side, the great-grandson of the hetman of the Zaporizhian Army Daniil Apostol). He was the only child of his parents, his mother married, against the wishes of her father, and was deprived of a dowry; died immediately after the birth of her son. In 1801, Ivan Matveevich adopted the surname Muravyov-Apostol at the request of his cousin M.D. Apostol (in connection with the suppression of the Little Russian family of the Apostles).

Since 1773, he was enlisted as a soldier in the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment. In 1776-1777 he studied mathematics and languages at the German boarding school of L. Euler (St. Petersburg), after the closure of the boarding school he was “educated and trained” at home. In October 1784, he entered active service as chief auditor on the staff of St. Petersburg Governor-General J. A. Bruce, and from 1785 he served as his adjutant (from 1788 with the rank of second major). He served in the College of Foreign Affairs, in the provision staff. He was in charge of the channel in Shlisselburg (with the rank of prime major).

Ivan Matveevich

In 1792, under the patronage of M.N. Muravyov, he was invited to the court of Empress Catherine II as a “cavalier” (educator) under the Grand Dukes Alexander Pavlovich and Konstantin Pavlovich; then appointed chief master of ceremonies. At court, he managed to please not only the empress, but also Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, the future emperor, which ensured his future career.

Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol (1793-1886) - Decembrist, participant in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment, author of memoirs.

In December 1796 he was sent with the rank of chamberlain to Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich as resident minister in Eitin to the court of Peter of Oldenburg (in 1798 he combined with a similar post in Hamburg, and at the end of 1799 also in Copenhagen). Everywhere he intensified the activities of the anti-French coalition. The diplomatic service was facilitated by the exceptional linguistic talents of Muravyov-Apostol: he knew at least 8 ancient and contemporary foreign languages. In 1800 he was recalled to Russia, in July he was promoted to Privy Councilor, and in 1801 - vice-president of the Foreign Collegium.

Muravyov-Apostol, Sergei Ivanovich (October 9, 1796 - July 25, 1826) - lieutenant colonel, one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement.

Not being one of the supporters of Emperor Paul (despite his favor), he took part in the anti-Paul conspiracy of 1801, becoming the author of one of the unrealized projects for legislative restrictions on the supreme power.

Saint Petersburg. Senate Square December 14, 1825. Drawing by Kolman from the office of Count Benckendorff in Falle.

In 1802, he took the post of envoy to Spain, but in 1805, for unclear reasons (according to A.S. Pushkin, he fell out of favor with the emperor for disclosing false information about the preparation of the anti-Pavlovian conspiracy) he was dismissed and did not serve anywhere until 1824.

In 1817-1824 he lived with his family on his family estate in Khomutts. In the summer of 1819, Ivan Matveevich completed the translation of Aristophanes’ comedy “Clouds.” Disappointment associated with the intrigues of the new entourage of Alexander I and, as a result, the removal from the court of the main organizers of the conspiracy - P. A. Palen and patron I. M. Muravyov-Apostol, his immediate superior N.P. Panin, “faithful to the rules of honor and sound politics,” influenced the choice of this particular work by the ancient Greek comedian, who ridiculed both the new “teachers” who preached freedom from ancient moral restrictions and the fooled people who believed them.

But circumstances were soon destined to change.

Khomutets, estate of I. M. Muravyov, inherited from the Apostles

In March 1824 he was appointed to sit in the Governing Senate, and in August he became a member of the Main School Board. A number of his official “opinions” of 1824-1825, diverging in handwritten lists, received a wide public response:

in defense of the director of the Department of Public Education V. M. Popov, who participated in the translation from German of the mystical book by I. Gosner, which was banned upon publication;
about the right of universities and professors to use books in addition to censorship;
“Opinion of a member of the Main School Board on the teaching of philosophy” in defense of the teaching of philosophy at universities, which M. L. Magnitsky opposed.
The opinions expressed on specific “cases” argued for the need to soften the strictures of censorship and moderate freedom of thought, but in the conditions of that time they demonstrated a certain civic courage and created Muravyov-Apostol’s reputation as a liberal. There is evidence that members of secret societies intended to make Muravyov-Apostol a member of the provisional revolutionary government.

Ivan Matveevich
After the defeat of the Decembrist uprising and the tragedy that befell the sons of Muravyov-Apostol (Ippolit, not wanting to give up, shot himself, Sergei was hanged, Matvey was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor, but was soon sent to settle in Siberia; before the trial, on May 11, 1826, his father met with Matvey and Sergei in the Peter and Paul Fortress), he left the service, and in May 1826 he was “dismissed due to illness to foreign lands.” Until 1847 he was listed as an absent senator. Lived mainly in Vienna and Florence. He returned to Russia in the 1840s. The name Muravyov-Apostol was not mentioned in print from 1826 until the end of the 1850s. His memoirs and library have been lost, although individual copies of the books are kept in the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts of the Scientific Library of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. He died in St. Petersburg and was buried at the St. George Cemetery on Bolshaya Okhta.

Anna Muravyova with her son Matvey and daughter Ekaterina.
Artist Jean Laurent Monnier, 1799

Ivan Matveyevich showed both the virtues and vices of an enlightened Russian master: he was famous as a kind and hospitable host and a sophisticated gastronome, an epicurean and a spendthrift (he lived for 2 million dollars), but at the same time he was an egoist and a family despot.

Since 1790: 1st wife - Anna Semenovna Chernoevich (1770-1810), daughter of a Serbian general. Sons were born from this marriage:

Matvey (1793-1886), lieutenant colonel, Decembrist
Sergei (1796-1826), lieutenant colonel, Decembrist
Ippolit (1806-1826), ensign, Decembrist
daughters:

Elizabeth (1791-1814), married since 1809 to Count Franz Petrovich Ozharovsky (1785-1828);
Ekaterina (1795-1861), married to Major General Illarion Mikhailovich Bibikov (1793-1861);
Anna (1797-1861), married to Alexander Dmitrievich Khrushchev;
Elena (1799-1855), married since 1824 to Semyon Vasilyevich Kapnist (1791-1843).
Since 1812: 2nd wife - Praskovya Vasilievna Grushetskaya (1780−1852), daughter of senator and actual privy councilor Vasily Vladimirovich Grushetsky.

Evdokia (1813-1850), since 1845 married to Prince Alexander Petrovich Khovansky (1809-1895).
Elizabeth (1815 - 18..), in the 1st marriage to Baron Stalting, in the 2nd to Widburg.
Vasily (1817-1867), was married to maid of honor Marianna Gurko (born 1823), daughter of V. I. Gurko

Participated in meetings of the “Conversations of Lovers of the Russian Word” (member since 1811). He was a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Since 1811 full member of the Russian Academy, since 1841 - honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy

His most significant work is a book in 25 “letters” “Travel to Taurida in 1820” (St. Petersburg, 1823) - the result of a trip to Crimea. It contains valuable information on the archeology, flora and fauna of Crimea, characteristic details of urban, rural and monastic life , colorful descriptions of oriental customs. The author expresses the idea of the need to preserve “precious remains of antiquity.”

The book “Travel to Taurida...” was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin, who visited Crimea at the same time as Muravyov-Apostol and A. S. Griboedov, who visited the peninsula in 1825.

Podstanitsyn collection

Muravyov-Apostol, according to contemporaries (including K. N. Batyushkov, N. I. Grech) is a man of brilliant mind, extraordinary erudition and many talents, an esthete, a polyglot and a bibliophile (he had a unique library), traveled almost all of Europe, where he met with I. Kant, F. G. Klopstock, V. Alfieri, D. Byron.

The Muravyov_Apostol estate in Moscow on Staraya Basmannaya Street

The Muravyov-Apostol House-Estate is a private house-estate of I.M. Muravyov-Apostol in Moscow on Staraya Basmannaya Street, built in the classicist style at the end of the 18th - 1st quarter of the 19th century.

A three-story mansion, based on a wooden frame on a brick plinth, on its second floor there is a ceremonial suite of rooms, consisting of an office, a ceremonial bedroom, two living rooms, a ballroom, and a small semi-rotunda.. The street facade is decorated with a six-column portico and antique friezes above the high windows. second floor, the left side of the building ends with a semi-rotunda.

The former Babushkin Lane (now Lukyanova Street), which housed the factory of the merchant Babushkin, opens onto Basmannaya Street; The main entrance to house No. 23 is also from the alley. The building looks very proportionate, creating the image of a simple but elegant city estate and making it possible to imagine Basmannaya Street two hundred years ago, when the area was still completely dominated by the Church of Nikita the Martyr (Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God), and the neighboring mansions of the Kurakins, Demidovs, and Razumovskys had not yet been rebuilt .

On the territory that stretched from Staraya Basmannaya to Novaya Basmannaya streets, there were linen and silk factories. The first buildings were made in the middle of the 18th century. The house was resold many times; it went to the heiress of the daughter of manufacturer P. A. Babushkin - Alexandra Petrovna Volkonskaya, the wife of Prime Major Prince Yu. P. Volkonsky, who sold the house at the beginning of the 19th century. Based on the old house, the house we see today was built. (1803-1806)

In 1803, the estate was bought by retired captain Pavel Ivanovich Yakovlev, who rebuilt the house in the style of late classicism: a white stone base, a six-column portico with Corinthian columns and bas-reliefs of antique subjects on the sides of the portico, a triangular pediment, a semicircular rotunda on the corner of the street and alley. Then 1809-1915. the house was owned by Countess E. A. Saltykova and Count R. A. Vorontsov.

Then he buys and owns it in 1815-1822. - noblewoman Praskovya Vasilievna (Grushevskaya) Muravyova-Apostol - second wife of senator, writer, member of the Russian Academy Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol (1765-1851) He receives the house as his wife’s dowry. The estate was not affected by the fire of 1812 and in 1815 it came into the possession of Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol after his second marriage. (His first wife Anna Semyonovna Chernoevich, the mother of his seven children, died in 1810.)

The house was quite crowded, receptions were held, and his sons visited the father. The poet lived here in 1816 Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov. This period was outwardly prosperous for the family, but at this time the Decembrist movement was taking shape. All three sons of Ivan Matveyevich were among the main participants in the uprising who fought for the abolition of serfdom in Russia. The suppression of the rebellion also became a family tragedy: Sergei was hanged, Ippolit shot himself, Matvey was sent to hard labor. The house was sold.

At a later time, one of its owners opened the Alexander-Mariinsky orphanage for girls here, which then came into the possession of the Department of Orphanages of the Empress Maria. The shelter occupied the front and mezzanine floors. Director of the shelter V.A. von Levdik. The ground floor and outbuilding were rented out as apartments, shops and workshops for artisans. In 1912, they planned to build a 6-story apartment building on the site of the estate. The project was not implemented.

In 1925, A. Lunacharsky was going to open a museum of the Decembrists; this was realized only in 1986, when a branch of the State Historical Museum was opened in the estate.

Decembrists Museum

Opening of the museum together with the descendants of the Muravyovs

OPENING OF THE HOUSE-MUSEUM 05/21/2013

Heirs-philanthropists at a reception on the occasion of the opening of the museum

Created in 1986 as a branch of the State Historical Museum, closed in 1997. The first attempt to display some materials on the history of the Decembrists in Moscow was the opening in the 1890s. “Rooms of People of the 40s” (existed until 1925, then in the collections of the State Historical Museum) in the Rumyantsev Museum on the initiative of E. S. Nekrasova and the director of the museum M. A. Venivitinov.

The issue of creating a Museum of the Decembrists was discussed in 1925 and 1975. In 1976, the State Historical Museum, where a rich collection of Decembrist materials had accumulated, developed the concept of creating a museum. Since 1977, the creation of the Decembrist Museum was facilitated by the activities of the Commission on the History of the Decembrist Movement at the Moscow city branch of VOOPIK.

In September 1986, the museum was located in the estate. The manor house was built by the architect of the circle of M. F. Kazakov (in 1816-1817 the future Decembrists M. I., S. I. and I. I. Muravyov-Apostles, poet K. N. Batyushkov visited the house).

The Decembrist Museum did not have its own funds, using materials from the State Historical Museum as a branch to organize exhibitions: “Pushkin and the Decembrists” (1987), “Relics of the Patriotic War of 1812” (1987), “Decembrists and their contemporaries in daguerreotype and photography” (1988) , “Decembrist M. S. Lunin” (1989), “500 years of the Muravyov family” (1990), “Decembrist relics” (1991), “Decembrist M. A. Fonvizin” (1991), etc.; work was carried out to create a permanent exhibition on the theme “Decembrists in Moscow”.

However, already in 1991 the museum was closed due to the emergency condition of the building.

In the same year, at the invitation of the Soviet Cultural Foundation, the Muravyov-Apostles came to Russia: Alexey, Andrey and his son Christopher.

They bring family heirlooms as gifts and, seeing the deplorable state of their ancestral home, decide to restore it with the help of the family. Christopher took on this difficult task. A non-profit organization was created, which was the founder of the House-Museum of Matvey Muravyov-Apostol. After several years spent on various formalities, in December 2000, the main house of the Muravyov-Apostolov estate was leased to the museum by Decree of the Moscow Government for 49 years.

Restoration has begun. The restoration is carried out using a unique technology with the preservation of the old wooden frame of the building; during the restoration, exposed fragments of wood were left in the walls. In the courtyard of the building, a cultural layer of soil of one and a half meters was removed, artifacts were found during excavations, they were transferred to the museum, and upon completion they will be exhibited.

The estate hosts exhibitions and receptions. Recently, the auction house Christie's celebrated its 15th anniversary in Russia at the estate.

General Director of the Museum - Tatyana Savelyevna Makeeva

This is such beauty after restoration. Interesting? Come...

Contacts:
Staraya Basmannaya Street 23/9,
Moscow, 107066
Phone: +7 499 267-98-66
Email mail:
House-Museum of Matvey Muravyov-Apostol
Facebook | Website creation - .mpmstudio.ru

Literature:

Muravyov-Apostol, Ivan Matveevich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
“Travel to Taurida...” by I. M. Muravyov-Apostol in the Crimean diary of A. S. Griboyedov

S.I. Muravyov-Apostol. Unknown artist, 1828. The portrait is in the State Museum of A.S. Pushkin.

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov.

One of the prominent figures of the Decembrist movement, a member of the Union of Salvation, the Union of Welfare and the Southern Society.

Born on September 28 (October 9), 1796 in St. Petersburg in the family of a prominent diplomat and writer, descended from an old noble family. Son of Ivan Matveyevich Muravyov-Apostol, prime major, chief master of ceremonies, official of the College of Foreign Affairs, senator, Russian ambassador to Spain, from his first marriage to A.S. Chernoevich, daughter of the Austrian Serb general S. Chernoevich, who switched to Russian service. Mother, Anna Semyonovna, was a strong and strong-willed woman. She gave birth to five children, Sergei was the fourth. . The future Decembrist was excellently brought up, received an excellent education, knew literature well, and was passionate about the exact sciences, especially mathematics. .

Sergei Muravyov-Apostol spent his childhood in Hamburg and Paris. He studied at the Hicks boarding school in Paris, showed brilliant abilities and hard work, and wrote poetry in French and Latin. The strongest and most lively of all the children, Sergei even surpassed his older brother Matvey (the future Decembrist), with whom he studied at the boarding school, in height.

In 1809, Anna Semyonovna and her children returned to Russia, where Matvey Ivanovich had previously gone. On the border of Prussia with Russia, the children of the Muravyovs, seeing a Cossack, begin to hug him, joyfully accepting the discovery of their homeland. When they returned to the carriage in which they had traveled all the way from Paris, their mother said sternly: “I am very glad that your long stay abroad has not cooled your feelings for your homeland, but get ready, children, I have to tell you terrible news; you will find something you don’t even know: in Russia you will find slaves!” Anna Semyonovna meant serfdom, a system in which millions of peasants were deprived of everything and had only responsibilities - natural slavery. With such a warning, Sergei’s acquaintance with the Motherland begins.

In 1810, Sergei easily passed two exams at the newly opened school of railway engineers (now the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers). In 1810 he was enlisted in the guard. Soon after returning to Russia, my mother, Anna Semyonovna, dies, having fallen ill on the way to one of the estates in the Poltava region.

In 1812, Sergei Ivanovich graduated from the institute and received the rank of ensign of the quartermaster unit. In the same year, he began military service as a second lieutenant in the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment.

During the Patriotic War, Sergei is in Maloyaroslavets at the main army headquarters, commanded by Kutuzov. After the battle, officers from the Railway Corps are sent back to St. Petersburg to continue their studies. Taking advantage of his father's connections, Sergei decides to stay at headquarters. Adam Ozharovsky (husband of Elizabeth’s sister) takes him into his squad. . Despite his youth (27 years old), he managed to experience hot battles. In 1812 he took part in the battles near Vitebsk. Participant in the Battle of Borodino. For bravery during the capture of Mogilev and crossing the Berezina he was promoted to lieutenant. . For bravery in the battle of Krasnoe, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol receives one of the highest awards - a golden sword with the inscription “For bravery.”

At the end of 1812, he already held the rank of lieutenant with the Order of Anna, 3rd degree. In 1813, Sergei wrote to his sister Elisabeth from Peterwalsdau: “I live with my brother [Matvey], and since we are in a similar situation, that is, without a single sou, we philosophize each in our own way, devouring a rather meager lunch... When Count Adam Ozharowski was here, I dined with him, but, alas , he left, and his dinners with him.”

Then Sergei participates in battles:

Under Lutzen, for which he was awarded Vladimir 4th degree with a bow;

Under Bautzen, he was promoted to the rank of staff captain for his services;

Under Leipzig - the rank of captain.

In 1814, he served under General Raevsky and took part in the battles of Provins, Arcy-sur-Aube, Fer-Champenoise, Paris. For the battle near Paris, Sergei receives Anna 2nd degree.

In Paris, Sergei finds his brother Matvey, as well as numerous cousins and relatives. In March 1814, almost all future Decembrists can be met here. The brothers can't wait to go home to their father and younger brother, eight-year-old Hippolytus.

The return to Russia becomes another shock for Sergei Muravyov-Apostol. The people who want to greet the victors, the heroes of the War of 1812, are dispersed by the police with sticks. The serfs who shed blood on the Borodino field and in other brutal battles returned again to put on the yoke of corvee and quitrent. These liberators are still the same slaves, nothing has changed, the emperor is not grateful to them for defeating the enemy, but believes that “each of them [we are talking about all Russians] is a rogue or a fool”. The future Decembrist, seeing all this, became increasingly disillusioned with the imperial power.

After the death of his wife, Ivan Matveevich Muravyov married again and remains in the village with his young wife and three children from his second marriage. In the same 1814, Sergei’s older sister, Elizaveta, Ozharovsky’s wife, died. Sergei is very worried about her death, seeks consolation in religion, decides to leave the service and go abroad to finish his studies or go to university. The father does not give his blessing, and Sergei remains in Russia. Soon he was already a lieutenant in the Semenovsky regiment. His brother Matvey, Yakushkin and other freethinkers also serve in the same regiment. Since 1815, Sergei has been a colonel, a brilliant officer in the guard, commander of the 1st (imperial) company of the Semenovsky regiment.

In 1816, he became one of the founders of the first secret political organization of the Decembrists - the Union of Salvation, which set as its goal the elimination of serfdom and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. After the creation of the Union of Welfare in 1818, he became a member of its governing body - the Root Council. In January 1820, at the St. Petersburg meeting of members of the society, he supported P. I. Pestel’s idea of introducing a republican form of government in Russia.

In 1820, the Semenovsky regiment, where Sergei Muravyov continued to serve, came under the command of Fyodor Schwartz. The new commander is aware that officers do not use corporal punishment against soldiers, however, despite this, he is tightening the practice of executions. They say that there was even a soldiers’ cemetery for the victims of Arakcheevets Schwartz. The officers file a complaint against the supervisor. For this, the first grenadier company of the regiment in its entirety is sent to prison. Others are looking for Schwartz to take revenge; he is hiding in a dung heap. Sergei Muravyov leads out his company along with eleven others and pacifies the soldiers, preventing them from rioting. The soldiers, who respect the lieutenant, obediently lay down their weapons. Schwartz personally asks for his forgiveness. Schwartz, however, is sentenced to death, commuted to dismissal from service. Sergei, along with other officers, ends up in a military prison, but soon leaves it. Almost at the same time, Muravyov-Apostol met Mikhail (Michel) Bestuzhev-Ryumin - their friendship was destined to last until the grave. After his release from the fortress, Sergei was exiled to the army, first to the Poltava Infantry Regiment, then to the Chernigov Infantry Regiment. Soon Sergei was appointed commander of the 2nd battalion of the Chernigov Infantry Regiment, stationed near Bila Tserkva. He had the rank of lieutenant colonel.

After the self-dissolution of the Union of Welfare in January 1821, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol joined the organized P.I. Pestel Southern Society. Together with M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin headed his Vasilkovsky council. He was opposed to terrorist methods of struggle (regicide). Unlike P.I. Pestel believed that an independent armed uprising in the south of Russia was possible. Muravyov-Apostol planned to rouse most of the 2nd Army stationed in Ukraine into an anti-government rebellion and, with its help, capture Moscow. He actively tried to win soldiers and officers over to the side of the conspirators. .

The year was 1823. As usual, from January 15 to 25, a contract fair was held in Kyiv. Under its cover, the Decembrists of the Southern Society held their next congress. One of the issues that was discussed at it was the timing of the uprising. Active supporters of the speedy performance were Sergei Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. They were the organizers of the first concrete plan for an open performance in Bobruisk. There in 1823 the 9th division of the 3rd infantry corps of the 1st Russian army was stationed. . Sergei Ivanovich, instead of with his battalion, built fortifications of the Bobruisk fortress, performed guard duty, and was engaged in ordinary military exercises. The arrival of the tsar in Bobruisk, where the troops were gathered, according to Muravyov-Apostol, created a unique opportunity to start an uprising. Together with his friend and associate M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he developed an important propaganda document - the “Orthodox Catechism”, which called for the overthrow of the autocracy. .

Why was it planned to raise an uprising in Bobruisk? First, it seemed necessary to take advantage of the rare occasion of a royal review of those regiments which were stationed and under the direct influence of the four members of the society.

Secondly, the proximity of Moscow was extremely important, where the rebel regiments would move after a successful "taking possession of the special sovereign". In other words, after the arrest of Alexander I. At the same time, the presence of the Bobruisk fortress also contributed to the uprising, since in case of failure it could serve as a shelter. As it turns out from the investigative files, the conversation was not just about the fact that the conspirators who lost the case began to sit out in the fortress, but also about the fact that they could hold the arrested emperor there.

In 1823–1825, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol negotiated with other secret officer organizations - the Society of United Slavs and the Polish Patriotic Society, which sought to restore the national independence of Poland. For propaganda among soldiers, he compiled an anti-monarchist Catechism in the form of questions and answers. At the beginning of November 1825 he became one of the three directors of the Southern Society.

Shackled, by the will of Tsar Muravyov-Apostol, he was put in the darkest casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress - Alekseevsky Ravelin. He couldn't move. Torturous interrogations, threats of torture, and the use of other inquisitorial means took a heavy toll on his psyche. But Sergei Ivanovich showed himself to be a man of unbending will and courage. No trials shook his revolutionary convictions. In his testimony there was no repentance and no plea for help or pardon. He did not refuse anything, did not deny anything, he only tried to take the blame completely upon himself. .

The Supreme Criminal Court sentenced Sergei Muravyov to death by quartering, which Nicholas I replaced by hanging. The day before the execution, the condemned Decembrists are put in shackles, fearing that they will commit suicide. Five were ordered to be hanged at four in the morning, removed at six and then destroy the gallows. Together with four other condemned people, Muravyov-Apostol was executed on July 13 (25), 1826 at the crown of the Peter and Paul Fortress. . His last words at the scaffold were: “Whatever is sown will come up, even if there is no rain.” .

The execution of five Decembrists - Pestel, Ryleev, Muravyov-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin and Kakhovsky - took place on the night of July 25, 1826. The police chief read the maxim of the Supreme Court, which ended with the words: “...hang for such atrocities!”. During the execution there were two executioners who put on a noose and then a white cap. The Decembrists had black leather on their chests, on which the name of the criminal was written in chalk. They were in white coats and had heavy chains on their feet. When everything was ready, with the pressing of the spring in the scaffold, the platform on which they stood on the benches fell. . However, when he fell, the ropes above Ryleev, Kakhovsky and Pestel broke - and all three fell down. Strong ropes were quickly found in nearby shops - and the execution was carried out a second time.

Emperor Nicholas I refused to give the bodies of those executed to their relatives, and therefore the cart with them stood on the territory of the merchant shipping school. According to one version, the suicide bombers were secretly buried on Golodai Island. In 1926 it was renamed Dekabristov Island. In Soviet times, a monument was erected at the execution site, on which the names of the executed Decembrists were carved.

Lieutenant Colonel, commander of the Chernigov regiment, one of the leaders of Decembrism. Born in St. Petersburg in the family of a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences I.M. Muravyov - Apostle. Sergei spent his childhood in Paris, where, together with his older brother Matvey, he studied at the prestigious Hicks boarding school. About how Sergei’s studies were going, his mother, Anna Sergeevna, wrote to her husband: “Last week, your little Sergei was third in class in French calligraphy, in rhetoric - on par with the boys, who are all almost 16 or 17 years old, and the mathematics teacher is very he is happy with Sergei, and told me that he has a good head. Just think that he is not even 13 years old! I must tell you that he works a lot, a lot more than Matvey... He loves to read very much, and would rather spend the whole day reading a book , than he will go for a walk: and besides, he is such a child that sometimes he spends time with his little sisters, plays with dolls and sews clothes for them. Indeed, he is extraordinary."

At the age of twelve, the teenager learned to speak Russian, and at fourteen, he and his brothers and sisters returned to Russia. Crossing its border, Anna Semyonovna told the children: “In Russia you will find slaves...”. In St. Petersburg, Sergei graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineers.

With the rank of second lieutenant of the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, he participated in the Battle of Borodino, as well as at Tarutin, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, etc. Participant in foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-14. For bravery he was awarded the Order of Anna, fourth degree, Vladimir, fourth degree with bows and a golden sword "For Bravery".

In 1816, after the disbandment of the Semenovsky regiment, S. Muravyov-Apostol was transferred to the second battalion of the Chernigov regiment, among whose soldiers and officers he enjoyed trust and respect. Not without the influence of French educational thought and revolutionary-minded friends, S. Muravyov-Apostol became one of the founders of the "Union of Salvation" and the "Union of Welfare", a member of the Southern Society, and the head of the Vasilkovsky council. He established contacts with the Society of United Slavs and the revolutionary Polish Patriotic Society.

Biographer of Sergei Muravyov-Apostol Balas, wrote in “Russian Antiquity” in 1873: “Sergei Ivanovich’s extraordinary meekness, combined with courtesy, liveliness and wit, was, in the words of his contemporaries, brilliant and alluring. Sublime and bright mind, deep religiosity ", wonderful spiritual qualities acquired for him feelings of love and devotion. Friendliness and wit made him the soul of society."

"Question: Why did God create man?

Answer. In order for him to believe in Him, to be free and happy...

Question. Why are the Russian people and the Russian army unhappy?

Answer. Because the kings stole their freedom.

Question. Should kings be obeyed when they act contrary to the will of God?

Answer. No! Christ said: you cannot work for God and Mammon; This is why the Russian people and the Russian army suffer because they submit to the tsars.

Question. What does our holy law command the Russian people and army to do?

Answer. Repent of long servility and, taking up arms against tyranny and misfortune, swear: may there be one King for all in heaven and on earth - Jesus Christ...

Question. How can one take up arms with all one’s pure heart?

Answer. Take up arms and follow him who speaks in the name of the Lord, remembering the words of our Savior: Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied, and having overthrown the unrighteousness and wickedness of tyranny, restore a government similar to the Law of God.

Question. What kind of government is similar to the Law of God?

Answer. One where there are no kings. God created us all equal and, having descended to earth, chose the Apostles from the common people, and not from nobles and kings.

Question. So God doesn't love kings?

Answer. No! They are cursed by Him, as oppressors of the people, and God is a lover of mankind...

Question. Has it become that the oath to kings is repugnant to God?

Answer. Yes, it is disgusting to God... Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ said: I tell you, do not swear in any way, and so every oath to a person is disgusting to God, as it is due to Him alone.

Question. What should the Christ-loving Russian army finally do?

Answer. For the liberation of their suffering families and their homeland and for the fulfillment of the holy Christian law, praying with warm hope to God, who fights in truth and apparently protects those who firmly trust in him, to take up arms together against tyranny and restore faith and freedom in Russia."

The rebel Chernigov regiment was shot from cannon on January 3, 1826 near the village of Kovalevka. The wounded commander was taken to St. Petersburg. In Mogilev, he was interrogated by the chief of staff of the 1st Army, Adjutant General Tol. In a report to the emperor, he wrote: “In a conversation with Lieutenant Colonel Sergei Muravyov, I saw great obstinacy of evil, because I asked him questions: how could you undertake an indignation with a handful of people? You, who, due to your youth in the service, did not have any military glory that could would give weight in the eyes of your subordinates: how could you decide on this enterprise? You hoped for the assistance of other regiments, probably because you had accomplices in them: weren’t you hoping for some well-known person of higher merit and rank, which, given the general indignation, the main authorities should have accepted? To all these questions he answered that he was ready to give a true answer to everything that concerned him, but as for other people, he would never find out, and asserted that "All the indignation of the Chernigov regiment was done by him alone, without prior preparation. In my opinion, it will be necessary to ask him with great patience."

S.I. Muravyov-Apostol was brought to the palace late at night on January 20, 1826. His conversation with the Tsar was recalled in the family of the Decembrist Ivashev: “During the interrogation by the Tsar, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol began to fearlessly tell the Tsar the truth, describing in strong terms the internal situation of Russia; Nicholas I, amazed by Muravyov’s bold and sincere words, extended his hand to him, saying: - Muravyov, let’s forget everything; serve me. But Muravyov the Apostle, with his hands behind his back, did not submit to his sovereign...” It is difficult to confirm the authenticity of such a conversation, but the emperor had the following opinion about the criminal: “Gifted with an extraordinary mind, having received an excellent education, but in a foreign way, he was daring and arrogant to the point of madness in his thoughts, but at the same time secretive and unusually firm. Seriously wounded in head, when he was taken with a weapon in his hands, they brought him chained. Here they took off his chains and brought him to me. Weakened from a severe wound and shackles, he could barely walk. Having known him in the Semenovsky regiment as a dexterous officer, I told him that I it is all the more difficult to see an old comrade in such a sad situation that before he personally knew him as an officer, whom the late sovereign distinguished, that now it should be clear to him to what extent he is criminal, that he is the cause of the misfortune of many innocent victims, and admonished him not to hide anything and not to aggravate your guilt by stubbornness. He could barely stand; we sat him down and began to interrogate him. With complete frankness, he began to tell the whole plan of action and his connections. When he expressed everything, I answered him: “Explain to me, Muravyov, how smart you are.” , educated, could you have forgotten yourself for even one second so as to consider your intention to be achievable, and not for what it is - criminal, villainous extravagance? He hung his head, did not answer, but shook his head with the appearance that he felt the truth, but it was too late. When the interrogation ended, Levashov and I, we had to lift him up and lead him by the arms.”

Five days after the first interrogation, January 25, 1826. S.I. Muravyov-Apostol sent a letter to the Tsar, where, among other things, he refers to the Tsar’s personal permission to contact him directly, described the difficult situation of the soldiers and then spoke about his desire to “use the abilities given to me by heaven for the benefit of the fatherland; especially if I could hope that I can inspire any confidence, I would dare to petition your Majesty to send me on one of those remote and risky expeditions for which your vast empire offers so many opportunities - either to the south, to the Caspian and Aral Seas , either to the southern border of Siberia, still so little explored, or, finally, to our American colonies. Whatever task is entrusted to me, your Majesty will be convinced by its zealous execution that my word can be relied upon. On one of During the following interrogations, he said that: “he only repents of having involved others, especially lower ranks, in disaster, but he considers his intention to be good and pure, for which only God alone can judge him...”. In his prison diary, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol wrote: “Great responsibility lies on every judge; this responsibility increases in size with the arbitrary power given to the judge, and, therefore, leniency, mercy and love are not only the most noble, but also the most reasonable and firm grounds for the verdicts..."

About her father’s last meeting with Sergei and Matvey, their sister Ekaterina, married to Bibikova, recalled: “... he asked permission to see his family and say goodbye to them. With horror, he awaited their arrival in the hall; Matvey Ivanovich, the first to appear to him, shaved and decently dressed, rushed to hug him with tears; not being among the first criminals and hoping for the mercy of the tsar, he tried to console his father with the hope of a speedy meeting. But when his father’s favorite, the unfortunate Sergei Ivanovich, overgrown with a beard, in a worn and torn dress, appeared, The old man felt sick, he, trembling, came up to him and, hugging him, said with despair: “What a terrible situation I see you in! Why didn’t you, like your brother, write to send you everything you need?” He answered with his characteristic firmness of spirit, pointing to his worn-out dress: “Mon pere, cela me suffira!”, i.e. what for life This will be enough for me.

Nicholas I considered S. Muravyov-Apostol’s “intention to commit regicide” proven. The Supreme Court sentenced the rebel to quartering, which was more humane - hanging. S.I. Muravyov-Apostol courageously held on to the end, encouraging his friend M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumina.

During the execution, the rope broke and Sergei Ivanovich fell down, but this did not change his fate.

Decembrist M.A. Fonvizin about Sergei Muravyov – the Apostle: “The sublime and pure character of Sergei Muravyov – the Apostle, a bright and educated mind, a tender disposition towards people - all these wonderful qualities gained him universal respect and love from all who knew him.”

Many years later, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, who by no means shared the main ideas of S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, will say: “Sergei Ivanovich Muravyov, one of the best people of that and any time.”

Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich

(1795-1826), Decembrist, one of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, lieutenant colonel (1820). Brother of I. I. and M. I. Muravyov-Apostolov. Participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. One of the directors of the Southern Society, the head of its Vasylkiv council. Organizer and leader of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle. Hanged on July 13 (25) in St. Petersburg.

MURAVYOV-APOSTOL Sergei Ivanovich

MURAVYOV-APOSTOL Sergei Ivanovich (1795-1826), Decembrist, lieutenant colonel. Brother of I. I. and M. I. Muravyov-Apostolov. Participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Prosperity. One of the directors of the Southern Society, head of the Vasylkiv council. Republican. Organizer and leader of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle. Hanged on July 13(25).
* * *
MURAVYOV-APOSTOL Sergei Ivanovich, Decembrist.
Military career
Son of I.M. Muravyov-Apostol - diplomat, senator, writer. He received his education in Paris, where his father was on a diplomatic mission. In 1810 he entered military service in the corps of railway engineers, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 (cm. Patriotic War of 1812) and foreign campaigns of 1813-14, participated in the battles of Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris, and had military awards. In 1817-18 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. He served in the Life Guards Semyonovsky Regiment, during the uprising of the regiment's soldiers in 1820 he kept his company from performing, but, like all Semyonovsky officers, after dismantling the regiment he was transferred to the army, first as a lieutenant colonel in the Poltava and then in the Chernigov infantry regiment, quartered in the city of Vasilkov, Kiev province, where he received command of a battalion. Contemporaries unanimously spoke of him as a man of great intelligence, rare charm and kindness. Muravyov was a resolute opponent of corporal punishment, did not resort to it himself and fought against it in every way (they said that he even bribed the regimental executioner so that he would not be zealous during executions). He was loved by both soldiers and fellow officers, had a reputation as an exemplary officer, and knew how to get along even with such odious personalities as his regimental commanders Schwartz and Gebel, who were distinguished by cruelty and narrow-mindedness.
Decembrist
Muravyov was one of the founders of the Union of Salvation (cm. SALVATION UNION), participated in the Moscow conspiracy of 1817, when the proposal of I. D. Yakushkin was discussed (cm. YAKUSHKIN Ivan Dmitrievich) about the attempt on the life of Alexander I (cm. ALEXANDER I Pavlovich), was one of the leading members of the Union of Welfare (cm. UNION OF WELFARE)(member and guardian of the Root Council). Transfer to provincial service for some time alienated Muravyov from the activities of the secret society, and after the dissolution of the Union of Welfare he joined the Southern Society (cm. SOUTH SOCIETY), but until 1823 did not show much activity. Since 1823, Muravyov, together with his close friend M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (cm. BESTUZHEV-RYUMIN Mikhail Petrovich) launched active activities; The Vasylkiv council headed by them became the largest in Southern society. At meetings of the leaders of the southern Decembrists, Muravyov and Bestuzhev-Ryumin insisted on the earliest possible start of an uprising in the troops (led by officers - members of the Southern Society), and they referred to the experience of the revolution in Spain in 1820, which began with a military uprising in the provinces, and argued with P.I. Pestel (cm. PESTEL Pavel Ivanovich), who believed that the coup should begin in the capital, and proposed plans for a speech. In the summer of 1825 they added the Society of United Slavs to their council (cm. SOCIETY OF THE UNITED SLAVS). In the fall of 1825, Muravyov was introduced to the Directory of the Southern Society. The names of Sergei and Matvey Muravyov-Apostles were named in Mayboroda’s denunciation, and on December 19, 1825, the St. Petersburg Investigative Committee ordered their arrest. On December 29, they were arrested by Colonel Gebel of the Chernigov Regiment, but the officers of the regiment - members of a secret society - released them by force, Gebel was wounded, and Muravyov led the uprising of the Chernigov Regiment that thus began (cm. CHERNIGOV REGIMENT UPRISING). During the uprising, the regimental priest read out the “Orthodox Catechism” compiled by Muravyov during the perestroika, which argued that the duty of a Christian is to fight the unjust authorities, and republican ideals were confirmed by quotations from the Bible. Muravyov remained at the head of the rebels until the very end; during the suppression of the uprising, he was seriously wounded, arrested and brought to St. Petersburg. He was sentenced to death and hanged.
Muravyov was not married, but in a letter to his father from the fortress, he asked him to take care of the two boys he had adopted. Most likely, these were his illegitimate sons; their further fate is unknown.

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

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